Day 21: Lambda Expressions and Functional Programming in C++

docs/day-21/Lambda Expressions and Functional Programming copy.md

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+---
+sidebar_position: 1
+title: "Lambda Expressions in C++"
+description: "In this tutorial, we will learn about lambda expressions in C++ with the help of examples. Lambda expressions provide a way to create anonymous functions, useful for functional programming in C++."
+sidebar_label: "Lambda Expressions"
+slug: lambda-expressions-in-cpp
+---
+
+## Introduction:
+
+Lambda expressions provide a way to create anonymous functions (i.e., functions without a name) in C++. They are particularly useful for short snippets of code that are passed to algorithms or used as callbacks. Functional programming, which emphasizes immutability and first-class functions, can be effectively implemented in C++ using lambda expressions and the standard library's functional utilities.
+
+![30-days-of-cpp-introduction](../../static/img/day-21/Lambda%20Function.jpg)
+
+#### 1. Lambda Expressions:
+
+A lambda expression in C++ allows you to define an inline function directly in the code where it is used. This is especially useful for short operations, such as those passed to algorithms.
+
+
+#### 2. Syntax of Lambda Expressions:
+
+The basic syntax of a lambda expression is:
+```cpp
+[capture](parameters) -> return_type { body }
+```
+
+- **Capture**: Specifies which variables are captured from the surrounding scope.
+- **Parameters**: The parameters passed to the lambda, similar to a regular function.
+- **Return type**: (Optional) The return type of the lambda. It can often be inferred by the compiler.
+- **Body**: The code that gets executed when the lambda is called.
+
+Example:
+```cpp
+auto add = [](int a, int b) -> int {
+    return a + b;
+};
+std::cout << "Sum: " << add(2, 3) << std::endl; // Output: Sum: 5
+```
+
+#### 3. Capturing Variables:
+
+Lambda expressions can capture variables from their enclosing scope. There are several ways to capture variables:
+- **Capture by value**: `[x, y]` captures `x` and `y` by value.
+- **Capture by reference**: `[&x, &y]` captures `x` and `y` by reference.
+- **Capture all by value**: `[=]` captures all variables by value.
+- **Capture all by reference**: `[&]` captures all variables by reference.
+- **Mixed capture**: `[=, &x]` captures all variables by value except `x`, which is captured by reference.
+
+Example:
+```cpp
+int x = 10;
+int y = 20;
+
+auto printSum = [x, y]() {
+    std::cout << "Sum: " << x + y << std::endl;
+};
+
+printSum(); // Output: Sum: 30
+```
+
+#### 4. Using Lambdas with Standard Algorithms:
+
+Lambdas are particularly useful with the Standard Template Library (STL) algorithms. Here’s an example using `std::for_each`:
+
+```cpp
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <vector>
+#include <iostream>
+
+int main() {
+    std::vector<int> numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
+    std::for_each(numbers.begin(), numbers.end(), [](int n) {
+        std::cout << n << " ";
+    });
+    // Output: 1 2 3 4 5 
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+#### 5. Lambdas as Callbacks:
+
+Lambdas can be used as callbacks for event handling or asynchronous operations. Here’s an example with a simple callback mechanism:
+
+```cpp
+#include <iostream>
+#include <functional>
+
+void performOperation(const std::function<void(int)>& callback) {
+    int result = 42; // Imagine this is the result of some operation
+    callback(result);
+}
+
+int main() {
+    performOperation([](int result) {
+        std::cout << "Operation result: " << result << std::endl;
+    });
+    // Output: Operation result: 42
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+#### 6. Practical Examples and Exercises:
+
+**Example 1: Sorting a Vector with a Lambda**
+
+```cpp
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <vector>
+#include <iostream>
+
+int main() {
+    std::vector<int> numbers = {5, 2, 9, 1, 5, 6};
+
+    std::sort(numbers.begin(), numbers.end(), [](int a, int b) {
+        return a < b;
+    });
+
+    for (int n : numbers) {
+        std::cout << n << " ";
+    }
+    // Output: 1 2 5 5 6 9
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+**Example 2: Filtering Elements with `std::copy_if` and a Lambda**
+
+```cpp
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <vector>
+#include <iostream>
+
+int main() {
+    std::vector<int> numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};
+    std::vector<int> evenNumbers;
+
+    std::copy_if(numbers.begin(), numbers.end(), std::back_inserter(evenNumbers), [](int n) {
+        return n % 2 == 0;
+    });
+
+    for (int n : evenNumbers) {
+        std::cout << n << " ";
+    }
+    // Output: 2 4 6 8 10
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+**Exercises:**
+
+1. Write a lambda function to calculate the factorial of a number.
+2. Use a lambda to transform a vector of integers by squaring each element.
+3. Create a lambda that captures a local variable by reference and modifies it within the lambda.
+
+

