Note

This is a fork of devcert. It adds the following capabilities on top of the ones present in devcert:

• Revoke an existing, devcert created SSL certificate for a domain.

devcert - Development SSL made easy

So, running a local HTTPS server usually sucks. There's a range of approaches, each with their own tradeoff. The common one, using self-signed certificates, means having to ignore scary browser warnings for each project.

devcert makes the process easy. Want a private key and certificate file to use with your server? Just ask:

let ssl = await devcert.certificateFor("my-app.test");
https.createServer(ssl, app).listen(3000);

Now open https://my-app.test:3000 and voila - your page loads with no scary warnings or hoops to jump through.

Certificates are cached by name, so two calls for certificateFor('foo') will return the same key and certificate.

Options

When it installs or upgrades, devcert creates a self-signed certificate authority (CA) which it uses to sign all certificates it creates. It will try to register this CA with OS keychains in OSX, Linux, and Windows. However, some HTTP clients (such as Firefox and NodeJS itself) use their own trusted certificate list instead of the operating system's keychain. The getCaPath and getCaBuffer options make the CA available in the certificateFor() return object itself, so that these programs can choose whether to trust it.

getCaPath

Set this option to true and the returned object will inlude a caPath property, set to the file path of the certificate authority file. Use this path to add the certificate to local trust stores which accept paths as arguments, such as NodeJS's builtin environment variable NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS..

getCaBuffer

Set this option to true and the returned object will inlude a ca property, set to the UTF-8-encoded contents of the certificate authority file. Use this path to add the certificate to local trust stores which don't use OS settings, lke the examples mentioned above.

skipHostsFile

If you supply a custom domain name (i.e. any domain other than localhost) when requesting a certificate from devcert, it will attempt to modify your system to redirect requests for that domain to your local machine (rather than to the real domain). It does this by modifying your /etc/hosts file.

If you pass in the skipHostsFile option, devcert will skip this step. This means that if you ask for certificates for my-app.test (for example), and don't have some other DNS redirect method in place, that you won't be able to access your app at https://my-app.test because your computer wouldn't know that my-app.test should resolve your local machine.

Keep in mind that SSL certificates are issued for domains, so if you ask for a certificate for my-app.test, and don't have any kind of DNS redirect in place (/etc/hosts or otherwise), trying to hit localhost won't work, even if the app you intended to serve via my-app.test is running on your local machine (since the SSL certificate won't say localhost).

skipCertutil

This option will tell devcert to avoid installing certutil tooling.

certutil is a tooling package used to automated the installation of SSL certificates in certain circumstances; specifically, Firefox (for every OS) and Chrome (on Linux only).

Normally, devcert will attempt to install certutil if it's need and not already present on your system. If don't want devcert to install this package, pass skipCertutil: true.

If you decide to skipCertutil, the initial setup process for devcert changes in these two scenarios:

• Firefox on all platforms: Thankully, Firefox makes this easy. There's a point-and-click wizard for importing and trusting a certificate, so if you specify skipCertutil: true, devcert will instead automatically open Firefox and kick off this wizard for you. Simply follow the prompts to trust the certificate. Reminder: you'll only need to do this once per machine

• Chrome on Linux: Unfortunately, it appears that the only way to get Chrome to trust an SSL certificate on Linux is via the certutil tooling - there is no manual process for it. Thus, if you are using Chrome on Linux, do not supply skipCertuil: true. If you do, devcert certificates will not be trusted by Chrome.

The certutil tooling is installed in OS-specific ways:

• Mac: brew install nss
• Linux: apt install libnss3-tools
• Windows: N/A (there is no easy, hands-off way to install certutil on Windows, so devcert will simply fallback to the wizard approach for Firefox outlined above)

Multiple domains (SAN)

If you are developing a multi-tenant app or have many apps locally, you can generate a security certificate using devcert to also use the Subject Alternative Name extension, just pass an array of domains instead.

let ssl = await devcert.certificateFor([
    "localhost",
    "local.api.example.com",
    "local.example.com",
    "local.auth.example.com",
]);
https.createServer(ssl, app).listen(3000);

Docker and local development

If you are developing with Docker, one option is to install devcert into a base folder in your home directory and generate certificates for all of your local Docker projects. See comments and caveats in this issue.

