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User-themable stacktraces #51816

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@tecosaur tecosaur commented Oct 22, 2023

Back in #49586, I claimed that it gave us the ability to start systematically solving annoyances like #40228 by making the styling used user-customisable.

This is one of the first PRs following through on that, by using a set of new faces (to be added in JuliaLang/StyledStrings.jl#4) and hence actually resolves #40228.

Along the way, we also make the file paths clickable links 🙂.

To illustrate the user-customisability, I've put a garish customisation in my faces.toml

[julia.stacktrace.location]
foreground = "bright_blue"

[julia.stacktrace.filename]
foreground = "bright_green"

[julia.stacktrace.fileline]
foreground = "bright_yellow"

[julia.stacktrace.frameindex]
foreground = "bright_magenta"

[julia.stacktrace.basemodule]
foreground = "bright_red"

and here's a resulting screenshot

image

@tecosaur tecosaur added the display and printing Aesthetics and correctness of printed representations of objects. label Oct 23, 2023
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tecosaur commented Dec 28, 2023

It would be great if somebody could review this PR. Friendly bump 🙂

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As before, if someone could spare the time to take a look at this it would be appreciated.

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LGTM

Related future question: is printstyled still usable, with face = :julia_stacktrace_location instead of color=, rather than needing to explicitly name the AnnotatedString type name?

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Thanks for giving this a look Jameson!

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Related future question: is printstyled still usable, with face = :julia_stacktrace_location instead of color=, rather than needing to explicitly name the AnnotatedString type name?

Currently, we haven't touched printstyled as part of the work with the AnnotatedString type and StyledStrings (other than JuliaLang/StyledStrings.jl#12), so there is no face keyword.

I'd be inclined to not bother with printstyled("hey", face = :julia_stacktrace_location) since you can just use print(styled"{julia_stacktrace_location:hey}").

vtjnash added a commit that referenced this pull request Feb 1, 2024
This has some value by itself, but mainly serves as a prerequisite for
#51811, #51816, and #51829, along with two other PRs that have yet to be
made.
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tecosaur commented Feb 4, 2024

You may or may not want to squash merge this given the first commit is just introducing uripath, but it's only used in the context of the second content.

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tecosaur commented Feb 4, 2024

Since this PR is approved now, I'll go ahead and merge JuliaLang/StyledStrings.jl#32.

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@vtjnash vtjnash added the merge me PR is reviewed. Merge when all tests are passing label Feb 8, 2024
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Hmmm, the tests seem to have a lot of Unhandled Task ERROR: EOFError: read end of file and Unhandled Task ERROR: IOError: read: connection reset by peer (ECONNRESET).

It does look like some stack trace tests also need to be updated. I'll do so shortly.

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vtjnash commented Feb 12, 2024

Yeah, notably looks like a StackOverflowError in some place, preventing accurately getting a stacktrace though

@tecosaur tecosaur added the backport 1.11 Change should be backported to release-1.11 label Feb 16, 2024
@fingolfin fingolfin closed this Feb 23, 2024
@fingolfin fingolfin reopened this Feb 23, 2024
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vtjnash commented Feb 23, 2024

Removing merge-me because the error seems related:

MethodError(f=Base.stacktrace_path, args=(".\\error.jl", 35), world=0x000066c1)
2024-02-15 05:36:21 UTC	jl_method_error_bare at C:/workdir/src\gf.c:2251
2024-02-15 05:36:21 UTC	jl_method_error at C:/workdir/src\gf.c:2269
2024-02-15 05:36:21 UTC	jl_lookup_generic_ at C:/workdir/src\gf.c:3099
2024-02-15 05:36:21 UTC	ijl_apply_generic at C:/workdir/src\gf.c:3114
2024-02-15 05:36:21 UTC	#print_module_path_file#1036 at .\errorshow.jl:811
2024-02-15 05:36:21 UTC	print_module_path_file at .\errorshow.jl:805

@vtjnash vtjnash removed the merge me PR is reviewed. Merge when all tests are passing label Feb 23, 2024
@tecosaur tecosaur requested a review from a team as a code owner March 4, 2024 15:56
This allows for the faces used (e.g. the file path) to be
user-customised, which provides an escape from themes that make bright
black invisible.
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tecosaur commented Mar 4, 2024

Ah, seems like I had an ::Int64 where I should have had ::Int. Let's see if that makes CI happy.

I've also rebased to the current HEAD for fun, ignore the dramatic-looking push that GH shows above, it's just the two commits you've seen before with two lines tweaked.

@KristofferC KristofferC mentioned this pull request Mar 6, 2024
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@fingolfin fingolfin closed this Mar 8, 2024
@fingolfin fingolfin reopened this Mar 8, 2024
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Lots of CI errors -- but perhaps unrelated to this PR?!

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MethodError(f=Core.kwcall, args=((modulecolor=:default, digit_align_width=3), typeof(Base.print_module_path_file)(), Base.IOContext{Base.PipeEndpoint}(io=Base.PipeEndpoint(handle=0x07baf8b0, status=3, buffer=Base.GenericIOBuffer{GenericMemory{:not_atomic, UInt8, Core.AddrSpace{Core}(0x00)}}(data=Memory{UInt8}(0, 62d389d0)[], reinit=false, readable=true, writable=true, seekable=false, append=true, size=0, maxsize=2147483647, ptr=1, offset=0, mark=-1), cond=Base.GenericCondition{Base.Threads.SpinLock}(waitq=Base.IntrusiveLinkedList{Task}(head=nothing, tail=nothing), lock=Base.Threads.SpinLock(owned=0)), readerror=nothing, sendbuf=nothing, lock=Base.ReentrantLock(locked_by=nothing, reentrancy_cnt=0x00000000, havelock=0x00, cond_wait=Base.GenericCondition{Base.Threads.SpinLock}(waitq=Base.IntrusiveLinkedList{Task}(head=nothing, tail=nothing), lock=Base.Threads.SpinLock(owned=0)), _=(0, 0)), throttle=10485760), dict=Base.ImmutableDict{Symbol, Any}(parent=Base.ImmutableDict{Symbol, Any}(parent=#<null>, key=#<null>, value=#<null>), key=:limit, value=true)), nothing, "none", 1), world=0x00006727)

This does look related.

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tecosaur commented Mar 9, 2024

Yea, I need to get to going through these CI errors, I'll see if I can do so this weekend.

