Django Post Office is a simple app to send and manage your emails in Django. Some awesome features are:
- Allows you to send email asynchronously
- Multi backend support
- Supports HTML email
- Supports inlined images in HTML email
- Supports database based email templates
- Supports multilingual email templates (i18n)
- Built in scheduling support
- Works well with task queues like RQ or Celery
- Uses multiprocessing (and threading) to send a large number of emails in parallel
Install from PyPI (or you manually download from PyPI):
pip install django-post_office
Add
post_officeto your INSTALLED_APPS in django'ssettings.py:INSTALLED_APPS = ( # other apps "post_office", )
Run
migrate:python manage.py migrate
Set
post_office.EmailBackendas yourEMAIL_BACKENDin django'ssettings.py:EMAIL_BACKEND = 'post_office.EmailBackend'
Send a simple email is really easy:
from post_office import mail
mail.send(
'[email protected]', # List of email addresses also accepted
'[email protected]',
subject='My email',
message='Hi there!',
html_message='Hi <strong>there</strong>!',
)If you want to use templates, ensure that Django's admin interface is enabled. Create an
EmailTemplate instance via admin and do the following:
from post_office import mail
mail.send(
'[email protected]', # List of email addresses also accepted
'[email protected]',
template='welcome_email', # Could be an EmailTemplate instance or name
context={'foo': 'bar'},
)The above command will put your email on the queue so you can use the
command in your webapp without slowing down the request/response cycle too much.
To actually send them out, run python manage.py send_queued_mail.
You can schedule this management command to run regularly via cron:
* * * * * (/usr/bin/python manage.py send_queued_mail >> send_mail.log 2>&1)
mail.send is the most important function in this library, it takes these
arguments:
| Argument | Required | Description |
| recipients | Yes | list of recipient email addresses |
| sender | No | Defaults to settings.DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL,
display name is allowed (John <[email protected]>) |
| subject | No | Email subject (if template is not specified) |
| message | No | Email content (if template is not specified) |
| html_message | No | HTML content (if template is not specified) |
| template | No | EmailTemplate instance or name |
| language | No | Language in which you want to send the email in (if you have multilingual email templates.) |
| cc | No | list emails, will appear in cc field |
| bcc | No | list of emails, will appear in bcc field |
| attachments | No | Email attachments - A dictionary where the keys are the filenames and the values are either:
|
| context | No | A dictionary, used to render templated email |
| headers | No | A dictionary of extra headers on the message |
| scheduled_time | No | A date/datetime object indicating when the email should be sent |
| priority | No | high, medium, low or now
(send_immediately) |
| backend | No | Alias of the backend you want to use.
default will be used if not specified. |
| render_on_delivery | No | Setting this to True causes email to be
lazily rendered during delivery. template
is required when render_on_delivery is True.
This way content is never stored in the DB.
May result in significant space savings. |
Here are a few examples.
If you just want to send out emails without using database templates. You can
call the send command without the template argument.
from post_office import mail
mail.send(
['[email protected]'],
'[email protected]',
subject='Welcome!',
message='Welcome home, {{ name }}!',
html_message='Welcome home, <b>{{ name }}</b>!',
headers={'Reply-to': '[email protected]'},
scheduled_time=date(2014, 1, 1),
context={'name': 'Alice'},
)post_office is also task queue friendly. Passing now as priority into
send_mail will deliver the email right away (instead of queuing it),
regardless of how many emails you have in your queue:
from post_office import mail
mail.send(
['[email protected]'],
'[email protected]',
template='welcome_email',
context={'foo': 'bar'},
priority='now',
)This is useful if you already use something like django-rq to send emails asynchronously and only need to store email related activities and logs.
If you want to send an email with attachments:
from django.core.files.base import ContentFile
from post_office import mail
mail.send(
['[email protected]'],
'[email protected]',
template='welcome_email',
context={'foo': 'bar'},
priority='now',
attachments={
'attachment1.doc': '/path/to/file/file1.doc',
'attachment2.txt': ContentFile('file content'),
'attachment3.txt': { 'file': ContentFile('file content'), 'mimetype': 'text/plain'},
}
)post-office supports Django's template tags and variables.