While not elegant, you only really need to do this as often as you add new domains locally, which is probably not very often.

The general script would look something like:

// example: make a directory in home directory such as ~/devcert-util
// ~/devcert-util/generate.js
const fs = require("fs");
const devcert = require("devcert");

// or if its just one domain - devcert.certificateFor('local.example.com')
devcert
    .certificateFor(["localhost", "local.api.example.com", "local.example.com", "local.auth.example.com"])
    .then(({ key, cert }) => {
        fs.writeFileSync("./certs/tls.key", key);
        fs.writeFileSync("./certs/tls.cert", cert);
    })
    .catch(console.error);

An easy way to use the files generated from above script is to copy the ~/devcert-util/certs folder into your Docker projects:

# local-docker-project-root/
🗀 certs/
  🗎 tls.key
  🗎 tls.cert

And add this line to your .gitignore:

certs/

These two files can now easily be used by any project, be it Node.js or something else.

In Node, within Docker, simply load the copied certificate files into your https server:

const fs = require("fs");
const Express = require("express");
const app = new Express();
https
    .createServer(
        {
            key: fs.readFileSync("./certs/tls.key"),
            cert: fs.readFileSync("./certs/tls.cert"),
        },
        app
    )
    .listen(3000);

Also works with webpack dev server or similar technologies:

// webpack.config.js
const fs = require("fs");

module.exports = {
    //...
    devServer: {
        contentBase: join(__dirname, "dist"),
        host: "0.0.0.0",
        public: "local.api.example.com",
        port: 3000,
        publicPath: "/",
        https: {
            key: fs.readFileSync("./certs/tls.key"),
            cert: fs.readFileSync("./certs/tls.cert"),
        },
    },
};

How it works

When you ask for a development certificate, devcert will first check to see if it has run on this machine before. If not, it will create a root certificate authority and add it to your OS and various browser trust stores. You'll likely see password prompts from your OS at this point to authorize the new root CA.

Since your machine now trusts this root CA, it will trust any certificates signed by it. So when you ask for a certificate for a new domain, devcert will use the root CA credentials to generate a certificate specific to the domain you requested, and returns the new certificate to you.

If you request a domain that has already had certificates generated for it, devcert will simply return the cached certificates.

This setup ensures that browsers won't show scary warnings about untrusted certificates, since your OS and browsers will now trust devcert's certificates.

Security Concerns

There's a reason that your OS prompts you for your root password when devcert attempts to install it's root certificate authority. By adding it to your machine's trust stores, your browsers will automatically trust any certificate generated with it.

This exposes a potential attack vector on your local machine: if someone else could use the devcert certificate authority to generate certificates, and if they could intercept / manipulate your network traffic, they could theoretically impersonate some websites, and your browser would not show any warnings (because it trusts the devcert authority).

To prevent this, devcert takes steps to ensure that no one can access the devcert certificate authority credentials to generate malicious certificates without you knowing. The exact approach varies by platform:

• macOS and Linux: the certificate authority's credentials are written to files that are only readable by the root user (i.e. chown 0 ca-cert.crt and chmod 600 ca-cert.crt). When devcert itself needs these, it shells out to sudo invocations to read / write the credentials.
• Windows: because of my unfamiliarity with Windows file permissions, I wasn't confident I would be able to correctly set permissions to mimic the setup on macOS and Linux. So instead, devcert will prompt you for a password, and then use that to encrypt the credentials with an AES256 cipher. The password is never written to disk.

To further protect these credentials, any time they are written to disk, they are written to temporary files, and are immediately deleted after they are no longer needed.

Additionally, the root CA certificate is unique to your machine only: it's generated on-the-fly when it is first installed. ensuring there are no central / shared keys to crack across machines.

Why install a root certificate authority at all?

The root certificate authority makes it simpler to manage which domains are configured for SSL by devcert. The alternative is to generate and trust self-signed certificates for each domain. The problem is that while devcert is able to add a certificate to your machine's trust stores, the tooling to remove a certificate doesn't cover every case. So if you ever wanted to untrust devcert's certificates, you'd have to manually remove each one from each trust store.

