Debug log when type_code fails to convert to a data_type

[dbeatty10]

resolves dbt-labs/dbt-postgres#38

Problem

If someone is using the Column.data_type from a get_column_schema_from_query call (like described in #8877), it might not be obvious when a translation from type_code wasn't available.

Solution

When a translation isn't possible, fire a debug-level logging event that is specific to this situation. Namely, a logging event like this:

[0m15:55:59.634717 [debug] [Thread-1  ]: The `type_code` 790 was not recognized, which may affect error messages for enforced contracts that fail as well as `Column.data_type` values returned by `get_column_schema_from_query`

Checklist

• I have read the contributing guide and understand what's expected of me
• I have run this code in development and it appears to resolve the stated issue
• This PR includes tests
• This PR has already received some feedback from Product or DX, but still needs final approval
• This PR includes type annotations for new and modified functions

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 86.44%. Comparing base (7317de2) to head (485395c).
Report is 164 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    dbt-labs/dbt-core#8957      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   86.49%   86.44%   -0.06%     
==========================================
  Files         177      177              
  Lines       26405    26416      +11     
==========================================
- Hits        22840    22834       -6     
- Misses       3565     3582      +17     

Flag	Coverage Δ
integration	83.22% <100.00%> (-0.13%)	⬇️
unit	64.80% <100.00%> (-0.01%)	⬇️

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[dbeatty10]

Closing in favor of these two:

• Debug log when type_code fails to convert to a data_type dbt-adapters#135
• [CT-3267] [Feature] Debug log when type_code fails to convert to a data_type dbt-postgres#39