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The `r3bl-ts-utils` package is a set of useful TypeScript functions and classes that can be used in Node.js and browser environments. They are inspired by Kotlin stdlib, and Rust to write code as expressions rather than statements, colorized text, powerful Text User Interface (TUI) framework to build powerful CLI apps, cache, and timer utilities.

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r3bl-ts-utils npm package

The r3bl-ts-utils package is a set of useful TypeScript functions and classes that can be used in Node.js and browser environments. They are inspired by Kotlin stdlib, and Rust to write code as expressions rather than statements, colorized text, powerful Text User Interface (TUI) framework to build powerful CLI apps, cache, and timer utilities.

The following groups of functionality are provided in this package.

  1. Scope functions inspired by Kotlin stdlib scope functions (_also, _let, _apply, _with, etc.). These allow you to write code that is more expression based rather than statement based.
  2. Misc language functions, that allow you to write conditional code that is more expression based (like in Kotlin and Rust) rather than statement based (in JavaScript). Also provides some core classes that make it easy to work w/ data classes.
  3. Rust inspired language functions, that allow you to avoid using null or undefined in your code. This is inspired by Rust's Option and Result types.
  4. Timer utilities that are easier and more robust to work w/ than setInterval(). These can be used to perform any recurring tasks that are on a fixed interval timer.
  5. Cache utilities that provide a cache that you can use that provides multiple eviction policies.
  6. Text User Interface (TUI) library is built on top of React and Ink and provides a comprehensive set of UI components, helper functions, types, and classes, and a full TUI application framework. You can use this to build very powerful feature rich TUI apps, which are command line interface apps that run in the terminal, that are keyboard driven, and have sophisticated layout and responsiveness support. This includes the following:
    1. tui-colors
    2. tui-figures
    3. tui-color-console
    4. tui-node-keyboard
    5. tui-core
    6. tui-components

This module is written entirely in TypeScript, and is configured to be a CommonJS module.

💡 Here's more information on CommonJS, ESM, and hybrid modules.

To install the package, simply run the following in the top level folder of your project.

npm i r3bl-ts-utils

For more information on how this package was created, or to facilitate a deep dive of the code written here, please read the Node.js w/ TypeScript handbook on developerlife.com.

Here are some important links for this package.

  1. Github repo
  2. npm package

Documentation

Scope functions

The scope functions mimic Kotlin's stdlib scope functions (also, let, apply, with) one to one. So here are four examples of using them. You can browse the source here.

The tests for this library are worth taking a look at to get a sense of how to use them.

_also

_also() takes a contextObject, passes it to the ReceiverFn, and returns the contextObject. Here's an example.

import { _also } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

const spans = _also(new Array<string>(3), (spans: string[]) => {
  spans[0] = "one"
  spans[1] = "two"
  spans[2] = "three"
})
const output = spans.join(", ")
console.log(output)

You can name the argument to the ReceiverFn anything you like and not just it (which is the common practice in Kotlin).

_alsoAsync

_alsoAsync() is not part of Kotlin's stdlib scope functions, but it behaves similarly to _also() except that it accepts an async receiver function (ReceiverFnAsync). And it returns the contextObject and a promise from the async receiver function. Here's an example.

import { _alsoAsync } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

const contextObject = "_alsoAsync"

let flag = false

// https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/async_function
const asyncFn: ReceiverFnAsync<string, boolean> = async (it) =>
  new Promise<boolean>((resolveFn) => {
    const _fun = () => {
      expect(it).toEqual(contextObject)
      flag = true
      resolveFn(true)
    }
    // Delay execution of _fun to next iteration of event loop.
    // https://nodejs.dev/learn/understanding-setimmediate
    setImmediate(_fun)
  })

const { contextObject: obj, promiseFromReceiverFn: promise } = _alsoAsync(contextObject, asyncFn)

expect(obj).toEqual(contextObject)
expect(flag).toBeFalsy()

const value = await promise
expect(value).toBeTruthy()
expect(flag).toBeTruthy()

_alsoSafe

_alsoSafe() takes a contextObject, passes a deep copy of it to the ReceiverFn, and returns this deep copy of contextObject. Here's an example.

const contextObject = { foo: 1 }

let flag = false
const fun = (it: typeof contextObject): void => {
  expect(it).not.toBe(contextObject)
  flag = true
}

const returnValue = _alsoSafe(contextObject, fun)

expect(returnValue).not.toBe(contextObject)
expect(returnValue).toEqual(contextObject)
expect(flag).toBeTruthy()

_alsoSafeAsync

_alsoSafeAsync() is not part of Kotlin's stdlib scope functions, but it behaves similarly to _alsoAsync() except that it accepts an async receiver function (ReceiverFnAsync). And it returns a deep copy of then contextObject and a promise from the async receiver function. Here's an example.

const contextObject = { foo: 1 }

let flag = false

// https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/async_function
const fun1: ReceiverFnAsync<typeof contextObject, boolean> = async (it) =>
  new Promise<boolean>((resolveFn) => {
    const _fun = () => {
      expect(it).toEqual(contextObject)
      expect(it).not.toBe(contextObject)
      flag = true
      resolveFn(true)
    }
    // Delay execution of _fun to next iteration of event loop.
    // https://nodejs.dev/learn/understanding-setimmediate
    setImmediate(_fun)
  })

const { contextObjectDeepCopy: obj, promiseFromReceiverFn: promise } = _alsoSafeAsync(
  contextObject,
  fun1
)

expect(obj).toEqual(contextObject)
expect(flag).toBeFalsy()

const value = await promise
expect(value).toBeTruthy()
expect(flag).toBeTruthy()

_then

_then() is not part of Kotlin's stdlib scope functions, but it behaves similarly to _also(), except that it takes an array of receiver functions (each of which accepts a contextObject argument), and runs them all sequentially. It returns contextObject just like _also(). Here's an example.

import { _then } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

const buffer = ""
const fun1: ReceiverFn<string> = (it) => (buffer += it)
const fun2: ReceiverFn<string> = (it) => (buffer += it)

const returnValue = _then("foo", fun1, fun2)
expect(returnValue).toEqual(contextObject)
expect(buffer).toEqual("foofoo")

_let

_let() takes a contextObject, passes it to the ReceiverFnWithReturn, and returns its return value. Here's an example.

import { _let } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

const contextObject = "string"
const returnValue = _let(contextObject, (it) => {
  return `my-${it}`
})
expect(returnValue).toEqual(`my-string`)

The call to _let(...) returns the value of the 2nd argument ReceiverFnWithReturn and not the first argument contextObject.