KristofferC added a commit that referenced this pull request Mar 17, 2024
Backported PRs:
- [x] #39071 <!-- Add a lazy `logrange` function and `LogRange` type -->
- [x] #51802 <!-- Allow AnnotatedStrings in log messages -->
- [x] #53369 <!-- Orthogonalize re-indexing for FastSubArrays -->
- [x] #48050 <!-- improve `--heap-size-hint` arg handling -->
- [x] #53482 <!-- add IR encoding for EnterNode -->
- [x] #53499 <!-- Avoid compiler warning about redefining jl_globalref_t
-->
- [x] #53507 <!-- update staled `Core.Compiler.Effects` documentation
-->
- [x] #53408 <!-- task splitting: change additive accumulation to
multiplicative -->
- [x] #53523 <!-- add back an alias for `check_top_bit` -->
- [x] #53377 <!-- add _readdirx for returning more object info gathered
during dir scan -->
- [x] #53525 <!-- fix InteractiveUtils call in Base.runtests on failure
-->
- [x] #53540 <!-- use more efficient `_readdirx` for tab completion -->
- [x] #53545 <!-- use `_readdirx` for `walkdir` -->
- [x] #53551 <!-- revert "Add @create_log_macro for making custom styled
logging macros (#52196)" -->
- [x] #53554 <!-- Always return a value in 1-d circshift! of
abstractarray.jl -->
- [x] #53424 <!-- yet more atomics & cache-line fixes on work-stealing
queue -->
- [x] #53571 <!-- Update Documenter to v1.3 for inventory writing -->
- [x] #53403 <!-- Move parallel precompilation to Base -->
- [x] #53589 <!-- add back `unsafe_convert` to pointer for arrays -->
- [x] #53596 <!-- build: remove extra .a file -->
- [x] #53606 <!-- fix error path in `precompilepkgs` -->
- [x] #53004 <!-- Unexport with, at_with, and ScopedValue from Base -->
- [x] #53629 <!-- typo fix in scoped values docs -->
- [x] #53630 <!-- sroa: Fix incorrect scope counting -->
- [x] #53598 <!-- Use Base parallel precompilation to build stdlibs -->
- [x] #53649 <!-- precompilepkgs: package in boths deps and weakdeps are
in fact only weak -->
- [x] #53671 <!-- Fix bootstrap Base precompile in cross compile
configuration -->
- [x] #52125 <!-- Load Pkg if not already to reinstate missing package
add prompt -->
- [x] #53602 <!-- Handle zero on arrays of unions of number types and
missings -->
- [x] #53516 <!-- permit NamedTuple{<:Any, Union{}} to be created -->
- [x] #53643 <!-- Bump CSL to 1.1.1 to fix libgomp bug -->
- [x] #53679 <!-- move precompile workload back from Base -->
- [x] #53663 <!-- add isassigned methods for reinterpretarray -->
- [x] #53662 <!-- [REPL] fix incorrectly cleared line after completions
accepted -->
- [x] #53611 <!-- Linalg: matprod_dest for Diagonal and adjvec -->
- [x] #53659 <!-- fix #52025, re-allow all implicit pointer casts in
cconvert for Array -->
- [x] #53631 <!-- LAPACK: validate input parameters to throw informative
errors -->
- [x] #53628 <!-- Make some improvements to the Scoped Values
documentation. -->
- [x] #53655 <!-- Change tbaa of ptr_phi to tbaa_value  -->
- [x] #53391 <!-- Default to the medium code model in x86 linux -->
- [x] #53699 <!-- Move `isexecutable, isreadable, iswritable` to
`filesystem.jl` -->
- [x] #41232 <!-- Fix linear indexing for ReshapedArray if the parent
has offset axes -->
- [x] #53527 <!-- Enable analyzegc checks for try catch and fix found
issues -->
- [x] #52092 
- [x] #53682 <!-- Increase build precompilation -->
- [x] #53720 
- [x] #53553 <!-- typeintersect: fix `UnionAll` unaliasing bug caused by
innervars. -->

Contains multiple commits, manual intervention needed:
- [ ] #53305 <!-- Propagate inbounds in isassigned with CartesianIndex
indices -->

Non-merged PRs with backport label:
- [ ] #53736 <!-- fix literal-pow to return the right type when the base
is -1 -->
- [ ] #53707 <!-- Make ScopedValue public -->
- [ ] #53696 <!-- add invokelatest to on_done callback in bracketed
paste -->
- [ ] #53660 <!-- put Logging back in default sysimage -->
- [ ] #53509 <!-- revert moving "creating packages" from Pkg.jl -->
- [ ] #53452 <!-- RFC: allow Tuple{Union{}}, returning Union{} -->
- [ ] #53402 <!-- Add `jl_getaffinity` and `jl_setaffinity` -->
- [ ] #52694 <!-- Reinstate similar for AbstractQ for backward
compatibility -->
- [ ] #51928 <!-- Styled markdown, with a few tweaks -->
- [ ] #51816 <!-- User-themable stacktraces -->
- [ ] #51811 <!-- Make banner size depend on terminal size -->
- [ ] #51479 <!-- prevent code loading from lookin in the versioned
environment when building Julia -->
@KristofferC KristofferC mentioned this pull request Mar 20, 2024
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tecosaur commented Apr 2, 2024

Considering this is a straightforward new feature, I'm inclined to think at this point in the 1.11 release process we might as well give up on having it in 1.11 and just have it in 1.12 once CI is made happy.

@tecosaur tecosaur removed the backport 1.11 Change should be backported to release-1.11 label Apr 2, 2024
@DilumAluthge DilumAluthge removed the request for review from a team April 2, 2024 16:39
IanButterworth pushed a commit that referenced this pull request Sep 24, 2024
In a few places across Base and the stdlib, we emit paths that we like
people to be able to click on in their terminal and editor. Up to this
point, we have relied on auto-filepath detection, but this does not
allow for alternative link text, such as contracted paths.

Doing so (via OSC 8 terminal links for example) requires filepath URI
encoding.

This functionality was previously part of a PR modifying stacktrace
printing (#51816), but after that became held up for unrelated reasons
and another PR appeared that would benefit from this utility (#55335),
I've split out this functionality so it can be used before the
stacktrace printing PR is resolved.
udesou added a commit to mmtk/julia that referenced this pull request Oct 14, 2024
* Improve type-stability in SymTridiagonal triu!/tril! (#55646)

Changing the final `elseif` branch to an `else` makes it clear that the
method definite returns a value, and the returned type is now a
`Tridiagonal` instead of a `Union{Nothing, Tridiagonal}`

* Reuse size-check function from `lacpy!` in `copytrito!` (#55664)

Since there is a size-check function in `lacpy!` that does the same
thing, we may reuse it instead of duplicating the check

* Update calling-c-and-fortran-code.md: fix ccall parameters (not a tuple) (#55665)

* Allow exact redefinition for types with recursive supertype reference (#55380)

This PR allows redefining a type when the new type is exactly identical
to the previous one (like #17618, #20592 and #21024), even if the type
has a reference to itself in its supertype. That particular case used to
error (issue #54757), whereas with this PR:
```julia
julia> struct Rec <: AbstractVector{Rec} end

julia> struct Rec <: AbstractVector{Rec} end # this used to error

julia>
```


Fix #54757 by implementing the solution proposed there. Hence, this
should also fix downstream Revise bug
https://github.com/timholy/Revise.jl/issues/813.

---------

Co-authored-by: N5N3 <[email protected]>

* Reroute Symmetric/Hermitian + Diagonal through triangular (#55605)

This should fix the `Diagonal`-related issue from
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/55590, although the
`SymTridiagonal` one still remains.
```julia
julia> using LinearAlgebra

julia> a = Matrix{BigFloat}(undef, 2,2)
2×2 Matrix{BigFloat}:
 #undef  #undef
 #undef  #undef

julia> a[1] = 1; a[3] = 1; a[4] = 1
1

julia> a = Hermitian(a)
2×2 Hermitian{BigFloat, Matrix{BigFloat}}:
 1.0  1.0
 1.0  1.0

julia> b = Symmetric(a)
2×2 Symmetric{BigFloat, Matrix{BigFloat}}:
 1.0  1.0
 1.0  1.0

julia> c = Diagonal([1,1])
2×2 Diagonal{Int64, Vector{Int64}}:
 1  ⋅
 ⋅  1

julia> a+c
2×2 Hermitian{BigFloat, Matrix{BigFloat}}:
 2.0  1.0
 1.0  2.0

julia> b+c
2×2 Symmetric{BigFloat, Matrix{BigFloat}}:
 2.0  1.0
 1.0  2.0
```

* inference: check argtype compatibility in `abstract_call_opaque_closure` (#55672)

* Forward istriu/istril for triangular to parent (#55663)

* win: move stack_overflow_warning to the backtrace fiber (#55640)

There is not enough stack space remaining after a stack overflow on
Windows to allocate the 4k page used by `write` to call the WriteFile
syscall. This causes it to hard-crash. But we can simply run this on the
altstack implementation, where there is plenty of space.

