DistributedLock

DistributedLock is a .NET library that provides robust and easy-to-use distributed mutexes, reader-writer locks, and semaphores based on a variety of underlying technologies.

With DistributedLock, synchronizing access to a region of code across multiple applications/machines is as simple as:

await using (await myDistributedLock.AcquireAsync())
{
	// I hold the lock here
}

Implementations

DistributedLock contains implementations based on various technologies; you can install implementation packages individually or just install the DistributedLock NuGet package , a "meta" package which includes all implementations as dependencies. Note that each package is versioned independently according to SemVer.

• DistributedLock.SqlServer : uses Microsoft SQL Server
• DistributedLock.Postgres : uses Postgresql
• DistributedLock.MySql : uses MySQL or MariaDB
• DistributedLock.Oracle : uses Oracle
• DistributedLock.Redis : uses Redis
• DistributedLock.Azure : uses Azure blobs
• DistributedLock.ZooKeeper : uses Apache ZooKeeper
• DistributedLock.FileSystem : uses lock files
• DistributedLock.WaitHandles : uses operating system global WaitHandles (Windows only)

Click on the name of any of the above packages to see the documentation specific to that implementation, or read on for general documentation that applies to all implementations.

The DistributedLock.Core package contains common code and abstractions and is referenced by all implementations.

Synchronization primitives

• Locks: provide exclusive access to a region of code
• Reader-writer locks: a lock with multiple levels of access. The lock can be held concurrently either by any number of "readers" or by a single "writer".
• Semaphores: similar to a lock, but can be held by up to N users concurrently instead of just one.

While all implementations support locks, the other primitives are only supported by some implementations. See the implementation-specific documentation pages for details.

Basic usage

Names

Because distributed locks (and other distributed synchronization primitives) are not isolated to a single process, their identity is based on their name which is provided through the constructor. Different underlying technologies have different restrictions on name format; however, DistributedLock largely allows you to ignore these by escaping/hashing names that would otherwise be invalid.

Acquire

All synchronization primitives support the same basic access pattern. The Acquire method returns a "handle" object that represents holding the lock. When the handle is disposed, the lock is released:

var myDistributedLock = new SqlDistributedLock(name, connectionString); // e. g. if we are using SQL Server
using (myDistributedLock.Acquire())
{
	// we hold the lock here
} // implicit Dispose() call from using block releases it here

TryAcquire

While Acquire will block until the lock is available, there is also a TryAcquire variant which returns null if the lock could not be acquired (due to being held elsewhere):

using (var handle = myDistributedLock.TryAcquire())
{
	if (handle != null)
	{
		// we acquired the lock :-)
	}
	else
	{
		// someone else has it :-(
	}
}

async support

async versions of both of these methods are also supported. These are preferred when you are writing async code since they will not consume a thread while waiting for the lock. If you are using C#8 or higher, you can also dispose of handles asynchronously:

Timeouts

await using (await myDistributedLock.AcquireAsync()) { ... }

Additionally, all of these methods support an optional timeout parameter. timeout determines how long Acquire will wait before failing with a TimeoutException and how long TryAcquire will wait before returning null. The default timeout for Acquire is Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan while for TryAcquire the default timeout is TimeSpan.Zero.

Cancellation

Finally, the methods take an optional CancellationToken parameter, which allows for the acquire operation to be interrupted via cancellation. Note that this won't cancel the hold on the lock once the acquire succeeds.

Providers

For applications that use dependency injection, DistributedLock's providers make it easy to separate out the specification of a lock's (or other primitive's) name from its other settings (such as a database connection string). For example in an ASP.NET Core app you might do:

// in your Startup.cs:
services.AddSingleton<IDistributedLockProvider>(_ => new PostgresDistributedSynchronizationProvider(myConnectionString));
services.AddTransient<SomeService>();

// in SomeService.cs
public class SomeService
{
	private readonly IDistributedLockProvider _synchronizationProvider;

	public SomeService(IDistributedLockProvider synchronizationProvider)
	{
		this._synchronizationProvider = synchronizationProvider;
	}
	
	public void InitializeUserAccount(int id)
	{
		// use the provider to construct a lock
		var @lock = this._synchronizationProvider.CreateLock($"UserAccount{id}");
		using (@lock.Acquire())
		{
			// do stuff
		}
		
		// ALTERNATIVELY, for common use-cases extension methods allow this to be done with a single call
		using (this._synchronizationProvider.AcquireLock($"UserAccount{id}"))
		{
			// do stuff
		}
	}
}

Other topics

• Interfaces
• Detecting handle loss
• Handle abandonment
• Safety of distributed locking

Contributing

Contributions are welcome! If you are interested in contributing towards a new or existing issue, please let me know via comments on the issue so that I can help you get started and avoid wasted effort on your part.

