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249 changes: 249 additions & 0 deletions website/blog/2023-09-04-cpp-beginner-cmake.md
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---
slug: 2023-09-04-cpp-beginner-cmake
title: "C++ Beginner's Guide: Managing Your Project Using CMake"
authors: [Oreo]
tags: [C++]
---

import Tabs from '@theme/Tabs';
import TabItem from '@theme/TabItem';

作为一个 C++ 初学者,在学习基本语法和练习示例代码时,需要频繁使用 `g++ ... input.cpp -o output && ./output` 类似的命令编译和运行程序。虽然这种方式有助于熟悉 `g++`,但是对于想要快速测试代码的新手来说,这种方式不够友好。

本文介绍如何利用 CMake 来管理一个 C++ 学习项目,帮助你快速实现编译和运行。

<!--truncate-->

## 什么是 CMake?

简单来说,[CMake](https://cmake.org) 是一个**跨平台****构建系统**,它可以帮助你定义如何编译和链接你的项目,而不必关心具体的编译命令。CMake 会为你生成项目所需的 Makefile 或其他构建文件,所以你只需要关心代码即可。

## 如何安装 CMake?

在 macOS 中可以直接通过 homebrew 安装:

```bash
brew install cmake
```

本文以 CMake 3.27.4 为例。 其他操作系统的安装方式,请参考 [Getting and Installing CMake on Your Computer](https://cmake.org/cmake/help/book/mastering-cmake/chapter/Getting%20Started.html#getting-and-installing-cmake-on-your-computer)

## 如何使用 CMake 管理项目?

每个使用 CMake 的项目都需要定义 `CMakeLists.txt` 文件,即 CMake 的配置文件,用于告诉 CMake 如何构建你的项目。使用 CMake 管理项目的常见流程为:

1. 按需配置或更新 `CMakeLists.txt`
2. 生成构建文件:CMake 会根据 `CMakeLists.txt` 配置并生成项目所需的构建文件
3. 调试或运行项目

下面是一个 `CMakeLists.txt` 的示例:

```cmake title="cpp_learning/CMakeLists.txt"
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.26)
project(cpp_learning)
set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
add_executable(cpp_learning main.cpp)
```

- `cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.26)`:配置需要的最低 CMake 版本,例如 `3.26`。注意:`CMakeLists.txt` 的第一行必须是 `cmake_minimum_required`
- `project(cpp_learning)`:配置项目名称,例如 `cpp_learning`
- `set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)`:配置 C++ 版本,例如 `20`
- `add_executable(cpp_learning main.cpp)`:将 `main.cpp` 编译为可执行文件 `cpp_learning`

在学习 C++ 的过程中,我们需要编写非常多的程序。引入 CMake 之后,只需要在 `CMakeLists.txt` 中添加 `add_executable` 即可。例如 `add_executable(hello hacking_cpp/hello.cpp)``hacking_cpp/hello.cpp` 编译为可执行文件 `hello`

在配置 `CMakeLists.txt` 后,需要使用 `cmake` 命令生成构建文件。例如下面命令:

```bash
mkdir build # Create a directory for the build
cd build
cmake .. # Generate build files using CMake, .. indicates the parent directory where CMakeLists.txt is located
make # This will execute the build files and build the project
```

:::tip

如果使用[集成 CMake 的 IDE](https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/guide/ide-integration/index.html),则无需手动运行上述 `cmake ..``make` 命令。例如在 CLion 中每次更新 `CMakeLists.txt` 后只需要点击 **Load CMake Changes** 图标即可实现 `cmake ..`。具体使用方法参考 [Reload CMake on changes in CMakeLists.txt](https://www.jetbrains.com/help/clion/reloading-project.html#manual-reload)

:::

## 如何引入第三方库?

在 C++ 项目中,经常需要使用一些第三方库来更高效地实现某些功能。下面以使用 [`fmt`](https://fmt.dev/latest/index.html)(一个现代 C++ 格式化库)为例,介绍如何更新 `CMakeLists.txt` 并在程序中使用 `fmt`

### 源码编译

当你希望从源码编译 `fmt` 时,首先需要将 `fmt` 源码下载到你的项目目录中。下面提供了 `git subtree``git submodule` 两种方式:

<Tabs>
<TabItem value="git-subtree" label="git subtree">

```bash
cd cpp_learning
git subtree add --prefix thirdparty/fmt https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt.git master --squash
```

输出结果示例:

```bash
git fetch https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt.git master
remote: Enumerating objects: 32297, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (993/993), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (85/85), done.
remote: Total 32297 (delta 928), reused 934 (delta 900), pack-reused 31304
Receiving objects: 100% (32297/32297), 13.73 MiB | 12.03 MiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (21894/21894), done.
From https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt
* branch master -> FETCH_HEAD
Added dir 'thirdparty/fmt'
```