_letSafe

_letSafe() takes a contextObject, and passes a deep copy of it to the ReceiverFnWithReturn, and returns its return value. Here's an example.

const contextObject = { foo: 1 }
const receiverFnReturnValue = Symbol()

// https://jasmine.github.io/2.1/introduction#section-Spies:_%3Ccode%3Eand.callThrough%3C/code%3E
const myReceiverFn: ReceiverFnWithReturn<typeof contextObject, symbol> = (it) => {
  expect(it).toEqual(contextObject)
  expect(it).not.toBe(contextObject)
  return receiverFnReturnValue
}
const spyObjectContainingFn = { myReceiverFn }
spyOn(spyObjectContainingFn, "myReceiverFn").and.callThrough()

const returnValue = _letSafe(contextObject, spyObjectContainingFn.myReceiverFn)
expect(returnValue).toEqual(receiverFnReturnValue)
expect(spyObjectContainingFn.myReceiverFn).toHaveBeenCalled()

_apply

_apply() takes a contextObject, binds it to ImplicitReceiverObject's this, calls it, then returns the contextObject. Here's an example.

import { _apply, ImplicitReceiverObject } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

const contextObject: string = "string"
const myImplicitReceiverObject: ImplicitReceiverObject<string> = {
  fnWithReboundThis: function (): string {
    expect(this).toEqual(contextObject)
    return contextObject
  },
}
const returnValue = _apply(contextObject, myImplicitReceiverObject)
expect(returnValue).toEqual(contextObject)

In the code above, you can just inline the myImplicitReceiverObject into the line where you call _apply(). The code is written in this verbose way just for clarity.

⚠ Please note that the fnWithReboundThis can't be an arrow function, since it would not allow this to be rebound.

_with

_with() takes a contextObject, binds it to ImplicitReceiverObjectWithReturn's this, calls it then returns the its return value. Here's an example.

import { _with, ImplicitReceiverObjectWithReturn } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

const contextObject: string = "some_data"
const hardcodedReceiverReturnValue: Symbol = Symbol()
const returnValue = _with(contextObject, {
  fnWithReboundThis: function (): symbol {
    expect(this).toEqual(contextObject)
    return hardcodedReceiverReturnValue
  },
})
expect(returnValue).toEqual(hardcodedReceiverReturnValue)

In the code above, you can just inline the myImplicitReceiverObjectWithReturn into the line where you call _with(). The code is show in this verbose way just for clarity.

⚠ Please note that the fnWithReboundThis can't be an arrow function, since it would not allow this to be rebound.

Misc language functions

Data class and anyToString()

Inspired by Kotlin's data classes, the Data class is provided which makes it really easy to get a toString() implementation that pretty formats the string for free. It makes use of the anyToString() function that you can choose to use instead of using the class. Here's an example.

class MapData extends Data {
  constructor(
    readonly name: string = "MapData contains properties: string, string, Map, Array",
    readonly type: string = "string",
    readonly map: Map<any, any> = new Map().set("foo", "1").set("bar", "2"),
    readonly array: Array<string> = ["one", "two", "three"]
  ) {
    super()
  }
}

console.log(new MapData().toString())

_repeat()

This is loosely inspired by the Kotlin scope function style and the repeat function in JavaScript. You can pass a lambda and have it repeat n times. Here's an example.

let count = 0
_repeat(5, () => count++)
expect(count).toEqual(5)

_callIfTruthy()

This is inspired from the style of Kotlin scope functions above. If the contextObject is truthy, then the lambda is executed & it gets the type-safe non-null reference to contextObject. Here's an example.

type CtxObjType = { foo: number }
const contextObject: CtxObjType | undefined = { foo: 1 }

let executed = false
const returnValue = _callIfTruthy(contextObject, (it: CtxObjType) => {
  expect(it).toBeDefined()
  expect(it).toEqual({ foo: 1 })
  executed = true
})
expect(returnValue).toBeTruthy()
expect(returnValue).toBe(contextObject)
expect(executed).toBeTruthy()

_callIfTruthyWithReturn()

This is similar to _callIfTruthy except that it will return the return value of the lambda that's passed.

This is an interesting control flow expression. It is another way to represent an if statement. Three arguments need to be passed.

  1. The first is the condition variable which can evaluate to truthy or falsy.
  2. The 2nd is the lambda that is executed if the condition holds true. The return value of this lamba is returned by the expression.
  3. The 3rd argument is the lambda that's executed if the condition holds false. The return value of this lambda is returned by the expression.
// Condition is truthy.
_also(
  {
    onTrueFlag: false,
    onFalseFlag: false,
  },
  (flags) => {
    const returnValue = _callIfTruthyWithReturn(
      "foo",
      (it) => {
        expect(it).toEqual("foo")
        flags.onTrueFlag = true
        return "true"
      },
      () => {
        flags.onFalseFlag = false
        return "false"
      }
    )
    expect(returnValue).toEqual("true")
    expect(flags.onTrueFlag).toBeTruthy()
    expect(flags.onFalseFlag).toBeFalsy()
  }
)

// Condition is falsy.
_also(
  {
    onTrueFlag: false,
    onFalseFlag: false,
  },
  (flags) => {
    const returnValue = _callIfTruthyWithReturn(
      undefined,
      (it) => {
        expect(it).toBeFalsy()
        flags.onTrueFlag = false
        return "true"
      },
      () => {
        flags.onFalseFlag = true
        return "false"
      }
    )
    expect(returnValue).toEqual("false")
    expect(flags.onTrueFlag).toBeFalsy()
    expect(flags.onFalseFlag).toBeTruthy()
  }
)

_callIfFalsy()

This is the inverse of _callIfTruthy. If the contextObject is falsy, then the lambda is executed & it gets the type-safe non-null reference to contextObject. Here's an example.

let executedIfNull = false
let executedIfUndefined = false

_callIfFalsy(undefined, () => {
  executedIfUndefined = true
})
_callIfFalsy(null, () => {
  executedIfNull = true
})

expect(executedIfUndefined).toBeTruthy()
expect(executedIfNull).toBeTruthy()

_callIfTrue()

This is similar to _callIfTruthy except that the first argument is a boolean. Here's an example.

let flag = false
const fun = () => {
  flag = true
}
_callIfTrue(false, fun)
expect(flag).toBeFalsy()
_callIfTrue(true, fun)
expect(flag).toBeTruthy()

_callIfFalse()

This is the inverse of _callIfFalse. Here's an example.

let flag = true
const fun = () => {
  flag = false
}
_callIfFalse(true, fun)
expect(flag).toBeTruthy()
_callIfFalse(false, fun)
expect(flag).toBeFalsy()

_callIfTrueWithReturn()

This is similar to _callIfTruthyWithReturn except that it accepts a boolean condition expression.

