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+---
+title: Burning DVDs
+layout: default
+nav_order: 3
+parent: DVD Processing
+grand_parent: Optical Media
+
+---
+
+# Burning ISO Disc Images to Disc
+{: .no_toc }
+
+This guide walks you through converting a video file into a DVD-Video compatible ISO image and then burning it to a physical DVD. The steps include:
+
+## Table of contents
+{: .no_toc .text-delta }
+
+1. TOC
+{:toc}
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+- **FFmpeg**:  
+  Install via Homebrew:
+  ```bash
+  brew install ffmpeg
+  ```
+- **dvdauthor**:
+  ```bash
+  brew install dvdauthor
+  ```
+- **mkisofs (via cdrtools)**:
+  ```bash
+  brew install cdrtools
+  ```
+- A DVD Burner and Blank DVDs (single-layer 4.7GB discs).
+
+## Step 1: Transcoding the Source Video with FFmpeg
+DVD-Video requires MPEG-2 video, AC-3 audio, a resolution of 720x480 (NTSC), and specific formatting. If your source is not already DVD-compliant, you must transcode it.
+
+### Example Command
+
+```bash
+ffmpeg -i "path/to/source_video.mp4" \
+       -vcodec mpeg2video -pix_fmt yuv420p -flags +ildct+ilme -top 1 \
+       -b:v 6000k -minrate 6000k -maxrate 8000k -bufsize 1835k \
+       -vf "scale=720:480,setsar=32/27" -r 24000/1001 \
+       -g 15 -bf 2 -dc 10 \
+       -acodec ac3 -b:a 192k -ar 48000 -ac 2 \
+       -output_ts_offset 0 \
+       output_widescreen.mpg
+```
+
+### What This Does
+- Encodes video as MPEG-2, interlaced, with a DVD-friendly bitrate.
+- Rescales and sets the aspect ratio for 16:9 widescreen.
+- Sets the frame rate at 23.976 fps. Later, the DVD player will apply pulldown for 29.97 fps NTSC output.
+- Encodes audio as AC-3 stereo at 48kHz and 192 kbps.
+
+### Note on Scaling
+If your source video is already at a suitable resolution (e.g., already DVD resolution), you may omit the scaling and `setsar` filters.
+
+### Simplified Command
+```bash
+ffmpeg -i "path/to/source_video.mp4" \
+       -target ntsc-dvd -aspect 16:9 \
+       -b:v 4500k -b:a 192k \
+       dvd_compliant.mpg
+```
+This uses presets for DVD output. Adjust `-b:v` if the final file is too large.
+
+## Step 2: Authoring the DVD Structure with dvdauthor
+After transcoding, create the DVD file structure (VIDEO_TS and AUDIO_TS directories, IFO/BUP files).
+
+```bash
+dvdauthor -o /path/to/dvd_structure -t dvd_compliant.mpg
+export VIDEO_FORMAT=NTSC
+dvdauthor -o /path/to/dvd_structure -T
+```
+
+### What This Does
+- Creates the initial DVD title set.
+- Sets the `VIDEO_FORMAT` environment variable to NTSC before finalizing, ensuring a proper VIDEO_TS directory.
+- Finalizes the structure, resulting in a properly authored DVD folder structure.
+
+## Step 3: Creating the ISO Image with mkisofs
+Once the DVD structure is ready, convert it into an ISO image.
+
+```bash
+mkisofs -dvd-video -V "MyDVDTitle" -o dvd.iso /path/to/dvd_structure
+```
+
+### Options
+- `-dvd-video`: Ensures a DVD-Video compliant ISO.
+- `-V "MyDVDTitle"`: Sets the volume label displayed by DVD players.
+- `-o dvd.iso`: Specifies the output ISO file.
+
+### Adding Chapters
+Chapters must be set during the `dvdauthor` step, using `-c`:
+
+```bash
+dvdauthor -o /path/to/dvd_structure \
+          -t -c 0,5:00,10:00,... dvd_compliant.mpg
+dvdauthor -o /path/to/dvd_structure -T
+```
+Replace the times as needed. Then run `mkisofs` as above.
+
+## Step 4: Burning the ISO to a Physical DVD
+### On macOS
+1. Insert a blank DVD.
+2. In Finder, right-click the `dvd.iso` file.
+3. Select "Burn 'dvd.iso' to Disc...".
+4. Follow prompts to burn.
+
+## Step 5: Testing the DVD
+Test the burned DVD on a standalone DVD player (e.g., a Pioneer DVD player) to ensure it plays correctly. Check menus, chapters, and video quality.
+
+## Additional Notes
+- **File Size Considerations**: If the final MPEG-2 file is larger than 4.7GB, reduce `-b:v` (video bitrate) in FFmpeg so the final ISO fits on a single-layer DVD.
+- **Aspect Ratio and Scaling**: Adjust scaling and aspect ratio parameters to match your source. The provided commands assume a widescreen (16:9) target and scaling from a higher resolution source to standard DVD resolution.