Add support for Python 3.13

[edoaltamura]

This update introduces support for Python 3.13, scheduled for final release on 7 October 2024.

Closes #825
Closes OkuyanBoga#45

[woodsp-ibm]

FYI: Qiskit 1.3.0 milestone, due by November 21, 2024

• Add official support for Python 3.13 Qiskit/qiskit#13309

[edoaltamura]

Un-drafting this PR ahead of the RC expected release date of Qiskit 1.3 (7 Nov 2024). The due date for the official release remains 21 Nov, which is when we expect to sync Python 3.13 support for Qiskit ML too.

[edoaltamura]

This PR has to be put on hold until #863 is resolved.

[edoaltamura]

It appears there's a problem with numba when installing with Python 3.13.

Downloading numba-0.60.0.tar.gz (2.7 MB)
     ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 2.7/2.7 MB 94.5 MB/s eta 0:00:00
  Installing build dependencies: started
  Installing build dependencies: finished with status 'done'
  Getting requirements to build wheel: started
  Getting requirements to build wheel: finished with status 'error'
  error: subprocess-exited-with-error
  
  × Getting requirements to build wheel did not run successfully.
  │ exit code: 1
  ╰─> [24 lines of output]
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.13.1/x[64](https://github.com/qiskit-community/qiskit-machine-learning/actions/runs/12356759451/job/34483569100?pr=836#step:5:66)/lib/python3.13/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/_in_process.py", line 353, in <module>
          main()
          ~~~~^^
        File "/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.13.1/x64/lib/python3.13/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/_in_process.py", line 335, in main
          json_out['return_val'] = hook(**hook_input['kwargs'])
                                   ~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        File "/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.13.1/x64/lib/python3.13/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/_in_process.py", line 118, in get_requires_for_build_wheel
          return hook(config_settings)
        File "/tmp/pip-build-env-qc287bj9/overlay/lib/python3.13/site-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 334, in get_requires_for_build_wheel
          return self._get_build_requires(config_settings, requirements=[])
                 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        File "/tmp/pip-build-env-qc287bj9/overlay/lib/python3.13/site-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 304, in _get_build_requires
          self.run_setup()
          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
        File "/tmp/pip-build-env-qc287bj9/overlay/lib/python3.13/site-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 522, in run_setup
          super().run_setup(setup_script=setup_script)
          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        File "/tmp/pip-build-env-qc287bj9/overlay/lib/python3.13/site-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 320, in run_setup
          exec(code, locals())
          ~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        File "<string>", line 51, in <module>
        File "<string>", line 48, in _guard_py_ver
      RuntimeError: Cannot install on Python version 3.13.1; only versions >=3.9,<3.13 are supported.
      [end of output]
  
  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

× Getting requirements to build wheel did not run successfully.
│ exit code: 1
╰─> See above for output.

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
Error: Process completed with exit code 1.

[edoaltamura]

This is the issue with Numba: numba/numba#9413 (comment)

Ref numba/numba#9413
Ref numba/llvmlite#1084