This is an interesting control flow expression. It is another way to represent an if statement. Three arguments need to be passed.

  1. The first is the condition variable which can evaluate to true or false.
  2. The 2nd is the lambda that is executed if the condition holds true. The return value of this lamba is returned by the expression.
  3. The 3rd argument is the lambda that's executed if the condition holds false. The return value of this lambda is returned by the expression.

Here's an example.

// Condition is true.
_also(
  {
    onTrueFlag: false,
    onFalseFlag: false,
  },
  (flags) => {
    const returnValue = _callIfTrueWithReturn(
      true,
      () => {
        flags.onTrueFlag = true
        return "true"
      },
      () => {
        flags.onFalseFlag = false
        return "false"
      }
    )
    expect(returnValue).toEqual("true")
    expect(flags.onTrueFlag).toBeTruthy()
    expect(flags.onFalseFlag).toBeFalsy()
  }
)

// Condition is false.
_also(
  {
    onTrueFlag: false,
    onFalseFlag: false,
  },
  (flags) => {
    const returnValue = _callIfTrueWithReturn(
      false,
      () => {
        flags.onTrueFlag = false
        return "true"
      },
      () => {
        flags.onFalseFlag = true
        return "false"
      }
    )
    expect(returnValue).toEqual("false")
    expect(flags.onTrueFlag).toBeFalsy()
    expect(flags.onFalseFlag).toBeTruthy()
  }
)

Rust language functions

Option, Some, None, _callIfSome(), and _callIfNone()

Avoid using null or undefined in your code by using Option and None and Some. This is similar to what you get in Rust. However, it is implemented using TypeScript discriminated unions and an abstract class. A lot of the code in this library itself has been rewritten using this pattern to avoid null or undefined resulting in much easier to reason about code.

Here's an example.

import { KeypressOption, _callIfSome } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

const onKeypress = (keypress: KeypressOption) => {
  _callIfSome(keypress, (keypress) => {
    if (keypress.matches("return")) returnPressed()
    if (keypress.matches("downarrow")) downarrowPressed()
    if (keypress.matches("uparrow")) uparrowPressed()
    if (keypress.matches("space")) spacePressed()
    if (keypress.matches("delete")) deletePressed()
    if (keypress.matches("backspace")) deletePressed()
  })
}

Here's an example of using a None value in a useStateSafely hook.

import { useStateSafely, Option } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

type KeypressOption = Option<Readonly<Keypress>>
const [keypress, setKeypress] = useStateSafely<KeypressOption>(Option.none()).asArray()

Here's an eample of using a Some value in a useStateSafely hook.

import { Optional, TimerTickFn, Option } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

let _onStartFn: Option<TimerTickFn> = Option.none()
function setOnStartFn(value: Optional<TimerTickFn>) {
  _onStartFn = Option.create(value) // same as Option.some(value)
}

You can check to see whether an Option value is Some or None by using the isSome and isNone functions. These functions also act as user defined type guards (via type predicate) and will narrow the type of the Option to None / Some when used in an if statement. Here's an example.

{
  keyPress.isSome() ? (
    <Text color="cyan">{keyPress.value.toString()}</Text>
  ) : (
    <Text color="red">!keyPress</Text>
  )
}

debug()

This function is simply based on the debug! macro in the Rust standard library. It is used to pretty print the argument passed to it, along w/ a message. The argument passed is simply returned by the function. Here's an example.

import { debug } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

const value = "some_value"
expect(debug("message", value)).toBe("some_value")

Timer utils

To use the timer utils, use the factory function createTimer() which returns an object that implements the Timer interface. This interface and the tests are a great place to discover the API surface. Here's an example of using this in a React function component that uses Hooks to generate a CLI interface using ink.

import React, { FC } from "react"
import { Timer, createTimer } from "r3bl-ts-utils"
import { _also } from "r3bl-ts-utils"
import { _withRef, StateHook, useForceUpdateFn } from "r3bl-ts-utils"
import { Text } from "ink"

export const ComponentUsingTimer: FC = () => {
  const myTimerRef: ReactRef<Timer> = React.useRef<Timer>()

  /* ⚡ From React Hook utils. */
  const [count, setCount]: StateHook<number> = React.useState<number>(0)
  const forceUpdateFn = useForceUpdateFn()

  React.useEffect(effectToStartTimer, [] /* componentDidMount */)
  React.useEffect(effectToCheckStoppingTimer)

  return render()

  // Define the functions used above.

  function effectToStartTimer() {
    /* ⚡ From scope functions. */
    const timer = _also(createTimer(TimerConfig.name, TimerConfig.updateIntervalMs), (it) => {
      myTimerRef.current = it
      it.onTick = tickFn
    }).startTicking()

    return () => {
      if (timer.isStarted) timer.stopTicking()
      DEBUG && console.log(`😵 unmount`, myTimerRef.current)
    }
  }

  function tickFn(timer: Timer): void {
    setCount(timer.counter.value)
    DEBUG && console.log(`"${timer.name}"`, timer.isStarted, timer.counter.value)
  }

  function effectToCheckStoppingTimer() {
    _withRef(myTimerRef, (timer) => {
      if (timer.isStarted) {
        if (timer.counter.value >= TimerConfig.maxCounter) {
          timer.stopTicking()
          forceUpdateFn() // Force a re-render after timer has stopped, to show the skull.
        }
      }
    })
  }

  function render() {
    return (
      <Text color={"green"}>
        [{count} tests passed]
        {showSkullIfTimerIsStopped()}
      </Text>
    )
  }

  function showSkullIfTimerIsStopped() {
    return !myTimerRef.current?.isStarted ? "💀" : null
  }
}

const TimerConfig = {
  name: "Count to 5 timer",
  updateIntervalMs: 1000,
  maxCounter: 5,
}