* Check if ct is not null before doing is_addr_on_stack in the macos signal handler. (#55603)

Before the check we used to segfault while segfaulting and hang

---------

Co-authored-by: Jameson Nash <[email protected]>

* Profile.print: color Base/Core & packages. Make paths clickable (#55335)

Updated
## This PR
![Screenshot 2024-09-02 at 1 47
23 PM](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/1264e623-70b2-462a-a595-1db2985caf64)


## master
![Screenshot 2024-09-02 at 1 49
42 PM](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/14d62fe1-c317-4df5-86e9-7c555f9ab6f1)



Todo:
- [ ] ~Maybe drop the `@` prefix when coloring it, given it's obviously
special when colored~ If someone copy-pasted the profile into an issue
this would make it confusing.
- [ ] Figure out why `Profile.print(format=:flat)` is truncating before
the terminal width is used up
- [x] Make filepaths terminal links (even if they're truncated)

* better signal handling (#55623)

Instead of relying on creating a fake stack frame, and having no signals
delivered, kernel bugs, accidentally gc_collect, or other issues occur
during the delivery and execution of these calls, use the ability we
added recently to emulate a longjmp into a unw_context to eliminate any
time where there would exist any invalid states.

Secondly, when calling jl_exit_thread0_cb, we used to end up completely
smashing the unwind info (with CFI_NOUNWIND), but this makes core files
from SIGQUIT much less helpful, so we now have a `fake_stack_pop`
function with contains the necessary CFI directives such that a minimal
unwind from the debugger will likely still succeed up into the frames
that were removed. We cannot do this perfectly on AArch64 since that
platform's DWARF spec lacks the ability to do so. On other platforms,
this should be possible to implement exactly (subject to libunwind
implementation quality). This is currently thus only fully implemented for
x86_64 on Darwin Apple.

* fix `exct` for mismatched opaque closure call

* improve `exct` modeling for opaque closure calls

* fix `nothrow` modeling for `invoke` calls

* improve `exct` modeling for `invoke` calls

* show a bit more detail when finished precompiling (#55660)

* subtype: minor clean up for fast path for lhs union and rhs typevar (#55645)

Follow up #55413.
The error pattern mentioned in
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/55413#issuecomment-2288384468
care's `∃y`'s ub in env rather than its original ub.
So it seems more robust to check the bounds in env directly.
The equivalent typevar propagation is lifted from `subtype_var` for the
same reason.

* Adding `JL_DATA_TYPE` annotation to `_jl_globalref_t` (#55684)

`_jl_globalref_t` seems to be allocated in the heap, and there is an
object `jl_globalref_type` which indicates that it is in fact, a data
type, thus it should be annotated with `JL_DATA_TYPE`??

* Make GEP when loading the PTLS an inbounds one. (#55682)

Non inbounds GEPs should only be used when doing pointer arithmethic i.e
Ptr or MemoryRef boundscheck.
Found when auditing non inbounds GEPs for
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/55681

* codegen: make boundscheck GEP not be inbounds while the load GEP is inbounds (#55681)

Avoids undefined behavior on the boundschecking arithmetic, which is
correct only assuming overflow follows unsigned arithmetic wrap around
rules.

Also add names to the Memory related LLVM instructions to aid debugging

Closes: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/55674

* Make `rename` public (#55652)

Fixes #41584. Follow up of #55503

I think `rename` is a very useful low-level file system operation. Many
other programming languages have this function, so it is useful when
porting IO code to Julia.

One use case is to improve the Zarr.jl package to be more compatible
with zarr-python.

https://github.com/zarr-developers/zarr-python/blob/0b5483a7958e2ae5512a14eb424a84b2a75dd727/src/zarr/v2/storage.py#L994
uses the `os.replace` function. It would be nice to be able to directly
use `Base.rename` as a replacement for `os.replace` to ensure
compatibility.

Another use case is writing a safe zip file extractor in pure Julia.
https://github.com/madler/sunzip/blob/34107fa9e2a2e36e7e72725dc4c58c9ad6179898/sunzip.c#L365
uses the `rename` function to do this in C.

Lastly in
https://github.com/medyan-dev/MEDYANSimRunner.jl/blob/67d5b42cc599670486d5d640260a95e951091f7a/src/file-saving.jl#L83
I am using `ccall(:jl_fs_rename` to save files, because I have large
numbers of Julia processes creating and reading these files at the same
time on a distributed file system on a cluster, so I don't want data to
become corrupted if one of the nodes crashes (which happens fairly
regularly). However `jl_fs_rename` is not public, and might break in a
future release.

This PR also adds a note to `mv` comparing it to the `mv` command,
similar to the note on the `cp` function.

* contrib: include private libdir in `ldflags` on macOS (#55687)

The private libdir is used on macOS, so it needs to be included in our
`ldflags`

* Profile.print: Shorten C paths too (#55683)

* [LLVMLibUnwindJLL] Update llvmlibunwind to 14.0.6 (#48140)

* Add `JL_DATA_TYPE` for `jl_line_info_node_t` and `jl_code_info_t` (#55698)

* Canonicalize names of nested functions by keeping a more fine grained counter -- per (module, method name) pair (#53719)

As mentioned in https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/53716, we've
been noticing that `precompile` statements lists from one version of our
codebase often don't apply cleanly in a slightly different version.

That's because a lot of nested and anonymous function names have a
global numeric suffix which is incremented every time a new name is
generated, and these numeric suffixes are not very stable across
codebase changes.

To solve this, this PR makes the numeric suffixes a bit more fine
grained: every pair of (module, top-level/outermost function name) will
have its own counter, which should make nested function names a bit more
stable across different versions.

This PR applies @JeffBezanson's idea of making the symbol name changes
directly in `current-julia-module-counter`.

Here is an example:

```Julia
julia> function foo(x)
           function bar(y)
               return x + y
           end
       end
foo (generic function with 1 method)

julia> f = foo(42)
(::var"#bar#foo##0"{Int64}) (generic function with 1 method)
```

* Use `uv_available_parallelism` inside `jl_effective_threads` (#55592)

* [LinearAlgebra] Initialise number of BLAS threads with `jl_effective_threads` (#55574)

This is a safer estimate than `Sys.CPU_THREADS` to avoid oversubscribing
the machine when running distributed applications, or when the Julia
process is constrained by external controls (`taskset`, `cgroups`,
etc.).

Fix #55572

* Artifacts: Improve type-stability (#55707)

This improves Artifacts.jl to make `artifact"..."` fully type-stable, so
that it can be used with `--trim`.

This is a requirement for JLL support w/ trimmed executables.

Dependent on https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/55016

---------

Co-authored-by: Gabriel Baraldi <[email protected]>

* Remove redundant conversion in structured matrix broadcasting (#55695)

The additional construction is unnecessary, as we are already
constructing a `Matrix`.
Performance:
```julia
julia> using LinearAlgebra

julia> U = UpperTriangular(rand(1000,1000));

julia> L = LowerTriangular(rand(1000,1000));

julia> @btime $U .+ $L;
  1.956 ms (6 allocations: 15.26 MiB) # nightly
  1.421 ms (3 allocations: 7.63 MiB) # This PR
```

* [Profile] fix threading issue (#55704)

I forgot about the existence of threads, so had hard-coded this to only
support one thread. Clearly that is not sufficient though, so use the
semaphore here as it is intended to be used.