Setup steps for working with the repository locally are documented here.

Release notes

• 2.5
  • Add support for creating Postgres locks off DbDataSource which is helpful for apps using NpgsqlMultiHostDataSource. Thanks davidngjy for implementing! (#153, DistributedLock.Postgres 1.2.0)
  • Upgrade Npgsql to 8.0.3 to avoid vulnerability. Thanks @Meir017/@davidngjy for implementing! (#218, DistributedLock.Postgres 1.2.0)
  • Fix Postgres race condition with connection keepalive enabled (#216, DistributedLock.Core 1.0.7)
  • Upgrade Microsoft.Data.SqlClient to 5.2.1 to avoid vulnerability (#210, DistributedLock.SqlServer 1.0.5)
• 2.4
  • Add support for transaction-scoped locking in Postgres using pg_advisory_xact_lock which is helpful when using PgBouncer (#168, DistributedLock.Postgres 1.1.0)
  • Improve support for newer versions of StackExchange.Redis, especially when using the default backlog policy (#162, DistributedLock.Redis 1.0.3). Thanks @Bartleby2718 for helping with this!
  • Drop net461 support (net462 remains supported). Thanks @Bartleby2718 for implementing!
  • Reduce occurrence of UnobservedTaskExceptions thrown by the library (#192, DistributedLock.Core 1.0.6)
  • Update dependencies to modern versions without known issues/vulnerabilities (#111/#177/#184/#185, all packages). Thanks @Bartleby2718 for helping with this!
  • Improve directory creation concurrency handling for FileDistributedLock on Linux/.NET 8 (#195, DistributedLock.FileSystem 1.0.2)
  • Allow using transaction-scoped locks in SQL Server without explicitly disabling multiplexing (#189, DistributedLock.SqlServer 1.0.4)
  • New API documentation on dndocs. Thanks @NeuroXiq!
  • New documentation for contributors to get the project running locally (see Contributing)
• 2.3.4
  • Support Npgsql 8.0's ExecuteScalar breaking change (#174, DistributedLock.Postgres 1.0.5). Thanks @Kaffeetasse for diagnosing and fixing!
• 2.3.3
  • Update Microsoft.Data.SqlClient due to vulnerabilities (#149, DistributedLock.SqlServer 1.0.3)
  • Update versions of Oracle.ManagedDataAccess and Oracle.ManagedDataAccess.Core due to vulnerabilities (DistributedLock.Oracle 1.0.2)
• 2.3.2
  • Work around underlying Postgres race condition when waiting on advisory locks with a short non-zero timeout (#147, DistributedLock.Postgres 1.0.4). Thanks @Tzachi009 for reporting and isolating the issue!
• 2.3.1
  • Fixed concurrency issue with HandleLostToken for relational database locks (#133, DistributedLock.Core 1.0.5, DistributedLock.MySql 1.0.1, DistributedLock.Oracle 1.0.1, DistributedLock.Postgres 1.0.3, DistributedLock.SqlServer 1.0.2). Thanks @OskarKlintrot for testing!
  • Fixed misleading error message why trying to disable auto-extension in Redis (#130, DistributedLock.Redis 1.0.2)
  • Fixed concurrency issue with canceling async waits on WaitHandles (#120, DistributedLock.WaitHandles 1.0.1)
• 2.3.0
  • Added Oracle-based implementation (#45, DistributedLock.Oracle 1.0.0). Thanks @odin568 for testing!
  • Made file-based locking more robust to transient UnauthorizedAccessExceptions (#106 & #109, DistributedLock.FileSystem 1.0.1)
  • Work around cancellation bug in Npgsql command preparation (#112, DistributedLock.Postgres 1.0.2)
• 2.2.0
  • Added MySQL/MariaDB-based implementation (#95, DistributedLock.MySql 1.0.0). Thanks @theplacefordev for testing!
• 2.1.0
  • Added ZooKeeper-based implementation (#41, DistributedLock.ZooKeeper 1.0.0)
• 2.0.2
  • Fixed bug where HandleLostToken would hang when accessed on a SqlServer or Postgres lock handle that used keepalive (#85, DistributedLock.Core 1.0.1)
  • Fixed bug where broken database connections could result in future lock attempts failing when using SqlServer or Postgres locks with multiplexing (#83, DistributedLock.Core 1.0.1)
