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23 changes: 23 additions & 0 deletions collections/ADD_L2_Pine_Island/ADD_L2_Pine_Island.md
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# Pine Island Glacier - Landsat Collection 2 Level-2 Surface Reflectance science products

Landsat Collection 2 includes scene-based global Level-2 surface reflectance and surface temperature science products.

Provider: Created in partnership of NASA and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) ([Landsat Collection 2 Level-2 Science Products](https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/landsat-collection-2-level-2-science-products))

Licence: https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/atoms/files/Landsat_Data_Policy.pdf

### Surface reflectance

Surface reflectance (unitless) measures the fraction of incoming solar radiation that is reflected from the Earth's surface to the Landsat sensor. The LEDAPS and LaSRC surface reflectance algorithms correct for the temporally, spatially and spectrally varying scattering and absorbing effects of atmospheric gases, aerosols, and water vapor, which is necessary to reliably characterize the Earth’s land surface.

### Data Access

This dataset consists of pre-selected cloud-free Landsat 7,8,9 surface reflectance scenes from 2000-2023 taken over the area of both glaciers.

Data access is provided by the [Development Seed](https://developmentseed.org/), via the on-the-fly XYZ tile service powered by [TiTiler](https://developmentseed.org/titiler/) referencing Cloud Optimized COGs.

### Map baselayer and geometries

The Pine Island Glacier and Thwaites Glacier geometries shown on this map are for illustration purposes only. They were produced using [QGIS](http://www.qgis.org) by georeferencing maps made available by [the Polar Geospatial Center](https://data.pgc.umn.edu/maps/antarctica/pgc/19/preview/Thwaites%20Glacier%20Regional.jpg) and the [Quantarctica/Norwegian Polar Institute](https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-how-close-is-the-west-antarctic-ice-sheet-to-a-tipping-point/).

This map uses the baselayer Antarctic hillshade and bathymetry south of 60°S. Citation: REMA: Howat, I. M., Porter, C., Smith, B. E., Noh, M.-J., and Morin, P.: The Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 13, 665-674, [external resource], 2019. GEBCO Compilation Group (2019) GEBCO 2019 Grid (doi:10.5285/836f016a-33be-6ddc-e053-6c86abc0788e)
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Landsat Collection 2 includes scene-based global Level-2 surface reflectance and surface temperature science products.

Provider: Created in partnership of NASA and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) ([Landsat Collection 2 Level-2 Science Products](https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/landsat-collection-2-level-2-science-products))

Licence: https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/atoms/files/Landsat_Data_Policy.pdf

### Surface reflectance

Surface reflectance (unitless) measures the fraction of incoming solar radiation that is reflected from the Earth's surface to the Landsat sensor. The LEDAPS and LaSRC surface reflectance algorithms correct for the temporally, spatially and spectrally varying scattering and absorbing effects of atmospheric gases, aerosols, and water vapor, which is necessary to reliably characterize the Earth’s land surface.

### Data Access

This dataset consists of pre-selected cloud-free Landsat 7,8,9 surface reflectance scenes from 2000-2023 taken over the area of both glaciers.

Data access is provided by the [Development Seed](https://developmentseed.org/), via the on-the-fly XYZ tile service powered by [TiTiler](https://developmentseed.org/titiler/) referencing Cloud Optimized COGs.

### Map baselayer and geometries

The Pine Island Glacier and Thwaites Glacier geometries shown on this map are for illustration purposes only. They were produced using [QGIS](http://www.qgis.org) by georeferencing maps made available by [the Polar Geospatial Center](https://data.pgc.umn.edu/maps/antarctica/pgc/19/preview/Thwaites%20Glacier%20Regional.jpg) and the [Quantarctica/Norwegian Polar Institute](https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-how-close-is-the-west-antarctic-ice-sheet-to-a-tipping-point/).

This map uses the baselayer Antarctic hillshade and bathymetry south of 60°S. Citation: REMA: Howat, I. M., Porter, C., Smith, B. E., Noh, M.-J., and Morin, P.: The Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 13, 665-674, [external resource], 2019. GEBCO Compilation Group (2019) GEBCO 2019 Grid (doi:10.5285/836f016a-33be-6ddc-e053-6c86abc0788e)
31 changes: 31 additions & 0 deletions collections/ADD_West_Antarctica_S1/ADD_West_Antarctica_S1.md
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# Sentinel-1 observations of Antarctica

The Sentinel-1 Antarctica dataset provides comprehensive radar imagery of the Antarctic continent through the Copernicus Earth observation program. This dataset is particularly valuable for monitoring ice sheet dynamics, glacier movements, and environmental changes in Antarctica. The data is collected using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technology, which enables continuous observation regardless of weather conditions or seasonal darkness.