Cache utils

Cache utils provides an object that implements the Cache interface, that is created by the createCache() factory function. You can specify the max size of the cache, and even declare which eviction policy it should use. You can also provide a function that generates a value for a given key if it doesn't exist in the cache. Here's an example of how to use this class.

import { createCache, _repeat } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

test("Cache eviction policy least-recently-used works", () => {
  let populateFn = (arg: string): string => arg + "_test"
  const cache = createCache<string, string>("test", 2, "least-recently-used")

  cache.get("foo", populateFn)
  cache.get("bar", populateFn)
  cache.get("baz", populateFn)

  expect(cache.size).toEqual(2)
  expect(cache.contains("foo")).toBeFalsy()
  expect(cache.contains("bar")).toBeTruthy()
  expect(cache.contains("baz")).toBeTruthy()
})

test("Cache eviction policy least-frequently-used works", () => {
  let populateFn = (arg: string): string => arg + "_test"
  const cache = createCache<string, string>("test", 2, "least-frequently-used")

  _repeat(3, () => cache.get("foo", populateFn))
  _repeat(2, () => cache.get("bar", populateFn))
  cache.get("baz", populateFn)

  expect(cache.size).toEqual(2)
  expect(cache.contains("foo")).toBeTruthy()
  expect(cache.contains("bar")).toBeTruthy()
  expect(cache.contains("baz")).toBeFalsy()
})

An async version of ComputeValueForKeyFn is also provided, aptly named ComputeValueForKeyAsyncFn. Here's an example of how to use this async form.

import { createCache } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

test("can getAndComputeIfAbsentAsync from Cache", async () => {
  let executionCount = 0
  const populateAsyncFn = (arg: string): Promise<string> => {
    return new Promise((resolve) => {
      setTimeout(() => {
        resolve(arg + "_test")
        executionCount++
      }, 10)
    })
  }
  const cache = createCache<string, string>("test", 2, "least-frequently-used")

  // Cache miss for "foo" -> insert.
  await expect(cache.getAndComputeIfAbsentAsync("foo", populateAsyncFn)).resolves.toEqual(
    "foo_test"
  )

  // Cache hit for "foo".
  expect(cache.contains("foo")).toBeTruthy()
  await expect(cache.getAndComputeIfAbsentAsync("foo", populateAsyncFn)).resolves.toEqual(
    "foo_test"
  )
  expect(executionCount).toBe(1)
})

Text User Interface (TUI)

Colorized text (tui-colors)

The TextColor class provides a DSL (domain specific language) that makes it trivial to generate reusable styles to apply ANSI colors to strings. This is very useful when making CLI (command line interface) apps or colorful console log outputs. For just color colorful console output, you can check out the next section on Colorized console. You can browse the source here.

This serves as TypeScript replacements of both colors.js and chalk libraries (both of which are written in JavaScript).

Here is a simple example that colorizes a string.

import { TextColor } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

const expected: string = "�[47m�[31mtext�[39m�[49m"
const style = TextColor.builder.red.bgWhite.build()
expect(style("text")).toEqual(expected)
expect(style.applyFormatting("text")).toEqual(expected)

Here's similar functionality via a one liner.

import { TextColor } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

const formattedOutput = TextColor.builder.red.bgWhite.build()("text")
const expected: string = "�[47m�[31mtext�[39m�[49m"
expect(formattedOutput).toEqual(expected)

Fancy Unicode characters for terminal based apps (tui-figures)

The figures object provides a set of Unicode symbols that can be used to pretty print console / terminal based output. Things like checkboxes, circles, arrows, etc. are provided for convenience. And it doesn't rely on using emoji.

This serves as a TypeScript replacement of figures library (which is written in JavaScript).

Colorized console (tui-color-console)

Let's look at how to use this by example. You can browse the source here.

Simple usage

You can simply colorize existing console.log and console.error, like this using the default styles that are provided in Styles.

import { printHeader, Styles } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

printHeader(`Example 1`)

console.log(Styles.Primary(`Wrote file successfully. 👍`))
console.error(Styles.Secondary(`Failed to write file! ⛔`))

Styles.Primary(`Wrote file successfully. 👍`).consoleLog()
Styles.Secondary(`Failed to write file! ⛔`).consoleError()

To override on the default styles, here's an example.

Advanced usage

Here's how you can use the ColorConsole class to do more powerful things.

import { printHeader, Styles, ColorConsole } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

printHeader(`Example 2`)
const myColorConsole = ColorConsole.create((text) => colors.bold(colors.yellow(text)))
myColorConsole(/* text: */ `Start log output...`).consoleLog()

const count = 4
while (count-- > 0) {
  ColorConsole.create(Styles.Primary)(`While loop output: ${count}`).consoleLogInPlace()
}

ColorConsole.create(Styles.Secondary)(/* text: */ `End log output...`).consoleLog(
  /* prefixWithNewLine: */ true
)

Note that once created, using create(), you can simply call that instance w/out passing a method. This happens because the create() factory method creates a new ColorConsole object, which also implements the ColorConsoleIF interface, which is callable) by providing a (text: string) signature that binds to the call(text: string) method.

