Add named path bases to cargo (v2)

Introduce shared base directories in Cargo configuration files that in turn enable base-relative path dependencies.

text/0000-cargo-path-bases.md

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+- Feature Name: `path_bases`
+- Start Date: 2023-11-13
+- RFC PR: [rust-lang/rfcs#0000](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/0000)
+- Rust Issue: [rust-lang/rust#0000](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/0000)
+
+# Summary
+[summary]: #summary
+
+Introduce shared base directories in Cargo configuration files that in
+turn enable base-relative `path` dependencies.
+
+# Motivation
+[motivation]: #motivation
+
+While developing locally, users may wish to specify many `path`
+dependencies that all live in the same local directory. If that local
+directory is not a short distance from the `Cargo.toml`, this can get
+unwieldy. They may end up with a `Cargo.toml` that contains
+
+```toml
+foo = { path = "/home/jon/dev/rust/foo" }
+bar = { path = "/home/jon/dev/rust/bar" }
+baz = { path = "/home/jon/dev/rust/ws/baz" }
+```
+
+This is not only frustrating to type out, but also requires many changes
+should any component of the path change. For example, if `foo`, `bar`,
+and `ws/baz` were to move under a sub-directory of `libs`, all the paths
+would have to be updated. If they are used in more than one local
+project, each project would have to be updated.
+
+As related issue arises in contexts where an external build system may
+make certain dependencies available through vendoring. Such a build
+system might place vendored packages under some complex path under a
+build-root, like
+
+```
+/home/user/workplace/feature-1/build/first-party-package/first-party-package-1.0/x86_64/dev/build/private/rust-vendored/
+```
+
+If a developer wishes to use such an auto-vendored dependency, a
+contract must be established with the build system about exactly where
+vendred dependencies will end up. And since that path may not be near
+the project's `Cargo.toml`, the user's `Cargo.toml` may end up with
+either an absolute path or a long relative path, both of which may not
+work on other hosts, and thus cannot be checked in (or must be
+overwritten in-place by the build system).
+
+The proposed mechanism aims to simplify both of these use-cases by
+introducing named "base" paths in the Cargo configuration
+(`.cargo/config.toml`). Path dependencies can then be given relative to
+those base path names, which can be set either by a local developer in
+their user-wide configuration (`~/.cargo/config.toml`), or by an
+external build system in a project-wide configuration file.
+
+This effectively makes a "group" of path dependencies available at some
+undisclosed location to `Cargo.toml`, which then only has to know the
+layout to path dependencies _within_ that directory, and not the path
+_to_ that directory.
+
+# Guide-level explanation
+[guide-level-explanation]: #guide-level-explanation
+
+If you often use path dependencies that live in a particular location,
+or if you want to avoid putting long paths in your `Cargo.toml`, you can
+define path _base directories_ in your [Cargo
+configuration](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/config.html).
+Your path dependencies can then be specified relative to those
+directories.
+
+For example, say you have a number of projects checked out in 
+`/home/user/dev/rust/libraries/`. Rather than use that path in your
+`Cargo.toml` files, you can define it as a "base" path in
+`~/.cargo/config.toml`:
+
+```toml
+[base_path]
+dev = "/home/user/dev/rust/libraries/"
+```
+
+Now, you can specify a path dependency on a library `foo` in that
+directory in your `Cargo.toml` using
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+foo = { path = "foo", base = "dev" }
+```
+
+Like with other path dependencies, keep in mind that both the base _and_
+the path must exist on any other host where you want to use the same
+`Cargo.toml` to build your project.
+
+# Reference-level explanation
+[reference-level-explanation]: #reference-level-explanation
+
+## Configuration
+
+`[base_path]`
+
+* Type: string
+* Default: see below
+* Environment: `CARGO_BASE_PATH_<name>`
+
+The `[base_path]` table defines a set of path prefixes that can be used to
+prepend the locations of `path` dependencies. Each key in the table is the name
+of the base path and the value is the actual file system path. These base paths
+can be used in a `path` dependency by setting its `base` key to the name of the
+base path to use.
+
+```toml
+[base_path]
+dev = "/home/user/dev/rust/libraries/"
+```
+
+The "dev" base path may then be referenced in a `Cargo.toml`:
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+foo = { path = "foo", base = "dev" }
+```
+
+To produce a `path` dependency `foo` located at
+`/home/user/dev/rust/libraries/foo`.