For example, if you put "Hello, {{ name }}" in the subject line and pass in
{'name': 'Alice'} as context, you will get "Hello, Alice" as subject:
from post_office.models import EmailTemplate
from post_office import mail
EmailTemplate.objects.create(
name='morning_greeting',
subject='Morning, {{ name|capfirst }}',
content='Hi {{ name }}, how are you feeling today?',
html_content='Hi <strong>{{ name }}</strong>, how are you feeling today?',
)
mail.send(
['[email protected]'],
'[email protected]',
template='morning_greeting',
context={'name': 'alice'},
)
# This will create an email with the following content:
subject = 'Morning, Alice',
content = 'Hi alice, how are you feeling today?'
content = 'Hi <strong>alice</strong>, how are you feeling today?'You can easily create email templates in various different languanges. For example:
template = EmailTemplate.objects.create(
name='hello',
subject='Hello world!',
)
# Add an Indonesian version of this template:
indonesian_template = template.translated_templates.create(
language='id',
subject='Halo Dunia!'
)Sending an email using template in a non default languange is also similarly easy:
mail.send(
['[email protected]'],
'[email protected]',
template=template, # Sends using the default template
)
mail.send(
['[email protected]'],
'[email protected]',
template=template,
language='id', # Sends using Indonesian template
)Often one wants to render images inside a template, which are attached as inlined MIMEImage to
the outgoing email. This requires a slightly modified Django Template Engine, keeping a list of
inlined images, which later will be added to the outgoing message.
First we must add a special Django template backend to our list of template engines:
TEMPLATES = [
{
...
}, {
'BACKEND': 'post_office.template.backends.post_office.PostOfficeTemplates',
'APP_DIRS': True,
'DIRS': [],
'OPTIONS': {
'context_processors': [
'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
'django.template.context_processors.debug',
'django.template.context_processors.i18n',
'django.template.context_processors.media',
'django.template.context_processors.static',
'django.template.context_processors.tz',
'django.template.context_processors.request',
]
}
}
]then we must tell Post-Office to use this template engine:
POST_OFFICE = {
'TEMPLATE_ENGINE': 'post_office',
}In templates used to render HTML for emails add
{% load ... post_office %}
<p>... somewhere in the body ...</p>
<img src="{% inline_image 'path/to/image.png' %}" />Here the templatetag named inline_image is used to keep track of inlined images. It takes a single
parameter. This can either be the relative path to an image file located in one of the static
directories, or the absolute path to an image file, or an image-file object itself. Templates
rendered using this templatetag, render a reference ID for each given image, and store these images
inside the context of the adopted template engine. Later on, when the rendered template is passed
to the mailing library, those images will be transferred to the email message object as
MIMEImage-attachments.
To send an email containing both, a plain text body and some HTML with inlined images, use the following code snippet:
from django.core.mail import EmailMultiAlternatives
subject, body = "Hello", "Plain text body"
from_email, to_email = "[email protected]", "[email protected]"
email_message = EmailMultiAlternatives(subject, body, from_email, [to_email])
template = get_template('email-template-name.html', using='post_office')
context = {...}
html = template.render(context)
email_message.attach_alternative(html, 'text/html')
template.attach_related(email_message)
email_message.send()To send an email containing HTML with inlined images, but without a plain text body, use this code snippet:
from django.core.mail import EmailMultiAlternatives
subject, from_email, to_email = "Hello", "[email protected]", "[email protected]"
template = get_template('email-template-name.html', using='post_office')
context = {...}
html = template.render(context)
email_message = EmailMultiAlternatives(subject, html, from_email, [to_email])
email_message.content_subtype = 'html'
template.attach_related(email_message)
email_message.send()By default, post_office uses django's smtp.EmailBackend. If you want to
use a different backend, you can do so by configuring BACKENDS.
For example if you want to use django-ses:
POST_OFFICE = {
'BACKENDS': {
'default': 'smtp.EmailBackend',
'ses': 'django_ses.SESBackend',
}
}
You can then choose what backend you want to use when sending mail:
# If you omit `backend_alias` argument, `default` will be used
mail.send(
['[email protected]'],
'[email protected]',
subject='Hello',
)
# If you want to send using `ses` backend
mail.send(
['[email protected]'],
'[email protected]',
subject='Hello',
backend='ses',
)send_queued_mail- send queued emails, those aren't successfully sent will be marked asfailed. Accepts the following arguments:
| Argument | Description |
--processes or -p |
Number of parallel processes to send email. Defaults to 1 |
--lockfile or -L |
Full path to file used as lock file. Defaults to
/tmp/post_office.lock |
cleanup_mail- delete all emails created before an X number of days (defaults to 90).