docs/day-21/Macros.md

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+---
+sidebar_position: 2
+title: "Macros in C++"
+description: "Learn about macros in C++, their usage, and best practices with practical examples. Macros are powerful preprocessor directives that enable code substitution before compilation."
+sidebar_label: "Macros in C++"
+slug: macros-in-cpp
+---
+
+## Introduction:
+
+Macros in C++ are preprocessor directives that allow for code substitution before compilation. They are used to define constants, create inline functions, and conditionally include code segments.
+
+![macros-in-cpp-introduction](../../static/img/day-21/Macros%20in%20cpp.jpg)
+
+#### 1. Defining Constants with `#define`:
+
+Macros are commonly used to define constants that are substituted directly into the code.
+
+```cpp
+#define PI 3.14159
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+int main() {
+    std::cout << "Value of PI: " << PI << std::endl;
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+#### 2. Function-like Macros:
+
+You can create macros that act like functions, allowing for parameterized code substitution.
+
+```cpp
+#define SQUARE(x) ((x) * (x))
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+int main() {
+    int num = 5;
+    std::cout << "Square of " << num << " is: " << SQUARE(num) << std::endl;
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+#### 3. Conditional Compilation:
+
+Macros enable conditional compilation, where certain code segments are included or excluded based on defined conditions.
+
+```cpp
+#define DEBUG_MODE
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+int main() {
+#ifdef DEBUG_MODE
+    std::cout << "Debug mode is on" << std::endl;
+#endif
+    std::cout << "Program running" << std::endl;
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+#### 4. Include Guards:
+
+Include guards prevent multiple inclusions of the same header file, ensuring the contents are only included once per translation unit.
+
+```cpp
+#ifndef MY_HEADER_H
+#define MY_HEADER_H
+
+// Header file content
+
+#endif // MY_HEADER_H
+```
+
+#### 5. Best Practices and Considerations:
+
+- **Use sparingly**: Overuse of macros can lead to code maintenance issues.
+- **Prefer `const` or `constexpr`**: Use `const` variables or `constexpr` for constants instead of macros where possible.
+- **Parenthesize**: Always parenthesize macro arguments and the entire expression to avoid unintended side effects.
+
+#### 6. Practical Examples and Exercises:
+
+**Example 1: Sorting with a Macro**
+
+```cpp
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <vector>
+#include <iostream>
+
+#define SORT_DESCENDING(vec) std::sort(vec.begin(), vec.end(), [](int a, int b) { return a > b; })
+
+int main() {
+    std::vector<int> numbers = {5, 2, 9, 1, 5, 6};
+
+    SORT_DESCENDING(numbers);
+
+    for (int n : numbers) {
+        std::cout << n << " ";
+    }
+    // Output: 9 6 5 5 2 1
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+**Example 2: Conditional Compilation**
+
+```cpp
+#include <iostream>
+
+#define DEBUG_MODE
+
+int main() {
+#ifdef DEBUG_MODE
+    std::cout << "Debug mode is on" << std::endl;
+#else
+    std::cout << "Debug mode is off" << std::endl;
+#endif
+
+    std::cout << "Program running" << std::endl;
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+**Exercises:**
+
+1. Define a macro to calculate the factorial of a number.
+2. Implement a macro for checking if a number is even.
+3. Create a macro that swaps two variables.
+
+

docs/day-21/_category_.json

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+{
+    "label": "Day 21",
+    "position": 21,
+    "link": {
+      "type": "generated-index"
+    }
+  }