Fixes #55703

---------

Co-authored-by: Ian Butterworth <[email protected]>

* delete flaky ranges/`TwicePrecision` test (#55712)

Fixes #55710

* Avoid stack overflow in triangular eigvecs (#55497)

This fixes a stack overflow in 
```julia
julia> using LinearAlgebra, StaticArrays

julia> U = UpperTriangular(SMatrix{2,2}(1:4))
2×2 UpperTriangular{Int64, SMatrix{2, 2, Int64, 4}} with indices SOneTo(2)×SOneTo(2):
 1  3
 ⋅  4

julia> eigvecs(U)
Warning: detected a stack overflow; program state may be corrupted, so further execution might be unreliable.
ERROR: StackOverflowError:
Stacktrace:
 [1] eigvecs(A::UpperTriangular{Float32, SMatrix{2, 2, Float32, 4}}) (repeats 79984 times)
   @ LinearAlgebra ~/.julia/juliaup/julia-nightly/share/julia/stdlib/v1.12/LinearAlgebra/src/triangular.jl:2749
```
After this,
```julia
julia> eigvecs(U)
2×2 Matrix{Float32}:
 1.0  1.0
 0.0  1.0
```

* builtins: add `Core.throw_methoderror` (#55705)

This allows us to simulate/mark calls that are known-to-fail.

Required for https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/54972/

* Small missing tests for Irrationals (#55657)

Looks like a bunch of methods for `Irrational`s are tested but not
picked up by coverage...

* Implement faster thread local rng for scheduler (#55501)

Implement optimal uniform random number generator using the method
proposed in https://github.com/swiftlang/swift/pull/39143 based on
OpenSSL's implementation of it in
https://github.com/openssl/openssl/blob/1d2cbd9b5a126189d5e9bc78a3bdb9709427d02b/crypto/rand/rand_uniform.c#L13-L99

This PR also fixes some bugs found while developing it. This is a
replacement for https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/50203 and fixes
the issues found by @IanButterworth with both rngs

C rng
<img width="1011" alt="image"
src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/0dd9d5f2-17ef-4a70-b275-1d12692be060">

New scheduler rng
<img width="985" alt="image"
src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/4abd0a57-a1d9-46ec-99a5-535f366ecafa">

~On my benchmarks the julia implementation seems to be almost 50% faster
than the current implementation.~
With oscars suggestion of removing the debiasing this is now almost 5x
faster than the original implementation. And almost fully branchless

We might want to backport the two previous commits since they
technically fix bugs.

---------

Co-authored-by: Valentin Churavy <[email protected]>

* Add precompile signatures to Markdown to reduce latency. (#55715)

Fixes #55706 that is seemingly a 4472x regression, not just 16x (was my
first guess, based on CondaPkg, also fixes or greatly mitigates
https://github.com/JuliaPy/CondaPkg.jl/issues/145), and large part of 3x
regression for PythonCall.

---------

Co-authored-by: Kristoffer Carlsson <[email protected]>

* Fix invalidations for FileIO (#55593)

Fixes https://github.com/JuliaIO/FileIO.jl/issues/396

* Fix various issues with PGO+LTO makefile (#55581)

This fixes various issues with the PGO+LTO makefile
- `USECCACHE` doesn't work throwing an error at
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/blob/eb5587dac02d1f6edf486a71b95149139cc5d9f7/Make.inc#L734
This is because setting `CC` and `CCX` by passing them as arguments to
`make` prevents `Make.inc` from prepending these variables with `ccache`
as `Make.inc` doesn't use override. To workaround this I instead set
`USECLANG` and add the toolchain to the `PATH`.
- To deal with similar issues for the other make flags, I pass them as
environment variables which can be edited in `Make.inc`.
- I add a way to build in one go by creating the `all` target, now you
can just run `make` and a PGO+LTO build that profiles Julia's build will
be generated.
- I workaround `PROFRAW_FILES` not being reevaluated after `stage1`
builds, this caused the generation of `PROFILE_FILE` to run an outdated
command if `stage1` was built and affected the profraw files. This is
important when building in one go.
- I add a way to run rules like `binary-dist` which are not defined in
this makefile with the correct toolchain which for example prevents
`make binary-dist` from unnecessarily rebuilding `sys.ji`.
- Include `-Wl,--undefined-version` till
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/54533 gets fixed.

These changes need to be copied to the PGO+LTO+BOLT makefile and some to
the BOLT makefile in a later pr.

---------

Co-authored-by: Zentrik <[email protected]>

* Fix `pkgdir` for extensions (#55720)

Fixes https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/55719

---------

Co-authored-by: Max Horn <[email protected]>

* Avoid materializing arrays in bidiag matmul (#55450)

Currently, small `Bidiagonal`/`Tridiagonal` matrices are materialized in
matrix multiplications, but this is wasteful and unnecessary. This PR
changes this to use a naive matrix multiplication for small matrices,
and fall back to the banded multiplication for larger ones.
Multiplication by a `Bidiagonal` falls back to a banded matrix
multiplication for all sizes in the current implementation, and iterates
in a cache-friendly manner for the non-`Bidiagonal` matrix.

In certain cases, the matrices were being materialized if the
non-structured matrix was small, even if the structured matrix was
large. This is changed as well in this PR.

Some improvements in performance:
```julia
julia> B = Bidiagonal(rand(3), rand(2), :U); A = rand(size(B)...); C = similar(A);

julia> @btime mul!($C, $A, $B);
  193.152 ns (6 allocations: 352 bytes) # nightly v"1.12.0-DEV.1034"
  18.826 ns (0 allocations: 0 bytes) # This PR

julia> T = Tridiagonal(rand(99), rand(100), rand(99)); A = rand(2, size(T,2)); C = similar(A);

julia> @btime mul!($C, $A, $T);
  9.398 μs (8 allocations: 79.94 KiB) # nightly
  416.407 ns (0 allocations: 0 bytes) # This PR

julia> B = Bidiagonal(rand(300), rand(299), :U); A = rand(20000, size(B,2)); C = similar(A);

julia> @btime mul!($C, $A, $B);
  33.395 ms (0 allocations: 0 bytes) # nightly
  6.695 ms (0 allocations: 0 bytes) # This PR (cache-friendly)
```

Closes https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/55414

---------

Co-authored-by: Daniel Karrasch <[email protected]>

* Fix `@time_imports` extension recognition (#55718)

* drop typed GEP calls (#55708)

Now that we use LLVM 18, and almost have LLVM 19 support, do cleanup to
remove LLVM 15/16 type pointer support. LLVM now slightly prefers that
we rewrite our complex GEP to use a simple emit_ptrgep call instead,
which is also much simpler for julia to emit also.

* minor fixup for JuliaLang/julia#55705 (#55726)

* [REPL] prevent silent hang if precompile script async blocks fail (#55685)

* Various fixes to byte / bytearray search (#54579)

This was originally intended as a targeted fix to #54578, but I ran into
a bunch of smaller issues with this code that also needed to be solved
and it turned out to be difficult to fix them with small, trivial PRs.

I would also like to refactor this whole file, but I want these
correctness fixes to be merged first, because a larger refactoring has
higher risk of getting stuck without getting reviewed and merged.

## Larger things that needs decisions
* The internal union `Base.ByteArray` has been deleted. Instead, the
unions `DenseInt8` and `DenseUInt8` have been added. These more
comprehensively cover the types that was meant, e.g. `Memory{UInt8}` was
incorrectly not covered by the former. As stated in the TODO, the
concept of a "memory backed dense byte array" is needed throughout
Julia, so this ideally needs to be implemented as a single type and used
throughout Base. The fix here is a decent temporary solution. See #53178
#54581
* The `findall` docstring between two arrays was incorrectly not
attached to the method - now it is. **Note that this change _changes_
the documentation** since it includes a docstring that was previously
missed. Hence, it's an API addition.
* Added a new minimal `testhelpers/OffsetDenseArrays.jl` which provide a
`DenseVector` with offset axes for testing purposes.

