Add Type Annotations in jinja and semver Code

[peterallenwebb]

Description

Improves type annotation coverage.

Checklist

• I have read the contributing guide and understand what's expected of me
• I have signed the CLA
• I have run this code in development and it appears to resolve the stated issue
• I have opened an issue to add/update docs, or docs changes are not required/relevant for this PR
• I have run changie new to create a changelog entry

integration tests against dbt-core: https://github.com/dbt-labs/dbt-common/actions/runs/10775731441/job/29880840129

[github-actions]

Thank you for your pull request! We could not find a changelog entry for this change. For details on how to document a change, see the contributing guide.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 85.52632% with 11 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 65.16%. Comparing base (ce09ad3) to head (d3ccb68).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
dbt_common/clients/jinja.py	76.74%	10 Missing ⚠️
dbt_common/exceptions/jinja.py	85.71%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #187      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   65.08%   65.16%   +0.08%     
==========================================
  Files          52       52              
  Lines        3325     3333       +8     
==========================================
+ Hits         2164     2172       +8     
  Misses       1161     1161              

Flag	Coverage Δ
unit	65.16% <85.52%> (+0.08%)	⬆️

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