Add and configure pre-commit

[mikealfare]

Problem / Solution

We need to setup pre-commit. This PR also addresses the resulting violations.

Acceptance Criteria

Preview Give feedback

1. pre-commit is configured with built-in hooks that are used in other adapter repos
2. pre-commit is configured to run black, flake8, and mypy using the configurations in pyproject.toml
3. pre-commit can be installed via hatch
4. GHA workflows that run code quality checks, or use pre-commit in other ways (e.g. to tidy up the changelog on release) are updated so they work properly

Tasks

Preview Give feedback

1. Add pre-commit as a dev dependency
2. Add a .pre-commit-config.yaml file that uses the local repo so that the config in pyproject.toml gets used everywhere
3. Add a command hatch run dev that will instantiate the dev environment and install pre-commit hooks
4. Combine default, lint, and typecheck hatch environments into the hatch default environment
5. Update code-quality workflow to run all code quality at once instead of as separate steps
6. Run pre-commit (by running hatch run code-quality) to trigger updates so that CI passes
7. Remove offending tests that don't pass code-quality, but which also don't belong in dbt-postgres and which belong in dbt-core instead

Checklist

• I have read the contributing guide and understand what's expected of me
• I have run this code in development, and it appears to resolve the stated issue
• This PR includes tests, or tests are not required/relevant for this PR
• This PR has no interface changes (e.g. macros, cli, logs, json artifacts, config files, adapter interface, etc.) or this PR has already received feedback and approval from Product or DX

[VersusFacit]

Fact finding