Upgrade prometheus to latest main

[yeya24]

What this PR does:

Upgrade Prometheus and Thanos library to latest main.

Which issue(s) this PR fixes:
Fixes #

Checklist

• Tests updated
• Documentation added
• CHANGELOG.md updated - the order of entries should be [CHANGE], [FEATURE], [ENHANCEMENT], [BUGFIX]

[yeya24]

==================
WARNING: DATA RACE
Read at 0x00c00161f2b8 by goroutine 41154:
  github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader.(*parallelBucketReader).GetRange.func1()
      /__w/cortex/cortex/vendor/github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader/parallel_bucket.go:73 +0x324
  golang.org/x/sync/errgroup.(*Group).Go.func1()
      /__w/cortex/cortex/vendor/golang.org/x/sync/errgroup/errgroup.go:75 +0x82

Previous write at 0x00c00161f2b8 by goroutine 41066:
  github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader.(*parallelBucketReader).GetRange()
      /__w/cortex/cortex/vendor/github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader/parallel_bucket.go:80 +0x25c
  github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader.(*chunkedIndexReader).CopySymbols()
      /__w/cortex/cortex/vendor/github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader/binary_reader.go:220 +0x1d4
  github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader.WriteBinary()
      /__w/cortex/cortex/vendor/github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader/binary_reader.go:104 +0x404
  github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader.NewBinaryReader()
      /__w/cortex/cortex/vendor/github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader/binary_reader.go:546 +0x506
  github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader.(*ReaderPool).NewBinaryReader()
      /__w/cortex/cortex/vendor/github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader/reader_pool.go:89 +0x21a
  github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/store.(*BucketStore).addBlock()
      /__w/cortex/cortex/vendor/github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/store/bucket.go:744 +0x747
  github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/store.(*BucketStore).SyncBlocks.func1()
      /__w/cortex/cortex/vendor/github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/store/bucket.go:621 +0x7b

Goroutine 41154 (running) created at:
  golang.org/x/sync/errgroup.(*Group).Go()
      /__w/cortex/cortex/vendor/golang.org/x/sync/errgroup/errgroup.go:72 +0x12e
  github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader.(*parallelBucketReader).GetRange()
      /__w/cortex/cortex/vendor/github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader/parallel_bucket.go:69 +0x236
  github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader.(*chunkedIndexReader).CopySymbols()
      /__w/cortex/cortex/vendor/github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader/binary_reader.go:220 +0x1d4
  github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader.WriteBinary()
      /__w/cortex/cortex/vendor/github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader/binary_reader.go:104 +0x404
  github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader.NewBinaryReader()
      /__w/cortex/cortex/vendor/github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader/binary_reader.go:546 +0x506
  github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader.(*ReaderPool).NewBinaryReader()
      /__w/cortex/cortex/vendor/github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader/reader_pool.go:89 +0x21a
  github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/store.(*BucketStore).addBlock()
      /__w/cortex/cortex/vendor/github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/store/bucket.go:744 +0x747
  github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/store.(*BucketStore).SyncBlocks.func1()
      /__w/cortex/cortex/vendor/github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/store/bucket.go:621 +0x7b

Goroutine 41066 (running) created at:
  github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/store.(*BucketStore).SyncBlocks()
      /__w/cortex/cortex/vendor/github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/store/bucket.go:619 +0x126
  github.com/cortexproject/cortex/pkg/storegateway.(*BucketStores).SyncBlocks.func1()
      /__w/cortex/cortex/pkg/storegateway/bucket_stores.go:171 +0x44
  github.com/cortexproject/cortex/pkg/storegateway.(*BucketStores).syncUsersBlocks.func2()
      /__w/cortex/cortex/pkg/storegateway/bucket_stores.go:242 +0x17c
==================
panic: runtime error: invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference
[signal SIGSEGV: segmentation violation code=0x1 addr=0x18 pc=0xba8a07]

goroutine 4[112](https://github.com/cortexproject/cortex/actions/runs/6443194007/job/17494849155?pr=5593#step:6:113)9 [running]:
github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/runutil.CloseWithErrCapture(0xc00104dee8, {0x0, 0x0}, {0x27d1e4b, 0xc}, {0x0, 0x0, 0x0})
	/__w/cortex/cortex/vendor/github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/runutil/runutil.go:[144](https://github.com/cortexproject/cortex/actions/runs/6443194007/job/17494849155?pr=5593#step:6:145) +0x307
github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader.(*parallelBucketReader).GetRange.func1()
	/__w/cortex/cortex/vendor/github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/indexheader/parallel_bucket.go:73 +0x3a6
golang.org/x/sync/errgroup.(*Group).Go.func1()
	/__w/cortex/cortex/vendor/golang.org/x/sync/errgroup/errgroup.go:75 +0x83
created by golang.org/x/sync/errgroup.(*Group).Go
	/__w/cortex/cortex/vendor/golang.org/x/sync/errgroup/errgroup.go:72 +0x12f
FAIL	github.com/cortexproject/cortex/pkg/storegateway	215.222s

Both issues should be fixed by thanos-io/thanos#6781

[yeya24]

	partId := 0
	for o := off; o < off+length; o += b.partitionSize {
		l := b.partitionSize
		if o+l > off+length {
			// Partial partition
			l = length - (int64(partId) * b.partitionSize)
		}

		partOff := o
		partLength := l
		part, err := b.createPart(partFilePrefix, partId, int(partLength))
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		parts = append(parts, part)

		g.Go(func() error {
			rc, err := b.BucketReader.GetRange(gctx, name, partOff, partLength)
			defer runutil.CloseWithErrCapture(&err, rc, "close object")
			if err != nil {
				return errors.Wrap(err, fmt.Sprintf("get range part %v", partId))
			}
			if _, err := io.Copy(part, rc); err != nil {
				return errors.Wrap(err, fmt.Sprintf("get range part %v", partId))
			}
			return part.Flush()
		})
		partId += 1
	}

Looks like the issue is the partId here. We might read it inside the goroutine but change it outside the goroutine.

[friedrichg]

So help me God

[yeya24]

Sorry for the large pr folks... I want to wait for a few days before merging it. Still need to figure out whether the new warnings affect us or not