GUM

Repository for the Georgetown University Multilayer Corpus (GUM)

This repository contains release versions of the Georgetown University Multilayer Corpus (GUM), a corpus of English texts from 16 written and spoken text types:

• academic writing
• biographies
• courtroom transcripts
• essays
• fiction
• how-to guides
• interviews
• letters
• news
• online forum discussions
• podcasts
• political speeches
• spontaneous face to face conversations
• textbooks
• travel guides
• vlogs

The corpus is created as part of the course LING-4427 (Computational Corpus Linguistics) at Georgetown University. For more details see: https://gucorpling.org/gum.

A note about Reddit data

For one of the 16 text types in this corpus, Reddit forum discussions, plain text data is not supplied, and you will find ❗underscores❗ in place of word forms in documents from this data (files named GUM_reddit_*). To obtain this data, please run python get_text.py, which will allow you to reconstruct the text in these files. This, and all data, is provided with absolutely no warranty; users agree to use the data under the license with which it is provided, and Reddit data is subject to Reddit's terms and conditions. See README_reddit.md for more details.

Note that the get_text.py script only regenerates the files named GUM_reddit_* in each folder, and will not create full versions of the data in PAULA/ and annis/. If you require PAULA XML or searchable ANNIS data containing these documents, you will need to recompile the corpus from the source files under _build/src/. To do this, run _build/process_reddit.py, then run _build/build_gum.py.

You can also run searches in the complete version of the corpus using our ANNIS server

Train / dev / test splits

Two documents from each completed genre are reserved for testing and devlopment, but currently growing genres only have one each (total: 28 test documents, 28 dev documents). See splits.md for the official training, development and testing partitions.

Citing

The best paper to cite depends on the data you are using. To cite the corpus in general, please refer to the following article (but note that the corpus has changed and grown a lot in the time since); otherwise see different citations for specific aspects below:

Zeldes, Amir (2017) "The GUM Corpus: Creating Multilayer Resources in the Classroom". Language Resources and Evaluation 51(3), 581–612.

@Article{Zeldes2017,
  author    = {Amir Zeldes},
  title     = {The {GUM} Corpus: Creating Multilayer Resources in the Classroom},
  journal   = {Language Resources and Evaluation},
  year      = {2017},
  volume    = {51},
  number    = {3},
  pages     = {581--612},
  doi       = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10579-016-9343-x}
}

If you are using the Reddit subset of GUM in particular, please use this citation instead:

• Behzad, Shabnam and Zeldes, Amir (2020) "A Cross-Genre Ensemble Approach to Robust Reddit Part of Speech Tagging". In: Proceedings of the 12th Web as Corpus Workshop (WAC-XII).

@InProceedings{BehzadZeldes2020,
  author    = {Shabnam Behzad and Amir Zeldes},
  title     = {A Cross-Genre Ensemble Approach to Robust {R}eddit Part of Speech Tagging},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th Web as Corpus Workshop (WAC-XII)},
  pages     = {50--56},
  year      = {2020},
}

For papers focusing on the discourse relations, discourse markers or other discourse signal annotations, please cite the eRST paper:

@misc{ZeldesEtAl2024,
      title={{eRST}: A Signaled Graph Theory of Discourse Relations and Organization}, 
      author={Amir Zeldes and Tatsuya Aoyama and Yang Janet Liu and Siyao Peng and Debopam Das and Luke Gessler},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2403.13560},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.13560}
}

If you are using the OntoNotes schema version of the coreference annotations (a.k.a. OntoGUM data in coref/ontogum/), please cite this paper instead:

@InProceedings{ZhuEtAl2021,
  author    = {Yilun Zhu and Sameer Pradhan and Amir Zeldes},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of ACL-IJCNLP 2021},
  title     = {{OntoGUM}: Evaluating Contextualized {SOTA} Coreference Resolution on 12 More Genres},
  year      = {2021},
  pages     = {461--467},
  address   = {Bangkok, Thailand}

For papers focusing on named entities or entity linking (Wikification), please cite this paper instead:

@inproceedings{lin-zeldes-2021-wikigum,
    title = {{W}iki{GUM}: Exhaustive Entity Linking for Wikification in 12 Genres},
    author = {Jessica Lin and Amir Zeldes},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of The Joint 15th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW) and 
                 3rd Designing Meaning Representations (DMR) Workshop (LAW-DMR 2021)},
    year = {2021},
    address = {Punta Cana, Dominican Republic},
    url = {https://aclanthology.org/2021.law-1.18},
    pages = {170--175},
}

For a full list of contributors please see the corpus website.

Directories

The corpus is downloadable in multiple formats. Not all formats contain all annotations: The most accessible format is probably CoNLL-U dependencies (in dep/), but the most complete XML representation is in PAULA XML, and the easiest way to search in the corpus is using ANNIS. Here is an example query for phrases headed by 'one' bridging back to a different, previously mentioned entity. Other formats may be useful for other purposes. See website for more details.

NB: Reddit data in top folders does not inclulde the base text forms - consult README_reddit.md to add it

• _build/ - The GUM build bot and utilities for data merging and validation
• annis/ - The entire merged corpus (excl. Reddit), with all annotations, as a relANNIS 3.3 corpus dump, importable into ANNIS
• const/ - Constituent trees with function labels and PTB POS tags in the PTB bracketing format (automatic parser output from gold POS with functions projected from gold dependencies)
• coref/ - Entity and coreference annotation in two formats:
  • conll/ - CoNLL shared task tabular format (with Wikification but no bridging or split antecedent annotations)
  • tsv/ - WebAnno .tsv format, including entity type, salience and information status annotations, Wikification, bridging, split antecedent and singleton entities
  • ontogum/ - alternative version of coreference annotation in CoNLL, tsv and CoNLL-U formats following OntoNotes guidelines (see Zhu et al. 2021)
• dep/ - Dependency trees using Universal Dependencies, enriched with metadata, summaries, sentence types, speaker information, enhanced dependencies, entities, information status, salience, centering, coreference, bridging, Wikification, XML markup, morphological tags/segmentation, CxG constructions, discourse relations/connectives/signals, and Universal POS tags according to the UD standard
• paula/ - The entire merged corpus (excl. Reddit) in standoff PAULA XML, with all annotations
• rst/ - Enhanced Rhetorical Structure Theory (eRST) analyses and other discourse relation annotations
  • rstweb/ - full .rs4 format data as used by RSTTool and rstWeb, with secondary edges + relation signals (recommended)
  • lisp_nary/ - n-ary basic RST lisp trees (.dis format)
  • lisp_binary/ - binarized basic RST lisp trees (.dis format)
  • dependencies/ - a converted eRST dependency representation with secondary edges in a separate column (.rsd format)
  • disrpt/ - plain segmentation, connective detection and relation-per-line data formats following the DISRPT shared task specification
  • gdtb/ - shallow discourse relations following PDTB v3 guidelines in two formats: PDTB pipes and DISRPT .rels
• xml/ - vertical XML representations with 1 token or tag per line, metadata, summaries and tab delimited lemmas, morphological segmentation and POS tags (extended VVZ style, vanilla, UPOS and CLAWS5, as well as dependency functions), compatible with the IMS Corpus Workbench (a.k.a. TreeTagger format).