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This guide provides a sampling of how Spring Boot helps you accelerate and facilitate application development. As you read more Spring Getting Started guides, you will see more use cases for Spring Boot. It is meant to give you a quick taste of Spring Boot. If you want to create your own Spring Boot-based project, visit Spring Initializr, fill in your project details, pick your options, and you can download either a Maven build file, or a bundled up project as a zip file.
You’ll build a simple web application with Spring Boot and add some useful services to it.
Spring Boot offers a fast way to build applications. It looks at your classpath and at beans you have configured, makes reasonable assumptions about what you’re missing, and adds it. With Spring Boot you can focus more on business features and less on infrastructure.
For example:
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Got Spring MVC? There are several specific beans you almost always need, and Spring Boot adds them automatically. A Spring MVC app also needs a servlet container, so Spring Boot automatically configures embedded Tomcat.
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Got Jetty? If so, you probably do NOT want Tomcat, but instead embedded Jetty. Spring Boot handles that for you.
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Got Thymeleaf? There are a few beans that must always be added to your application context; Spring Boot adds them for you.
These are just a few examples of the automatic configuration Spring Boot provides. At the same time, Spring Boot doesn’t get in your way. For example, if Thymeleaf is on your path, Spring Boot adds a SpringTemplateEngine to your application context automatically. But if you define your own SpringTemplateEngine with your own settings, then Spring Boot won’t add one. This leaves you in control with little effort on your part.
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Spring Boot doesn’t generate code or make edits to your files. Instead, when you start up your application, Spring Boot dynamically wires up beans and settings and applies them to your application context. |
Now you can create a web controller for a simple web application.
src/main/java/hello/HelloController.java
link:initial/src/main/java/hello/HelloController.java[role=include]The class is flagged as a @RestController, meaning it’s ready for use by Spring MVC to handle web requests. @RequestMapping maps / to the index() method. When invoked from a browser or using curl on the command line, the method returns pure text. That’s because @RestController combines @Controller and @ResponseBody, two annotations that results in web requests returning data rather than a view.
Here you create an Application class with the components:
src/main/java/hello/Application.java
link:initial/src/main/java/hello/Application.java[role=include]@SpringBootApplication is a convenience annotation that adds all of the following:
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@Configurationtags the class as a source of bean definitions for the application context. -
@EnableAutoConfigurationtells Spring Boot to start adding beans based on classpath settings, other beans, and various property settings. -
Normally you would add
@EnableWebMvcfor a Spring MVC app, but Spring Boot adds it automatically when it sees spring-webmvc on the classpath. This flags the application as a web application and activates key behaviors such as setting up aDispatcherServlet. -
@ComponentScantells Spring to look for other components, configurations, and services in the thehellopackage, allowing it to find theHelloController.
The main() method uses Spring Boot’s SpringApplication.run() method to launch an application. Did you notice that there wasn’t a single line of XML? No web.xml file either. This web application is 100% pure Java and you didn’t have to deal with configuring any plumbing or infrastructure.
The run() method returns an ApplicationContext and this application then retrieves all the beans that were created either by your app or were automatically added thanks to Spring Boot. It sorts them and prints them out.
To run the application, execute:
./gradlew build && java -jar build/libs/gs-spring-boot-0.1.0.jar
If you are using Maven, execute:
mvn package && java -jar target/gs-spring-boot-0.1.0.jar
You should see some output like this:
Let's inspect the beans provided by Spring Boot: application beanNameHandlerMapping defaultServletHandlerMapping dispatcherServlet embeddedServletContainerCustomizerBeanPostProcessor handlerExceptionResolver helloController httpRequestHandlerAdapter messageSource mvcContentNegotiationManager mvcConversionService mvcValidator org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.MessageSourceAutoConfiguration org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.PropertyPlaceholderAutoConfiguration org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.EmbeddedServletContainerAutoConfiguration org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.EmbeddedServletContainerAutoConfiguration$DispatcherServletConfiguration org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.EmbeddedServletContainerAutoConfiguration$EmbeddedTomcat org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ServerPropertiesAutoConfiguration org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.properties.ServerProperties org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassPostProcessor.enhancedConfigurationProcessor org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassPostProcessor.importAwareProcessor org.springframework.context.annotation.internalAutowiredAnnotationProcessor org.springframework.context.annotation.internalCommonAnnotationProcessor org.springframework.context.annotation.internalConfigurationAnnotationProcessor org.springframework.context.annotation.internalRequiredAnnotationProcessor org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration propertySourcesBinder propertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer requestMappingHandlerAdapter requestMappingHandlerMapping resourceHandlerMapping simpleControllerHandlerAdapter tomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory viewControllerHandlerMapping
You can clearly see org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure beans. There is also a tomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory.
Check out the service.
$ curl localhost:8080 Greetings from Spring Boot!
You will want to add a test for the endpoint you added, and Spring Test already provides some machinery for that, and it’s easy to include in your project.
Add this to your build file’s list of dependencies:
link:complete/build.gradle[role=include]If you are using Maven, add this to your list of dependencies:
link:complete/pom.xml[role=include]Now write a simple unit test that mocks the servlet request and response through your endpoint:
src/test/java/hello/HelloControllerTest.java
link:complete/src/test/java/hello/HelloControllerTest.java[role=include]Note the use of the MockServletContext to set up an empty WebApplicationContext so the HelloController can be created in the @Before and passed to MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup(). An alternative would be to create the full application context using the Application class and @Autowired the HelloController into the test. The MockMvc comes from Spring Test and allows you, via a set of convenient builder classes, to send HTTP requests into the DispatcherServlet and make assertions about the result.