If you don't deviate from the Primary and Secondary styles, then you can simply use some default ColorConsole instances that have been created for you like this.

import { printHeader, Styles, ColorConsole, StyledColorConsole } from "r3bl-ts-utils"
import * as _ from "lodash"

printHeader(`Example 3`)
const data = { foo: "foo_value", bar: "bar_value" }
for (const key in data) {
  StyledColorConsole.Primary(
    Styles.Primary(key) + " -> " + Styles.Secondary(_.get(data, key))
  ).consoleLog()
}

sleep()

This function simply puts the current async function to sleep and prints a spinner in console stdout. Here's an example of it in action (in a Node.js program).

import { printHeader, sleep } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

const main = async (): Promise<void> => {
  printHeader(`Example 1 - spawn a child process to execute a command`)
  await new SpawnCProcToRunLinuxCommandAndGetOutput().run()
  await sleep(1000)

  printHeader(`Example 2 - pipe process.stdin into child process command`)
  await new SpawnCProcAndPipeStdinToLinuxCommand().run()
  await sleep(1000)

  printHeader(`Example 3 - pipe the output of one child process command into another one`)
  await new SpawnCProcToPipeOutputOfOneLinuxCommandIntoAnother().run()
  await sleep(1000)

  printHeader(`Example 4 - replace the functionality of a fish shell script`)
  await new SpawnCProcToReplaceFunctionalityOfFishScript().run()
  await sleep(1000)
}

main().catch(console.error)

Core (React) hooks, types, functions, and classes (tui-core)

The following utility functions make it easier to work w/ React in general.

StateHook<T>

The following utility types and custom hooks make it easier to work w/ React function components and hooks.

The StateHook<T> utility type makes it easy to describe the array returned by React.useState<T>(). Here's an example.

import { StateHook } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

export const MyFunctionalComponent: FC = () => {
  const [count, setCount]: StateHook<number> = React.useState<number>(0)
  /* snip */
}

useForceUpdateFn()

The useForceUpdateFn() is a custom hook that makes it easy for you to force a re-render of your component (when there are no props or state changes to trigger them). Here's an example.

import { useForceUpdateFn } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

export const MyFunctionalComponent: FC = () => {
  const forceUpdateFn = useForceUpdateFn()
  React.useEffect(() => setTimeout(forceUpdateFn, 1000), [] /* componentDidMount. */)
  return <h1>{Date.now()}</h1>
}

_withRef()

The _withRef() function provides a slightly cleaner syntax to working w/ React.useRef().current .

The current property can be nullish and while you can use optional chaining to access this property's value, it can be quite clunky to write this code. Here's a snippet.

const myTimerRef: ReactRef<Timer> = React.useRef<Timer>()

function showSkullIfTimerIsStopped() {
  return !myTimerRef.current?.isStarted ? "💀" : null
}

When using _withRef() you have to think about 2 arguments, the ref itself, and a lambda that you want to execute that does something w/ the current property of the ref, if its truthy.

The following code snippet is an example of a lambda that operates on the current property of the myTimerRef, which holds a Timer object.

import { ReactRefReceiverFn, ReactRef, _withRef, useForceUpdateFn } from "r3bl-ts-utils"
import * as React from "react"

const myTimerRef: ReactRef<Timer> = React.useRef<Timer>()

function MyComponent() {
  React.useEffect(() => _withRef(myTimerRef, checkIfTimerIsStopped))
  return <h1>{!myTimerRef.current?.isStarted ? "✋" : "🏃"}</h1>
}

const checkIfTimerIsStopped: ReactRefReceiverFn<Timer> = (timer: Timer) => {
  if (timer.isStarted) {
    if (timer.counter.value >= TimerConfig.maxCounter) {
      timer.stop()
      forceUpdateFn() // Force a re-render after timer has stopped, to show the skull.
    }
  }
}

💡 Note that the ReactRef<T> utility type is also provided to make it easy to work w/ objects returned by React.useRef<T>(). Additionally, ReactRefReceiverFn<T> is provided to make it easy to type the function lambda that is passed as a 2nd argument to _withRef().

makeReactElementFromArray()

A common pattern in composing React elements is taking an array and converting into a list of JSX elements. This also requires that a key be inserted in each of the rendered items. This is code that has to written repeatedly and this function aims to eliminate the need for that. Here's an example.

import { emptyArray, makeReactElementFromArray, RenderEachInputFn } from "r3bl-ts-utils"
import { Text } from "ink"
import React, { FC } from "react"

const Row_Instructions: FC = function (): JSX.Element {
  const inputs = [
    ["blue", "Press Tab to focus next element"],
    ["blue", "Shift+Tab to focus previous element"],
    ["blue", "Esc to reset focus."],
    ["red", "Press q to exit"],
  ]

  return makeReactElementFromArray(inputs, renderToText)

  function renderToText(line: string[], id: number): JSX.Element {
    return (
      <Text color={line[0]} key={id}>
        {line[1]}
      </Text>
    )
  }
}

useEventEmitter()

When building user interfaces (UIs) for command line interface (CLI) apps it becomes necessary to incorporate external (to React) async events that are generated by some event emitter (for eg, a keypress event or some other async event that comes in from a process or fs object). To bring these events into the React code, we would think to just use a useEffect() hook somehow to do this, but unfortunately it isn't that simple.

When writing custom hooks, that relay external async events (eg, happening in a listener that is attached Node.js, or a database, etc.), it is important to keep in mind that callback functions that are passed to useEffect() can not directly call into the React function component 🧨!

🤔 This is a very subtle but important point to remember when figuring how to "relay" the non-React async event into the React function component world (via a custom hook that you're writing). When using "normal" React (host components in a browser) we don't get to see this because the code that interfaces with the browser's DOM is provided to us. So we are used to attaching a callback function to an onclick props of a button in React, and it would just work 🧙. However, under the covers this host component is taking care of interfacing w/ a DOM async event emitter to invoke callback function via addEventListener and doing something similar to this hook.

It might be tempting to simply pass a React-function-component-callback function to a hook, which then passes it on to an external event emitter listener 😈. When the listener is then executed by the external event emitter (which is not a React function component) then problems will arise! The state information that this React-function-component-callback will get will be wrong.

The way to get around this issue is to do the following:

  1. Introduce an intermediate state variable (via useState() hook).
  2. Have your external event listener use the setter for this state variable to let your hook know that some external event just came in.
  3. Use useEffect() and pass the getter for this state variable as a dependency to a function that gets called when this state variable changes. This function will be able to then run the React-function-component-callback that is passed into the hook to begin with.

💡 Please read about this in much more detail in this developerlife.com article on hooks.