## Trivial fixes
* `findfirst(==(Int8(-1)), [0xff])` and similar findlast, findnext and
findprev is no longer buggy, see #54578
* `findfirst([0x0ff], Int8[-1])` is similarly no longer buggy, see
#54578
* `findnext(==('\xa6'), "æ", 1)` and `findprev(==('\xa6'), "æa", 2)` no
longer incorrectly throws an error
* The byte-oriented find* functions now work correctly with offset
arrays
* Fixed incorrect use of `GC.@preserve`, where the pointer was taken
before the preserve block.
* More of the optimised string methods now also apply to
`SubString{String}`


Closes #54578
Co-authored-by: Martin Holters <[email protected]>

* codegen: deduplicate code for calling a specsig (#55728)

I am tired of having 3 gratuitously different versions of this code to
maintain.

* Fix "Various fixes to byte / bytearray search"  (#55734)

Fixes the conflict between #54593 and #54579
`_search` returns `nothing` instead of zero as a sentinal in #54579

* Fix `make binary-dist` when using `USE_BINARYBUILDER_LLVM=0` (#55731)

`make binary-dist` expects lld to be in usr/tools but it ends up in
usr/bin so I copied it into usr/tools. Should fix the scheduled source
tests which currently fail at linking.

I think this is also broken with `USE_BINARYBUILDER_LLVM=0` and
`BUILD_LLD=0`, maybe
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/commit/ceaeb7b71bc76afaca2f3b80998164a47e30ce33
is the fix?

---------

Co-authored-by: Zentrik <[email protected]>

* Precompile the `@time_imports` printing so it doesn't confuse reports (#55729)

Makes functions for the report printing that can be precompiled into the
sysimage.

* codegen: some cleanup of layout computations (#55730)

Change Alloca to take an explicit alignment, rather than relying on LLVM
to guess our intended alignment from the DataLayout.

Eventually we should try to change this code to just get all layout data
from julia queries (jl_field_offset, julia_alignment, etc.) instead of
relying on creating an LLVM element type for memory and inspecting it
(CountTrackedPointers, DataLayout, and so on).

* Add some loading / LazyArtifacts precompiles to the sysimage (#55740)

Fixes https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/55725

These help LazyArtifacts mainly but seem beneficial for the sysimage.

* Update stable version number in readme to v1.10.5 (#55742)

* Add `invokelatest` barrier to `string(...)` in `@assert` (#55739)

This change protects `@assert` from invalidations to `Base.string(...)`
by adding an `invokelatest` barrier.

A common source of invalidations right now is `print(io,
join(args...))`. The problem is:
1. Inference concludes that `join(::Any...)` returns
`Union{String,AnnotatedString}`
2. The `print` call is union-split to `String` and `AnnotatedString`
3. This code is now invalidated when StyledStrings defines `print(io,
::AnnotatedString)`

The invalidation chain for `@assert` is similar: ` @assert 1 == 1` calls
into `string(::Expr)` which calls into `print(io, join(args::Any...))`.
Unfortunately that leads to the invalidation of almost all `@assert`s
without an explicit error message

Similar to
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/55583#issuecomment-2308969806

* Don't show string concatenation error hint with zero arg `+` (#55749)

Closes #55745

* Don't leave trailing whitespace when printing do-block expr (#55738)

Before, when printing a `do`-block, we'd print a white-space after `do`
even if no arguments follow. Now we don't print that space.

---------

Co-authored-by: Lilith Orion Hafner <[email protected]>

* Don't pass lSystem to the linker since macos always links it (#55722)

This stops it complaing about duplicated libs. 

For libunwind there isn't much we can do because it's part of lsystem
and we also need out own.

* define `numerator` and `denominator` for `Complex` (#55694)

Fixes #55693

* More testsets for SubString and a few missing tests (#55656)

Co-authored-by: Simeon David Schaub <[email protected]>

* Reorganize search tests into testsets (#55658)

Some of these tests are nearly 10 years old! Organized some of them into
testsets just in case one breaks in the future, should make it easier to
find the problem.

---------

Co-authored-by: Simeon David Schaub <[email protected]>

* fix #45494, error in ssa conversion with complex type decl (#55744)

We were missing a call to `renumber-assigned-ssavalues` in the case
where the declared type is used to assert the type of a value taken from
a closure box.

* Revert "Avoid materializing arrays in bidiag matmul" (#55737)

Reverts JuliaLang/julia#55450. @jishnub suggested reverting this PR to
fix #55727.

* Add a docs section about loading/precomp/ttfx time tuning (#55569)

* Add compat entry for `Base.donotdelete` (#55773)

* REPL: precompile in its own module because Main is closed. Add check for unexpected errors. (#55759)

* Try to put back previously flakey addmul tests (#55775)

Partial revert of #50071, inspired by conversation in
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/49966#issuecomment-2350935477

Ran the tests 100 times to make sure we're not putting back
something that's still flaky.

Closes #49966

* Print results of `runtests` with `printstyled` (#55780)

This ensures escape characters are used only if `stdout` can accept
them.

* move null check in `unsafe_convert` of RefValue (#55766)

LLVM can optimize out this check but our optimizer can't, so this leads
to smaller IR in most cases.

* Fix hang in tmerge_types_slow (#55757)

Fixes https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/55751

Co-authored-by: Jameson Nash <[email protected]>

* trace-compile: color recompilation yellow (#55763)

Marks recompilation of a method that produced a `precompile` statement
as yellow, or if color isn't supported adds a trailing comment: `#
recompilation`.

The coloring matches the `@time_imports` coloring. i.e. an excerpt of
```
% ./julia --start=no --trace-compile=stderr --trace-compile-timing -e "using InteractiveUtils; @time @time_imports using Plots"
```
![Screenshot 2024-09-13 at 5 04
24 PM](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/85bd99e0-586e-4070-994f-2d845be0d9e7)

* Use PrecompileTools mechanics to compile REPL (#55782)

Fixes https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/55778

Based on discussion here
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/55778#issuecomment-2352428043

With this `?reinterpret` feels instant, with only these precompiles at
the start.
![Screenshot 2024-09-16 at 9 49
39 AM](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/20dc016d-c6f7-4870-acd7-0e795dcf541b)

* use `inferencebarrier` instead of `invokelatest` for 1-arg `@assert` (#55783)

This version would be better as per this comment:
<https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/55739#pullrequestreview-2304360447>
I confirmed this still allows us to avoid invalidations reported at
JuliaLang/julia#55583.

* Inline statically known method errors. (#54972)

This replaces the `Expr(:call, ...)` with a call of a new builtin
`Core.throw_methoderror`

This is useful because it makes very clear if something is a static
method error or a plain dynamic dispatch that always errors.
Tools such as AllocCheck or juliac can notice that this is not a genuine
dynamic dispatch, and prevent it from becoming a false positive
compile-time error.

Dependent on https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/55705

---------

Co-authored-by: Cody Tapscott <[email protected]>

* Fix shell `cd` error when working dir has been deleted (#41244)

root cause:
if current dir has been deleted, then pwd() will throw an IOError:
pwd(): no such file or directory (ENOENT)

---------

Co-authored-by: Ian Butterworth <[email protected]>

* codegen: fix bits compare for UnionAll (#55770)

Fixes #55768 in two parts: one is making the type computation in
emit_bits_compare agree with the parent function and two is not using
the optimized egal code for UnionAll kinds, which is different from how
the egal code itself works for kinds.

* use libuv to measure maxrss (#55806)

Libuv has a wrapper around rusage on Unix (and its equivalent on
Windows).