The Sentinel-1’s radar can operate in four modes: Interferometric Wide Swath (IW), Extra Wide Swath (EW), Wave (WV) and Stripmap (SM). The EW mode is aimed primarily for use over sea-ice, polar zones and certain maritime areas, in particular for ice, oil spill monitoring and security services. Like IW, EW mode can also be used for interferometry since it shares the same characteristics for burst synchronisation, baseline and Doppler stability.

## Dataset Description
- Sensor: C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (operating at 5.405 GHz)
- Mode: Extra Wide (EW) swath mode with TOPSAR technique
- Resolution: 20 m by 40 m spatial resolution
- Swath Width: 400 km
- Temporal coverageL continuous observations since 2014
- Data features: all-weather, day-and-night imaging capability, ideal for ice monitoring and maritime surveillance.

- The Pine Island Glacier and Thwaites Glacier geometries shown on this map are for illustration purposes only. They were produced using [QGIS](http://www.qgis.org) by georeferencing maps made available by [the Polar Geospatial Center](https://data.pgc.umn.edu/maps/antarctica/pgc/19/preview/Thwaites%20Glacier%20Regional.jpg) and the [Quantarctica/Norwegian Polar Institute](https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-how-close-is-the-west-antarctic-ice-sheet-to-a-tipping-point/).

- This map uses the baselayer Antarctic hillshade and bathymetry south of 60°S. Citation: REMA: Howat, I. M., Porter, C., Smith, B. E., Noh, M.-J., and Morin, P.: The Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 13, 665-674, [external resource], 2019. GEBCO Compilation Group (2019) GEBCO 2019 Grid (doi:10.5285/836f016a-33be-6ddc-e053-6c86abc0788e)



[Sentinel-1](https://docs.sentinel-hub.com/api/latest/data/sentinel-1-grd/) dataset is [provided by the Euro Data Cube](https://eurodatacube.com/documentation/analysis-ready-data), via the on-the-fly data cube access service powered by [Sentinel Hub](https://www.sentinel-hub.com/). The Sentinel-1 mission is the European Radar Observatory for the [Copernicus](https://www.copernicus.eu/en) joint initiative of the European Commission (EC) and the European Space Agency (ESA)


### Read More on the ESA website

[Sentinel-1 Homepage on ESA Website](https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1)





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# Water Quality - Chlorophyll-a concentrations
Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration is an indicator of algae abundance which fluctuates naturally over space and time, as a result of combined atmospheric and oceanic effects (e.g., marine currents and upwelling). In coastal areas, strongly influenced by river inputs and human activities, high Chl concentration can result from the discharge of urban sewage, industrial runoffs, and fertilizers from agriculture activities over watersheds. In particular, nutrient inputs of anthropogenic origin affect the natural amount of phytoplankton in marine and inland waters, representing a continuous threat to biodiversity and leading to undesirable modifications of phytoplankton concentration (i.e., eutrophication).

The Sentinel-3 satellite, part of the European Space Agency's Copernicus program, carries several instruments for Earth observation, including the Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI). OLCI is designed specifically to monitor Earth's oceans, coastal zones, and land surfaces. One of its key uses is to map the concentration of chlorophyll-a in oceans and lakes, an indicator of phytoplankton biomass and, by extension, oceanic and freshwater ecosystems' health.

When interpreting chlorophyll concentration maps produced by Sentinel-3 OLCI, it’s essential to understand the color scale used to represent different levels of chlorophyll-a in the water. The scale typically goes from blue to red, where:

- Blue indicates low chlorophyll concentration.
- Red indicates high chlorophyll concentration.

## Dataset Description
- Spectral Range: OLCI has 21 spectral bands in the visible to near-infrared (VNIR) range, optimized for observing ocean color, vegetation, and atmospheric properties.
- Chlorophyll-a Detection: OLCI is particularly useful for detecting chlorophyll-a concentrations, providing insights into phytoplankton populations, ocean productivity, and marine ecosystem health.
- Spatial Resolution: It offers a spatial resolution of 300 meters, allowing for detailed observations of coastal and inland water areas, as well as land surfaces.
- Wide Swath Coverage: The instrument covers a 1270 km swath on the Earth's surface, enabling near-global coverage every 2 to 3 days, depending on latitude.
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# Water Quality - Chlorophyll-a concentrations
Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration is an indicator of algae abundance which fluctuates naturally over space and time, as a result of combined atmospheric and oceanic effects (e.g., marine currents and upwelling). In coastal areas, strongly influenced by river inputs and human activities, high Chl concentration can result from the discharge of urban sewage, industrial runoffs, and fertilizers from agriculture activities over watersheds. In particular, nutrient inputs of anthropogenic origin affect the natural amount of phytoplankton in marine and inland waters, representing a continuous threat to biodiversity and leading to undesirable modifications of phytoplankton concentration (i.e., eutrophication).

When interpreting chlorophyll-a concentration maps produced by GCOM-C's SGLI, it’s important to understand the color scale that represents different levels of chlorophyll-a in the water. The scale typically ranges from blue to red, where:

- Blue indicates low chlorophyll-a concentration.
- Red indicates high chlorophyll-a concentration.