Instead of doing all of these steps manually, you can just use useEventEmitter() hook! 🎉 Here's an example.

import { useEventEmitter } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

const emitter = new EventEmitter()
const eventName = "my-event-name"

const onEventName: HandleNodeKeypressFn = (input: string, key: ReadlineKey) =>
  _let(createFromKeypress(key, input), (keyPress) => {
    // Using keypress, determine which function to call inside React UI. Or maybe dispatch a Redux
    // action.
  })
useEventEmitter(emitter, eventName, onEventName, { isActive: true })

inkCLIAppMainFn()

This launches a CLI app. This is the "bootloader" equivalent for a CLI app.

💡 If you have any event listeners attached (eg, using useKeyboard(), or useNodeKeypress()) then your app won't exit if you don't call LifecycleHelper.fireExit().

Usage example:

const App: FC = () => {
  const createShortcutsFn = (): ShortcutToActionMap =>
    _also(createNewShortcutToActionMap(), (map) => map.set("q", LifecycleHelper.fireExit))
  useKeyboardWithMapCached(createShortcutsFn)
  return <Text>"Hello"</Text>
}

inkCLIAppMainFn(() => {
  const args = processCommandLineArgs()
  return createInkApp(args)
}).catch(console.error)

LifecycleHelper

This utility class is intended to be used in command line interface apps that run in a terminal (in Node.js). However, it can be used in browsers as well. The idea w/ this class is to fire a global start event when the CLI app container has started and is warm. And to fire a exit event when the container is in the process of initiating its exit (before process.exit() is called). Your code can attach listeners to these events. And you have to wire this class into the key lifecycle events of your app. Here's an example.

//#region main().
type MainParams = "node-keypress" | "ink-compat"
export const main = (arg: MainParams) => {
  const instance = render(<App arg={arg} />)
  LifecycleHelper.addExitListener(() => {
    instance
      .waitUntilExit()
      .then(() => {
        console.log("Exiting ink")
      })
      .catch(() => {
        console.error("Problem with exiting ink")
      })
    TimerRegistry.killAll()
    instance.unmount()
  })
}
//#endregion

useClock()

The useClock() custom hook can be used start a clock that ticks every 1 second and updates the state. The hook returns a number that can be used to render a UI in React.

Here's an example.

/** App function component. */
export const appFn: FC<{ name: string }> = ({ name }) => render(runHooks(name))

function runHooks(name: string): LocalVars {
  const time = useClock()
  return {
    time,
  }
}

interface LocalVars {
  time: number
}

function render(locals: LocalVars) {
  const { time } = locals
  return <Text>{new Date(time).toLocaleTimeString()}</Text>
}

The hook does clean up after itself (it will kill its internal Timer when it's enclosing component is unmounted). You can also call TimerRegistry.killAll() when you exit your app to make sure. Here's an example of doing this for a command line interface app built using Ink.

_also(render(createElement(appFn, { name: !name ? "Stranger" : name })), (ink) => {
  ink
    .waitUntilExit()
    .then(() => {
      TimerRegistry.killAll()
    })
    .catch(() => {
      console.error("Problem with exiting ink")
    })
})

useClockWithLocalTimeFormat()

This is very similar to useClock() except that it takes a delayMs argument that sets the delay that is used to tick the clock. It returns an object that contains both the locale formatted time string and the time in ms.

useTTYSize()

The useTTYSize() custom hook can be used to determine what the width and height of a TTY is, in CLI apps that use Ink. It uses Node.js stdout stream to get this information.

Here's an example. When you resize the terminal window, it will re-render the component and display the current terminal size.

import React from "react"
import { render, Text } from "ink"
import { useTTYSize, TTYSize } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

function Application() {
  const size: TTYSize = useTTYSize()
  return (
    <Text>
      {size.rows}×{size.columns}
    </Text>
  )
}

const { unmount } = render(<Application />)

setTimeout(() => unmount(), 30_000)

useStateSafely()

The useStateSafely() custom hook behaves like the "normal" useState() hook with the differences being that difference it won't update the state if its enclosing component has been unmounted. It also returns an object if you want (or an array if you like). This is useful in CLI (command line interface) apps where a component could be unmounted (eg, via a keyboard shortcut to switch to a different tab or even exit the app). Here's an example of how to use it.

import { _let } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

const UseTextInput: FC = () => _let(useStateSafely(""), createComponent)
// To get an array, call `useStateSafely("").toArray()`.

const createComponent = ({ value: query, setValue: setQuery }): ReactElement => (
  <Box flexDirection="column">
    <Box flexDirection="row" marginRight={1}>
      <Text>Enter your query: </Text>
      <TextInput value={query} onChange={setQuery} />
    </Box>
    <Text>You typed: {TextColor.builder.rainbow.build()(query)}</Text>
  </Box>
)

Keyboard input handling for Node.js (tui-node-keyboard)

useNodeKeypress()

This hook is an alternative to the useInput() hook from ink. Both are meant to capture key presses from a terminal. It uses Node.js readline package which emits keypress events which are different from the data events that useInput() relies on. This means that a few more key events are available using this approach which is useful for command line interface (CLI) apps that rely on keyboard shortcuts for doing most things. However, the limitations on what key events a TTY can even get in Node.js is limited by Node.js itself. For this reason we hope to provide our own native Rust based keypress input event handling plugin for Node.js in the future (here's the issue).

There is one side effect that happens when this hook in addition to useInput(), which comes from how one actually uses keypress events and the other uses data events, which is that they both manage the raw mode of the TTY stdin stream (from Node.js). And this can lead to CLI apps quitting unexpectedly and issues w/ keyboard focus management. In order to solve this, there are 2 approaches:

  1. You can use ink compat versions of all the hooks in this section and bypass useNodeKeypress() all together.
  2. You can wrap your main app w/ a Provider that configures Ink correctly and lets it know that useNodeKeypress() will be managing raw mode for the terminal. The easiest way to do this is to wrap your entire application w/ UseKeyboardWrapper component.

⚡ For a full example, please check out /src/experimental/confirm-input/node-keypress.tsx.

Implementation details

💡 Ink has a hook that is supposed to be used to get user input from the keyboard called useInput, which comes from the ink package. TextInput is built on top of this hook. TextInput comes from the npm package ink-text-input.

  1. Source code for useInput sets raw mode to false
  2. Source code for TextInput uses useInput

The useKeyboard hook does not use useInput from Ink. It does the following things.