We should probably use it.

* REPL: use atreplinit to change the active module during precompilation (#55805)

* 🤖 [master] Bump the Pkg stdlib from 299a35610 to 308f9d32f (#55808)

* Improve codegen for `Core.throw_methoderror` and `Core.current_scope` (#55803)

This slightly improves our (LLVM) codegen for `Core.throw_methoderror`
and `Core.current_scope`

```julia
julia> foo() = Core.current_scope()
julia> bar() = Core.throw_methoderror(+, nothing)
```

Before:
```llvm
; Function Signature: foo()
define nonnull ptr @julia_foo_2488() #0 {
top:
  %0 = call ptr @jl_get_builtin_fptr(ptr nonnull @"+Core.#current_scope#2491.jit")
  %Builtin_ret = call nonnull ptr %0(ptr nonnull @"jl_global#2492.jit", ptr null, i32 0)
  ret ptr %Builtin_ret
}
; Function Signature: bar()
define void @julia_bar_589() #0 {
top:
  %jlcallframe1 = alloca [2 x ptr], align 8
  %0 = call ptr @jl_get_builtin_fptr(ptr nonnull @"+Core.#throw_methoderror#591.jit")
  %jl_nothing = load ptr, ptr @jl_nothing, align 8
  store ptr @"jl_global#593.jit", ptr %jlcallframe1, align 8
  %1 = getelementptr inbounds ptr, ptr %jlcallframe1, i64 1
  store ptr %jl_nothing, ptr %1, align 8
  %Builtin_ret = call nonnull ptr %0(ptr nonnull @"jl_global#592.jit", ptr nonnull %jlcallframe1, i32 2)
  call void @llvm.trap()
  unreachable
}
```

After:
```llvm
; Function Signature: foo()
define nonnull ptr @julia_foo_713() #0 {
top:
  %thread_ptr = call ptr asm "movq %fs:0, $0", "=r"() #5
  %tls_ppgcstack = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %thread_ptr, i64 -8
  %tls_pgcstack = load ptr, ptr %tls_ppgcstack, align 8
  %current_scope = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %tls_pgcstack, i64 -72
  %0 = load ptr, ptr %current_scope, align 8
  ret ptr %0
}
; Function Signature: bar()
define void @julia_bar_1581() #0 {
top:
  %jlcallframe1 = alloca [2 x ptr], align 8
  %jl_nothing = load ptr, ptr @jl_nothing, align 8
  store ptr @"jl_global#1583.jit", ptr %jlcallframe1, align 8
  %0 = getelementptr inbounds ptr, ptr %jlcallframe1, i64 1
  store ptr %jl_nothing, ptr %0, align 8
  %jl_f_throw_methoderror_ret = call nonnull ptr @jl_f_throw_methoderror(ptr null, ptr nonnull %jlcallframe1, i32 2)
  call void @llvm.trap()
  unreachable
}
```

* a minor improvement for EA-based `:effect_free`-ness refinement (#55796)

* fix #52986, regression in `@doc` of macro without REPL loaded (#55795)

fix #52986

* Assume that docstring code with no lang is julia (#55465)

* Broadcast binary ops involving strided triangular (#55798)

Currently, we evaluate expressions like `(A::UpperTriangular) +
(B::UpperTriangular)` using broadcasting if both `A` and `B` have
strided parents, and forward the summation to the parents otherwise.
This PR changes this to use broadcasting if either of the two has a
strided parent. This avoids accessing the parent corresponding to the
structural zero elements, as the index might not be initialized.

Fixes https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/55590

This isn't a general fix, as we still sum the parents if neither is
strided. However, it will address common cases.

This also improves performance, as we only need to loop over one half:
```julia
julia> using LinearAlgebra

julia> U = UpperTriangular(zeros(100,100));

julia> B = Bidiagonal(zeros(100), zeros(99), :U);

julia> @btime $U + $B;
  35.530 μs (4 allocations: 78.22 KiB) # nightly
  13.441 μs (4 allocations: 78.22 KiB) # This PR
```

* Reland " Avoid materializing arrays in bidiag matmul #55450" (#55777)

This relands #55450 and adds tests for the failing case noted in
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/55727. The `addmul` tests that
were failing earlier pass with this change.

The issue in the earlier PR was that we were not exiting quickly for
`iszero(alpha)` in `_bibimul!` for small matrices, and were computing
the result as `C .= A * B * alpha + C * beta`. The problem with this is
that if `A * B` contains `NaN`s, this propagates to `C` even if `alpha
=== 0.0`. This is fixed now, and the result is only computed if
`!iszero(alpha)`.

* move the test case added in #50174 to test/core.jl (#55811)

Also renames the name of the test function to avoid name collision.

* [Random] Avoid conversion to `Float32` in `Float16` sampler (#55819)

* simplify the fields of `UnionSplitInfo` (#55815)

xref:
<https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/54972#discussion_r1766187771>

* Add errorhint for nonexisting fields and properties (#55165)

I played a bit with error hints and crafted this:
```julia
julia> (1+2im).real
ERROR: FieldError: type Complex has no field real, available fields: `re`, `im`

julia> nothing.xy
ERROR: FieldError: type Nothing has no field xy; Nothing has no fields at all.

julia> svd(rand(2,2)).VV
ERROR: FieldError: type SVD has no field VV, available fields: `U`, `S`, `Vt`
Available properties: `V`
```

---------

Co-authored-by: Lilith Orion Hafner <[email protected]>

* Improve printing of several arguments (#55754)

Following a discussion on
[Discourse](https://discourse.julialang.org/t/string-optimisation-in-julia/119301/10?u=gdalle),
this PR tries to improve `print` (and variants) for more than one
argument.
The idea is that `for` is type-unstable over the tuple `args`, while
`foreach` unrolls.

---------

Co-authored-by: Steven G. Johnson <[email protected]>

* Markdown: support `parse(::AbstractString)` (#55747)

`Markdown.parse` is documented to accept `AbstractString` but it was
implemented by calling `IOBuffer` on the string argument. `IOBuffer`,
however, is documented only for `String` arguments.

This commit changes the current `parse(::AbstractString)` to
`parse(::String)` and implements `parse(::AbstractString)` by converting
the argument to `String`.

Now, even `LazyString`s can be parsed to Markdown representation.

Fixes #55732

* better error for esc outside of macro expansion (#55797)

fixes #55788

---------

Co-authored-by: Jeff Bezanson <[email protected]>

* allow kronecker product between recursive triangular matrices (#55527)

Using the recently introduced recursive `zero` I can remove the
specialization to `<:Number` as @dkarrasch wanted to do in #54413.

---------

Co-authored-by: Jishnu Bhattacharya <[email protected]>

* [Dates] Make test more robust against non-UTC timezones (#55829)

`%M` is the format specifier for the minutes, not the month (which
should be `%m`), and it was used twice.

Also, on macOS `Libc.strptime` internally calls `mktime` which depends
on the local timezone. We now temporarily set `TZ=UTC` to avoid
depending on the local timezone.

Fix #55827.

