[Go] Update Go version used by Beam repo to go1.23.1

[lostluck]

• Update the Go version used for builds prior to the next release.
• Update CHANGES.md accordingly.

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[lostluck]

R: @Abacn

Should be reviewed and merged before the 2.60.0 cut.

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[Abacn]

thanks!

looks like there is merge conflict (possibly changes.md)

[Abacn]

this breaks https://github.com/apache/beam/actions/workflows/go_tests.yml

Error message:

go: downloading golang.org/x/mod v0.12.0
panic: Cannot range over: func(yield func(K, V) bool)

goroutine 333 [running]:
honnef.co/go/tools/go/ir.(*builder).rangeStmt(0xc001619a60, 0xc00130d400, 0xc0004e7320, 0x0, {0xa4c4d8, 0xc0004e7320})
	/home/runner/go/pkg/mod/honnef.co/go/[email protected]/go/ir/builder.go:2225 +0x894
honnef.co/go/tools/go/ir.(*builder).stmt(0xc001619a60, 0xc00130d400, {0xa4e900?, 0xc0004e7320?})
	/home/runner/go/pkg/mod/honnef.co/go/[email protected]/go/ir/builder.go:2438 +0x20a
honnef.co/go/tools/go/ir.(*builder).stmtList(...)
	/home/runner/go/pkg/mod/honnef.co/go/[email protected]/go/ir/builder.go:859
honnef.co/go/tools/go/ir.(*builder).stmt(0xc001619a60, 0xc00130d400, {0xa4e540?, 0xc0011d3560?})
	/home/runner/go/pkg/mod/honnef.co/go/[email protected]/go/ir/builder.go:2396 +0x14[15](https://github.com/apache/beam/actions/runs/11113057812/job/30876518088#step:10:16)
honnef.co/go/tools/go/ir.(*builder).buildFunction(0xc00[16](https://github.com/apache/beam/actions/runs/11113057812/job/30876518088#step:10:17)19a60, 0xc00130d400)
	/home/runner/go/pkg/mod/honnef.co/go/[email protected]/go/ir/builder.go:2508 +0x4[17](https://github.com/apache/beam/actions/runs/11113057812/job/30876518088#step:10:18)
honnef.co/go/tools/go/ir.(*builder).buildFuncDecl(0xc001619a60, 0xc009282480, 0xc0011d3590)
	/home/runner/go/pkg/mod/honnef.co/go/[email protected]/go/ir/builder.go:2545 +0x[18](https://github.com/apache/beam/actions/runs/11113057812/job/30876518088#step:10:19)9
honnef.co/go/tools/go/ir.(*Package).build(0xc009282480)
	/home/runner/go/pkg/mod/honnef.co/go/[email protected]/go/ir/builder.go:2649 +0xb46
sync.(*Once).doSlow(0xc00084c7e0?, 0xc0094f9c20?)
	/opt/hostedtoolcache/go/1.23.1/x64/src/sync/once.go:76 +0xb4
sync.(*Once).Do(...)
	/opt/hostedtoolcache/go/1.23.1/x64/src/sync/once.go:67
honnef.co/go/tools/go/ir.(*Package).Build(...)
	/home/runner/go/pkg/mod/honnef.co/go/[email protected]/go/ir/builder.go:2567
honnef.co/go/tools/internal/passes/buildir.run(0xc0034981a0)
	/home/runner/go/pkg/mod/honnef.co/go/[email protected]/internal/passes/buildir/buildir.go:86 +0x18b
honnef.co/go/tools/lintcmd/runner.(*analyzerRunner).do(0xc00968d3e0, {0xa50fd8?, 0xc001098f00})
	/home/runner/go/pkg/mod/honnef.co/go/[email protected]/lintcmd/runner/runner.go:992 +0x71b
honnef.co/go/tools/lintcmd/runner.genericHandle({0xa50fd8, 0xc001098f00}, {0xa50fd8?, 0xc001098e60?}, 0xc0010b8d[20](https://github.com/apache/beam/actions/runs/11113057812/job/30876518088#step:10:21), 0xc0004bd6b0, 0xc0004295f0)
	/home/runner/go/pkg/mod/honnef.co/go/[email protected]/lintcmd/runner/runner.go:817 +0x11f
created by honnef.co/go/tools/lintcmd/runner.(*subrunner).runAnalyzers in goroutine 397
	/home/runner/go/pkg/mod/honnef.co/go/[email protected]/lintcmd/runner/runner.go:1061 +0x6a6

[lostluck]

I think we'll need to update the version of staticcheck, it's older at this point.