  1. It will set raw mode to true when used.
  2. It will turn raw mode to false when unmounted.
  3. It uses Node.js readline keypress events to better detect key presses (instead of useInput).

The problem w/ TextInput using useInput and then turning raw mode to off when focus changes on TextInput simply causes the Node.js process to exit, since there are no active listeners attached to it 🤯.

🤔 To mitigate this problem one approach could to be call useInput(noop) somewhere in the component that includes TextInput.

🤔 However, this does not get rid of the default "ctrl+c" handling, which is to exit the app (this is how useInput behaves by default). You can override it by wrapping your Ink components in a Provider, like so:

<StdinContext.Provider
  value={{
    stdin: process.stdin,
    setRawMode: noop,
    isRawModeSupported: true,
    internal_exitOnCtrlC: false,
  }}
>
  <App />
</StdinContext.Provider>

🧙 or simply:

<UseKeyboardWrapper>
  <App />
</UseKeyboardWrapper>

useKeyboard()

The useKeyboard() custom hook can be used to attach a function that responds to key presses in the terminal.

  1. The Keypress class represents a single keypress (eg: a, backspace, or ctrl+k).
  2. The KeyboardInputHandlerFn is a function that does something meaningful w/ a Keypress object (as it comes in from the terminal when the user presses keys).
  3. The Keypress class creates immutable objects so it safe to use w/out having to worry about references or memory leaking or having strange side effects when doing keyboard input handling using this.

🧙 The Keypress class works with Node.js readline keypress events, and there's an Ink compatibility version as well. Ink doesn't really handle some input events correctly, which is what prompted the creation of this. To use the Ink compatible version of this hook, you can use useKeyboardCompatInk().

Here's an example.

import { KeyboardInputHandlerFn, Keypress, useKeyboard } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

const UseFocusExample: FC = () => {
  const { keyPress, inRawMode } = useKeyboard(
    onKeyPress.bind({ app: useApp(), focusManager: useFocusManager() })
  )

  return (
    <UseKeyboardWrapper>
      <Box flexDirection="column">
        {keyPress && <Row_Debug keyPressed={keyPress?.key} inputPressed={keyPress?.input} />}
        <Row_Instructions />
        <Row_FocusableItems />
      </Box>
    </UseKeyboardWrapper>
  )
}

const onKeyPress: KeyboardInputHandlerFn = (
  this: { app: AppContextProps; focusManager: FocusContextProps },
  userInputKeyPress: Keypress
) => {
  const { app, focusManager } = this
  const { exit } = app
  const { focus } = focusManager
  const { input, key } = userInputKeyPress

  _callIfTrue(input === "q", exit)
  _callIfTrue(key === "ctrl" && input === "q", exit)
  _callIfTrue(input === "!", () => focus("1"))
  _callIfTrue(input === "@", () => focus("2"))
  _callIfTrue(input === "#", () => focus("3"))
}

useKeyboardWithMap()

This hook utilizes the useKeyboard() hook and makes it really easy to enable keyboard handling for CLI apps. Instead of providing the logic to match a "a keypress that the user typed" to a function ("action"), this hook takes care of all that. Instead, you can provide a map that declares the key presses that should be matched in order to invoke an action. When combined w/ the useMemo() React hook, this also caches this map which is expensive to re-create on every key press.

🧙 The Keypress class works with Node.js readline keypress events, and there's an Ink compatibility version as well. Ink doesn't really handle some input events correctly, which is what prompted the creation of this. To use the Ink compatible version of this hook, you can use useKeyboardCompatInkWithMap().

⚡ In cases when you don't need the map to be generated every time your functional component is rendered, you can cache the results using this variant of the hook uesKeyboardWithMapCached().

Here's an example.

import {
  _also,
  _let,
  createNewShortcutToActionMap,
  TextColor,
  useKeyboardWithMap,
  Keypress,
} from "r3bl-ts-utils"

//#region Main function component.

const functionComponent: FC = () => render(runHooks())

//#endregion

//#region runHooks.

interface RenderContext {
  keyPress: Keypress | undefined
  inRawMode: boolean
}

const runHooks = (): RenderContext => {
  const app = useApp()

  const createShortcuts = () =>
    _also(createNewShortcutToActionMap(), (map) =>
      map.set("q", app.exit).set("x", app.exit).set("ctrl+q", app.exit).set("ctrl+x", app.exit)
    )

  return _let(useMemo(createShortcuts, []), useKeyboardWithMap)
}

//#endregion

//#region UI.

const render = (ctx: RenderContext) => {
  const { keyPress, inRawMode } = ctx
  return (
    <UseKeyboardWrapper>
      <Box flexDirection="column">
        {keyPress && <Row_Debug inRawMode={inRawMode} keyPress={keyPress.toString()} />}
        <Text>{TextColor.builder.rainbow.build()("Your example goes here!")}</Text>
      </Box>
    </UseKeyboardWrapper>
  )
}

const Row_Debug: FC<{ inRawMode: boolean; keyPress: string | undefined }> = ({
  keyPress,
  inRawMode,
}): JSX.Element =>
  inRawMode ? (
    <Text color="magenta">keyPress: {keyPress}</Text>
  ) : (
    <Text color="gray">keyb disabled</Text>
  )

//#endregion

ink.render(createElement(functionComponent))

useKeyboardWithMapCached()

This is even easier to use than the previous one. You don't even have to call useMemo(). Here's a simplification of the runHooks() function from the example above.

🧙 The Keypress class works with Node.js readline keypress events, and there's an Ink compatibility version as well. Ink doesn't really handle some input events correctly, which is what prompted the creation of this. To use the Ink compatible version of this hook, you can use useKeyboardCompatInkWithMapCached().

import { useKeyboardWithMapCached } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

const runHooks = (): RenderContext => {
  const app = useApp()

  const createShortcuts = () =>
    _also(createNewShortcutToActionMap(), (map) =>
      map.set("q", app.exit).set("x", app.exit).set("ctrl+q", app.exit).set("ctrl+x", app.exit)
    )

  return useKeyboardWithMapCached(createShortcuts)
}

useKeyboardBuilder()

To simplify the management of 6 variants of the useKeyboard hook, this builder provides a succinct way of creating any of them. And it supports testing mode as well! You can browse the source code and tests to see how to use this.