此时查看 `git log` 可以发现 `fmt` 被 squash 为一个 commit 以及新增了一个 merge commit:

```bash
commit dd05d0f6812ddcfb72d5e1425e7bad88f424451f
Merge: e5b1c472 20d0c586
Author: Oreo
Date: Mon Sep 4 21:37:57 2023 +0800

Merge commit '20d0c58622d07bf66f125efff52cc440b88fe2eb' as 'thirdparty/fmt'

commit 20d0c58622d07bf66f125efff52cc440b88fe2eb
Author: Oreo
Date: Mon Sep 4 21:37:57 2023 +0800

Squashed 'thirdparty/fmt/' content from commit e8259c52

git-subtree-dir: thirdparty/fmt
git-subtree-split: e8259c5298513e8cdbff05ce01c46c684fe758d8
```

之后需要更新 `fmt` 时,只需要运行 `git subtree pull`

```bash
git subtree pull --prefix thirdparty/fmt https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt.git master --squash
```

</TabItem>
<TabItem value="git-submodule" label="git submodule(不推荐)">

```bash
cd cpp_learning
mkdir thirdparty
git submodule add https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt fmt
```

输出结果示例:

```bash
Cloning into 'cpp-learning/thirdparty/fmt'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 32886, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (1261/1261), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (103/103), done.
remote: Total 32886 (delta 1188), reused 1188 (delta 1149), pack-reused 31625
Receiving objects: 100% (32886/32886), 14.09 MiB | 23.39 MiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (22295/22295), done.
```

查看 `git status`

```bash
git status
On branch main

No commits yet

Changes to be committed:
(use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
new file: .gitmodules
new file: fmt
```

新增了 `fmt``.gitmodules`。其中 `.gitmodules` 内容如下:

```yaml title="cpp_learning/.gitmodules"
[submodule "fmt"]
path = fmt
url = https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt
```

之后需要更新 `fmt` 时,只需要运行 `git submodule update`

```bash
git submodule update --remote
```

</TabItem>
</Tabs>

接着更新 `CMakeLists.txt`,需要告诉 CMake 如何找到 `fmt` 并链接到 `hello` 应用程序。可以通过 `add_subdirectory``target_link_libraries` 实现查找和链接:

```cmake title="cpp_learning/CMakeLists.txt"
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.26)
project(cpp_learning)
set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
#highlight-next-line
add_subdirectory(thirdparty/fmt)
add_executable(cpp_learning main.cpp)
add_executable(hello hacking_cpp/hello.cpp)
#highlight-next-line
target_link_libraries(hello fmt::fmt)
```

- `add_subdirectory`:指定 `fmt` 源码及其 `CMakeLists.txt` 所在位置,CMake 会直接将 `fmt``CMakeLists.txt` 包含到当前的构建中
- `target_link_libraries`:将查找到的 `fmt` 库链接到目标应用程序 `hello`

### 二进制分发

当你通过 homebrew 或其他包管理器安装 `fmt` 时,可以通过 `find_package``target_link_libraries` 实现查找和链接:

```cmake title="cpp_learning/CMakeLists.txt"
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.26)
project(cpp_learning)
set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
#highlight-next-line
find_package(fmt REQUIRED)
add_executable(cpp_learning main.cpp)
add_executable(hello hacking_cpp/hello.cpp)
#highlight-next-line
target_link_libraries(hello fmt::fmt)
```

- `find_package`:搜索并加载系统中的 `fmt`
- `target_link_libraries`:将查找到的 `fmt` 库链接到目标应用程序 `hello`

### 使用 `fmt` 实现格式化输出示例

下面示例代码使用了 `std::cout``fmt::print``fmt::println` 三种方式进行字符串的输出:

```cpp title="cpp_learning/hacking_cpp/hello.cpp"
#include <iostream>
#include <fmt/format.h>
int main() {
std::cout << "std::cout: Hello World\n";
fmt::print("fmt::print: Hello!");
fmt::println("fmt::println: Hello, {}, {}, and {}", 0, 1, 2);
fmt::print("fmt::print: Bye");
return 0;
}
```

运行结果如下:

```bash
std::cout: Hello World
fmt::print: Hello!fmt::println: Hello, 0, 1, and 2
fmt::print: Bye
```
2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion website/docusaurus.config.js
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Expand Up @@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ const config = {
prism: {
theme: lightCodeTheme,
darkTheme: darkCodeTheme,
additionalLanguages: ['docker', 'rust', 'cpp'],
additionalLanguages: ['docker', 'rust', 'cpp', 'cmake'],
},
colorMode: {
respectPrefersColorScheme: true,
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