As well as mocking the HTTP request cycle we can also use Spring Boot to write a very simple full-stack integration test. For example, instead of (or as well as) the mock test above we could do this:
src/test/java/hello/HelloControllerIT.java
link:complete/src/test/java/hello/HelloControllerIT.java[role=include]The embedded server is started up on a random port by virtue of the @IntegrationTest("${server.port=0}") and the actual port is discovered at runtime with the @Value("${local.server.port}").
If you are building a web site for your business, you probably need to add some management services. Spring Boot provides several out of the box with its actuator module, such as health, audits, beans, and more.
Add this to your build file’s list of dependencies:
link:complete/build.gradle[role=include]If you are using Maven, add this to your list of dependencies:
link:complete/pom.xml[role=include]Then restart the app:
./gradlew build && java -jar build/libs/gs-spring-boot-0.1.0.jar
If you are using Maven, execute:
mvn package && java -jar target/gs-spring-boot-0.1.0.jar
You will see a new set of RESTful end points added to the application. These are management services provided by Spring Boot.
2014-06-03 13:23:28.119 ... : Mapped "{[/error],methods=[],params=[],headers=[],consumes...
2014-06-03 13:23:28.119 ... : Mapped "{[/error],methods=[],params=[],headers=[],consumes...
2014-06-03 13:23:28.136 ... : Mapped URL path [/**] onto handler of type [class org.spri...
2014-06-03 13:23:28.136 ... : Mapped URL path [/webjars/**] onto handler of type [class ...
2014-06-03 13:23:28.440 ... : Mapped "{[/info],methods=[GET],params=[],headers=[],consum...
2014-06-03 13:23:28.441 ... : Mapped "{[/autoconfig],methods=[GET],params=[],headers=[],...
2014-06-03 13:23:28.441 ... : Mapped "{[/mappings],methods=[GET],params=[],headers=[],co...
2014-06-03 13:23:28.442 ... : Mapped "{[/trace],methods=[GET],params=[],headers=[],consu...
2014-06-03 13:23:28.442 ... : Mapped "{[/env/{name:.*}],methods=[GET],params=[],headers=...
2014-06-03 13:23:28.442 ... : Mapped "{[/env],methods=[GET],params=[],headers=[],consume...
2014-06-03 13:23:28.443 ... : Mapped "{[/configprops],methods=[GET],params=[],headers=[]...
2014-06-03 13:23:28.443 ... : Mapped "{[/metrics/{name:.*}],methods=[GET],params=[],head...
2014-06-03 13:23:28.443 ... : Mapped "{[/metrics],methods=[GET],params=[],headers=[],con...
2014-06-03 13:23:28.444 ... : Mapped "{[/health],methods=[GET],params=[],headers=[],cons...
2014-06-03 13:23:28.444 ... : Mapped "{[/dump],methods=[GET],params=[],headers=[],consum...
2014-06-03 13:23:28.445 ... : Mapped "{[/beans],methods=[GET],params=[],headers=[],consu...
They include: errors, environment, health, beans, info, metrics, trace, configprops, and dump.
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There is also a /shutdown endpoint, but it’s only visible by default via JMX. To enable it as an HTTP endpoint, add
endpoints.shutdown.enabled=true to your application.properties file.
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It’s easy to check the health of the app.
$ curl localhost:8080/health
{"status":"UP"}
You can try to invoke shutdown through curl.
$ curl -X POST localhost:8080/shutdown
{"timestamp":1401820343710,"error":"Method Not Allowed","status":405,"message":"Request method 'POST' not supported"}
Because we didn’t enable it, the request is blocked by the virtue of not existing.
For more details about each of these REST points and how you can tune their settings with an application.properties file, you can read detailed docs about the endpoints.
You have seen some of Spring Boot’s "starters". You can see them all here in source code.
The last example showed how Spring Boot makes it easy to wire beans you may not be aware that you need. And it showed how to turn on convenient management services.
But Spring Boot does yet more. It supports not only traditional WAR file deployments, but also makes it easy to put together executable JARs thanks to Spring Boot’s loader module. The various guides demonstrate this dual support through the spring-boot-gradle-plugin and spring-boot-maven-plugin.
On top of that, Spring Boot also has Groovy support, allowing you to build Spring MVC web apps with as little as a single file.
Create a new file called app.groovy and put the following code in it:
@RestController
class ThisWillActuallyRun {
@RequestMapping("/")
String home() {
return "Hello World!"
}
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It doesn’t matter where the file is. You can even fit an application that small inside a single tweet! |
Next, install Spring Boot’s CLI.
Run it as follows:
$ spring run app.groovy
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This assumes you shut down the previous application, to avoid a port collision. |
From a different terminal window:
$ curl localhost:8080 Hello World!
Spring Boot does this by dynamically adding key annotations to your code and leveraging Groovy Grape to pull down needed libraries to make the app run.
Congratulations! You built a simple web application with Spring Boot and learned how it can ramp up your development pace. You also turned on some handy production services. This is only a small sampling of what Spring Boot can do. Checkout Spring Boot’s online docs if you want to dig deeper.