  1. use-keyboard.tsx
  2. Test for ink-compat versions
  3. Test for node-keypress versions

Text User Interface components (tui-components)

ConfirmInput

This UI component allows the user to input a single "y" or "n" response. And then submit that w/ pressing the enter key. A default value can be provided when the user just presses enter. Also only the "y" or "n" keys can be entered, no other alphanumeric characters will be accepted. Backspace and delete can also be used to clear the selection out. Here's an example of how it can be used.

import { ConfirmInput } from "r3bl-ts-utils"

const UnicornQuestion: FC<InternalProps> = ({ ctx }) => {
  const [text, setText] = ctx.answer.asArray()

  const onSubmit = (answer: boolean) => {
    setText(answer ? "You love unicorns :)" : "You don't like unicorns :(")
  }

  return (
    <Box flexDirection="column">
      <Text>Do you like unicorns? (Y/n)</Text>

      <ConfirmInput
        placeholderBeforeSubmit="Type y/n, then press enter to submit"
        placeholderAfterSubmit="Thank you"
        defaultValue={false}
        onSubmit={onSubmit}
      />

      <Text>Your answer: {text}</Text>
    </Box>
  )
}

MultiSelectInput

This UI component allows the user to select one or more items from a list of displayed items. Single and multiple selection modes are supported. Scrolling of really long inputs is also supported.

Please don't forget to wrap this component w/ the UseKeyboardWrapper to maintain compatibility w/ Ink's useInput() since this UI component uses useKeyboard(). Here is the simplest way to use this component.

🧙 A TypeScript version of figures npm package is included here. This became necessary since there are issues supporting TypeScript with figures (and chalk, which is why TextColor is provided above).

const App: FC<{ items: ListItem[] }> = ({ items }) => {
  const [selection, setSelection] = useStateSafely<undefined | ListItem[]>(undefined).asArray()
  const [hasFocus, setHasFocus] = useStateSafely(true).asArray()

  const selectionStr = selection
    ? "selection=[" + selection?.map(({ label }) => label).join(", ") + "]"
    : "empty-selection"

  return (
    <UseKeyboardWrapper>
      <Box flexDirection="column">
        <Text color="gray">{selectionStr}</Text>
        <Text>
          {hasFocus
            ? TextColor.builder.green.build()("hasFocus")
            : TextColor.builder.red.build()("!hasFocus")}
        </Text>

        <MultiSelectInput items={items} hasFocus={hasFocus} onSubmit={onSubmit} />
      </Box>
    </UseKeyboardWrapper>
  )

  function onSubmit(selectedItems: ListItem[]) {
    setSelection(selectedItems)
    setHasFocus(false)
  }
}

Build, test, and publish this package

The npm package contains the build and src folder contents. This is declared in the package.json entry of files. There's an .npmignore file as well, which contains a list of exclusions from the npm package, but that only contains the .idea folder (which is where JetBrains IDEs store their project information).

Here are some good references for this:

Additionally, the index.ts just re-exports all the exports of the files that actually contain useful source code. In this case, the exports from kotlin-lang-utils.ts, color-console-utils.ts, and misc-lang-utils.ts are all just re-exported by index.ts. This should make imports more manageable for people who use this package. Also, users can simply import the whole thing into a namespace of their choosing to prevent any collisions. For eg, it is possible to use this import statement to put all the package symbols in a custom namespace like so.

import * as mynamespace from "r3bl-ts-utils"

mynamespace.StyledColorConsole.Primary("log output").consoleLog()
mynamespace.sleep(1000)

Here are some good references for this:

Build, format, test

Here are the basic scripts that need to be used during development.

  • npm run build - Build the project.
  • npm run format - Reformat the source code using prettier.
  • npm run test- Run all the tests (using jest).

Publish to npm

⚠ Make sure that you are logged into your npmjs.org account using npm login before publishing.

Run npm publish - This will publish your package to npm after running the following scripts.

  1. npm run prepare - This builds the package. It is run after the package is packed, published, and after its installed.
  2. npm run prepublishOnly - This runs all the tests in the package.

Notes on npm publish.

  1. You can pass --dry-run as an option to perform all the steps actually publishing it to npm. The output from npm publish --dry-run is very useful as it will show you exactly which files actually end up in your npm package. You can add or remove things to the .npmignore file based on what you see here.
  2. Once a package is published w/ a given name and version, it can never be used again (even if its removed w/ npm unpublish). This has to be done from the command line. You can learn more about un-publishing a version or an entire package here.
  3. More info on npm publish.

Bump a package version (patch)

⚠ Make sure that you are logged into your npmjs.org account using npm login before publishing.

  1. First run npm version patch - Make sure your git working directory is clean before running this. Run this in a package directory to bump the version and write the new data back to package.json, package-lock.json. This will also kick off the following scripts in the given order. ⚠ Do not run the following scripts.

  2. npm run preversion - This runs the tests.

  3. npm run version - This just reformats the code and adds any new to git.

  4. After this step, npm automatically creates a git commit and a tag.

  5. npm run postversion - This pushes all the new commit and tag.

  6. Finally run npm publish to publish it to npm, since all the changes that have been made so far are just local.

Notes on npm version.

  1. More info on npm version.
  2. Instead of patch you can also choose minor, major, etc. You can also pass the new version string explicitly as one of the arguments to this command, eg: npm version 2.0 major.

IDEA configuration

  • File watchers added to run doctoc, prettier on save for MD and TS files.
  • Run configuration is provided to run all tests and watch them called Run all tests (watch).
  • Copyright configuration (to apply Apache 2.0 license) added for all the source files.

VSCode settings

  • settings.json is provided to allow Jest tests to be run automatically using this Jest extension.
  • launch.json is provided to allow tests to be run and debug in VSCode.

References

About

The `r3bl-ts-utils` package is a set of useful TypeScript functions and classes that can be used in Node.js and browser environments. They are inspired by Kotlin stdlib, and Rust to write code as expressions rather than statements, colorized text, powerful Text User Interface (TUI) framework to build powerful CLI apps, cache, and timer utilities.

r3bl.com

Topics

react kotlin cli console color typescript terminal utilities utils tui scopes rust-lang ink hooks-api-react

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