Use latest Python 3.12 in Dockerfiles

[imnasnainaec]

Fixes #3483 by building deploy/Dockerfile on a python:3.12.* image rather than an ubuntu:22.* image.

Look in the Commits of this pr to see how this pr was tested:

• In commit "Remove paths restriction": allowed the "Update combine_deploy image" workflow to run on this branch and that job failed
• In commit "Add debian endpoint": finally fix everything needed for "Update combine_deploy image" to pass
• The final commit "Restore 'on' conditions": reset the "Update combine_deploy image" workflow to only run on master

Also, tested the result that was pushed to https://gallery.ecr.aws/thecombine/combine_deploy by using the latest image to install The Combine on a NUC (per https://github.com/sillsdev/TheCombine/blob/master/docs/deploy/README.md#install-from-docker-image).

This change is 

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 74.61%. Comparing base (f938b11) to head (b54faf0).
Report is 1 commits behind head on master.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##           master    #3478   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   74.61%   74.61%           
=======================================
  Files         285      285           
  Lines       10999    10999           
  Branches     1338     1338           
=======================================
  Hits         8207     8207           
  Misses       2407     2407           
  Partials      385      385           

Flag	Coverage Δ
backend	83.54% <ø> (ø)
frontend	66.67% <ø> (ø)

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

☔ View full report in Codecov by Sentry.
📢 Have feedback on the report? Share it here.

[jasonleenaylor]

Reviewed 3 of 3 files at r2, all commit messages.
Reviewable status: complete! all files reviewed, all discussions resolved (waiting on @imnasnainaec)