* 🤖 [master] Bump the Pkg stdlib from 308f9d32f to ef9f76c17 (#55838)

* lmul!/rmul! for banded matrices (#55823)

This adds fast methods for `lmul!` and `rmul!` between banded matrices
and numbers.
Performance impact:
```julia
julia> T = Tridiagonal(rand(999), rand(1000), rand(999));

julia> @btime rmul!($T, 0.2);
  4.686 ms (0 allocations: 0 bytes) # nightly v"1.12.0-DEV.1225"
  669.355 ns (0 allocations: 0 bytes) # this PR
```

* Specialize indexing triangular matrices with BandIndex (#55644)

With this, certain indexing operations involving a `BandIndex` may be
evaluated as constants. This isn't used directly presently, but might
allow for more performant broadcasting in the future.
With this,
```julia
julia> n = 3; T = Tridiagonal(rand(n-1), rand(n), rand(n-1));

julia> @code_warntype ((T,j) -> UpperTriangular(T)[LinearAlgebra.BandIndex(2,j)])(T, 1)
MethodInstance for (::var"#17#18")(::Tridiagonal{Float64, Vector{Float64}}, ::Int64)
  from (::var"#17#18")(T, j) @ Main REPL[12]:1
Arguments
  #self#::Core.Const(var"#17#18"())
  T::Tridiagonal{Float64, Vector{Float64}}
  j::Int64
Body::Float64
1 ─ %1 = Main.UpperTriangular(T)::UpperTriangular{Float64, Tridiagonal{Float64, Vector{Float64}}}
│   %2 = LinearAlgebra.BandIndex::Core.Const(LinearAlgebra.BandIndex)
│   %3 = (%2)(2, j)::Core.PartialStruct(LinearAlgebra.BandIndex, Any[Core.Const(2), Int64])
│   %4 = Base.getindex(%1, %3)::Core.Const(0.0)
└──      return %4
```
The indexing operation may be evaluated at compile-time, as the band
index is constant-propagated.

* Replace regex package module checks with actual code checks (#55824)

Fixes https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/55792
Replaces https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/55822
Improves what https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/51635 was trying
to do

i.e.
```
ERROR: LoadError: `using/import Printf` outside of a Module detected. Importing a package outside of a module is not allowed during package precompilation.
```

* fall back to slower stat filesize if optimized filesize fails (#55641)

* Use "index" instead of "subscript" to refer to indexing in performance tips (#55846)

* privatize annotated string API, take two (#55845)

https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/55453 is stuck on StyledStrings
and Base documentation being entangled and there isn't a good way to
have the documentation of Base types / methods live in an stdlib. This
is a stop gap solution to finally be able to move forwards with 1.11.

* 🤖 [master] Bump the Downloads stdlib from 1061ecc to 89d3c7d (#55854)

Stdlib: Downloads
URL: https://github.com/JuliaLang/Downloads.jl.git
Stdlib branch: master
Julia branch: master
Old commit: 1061ecc
New commit: 89d3c7d
Julia version: 1.12.0-DEV
Downloads version: 1.6.0(It's okay that it doesn't match)
Bump invoked by: @KristofferC
Powered by:
[BumpStdlibs.jl](https://github.com/JuliaLang/BumpStdlibs.jl)

Diff:
https://github.com/JuliaLang/Downloads.jl/compare/1061ecc377a053fce0df94e1a19e5260f7c030f5...89d3c7dded535a77551e763a437a6d31e4d9bf84

```
$ git log --oneline 1061ecc..89d3c7d
89d3c7d fix cancelling upload requests (#259)
df33406 gracefully cancel a request (#256)
```

Co-authored-by: Dilum Aluthge <[email protected]>

* docs: Small edits to noteworthy differences (#55852)

- The first line edit changes it so that the Julia example goes first,
not the Python example, keeping with the general flow of the lines
above.
- The second adds a "the" that is missing.

* Add filesystem func to transform a path to a URI (#55454)

In a few places across Base and the stdlib, we emit paths that we like
people to be able to click on in their terminal and editor. Up to this
point, we have relied on auto-filepath detection, but this does not
allow for alternative link text, such as contracted paths.

Doing so (via OSC 8 terminal links for example) requires filepath URI
encoding.

This functionality was previously part of a PR modifying stacktrace
printing (#51816), but after that became held up for unrelated reasons
and another PR appeared that would benefit from this utility (#55335),
I've split out this functionality so it can be used before the
stacktrace printing PR is resolved.

* constrain the path argument of `include` functions to `AbstractString` (#55466)

Each `Module` defined with `module` automatically gets an `include`
function with two methods. Each of those two methods takes a file path
as its last argument. Even though the path argument is unconstrained by
dispatch, it's documented as constrained with `::AbstractString`:

https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1.11-dev/base/base/#include

Furthermore, I think that any invocation of `include` with a
non-`AbstractString` path will necessarily throw a `MethodError`
eventually. Thus this change should be harmless.

Adding the type constraint to the path argument is an improvement
because any possible exception would be thrown earlier than before.

Apart from modules defined with `module`, the same issue is present with
the anonymous modules created by `evalfile`, which is also addressed.

Sidenote: `evalfile` seems to be completely untested apart from the test
added here.

Co-authored-by: Florian <[email protected]>

* Mmap: fix grow! for non file IOs (#55849)

Fixes https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/54203
Requires #55641

Based on
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/55641#issuecomment-2334162489
cc. @JakeZw @ronisbr

---------

Co-authored-by: Jameson Nash <[email protected]>

* codegen: split gc roots from other bits on stack (#55767)

In order to help avoid memory provenance issues, and better utilize
stack space (somewhat), and use FCA less, change the preferred
representation of an immutable object to be a pair of
`<packed-data,roots>` values. This packing requires some care at the
boundaries and if the expected field alignment exceeds that of a
pointer. The change is expected to eventually make codegen more flexible
at representing unions of values with both bits and pointer regions.

Eventually we can also have someone improve the late-gc-lowering pass to
take advantage of this increased information accuracy, but currently it
will not be any better than before at laying out the frame.

* Refactoring to be considered before adding MMTk

* Removing jl_gc_notify_image_load, since it's a new function and not part of the refactoring

* Moving gc_enable code to gc-common.c

* Addressing PR comments

* Push resolution of merge conflict

* Removing jl_gc_mark_queue_obj_explicit extern definition from scheduler.c

* Don't need the getter function since it's possible to use jl_small_typeof directly

* WIP: Adding support for MMTk/Immix

* Refactoring to be considered before adding MMTk

* Adding fastpath allocation

* Fixing removed newlines

* Refactoring to be considered before adding MMTk

* Adding a few comments; Moving some functions to be closer together

* Fixing merge conflicts

* Applying changes from refactoring before adding MMTk

* Update TaskLocalRNG docstring according to #49110 (#55863)

Since #49110, which is included in 1.10 and 1.11, spawning a task no
longer advances the parent task's RNG state, so this statement in the
docs was incorrect.

* Root globals in toplevel exprs (#54433)

This fixes #54422, the code here assumes that top level exprs are always
rooted, but I don't see that referenced anywhere else, or guaranteed, so
conservatively always root objects that show up in code.

* codegen: fix alignment typos (#55880)

So easy to type jl_datatype_align to get the natural alignment instead
of julia_alignment to get the actual alignment. This should fix the
Revise workload.

Change is visible with
```
julia> code_llvm(Random.XoshiroSimd.forkRand, (Random.TaskLocalRNG, Base.Val{8}))
```

* Fix some corner cases of `isapprox` with unsigned integers (#55828)

* 🤖 [master] Bump the Pkg stdlib from ef9f76c17 to 51d4910c1 (#55896)

* Profile: fix order of fields in heapsnapshot & improve formatting (#55890)

* Profile: Improve generation of clickable terminal links (#55857)

* inference: add missing `TypeVar` handling for `instanceof_tfunc` (#55884)

I thought these sort of problems had been addressed by d60f92c, but it
seems some were missed. Specifically, `t.a` and `t.b` from `t::Union`
could be `TypeVar`, and if they are passed to a subroutine or recursed
without being unwrapped or rewrapped, errors like JuliaLang/julia#55882
could occur.

