[Rest] Support exponential backoff and retry

[flichtenheld]

Uses the urllib3 builtin Retry mechanism.
We only support retrying on HTTP return status,
not on any of the other retries that that class
defines (e.g. connection problems, redirects).

The usual use case for this is to handle 429
responses from the Atlassian Cloud API which
has request limits that are easily hit by
scripts iterating over objects like Jira
issues or Bitbucket pull requests.

Based on earlier work by @jp-harvey.

Replaces #904

[flichtenheld]

The retries are only visible on DEBUG level logging. Example:

2024-02-26 16:25:45,497 DEBUG:curl --silent -X GET -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -H 'Accept: application/json'  'https://api.bitbucket.org/2.0/repositories/<workspace>/<repo>/refs/branches/flichtenheld/branch'
2024-02-26 16:25:45,721 DEBUG:https://api.bitbucket.org:443 "GET /2.0/repositories/<workspace>/<repo>/refs/branches/flichtenheld/branch HTTP/1.1" 429 46
2024-02-26 16:25:45,721 DEBUG:Incremented Retry for (url='/2.0/repositories/<workspace>/<repo>/refs/branches/flichtenheld/branch'): Retry(total=None, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=999)
2024-02-26 16:25:45,721 DEBUG:Retry: /2.0/repositories/<workspace>/<repo>/refs/branches/flichtenheld/branch
2024-02-26 16:25:45,926 DEBUG:https://api.bitbucket.org:443 "GET /2.0/repositories/<workspace>/<repo>/refs/branches/flichtenheld/branch HTTP/1.1" 429 46
2024-02-26 16:25:45,926 DEBUG:Incremented Retry for (url='/2.0/repositories/<workspace>/<repo>/refs/branches/flichtenheld/branch'): Retry(total=None, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=998)
2024-02-26 16:25:48,230 DEBUG:Retry: /2.0/repositories/<workspace>/<repo>/refs/branches/flichtenheld/branch
2024-02-26 16:25:48,473 DEBUG:https://api.bitbucket.org:443 "GET /2.0/repositories/<workspace>/<repo>/refs/branches/flichtenheld/branch HTTP/1.1" 200 None
2024-02-26 16:25:48,474 DEBUG:HTTP: GET flichtenheld/branch -> 200 OK
...

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 40.00000% with 3 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 34.16%. Comparing base (5c54e5d) to head (b2383e6).
Report is 1 commits behind head on master.

Files	Patch %	Lines
atlassian/rest_client.py	40.00%	2 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️

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Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##           master    #1339   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   34.16%   34.16%           
=======================================
  Files          45       45           
  Lines        8368     8373    +5     
  Branches     1176     1177    +1     
=======================================
+ Hits         2859     2861    +2     
- Misses       5395     5397    +2     
- Partials      114      115    +1     

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[gonchik]

@flichtenheld Thanks!