## Dataset Description
- Spectral Range: SGLI covers 19 spectral bands, including visible, near-infrared, and thermal infrared bands, optimized for monitoring ocean color, vegetation, and land surface changes.
- Chlorophyll-a Detection: SGLI is particularly effective for detecting chlorophyll-a concentrations, offering insights into phytoplankton distribution, marine ecosystem health, and oceanic productivity.
- Spatial Resolution: SGLI provides spatial resolutions of 250 m and 1 km, allowing for high-resolution observations of coastal zones, inland waters, and oceanic regions, making it suitable for detailed regional and global studies.
- Wide Swath Coverage: With a swath width of 1150 km, GCOM-C achieves near-global coverage within two days, enabling frequent monitoring of phytoplankton dynamics and oceanic processes.
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# Water Quality - Chlorophyll-a concentrations
Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration is an indicator of algae abundance which fluctuates naturally over space and time, as a result of combined atmospheric and oceanic effects (e.g., marine currents and upwelling). In coastal areas, strongly influenced by river inputs and human activities, high Chl concentration can result from the discharge of urban sewage, industrial runoffs, and fertilizers from agriculture activities over watersheds. In particular, nutrient inputs of anthropogenic origin affect the natural amount of phytoplankton in marine and inland waters, representing a continuous threat to biodiversity and leading to undesirable modifications of phytoplankton concentration (i.e., eutrophication).

NASA’s Aqua satellite, part of the Earth Observing System (EOS), is equipped with several instruments designed to study Earth’s water cycle, climate, and ecosystems. Among these instruments, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is particularly important for mapping chlorophyll-a concentrations in oceans, lakes, and rivers. MODIS’s ability to detect chlorophyll-a helps monitor phytoplankton biomass, marine productivity, and the overall health of aquatic ecosystems on a global scale.

When interpreting chlorophyll-a concentration maps produced by Aqua’s MODIS sensor, it’s crucial to understand the color scale used to represent different levels of chlorophyll-a. The scale typically goes from blue to red, where:

- Blue represents low chlorophyll-a concentration.
- Red represents high chlorophyll-a concentration.

## Dataset Description
- Spectral Range: MODIS has 36 spectral bands, covering visible, near-infrared, and thermal infrared wavelengths, optimized for observing ocean color, vegetation, and atmospheric properties.
- Chlorophyll-a Detection: MODIS is highly effective for detecting chlorophyll-a concentrations, providing insights into phytoplankton distribution, ocean productivity, and marine ecosystem dynamics.
- Spatial Resolution: MODIS offers spatial resolutions of 250 m for certain key bands (including those used for chlorophyll-a) and 500 m to 1 km for others, enabling detailed monitoring of coastal, inland, and oceanic waters.
- Wide Swath Coverage: With a swath width of 2330 km, MODIS enables near-global coverage every 1 to 2 days, making it ideal for tracking phytoplankton blooms and monitoring marine ecosystem health on both regional and global scales.
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# Water Quality: Total suspended matter
Total Suspended Matter (TSM) i.e, the concentration of organic and inorganic materials suspended in the water, is another proxy for water quality as different contaminants, including nutrients, trace metals, semi-volatile organic compounds, and numerous pesticides, can aggregate to these solids and brought in suspension. This can alter the state of the aquatic ecosystem and the use of freshwater resources. For instance, excessive suspended material might condition primary productivity. TSM concentration can be very high near the coasts due to the resuspension of terrestrial or submarine particulate matter by tides, waves, and currents.

The Sentinel-3 satellite, part of the European Space Agency's Copernicus program, carries several instruments for Earth observation, including the Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI). OLCI is designed specifically to monitor Earth's oceans, coastal zones, and land surfaces. One of its key uses is to map the concentration of Total Suspended Matter (TSM) in oceans, lakes, and coastal areas, which is important for understanding water quality and sediment dynamics in aquatic ecosystems.

When interpreting TSM concentration maps produced by Sentinel-3 OLCI, it’s essential to understand the color scale used to represent different levels of suspended matter in the water. The scale typically goes from blue to red, where:

Blue indicates low TSM concentration.
Red indicates high TSM concentration.

## Dataset description
- Spectral Range: OLCI has 21 spectral bands in the visible to near-infrared (VNIR) range, optimized for observing ocean color, vegetation, and atmospheric properties.
- TSM Detection: OLCI is particularly useful for detecting Total Suspended Matter concentrations, providing insights into sediment load, coastal erosion, and water quality in both marine and freshwater environments.
- Spatial Resolution: It offers a spatial resolution of 300 meters, allowing for detailed observations of coastal and inland water areas, as well as land surfaces.
- Wide Swath Coverage: The instrument covers a 1270 km swath on the Earth's surface, enabling near-global coverage every 2 to 3 days, depending on latitude.
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