  • Updated Npgsql dependency to 5.x to take advantage of various bugfixes (#61, DistributedLock.Postgres 1.0.1)
• 2.0.1
  • Fixed Redis lock behavior when using a database with WithKeyPrefix (#66, DistributedLock.Redis 1.0.1). Thanks @skomis-mm for contributing!
• 2.0.0 (see also Migrating from 1.x to 2.x)
  • Revamped package structure so that DistributedLock is now an umbrella package and each implementation technology has its own package (BREAKING CHANGE)
  • Added Postgresql-based locking (#56, DistributedLock.Postgres 1.0.0)
  • Added Redis-based locking (#24, DistributedLock.Redis 1.0.0)
  • Added Azure blob-based locking (#42, DistributedLock.Azure 1.0.0)
  • Added file-based locking (#28, DistributedLock.FileSystem 1.0.0)
  • Added provider classes for improved IOC integration (#13)
  • Added strong naming to assemblies. Thanks @pedropaulovc for contributing! (#47, BREAKING CHANGE)
  • Made lock handles implement IAsyncDisposable in addition to IDisposable #20, BREAKING CHANGE)
  • Exposed implementation-agnostic interfaces (e. g. IDistributedLock) for all synchronization primitives (#10)
  • Added HandleLostToken API for tracking if a lock's underlying connection dies (#6, BREAKING CHANGE)
  • Added SourceLink support (#57)
  • Removed GetSafeName API in favor of safe naming by default (BREAKING CHANGE)
  • Renamed "SystemDistributedLock" to "EventWaitHandleDistributedLock" (DistributedLock.WaitHandles 1.0.0)
  • Stopped supporting net45 (BREAKING CHANGE)
  • Removed DbConnection and DbTransaction constructors form SqlDistributedLock, leaving the constructors that take IDbConnection/IDbTransaction (#35, BREAKING CHANGE)
  • Changed methods returning Task<IDisposable> to instead return ValueTask, making it so that using (@lock.AcquireAsync()) { ... } without an await` no longer compiles (#34, BREAKING CHANGE)
  • Changed UpgradeableLockHandle.UpgradeToWriteLock to return void (#33, BREAKING CHANGE)
  • Switched to Microsoft.Data.SqlClient by default for all target frameworks (BREAKING CHANGE)
  • Changed all locking implementations to be non-reentrant (BREAKING CHANGE)
• 1.5.0
  • Added cross-platform support via Microsoft.Data.SqlClient (#25). This feature is available for .NET Standard >= 2.0. Thanks to @alesebi91 for helping with the implementation and testing!
  • Added C#8 nullable annotations (#31)
  • Fixed minor bug in connection multiplexing which could lead to more lock contention (#32)
• 1.4.0
  • Added a SQL-based distributed semaphore (#7)
  • Fix bug where SqlDistributedLockConnectionStrategy.Azure would leak connections, relying on GC to reclaim them (#14). Thanks zavalita1 for investigating this issue!
  • Throw a specific exception type (DeadlockException) rather than the generic InvalidOperationException when a deadlock is detected (#11)
• 1.3.1 Minor fix to avoid "leaking" isolation level changes in transaction-based locks (#8). Also switched to the VS2017 project file format
• 1.3.0 Added an Azure connection strategy to keep lock connections from becoming idle and being reclaimed by Azure's connection governor (#5)
• 1.2.0
  • Added a SQL-based distributed reader-writer lock
  • .NET Core support via .NET Standard
  • Changed the default locking scope for SQL distributed lock to be a connection rather than a transaction, avoiding cases where long-running transactions can block backups
  • Allowed for customization of the SQL distributed lock connection strategy when connecting via a connection string
  • Added a new connection strategy which allows for multiplexing multiple held locks onto one connection
  • Added IDbConnection/IDbTransaction constructors (#3)
• 1.1.0 Added support for SQL distributed locks scoped to existing connections/transactions
• 1.0.1 Minor fix when using infinite timeouts
• 1.0.0 Initial release