| Argument | Description |
--days or -d |
Email older than this argument will be deleted. Defaults to 90 |
|
Flag to delete orphaned attachment records and files on disk. If flag does not exist, attachments will be ignored by the cleanup. |
You may want to set these up via cron to run regularly:
* * * * * (cd $PROJECT; python manage.py send_queued_mail --processes=1 >> $PROJECT/cron_mail.log 2>&1) 0 1 * * * (cd $PROJECT; python manage.py cleanup_mail --days=30 --delete-attachments >> $PROJECT/cron_mail_cleanup.log 2>&1)
If your Django project runs in a Celery enabled configuration, you can use its worker to send out queued emails. Compared to the solution with cron (see above), or the solution with uWSGI timers (see below) this setup has the big advantage that queued emails are send immediately after they have been added to the mail queue. The delivery is still performed in a separate and asynchronous task, which prevents sending emails during the request/response-cycle.
If you configured Celery in your project and started the Celery worker, you should see something such as:
--------------- [email protected] v4.0 (latentcall)
--- ***** -----
-- ******* ---- [Configuration]
- *** --- * --- . broker: amqp://guest@localhost:5672//
- ** ---------- . app: __main__:0x1012d8590
- ** ---------- . concurrency: 8 (processes)
- ** ---------- . events: OFF (enable -E to monitor this worker)
- ** ----------
- *** --- * --- [Queues]
-- ******* ---- . celery: exchange:celery(direct) binding:celery
--- ***** -----
[tasks]
. post_office.tasks.cleanup_expired_mails
. post_office.tasks.send_queued_mail
Emails will now be delivered by the Celery worker, immediately after they have been queued. In order
to make this happen, the project's celery.py setup shall invoke the autodiscover_tasks
function. There is no need to otherwise configure Post Office for integrating with Celery. However,
in case of a temporary delivery failure, we might want retrying to send those emails by a periodic
task. This can be done by a simple Celery beat configuration, for instance through
app.conf.beat_schedule = {
'send-queued-mail': {
'task': 'post_office.tasks.send_queued_mail',
'schedule': 600.0,
},
}This will send queued emails every 10 minutes. If you are using Django Celery Beat (which I
highly recommend), then use the Django-Admin backend and add a periodic taks for
post_office.tasks.send_queued_mail.
Depending on your policy, you may also want to remove expired emails from the queue. This can be
done by adding another Periodic taks for post_office.tasks.cleanup_mail, which may run once a
week or month.
If setting up Celery is too daunting and you use uWSGI as application server, then uWSGI decorators
can act as a poor men's scheduler. Just add this short snipped to the project's wsgi.py file:
from django.core.wsgi import get_wsgi_application
application = get_wsgi_application()
# add this block of code
try:
import uwsgidecorators
from django.core.management import call_command
@uwsgidecorators.timer(10)
def send_queued_mail(num):
"""Send queued mail every 10 seconds"""
call_command('send_queued_mail', processes=1)
except ImportError:
print("uwsgidecorators not found. Cron and timers are disabled")Alternatively you can also use the decorator @uwsgidecorators.cron(minute, hour, day, month, weekday).
This will schedule a task at specific times. Use -1 to signal any time, it corresponds to the *
in cron.
Please note that uwsgidecorators are available only, if the application has been started
with uWSGI. However, Django's internal ./manange.py runserver also access this file,
therefore wrap the block into an exception handler as shown above.
This configuration can be useful in environments, such as Docker containers, where you don't have a running cron-daemon.
Each time an email is added to the mail queue, Post Office emits a special Django signal.
Whenever a third party application wants to be informed about this event, it shall connect a
callback function to the Post Office's signal handler email_queued, for instance:
from django.dispatch import receiver
from post_office.signals import email_queued
@receiver(email_queued)
def my_callback(sender, emails, **kwargs):
print("Added {} mails to the sending queue".format(len(emails)))The Emails objects added to the queue are passed as list to the callback handler.
This section outlines all the settings and configurations that you can put
in Django's settings.py to fine tune post-office's behavior.
If you may want to limit the number of emails sent in a batch (sometimes useful
in a low memory environment), use the BATCH_SIZE argument to limit the
number of queued emails fetched in one batch.
