Code and data for research paper Guseinov, R. et al. Programming temporal morphing of self-actuated shells. Nature Communications (2020).
Advances in shape-morphing materials, such as hydrogels, shape-memory polymers and light-responsive polymers have enabled prescribing self-directed deformations of initially flat geometries. However, most proposed solutions evolve towards a target geometry without considering time-dependent actuation paths. To achieve more complex geometries and avoid self-collisions, it is critical to encode a spatial and temporal shape evolution within the initially flat shell. Recent realizations of time-dependent morphing are limited to the actuation of few, discrete hinges and cannot form doubly curved surfaces. Here, we demonstrate a method for encoding temporal shape evolution in architected shells that assume complex shapes and doubly curved geometries. The shells are non-periodic tessellations of pre-stressed contractile unit cells that soften in water at rates prescribed locally by mesostructure geometry. The ensuing midplane contraction is coupled to the formation of encoded curvatures. We propose an inverse design tool based on a data-driven model for unit cells' temporal responses.
- Folder extra: Processing and modeling for unit cells and shells. Plotting.
- Folder fabrication: Helpers for fabrication
- Folder shell_mechanical_tests : Shell mechanical tests data and code for plotting it
- Folder shell_scan: Code for measuring shape precision via 3D scans
- Folder unit_cell_generator: Generate unit cell specimens and tools for measurement setup
- Folder unit_cell_modeling: Data and code for modeling unit cells, including plotting
- File plot_stress_relax.m: Plot membrane stress relaxation
- File rubber_stress_relaxation.csv: Membrane stress relaxation data
- Folder shells: Input shell geometries and simulation initialization data.
- Folder smpsym: Inverse design and simulation tool. (N.B.: for experienced C++ users only!)
This code is tested only with MSVC 2017/2019, but developed in a compatible way with gcc and Clang compilers.
- cinder 0.9.2 (clone git repo, use cmake, build) https://libcinder.org/
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geogram (for generation of triangulated stencils) https://github.com/alicevision/geogram
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integration with Matlab (for plotting)
Before calling cmake, copy file CMakeLocal-template.txt as CMakeLocal.txt and replace paths
to the listed libraries in your system (for example, cinder). Build the executable.
To start editing actuation time landscape of a stencil represented by an OBJ file, drag and drop it to the app window. Alternatively, to load a simulation file, select in main menu: File -> Load simulation ... and choose a BIN file, e.g. from folder shells. Now you can edit actuation time landscape and start the simultaion. Once finished, press button Simulate in the main window (in section Simulation).
This code is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.