By trusting only a single root CA, devcert is able to guarantee that when you want to disable SSL for a domain, it can do so with no manual intervention

• we just delete the domain-specific certificate files. Since these domain-specific files aren't installed in your trust stores, once they are gone, they are gone.

Integration

devcert has been designed from day one to work as low-level library that other tools can delegate to. The goal is to make HTTPS development easy for everyone, regardless of framework or library choice.

With that in mind, if you'd like to use devcert in your library/framework/CLI, devcert makes that easy.

In addition to the options above, devcert exposes a ui option. This option allows you to control all the points where devcert requries user interaction, substituting your own prompts and user interface. You can use this to brand the experience with your own tool's name, localize the messages, or integrate devcert into a larger existing workflow.

The ui option should be an object with the following methods:

{
  async getWindowsEncryptionPassword(): Promise<string> {
    // Invoked when devcert needs the password used to encrypt the root
    // certificate authority credentials on Windows. May be invoked multiple
    // times if the user's supplied password is incorrect
  },
  async warnChromeOnLinuxWithoutCertutil(): Promise<string> {
    // Invoked when devcert is run on Linux, detects that Chrome is installed,
    // and the `skipCertutil` option is `true`. Used to warn the user that
    // Chrome will not work with `skipCertutil: true` on Linux.
  },
  async closeFirefoxBeforeContinuing() {
    // Invoked when devcert detects that Firefox is running while it is trying
    // to programmatically install it's certificate authority in the Firefox
    // trust store. Firefox appears to overwrite changes to the trust store on
    // exit, so Firefox must be closed before devcert can continue. devcert will
    // wait for Firefox to exit - this is just to prompt the user that they
    // need to close the application.
  },
  async startFirefoxWizard(certificateHost: string) {
    // Invoked when devcert detects a Firefox installation and `skipCertutil:
    // true` was specified. This is invoked right before devcert launches the
    // Firefox certificate import wizard GUI. Used to give the user a heads up
    // as to why they are about to see Firefox pop up.
    //
    // The certificateHost provided is the URL for the temporary server that
    // devcert has spun up in order to trigger the wizard(Firefox needs try to
    // "download" the cert to trigger the wizard). This URL will load the page
    // supplied in the `firefoxWizardPromptPage()` method below.
    //
    // Normally, devcert will automatically open this URL, but in case it fails
    // you may want to print it out to the console with an explanatory message
    // so the user isn't left hanging wondering what's happening.
  },
  async firefoxWizardPromptPage(certificateURL: string): Promise<string> {
    // When devcert starts the Firefox certificate installation wizard GUI, it
    // first loads an HTML page in Firefox. The template used for that page is
    // the return value of this method. The supplied certificateURL is the path
    // to the actual certificate. The Firefox tab must attempt to load this URL
    // to trigger the wizard.
    //
    // The default implemenation is a simple redirect to that URL. But you could
    // supply your own branded template here, with a button that says "Install
    // certificate" that is linked to the certificateURL, along with a more in
    // depth explanation of what is happening for example.
  }
  async waitForFirefoxWizard() {
    // Invoked _after_ the Firefox certificate import wizard is kicked off. This
    // method should not resolve until the user indicates that the wizard is
    // complete (unfortunately, we have no way of determining that
    // programmatically)
  }
}

You can supply any or all of these methods - ones you do not supply will fall back to the default implemenation.

Testing

Testing a tool like devcert can be a pain. I haven't found a good automated solution for cross platform GUI testing (the GUI part is necessary to test each browser's handling of devcert certificates, as well as test the Firefox wizard flow).

To make things easier, devcert comes with a series of virtual machine images. Each one is a snapshot taken right before running a test - just launch the machine and hit .

You can also use the snapshotted state of the VMs to roll them back to a pristine state for another round of testing.

Note: Be aware that the macOS license terms prohibit running it on non-Apple hardware, so you must own a Mac to test that platform. If you don't own a Mac - that's okay, just mention in the PR that you were unable to test on a Mac and we're happy to test it for you.

Virtual Machine Snapshots

• macOS
• Windows
• Ubuntu