# Put this in settings.py
POST_OFFICE = {
'BATCH_SIZE': 50
}The default priority for emails is medium, but this can be altered by
setting DEFAULT_PRIORITY. Integration with asynchronous email backends
(e.g. based on Celery) becomes trivial when set to now.
# Put this in settings.py
POST_OFFICE = {
'DEFAULT_PRIORITY': 'now'
}Defaults to None. This option is useful if you want to redirect all emails to specified a few email for development purposes.
# Put this in settings.py
POST_OFFICE = {
'OVERRIDE_RECIPIENTS': ['[email protected]', '[email protected]']
}The default log level is 2 (logs both successful and failed deliveries)
This behavior can be changed by setting LOG_LEVEL.
# Put this in settings.py
POST_OFFICE = {
'LOG_LEVEL': 1 # Log only failed deliveries
}The different options are:
0logs nothing1logs only failed deliveries2logs everything (both successful and failed delivery attempts)
The default sending order for emails is -priority, but this can be altered by
setting SENDING_ORDER. For example, if you want to send queued emails in FIFO order :
# Put this in settings.py
POST_OFFICE = {
'SENDING_ORDER': ['created']
}If you need to store complex Python objects for deferred rendering
(i.e. setting render_on_delivery=True), you can specify your own context
field class to store context variables. For example if you want to use
django-picklefield:
# Put this in settings.py
POST_OFFICE = {
'CONTEXT_FIELD_CLASS': 'picklefield.fields.PickledObjectField'
}CONTEXT_FIELD_CLASS defaults to jsonfield.JSONField.
You can configure post-office's logging from Django's settings.py. For
example:
LOGGING = {
"version": 1,
"disable_existing_loggers": False,
"formatters": {
"post_office": {
"format": "[%(levelname)s]%(asctime)s PID %(process)d: %(message)s",
"datefmt": "%d-%m-%Y %H:%M:%S",
},
},
"handlers": {
"post_office": {
"level": "DEBUG",
"class": "logging.StreamHandler",
"formatter": "post_office"
},
# If you use sentry for logging
'sentry': {
'level': 'ERROR',
'class': 'raven.contrib.django.handlers.SentryHandler',
},
},
'loggers': {
"post_office": {
"handlers": ["post_office", "sentry"],
"level": "INFO"
},
},
}post-office >= 3.0 allows you to use multiple threads to dramatically speed up
the speed at which emails are sent. By default, post-office uses 5 threads per process.
You can tweak this setting by changing THREADS_PER_PROCESS setting.
This may dramatically increase the speed of bulk email delivery, depending on which email backends you use. In my tests, multi threading speeds up email backends that use HTTP based (REST) delivery mechanisms but doesn't seem to help SMTP based backends.
# Put this in settings.py
POST_OFFICE = {
'THREADS_PER_PROCESS': 10
}if Django's caching mechanism is configured, post_office will cache
EmailTemplate instances . If for some reason you want to disable caching,
set POST_OFFICE_CACHE to False in settings.py:
## All cache key will be prefixed by post_office:template:
## To turn OFF caching, you need to explicitly set POST_OFFICE_CACHE to False in settings
POST_OFFICE_CACHE = False
## Optional: to use a non default cache backend, add a "post_office" entry in CACHES
CACHES = {
'post_office': {
'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.memcached.PyLibMCCache',
'LOCATION': '127.0.0.1:11211',
}
}send_many() is much more performant (generates less database queries) when
sending a large number of emails. send_many() is almost identical to mail.send(),
with the exception that it accepts a list of keyword arguments that you'd
usually pass into mail.send():
from post_office import mail
first_email = {
'sender': '[email protected]',
'recipients': ['[email protected]'],
'subject': 'Hi!',
'message': 'Hi Alice!'
}
second_email = {
'sender': '[email protected]',
'recipients': ['[email protected]'],
'subject': 'Hi!',
'message': 'Hi Bob!'
}
kwargs_list = [first_email, second_email]
mail.send_many(kwargs_list)Attachments are not supported with mail.send_many().
To run the test suite:
`which django-admin.py` test post_office --settings=post_office.test_settings --pythonpath=.
You can run the full test suite with:
tox
or:
python setup.py test
Full changelog can be found here.
Created and maintained by the cool guys at Stamps, Indonesia's most elegant CRM/loyalty platform.