+
+
+## Specifying Dependencies
+
+A `path` dependency may optionally specify a base path by setting the `base` key
+to the name of a base path from the `[base_path]` table in the configuration.
+The value of that base path in the configuration is prepended to the `path`
+value to produce the actual location where Cargo will look for the dependency.
+
+If the base path is not found in the `[base_path]` table then Cargo will
+generate an error.
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+foo = { path = "foo", base = "dev" }
+```
+
+Given a `[base_path]` table in the configuration that contains:
+
+```toml
+[base_path]
+dev = "/home/user/dev/rust/libraries/"
+```
+
+Will then produce a `path` dependency `foo` located at
+`/home/user/dev/rust/libraries/foo`.
+
+# Drawbacks
+[drawbacks]: #drawbacks
+
+1. There is now an additional way to specify a dependency in
+   `Cargo.toml` that may not be accessible when others try to build the
+   same project. Specifically, it may now be that the other host has a
+   `path` dependency available at the same relative path to `Cargo.toml`
+   as the author of the `Cargo.toml` entry, but does not have the `base`
+   defined (or has it defined as some other value).
+
+   At the same time, this might make path dependencies _more_ re-usable
+   across hosts, since developers can dictate only which _bases_ need to
+   exist, rather than which _paths_ need to exist. This would allow
+   different developers to host their path dependencies in different
+   locations from the original author.
+2. Developers still need to know the path _within_ each path base. We
+   could instead define path "aliases", though at that point the whole
+   thing looks more like a special kind of "local path registry".
+3. This introduces yet another mechanism for grouping local
+   dependencies. We already have [local registries, directory
+   registries](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/source-replacement.html),
+   and the [`[paths]`
+   override](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/overriding-dependencies.html#paths-overrides).
+   However, those are all intended for immutable local copies of
+   dependencies where versioning is enforced, rather than as mutable
+   path dependencies.
+
+# Rationale and alternatives
+[rationale-and-alternatives]: #rationale-and-alternatives
+
+This design was primarily chosen for its simplicity — it adds very
+little to what we have today both in terms of API surface and mechanism.
+But, other approaches exist.
+
+Developers could have their `path` dependencies point to symlinks in the
+current directory, which other developers would then be told to set up
+to point to the appropriate place on their system. This approach has two
+main drawbacks: they are harder to use on Windows as they [require
+special privileges](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/security-policy-settings/create-symbolic-links),
+and they pollute the user's project directory.
+
+For the build-system case, the build system could place vendored
+dependencies directly into the source directory at well-known locations,
+though this would mean that if the source of those dependencies were to
+change, the user would have to re-run the build system (rather than just
+run `cargo`) to refresh the vendored dependency. And this approach too
+would end up polluting the user's source directory.
+
+An earlier iteration of the design avoided adding a new field to
+dependencies, and instead inlined the base name into the path using
+`path = "base::relative/path"`. This has the advantage of not
+introducing another special keyword in `Cargo.toml`, but comes at the
+cost of making `::` illegal in paths, which was deemed too great.
+
+Alternatively, we could add support for extrapolating environment
+variables (or arbitrary configuration values?) in `Cargo.toml` values.
+That way, the path could be given as `path =
+"${base.name}/relative/path"`. While that works, it's not trivially
+backwards compatible, may be confusing when users try to extrapolate
+random other configuration variables in their paths, and _seems_ like a
+possible Pandora's box of corner-cases.
+
+The [`[paths]`
+feature](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/overriding-dependencies.html#paths-overrides)
+could be updated to lift its current limitations around adding
+dependencies and requiring that the dependencies be available on
+crates.io. This would allow users to avoid `path` dependencies in more
+cases, but makes the replacement more implicit than explicit. That
+change is also more likely to break existing users, and to involve
+significant refactoring of the existing mechanism.
+
+We could add another type of local registry that is explicitly declared
+in `Cargo.toml`, and from which local dependencies could then be drawn.
