Update Dockerfile and devcontainer for pulumi/python

[craddm]

✅ Checklist

• You have given your pull request a meaningful title (e.g. Enable foobar integration rather than 515 foobar).
• You are targeting the appropriate branch. If you're not certain which one this is, it should be develop.
• Your branch is up-to-date with the target branch (it probably was when you started, but it may have changed since then).
• You have marked this pull request as a draft and added '[WIP]' to the title if needed (if you're not yet ready to merge).

⤴️ Summary

Updates the Dockerfile and devcontainer file, reflecting updates and changes to the project that have been made since they were created.

1. Updates Python version 3.12
2. Updates Debian distro to bookworm
3. Updates Pulumi to latest version
4. Switches to install azure-cli from apt repositories instead of building locally, since it is now available there for arm64 architectures
5. Installs hatch to allow dsh CLI to be built without having to install hatch manually
6. Updates azure-cli to version 3.59.0

🌂 Related issues

🔬 Tests

Built devcontainer locally and used to build and run dsh CLI via hatch

[jemrobinson]

LGTM