Enforce PKI issuer constraints

[victorr]

This PR re-implements #28921.

Description

Enforce PKI issuer constraints.

Add environment variable VAULT_DISABLE_PKI_CONSTRAINTS_VERIFICATION.

Setting VAULT_DISABLE_PKI_CONSTRAINTS_VERIFICATION=true will disable the cert issuance/signing verification.

TODO only if you're a HashiCorp employee

• Backport Labels: If this fix needs to be backported, use the appropriate backport/ label that matches the desired release branch. Note that in the CE repo, the latest release branch will look like backport/x.x.x, but older release branches will be backport/ent/x.x.x+ent.
  • LTS: If this fixes a critical security vulnerability or severity 1 bug, it will also need to be backported to the current LTS versions of Vault. To ensure this, use all available enterprise labels.
• ENT Breakage: If this PR either 1) removes a public function OR 2) changes the signature
  of a public function, even if that change is in a CE file, double check that
  applying the patch for this PR to the ENT repo and running tests doesn't
  break any tests. Sometimes ENT only tests rely on public functions in CE
  files.
• Jira: If this change has an associated Jira, it's referenced either
  in the PR description, commit message, or branch name.
• RFC: If this change has an associated RFC, please link it in the description.
• ENT PR: If this change has an associated ENT PR, please link it in the
  description. Also, make sure the changelog is in this PR, not in your ENT PR.

[github-actions]

CI Results:
All Go tests succeeded! ✅

[github-actions]

Build Results:
All builds succeeded! ✅

[kitography]

All of these make sense - I do like the tests. The cert_verify has enough for backports, and the changelog and documentation are well written (still). 👍