[dagster-fivetran] Implement get_columns_config_for_table in FivetranClient

[maximearmstrong]

Summary & Motivation

Implements get_columns_config_for_table with tests, to be used #26110.

How I Tested These Changes

Additional test with BK

[maximearmstrong]

Warning

This pull request is not mergeable via GitHub because a downstack PR is open. Once all requirements are satisfied, merge this PR as a stack on Graphite.
Learn more

• [dagster-fivetran] Support infer_missing_tables in FivetranWorkspace.sync_and_poll #26111
• [dagster-fivetran] Support fetch_column_metadata in FivetranWorkspace.sync_and_poll #26110
• [dagster-fivetran] Implement get_columns_config_for_table in FivetranClient #26181 👈 (View in Graphite)
• [11/n][dagster-fivetran] Implement materialization method in FivetranWorkspace #25961 : 1 other dependent PR (#26009 )
• [dagster-fivetran] Use Fivetran translator instance in load specs fn and state-backed defs #26133
• [10/n][dagster-fivetran] Implement fivetran_assets and build_fivetran_assets_definitions #25944
• [dagster-fivetran] Implement resync_and_poll method in FivetranClient #26062
• [dagster-fivetran] Implement sync_and_poll method in FivetranClient #26061
• [dagster-fivetran] Implement base poll method in FivetranClient #26060
• [dagster-fivetran] Implement base resync method in FivetranClient #26059
• [9/n][dagster-fivetran] Implement base sync methods in FivetranClient #25911
• [8/n][dagster-fivetran] Implement FivetranConnector and FivetranDestination #25889
• [7/n][dagster-fivetran] Implement load_fivetran_asset_specs #25808
• [6/n][dagster-fivetran] Implement FivetranWorkspaceDefsLoader #25807
• [5/n][dagster-fivetran] Implement FivetranWorkspaceData to FivetranConnectorTableProps method #25797
• [4/n][dagster-fivetran] Implement fetch_fivetran_workspace_data #25788
• [3/n][dagster-fivetran] Implement FivetranClient for rework #25756
• [2/n][dagster-fivetran] Update DagsterFivetranTranslator and related classes for rework #25751
• [1/n][dagster-fivetran] Scaffold FivetranWorkspace for rework #25750
• master

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.