+Something like:
+
+```toml
+[registry.local]
+path = "/path/to/path/registry"
+```
+
+This would make specifying the dependencies somewhat nicer (`version =
+"1", registry = "local"`), and would ensure a standard layout for the
+locations of the local dependencies. However, using local dependencies
+in this manner would require more set-up to arrange for the right
+registry layout, and we would be introducing what is effectively a
+mutable registry, which Cargo has avoided thus far.
+
+Even with such an approach, there are benefits to being able to not put
+complex paths into `Cargo.toml` as they may differ on other build hosts.
+So, a mechanism for indirecting through a path name may still be
+desirable.
+
+Ultimately, by not having a mechanism to name paths that lives outside
+of `Cargo.toml`, we are forcing developers to coordinate their file
+system layouts without giving them a mechanism for doing so. Or to work
+around the lack of a mechanism by requiring developers to add symlinks
+in strategic locations, cluttering their directories. The proposed
+mechanism is simple to understand and to use, and still covers a wide
+variety of use-cases.
+
+# Prior art
+[prior-art]: #prior-art
+
+Python searches for dependencies by walking `sys.path` in definition
+order, which [is pulled
+from](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/modules.html#the-module-search-path)
+the current directory, `PYTHONPATH`, and a list of system-wide library
+directories. All imports are thus "relative" to every directory in
+`sys.path`. This makes it easy to inject local development dependencies
+simply by injecting a path early in `sys.path`. The path dependency is
+never made explicit anywhere in Python. We _could_ adopt a similar
+approach by declaring an environment variable `CARGO_PATHS`, where every
+`path` is considered relative to each path in `CARGO_PATHS` until a path
+that exists is found. However, this introduces additional possibilities
+for user confusion if, say, `foo` exists in multiple paths in
+`CARGO_PATHS` and the first one is picked (though maybe that could be a
+warning?).
+
+NodeJS (with npm) is very similar to Python, except that dependencies
+can also be
+[specified](https://nodejs.org/api/modules.html#modules_all_together)
+using relative paths like Cargo's `path` dependencies. For non-path
+dependencies, it searches in [`node_modules/` in every parent
+directory](https://nodejs.org/api/modules.html#modules_loading_from_node_modules_folders),
+as well as in the [`NODE_PATH` search
+path](https://nodejs.org/api/modules.html#modules_loading_from_the_global_folders).
+There does not exist a standard mechanism to specify a path dependency
+relative to a path named elsewhere. With CommonJS modules, JavaScript
+developers are able to extrapolate variables directly into their
+`require` arguments, and can thus implement custom schemes for getting
+customizable paths.
+
+Ruby's `Gemfile` [path
+dependencies](https://bundler.io/man/gemfile.5.html#PATH) are only ever
+absolute paths or paths relative to the `Gemfile`'s location, and so are
+similar to Rust's current `path` dependencies.
+
+The same is the case for Go's `go.mod` [replacement
+dependencies](https://golang.org/doc/modules/managing-dependencies#tmp_10),
+which only allow absolute or relative paths.
+
+From this, it's clear that other major languages do not have a feature
+quite like this. This is likely because path dependencies are assumed
+to be short-lived and local, and thus having them be host-specific is
+often good enough. However, as the motivation section of this RFC
+outlines, there are still use-cases where a simple name-indirection
+could help.
+
+# Unresolved questions
+[unresolved-questions]: #unresolved-questions
+
+- What should the Cargo configuration table and dependency key be called? This
+  RFC calls the configuration table `base_path` to be explicit that it is
+  dealing with paths (as `base` would be ambiguous) but calls the key `base` to
+  keep it concise.
+- Is there other reasonable behavior we could fall back to if a `base`
+  is specified for a dependency, but no base by that name exists in the
+  current Cargo configuration? This RFC suggests that this should be an
+  error, but perhaps there is a reasonable thing to try _first_ prior to
+  yielding an error.
+
+# Future possibilities
+[future-possibilities]: #future-possibilities
+
+It seems reasonable to extend `base` to `git` dependencies, with
+something like:
+
+```toml
+[base_path]
+gh = "https://github.com/jonhoo"
+```
+
+```toml
+[dependency]
+foo = { git = "foo.git", base = "gh" }
+```
+
+However, this may get complicated if someone specifies `git`, `path`,
+_and_ `base`.
+
+It may also be useful to be able to use `base` for `patch` and `path`.