This commit resolves the issue by calling `unwraptv` in the `Union`
handling within `instanceof_tfunc`. I also found a similar issue inside
`nfields_tfunc`, so that has also been fixed, and test cases have been
added. While I haven't been able to make up a test case specifically for
the fix in `instanceof_tfunc`, I have confirmed that this commit
certainly fixes the issue reported in JuliaLang/julia#55882.

- fixes JuliaLang/julia#55882

* Install terminfo data under /usr/share/julia (#55881)

Just like all other libraries, we don't want internal Julia files to
mess with system files.

Introduced by https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/55411.

* expose metric to report reasons why full GCs were triggered (#55826)

Additional GC observability tool.

This will help us to diagnose why some of our servers are triggering so
many full GCs in certain circumstances.

* Revert "Improve printing of several arguments" (#55894)

Reverts JuliaLang/julia#55754 as it overrode some performance heuristics
which appeared to be giving a significant gain/loss in performance:
Closes https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/55893

* Do not trigger deprecation warnings in `Test.detect_ambiguities` and `Test.detect_unbound_args` (#55869)

#55868

* do not intentionally suppress errors in precompile script from being reported or failing the result (#55909)

I was slightly annoying that the build was set up to succeed if this
step failed, so I removed the error suppression and fixed up the script
slightly

* Remove eigvecs method for SymTridiagonal (#55903)

The fallback method does the same, so this specialized method isn't
necessary

* add --trim option for generating smaller binaries (#55047)

This adds a command line option `--trim` that builds images where code
is only included if it is statically reachable from methods marked using
the new function `entrypoint`. Compile-time errors are given for call
sites that are too dynamic to allow trimming the call graph (however
there is an `unsafe` option if you want to try building anyway to see
what happens).

The PR has two other components. One is changes to Base that generally
allow more code to be compiled in this mode. These changes will either
be merged in separate PRs or moved to a separate part of the workflow
(where we will build a custom system image for this purpose). The branch
is set up this way to make it easy to check out and try the
functionality.

The other component is everything in the `juliac/` directory, which
implements a compiler driver script based on this new option, along with
some examples and tests. This will eventually become a package "app"
that depends on PackageCompiler and provides a CLI for all of this
stuff, so it will not be merged here. To try an example:

```
julia contrib/juliac.jl --output-exe hello --trim test/trimming/hello.jl
```

When stripped the resulting executable is currently about 900kb on my
machine.

Also includes a lot of work by @topolarity

---------

Co-authored-by: Gabriel Baraldi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Tim Holy <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Cody Tapscott <[email protected]>

* fix rawbigints OOB issues (#55917)

Fixes issues introduced in #50691 and found in #55906:
* use `@inbounds` and `@boundscheck` macros in rawbigints, for catching
OOB with `--check-bounds=yes`
* fix OOB in `truncate`

* prevent loading other extensions when precompiling an extension (#55589)

The current way of loading extensions when precompiling an extension
very easily leads to cycles. For example, if you have more than one
extension and you happen to transitively depend on the triggers of one
of your extensions you will immediately hit a cycle where the extensions
will try to load each other indefinitely. This is an issue because you
cannot directly influence your transitive dependency graph so from this
p.o.v the current system of loading extension is "unsound".

The test added here checks this scenario and we can now precompile and
load it without any warnings or issues.

Would have made https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/55517 a non
issue.

Fixes https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/55557

---------

Co-authored-by: KristofferC <[email protected]>

* TOML: Avoid type-pirating `Base.TOML.Parser` (#55892)

Since stdlibs can be duplicated but Base never is, `Base.require_stdlib`
makes type piracy even more complicated than it normally would be.

To adapt, this changes `TOML.Parser` to be a type defined by the TOML
stdlib, so that we can define methods on it without committing
type-piracy and avoid problems like Pkg.jl#4017

Resolves
https://github.com/JuliaLang/Pkg.jl/issues/4017#issuecomment-2377589989

* [FileWatching] fix PollingFileWatcher design and add workaround for a stat bug

What started as an innocent fix for a stat bug on Apple (#48667) turned
into a full blown investigation into the design problems with the libuv
backend for PollingFileWatcher, and writing my own implementation of it
instead which could avoid those singled-threaded concurrency bugs.

* [FileWatching] fix FileMonitor similarly and improve pidfile reliability

Previously pidfile used the same poll_interval as sleep to detect if
this code made any concurrency mistakes, but we do not really need to do
that once FileMonitor is fixed to be reliable in the presence of
parallel concurrency (instead of using watch_file).

* [FileWatching] reorganize file and add docs

* Add `--trace-dispatch` (#55848)

* relocation: account for trailing path separator in depot paths (#55355)

Fixes #55340

* change compiler to be stackless (#55575)

This change ensures the compiler uses very little stack, making it
compatible with running on any arbitrary system stack size and depths
much more reliably. It also could be further modified now to easily add
various forms of pause-able/resumable inference, since there is no
implicit state on the stack--everything is local and explicit now.

Whereas before, less than 900 frames would crash in less than a second:
```
$ time ./julia -e 'f(::Val{N}) where {N} = N <= 0 ? 0 : f(Val(N - 1)); f(Val(1000))'
Warning: detected a stack overflow; program state may be corrupted, so further execution might be unreliable.
Internal error: during type inference of
f(Base.Val{1000})
Encountered stack overflow.
This might be caused by recursion over very long tuples or argument lists.

[23763] signal 6: Abort trap: 6
in expression starting at none:1
__pthread_kill at /usr/lib/system/libsystem_kernel.dylib (unknown line)
Allocations: 1 (Pool: 1; Big: 0); GC: 0
Abort trap: 6

real	0m0.233s
user	0m0.165s
sys	0m0.049s
````

Now: it is effectively unlimited, as long as you are willing to wait for
it:
```
$ time ./julia -e 'f(::Val{N}) where {N} = N <= 0 ? 0 : f(Val(N - 1)); f(Val(50000))'
info: inference of f(Base.Val{50000}) from f(Base.Val{N}) where {N} exceeding 2500 frames (may be slow).
info: inference of f(Base.Val{50000}) from f(Base.Val{N}) where {N} exceeding 5000 frames (may be slow).
info: inference of f(Base.Val{50000}) from f(Base.Val{N}) where {N} exceeding 10000 frames (may be slow).
info: inference of f(Base.Val{50000}) from f(Base.Val{N}) where {N} exceeding 20000 frames (may be slow).
info: inference of f(Base.Val{50000}) from f(Base.Val{N}) where {N} exceeding 40000 frames (may be slow).
real	7m4.988s

$ time ./julia -e 'f(::Val{N}) where {N} = N <= 0 ? 0 : f(Val(N - 1)); f(Val(1000))'
real	0m0.214s
user	0m0.164s
sys	0m0.044s

$ time ./julia -e '@noinline f(::Val{N}) where {N} = N <= 0 ? GC.safepoint() : f(Val(N - 1)); f(Val(5000))'
info: inference of f(Base.Val{5000}) from f(Base.Val{N}) where {N} exceeding 2500 frames (may be slow).
info: inference of f(Base.Val{5000}) from f(Base.Val{N}) where {N} exceeding 5000 frames (may be slow).
real	0m8.609s
user	0m8.358s
sys	0m0.240s
```

* optimizer: simplify the finalizer inlining pass a bit (#55934)

Minor adjustments have been made to the algorithm of the finalizer
inlining pass. Previously, it required that the finalizer registration
dominate all uses, but this is not always necessary as far as the
finalizer inlining point dominates all the uses. So the check has been
relaxed. Other minor fixes have been made as well, but their importance
is low.

* Limit `@inbounds` to indexing in the dual-iterator branch in `copyto_unaliased!` (#55919)

This simplifies the `copyto_unalised!` implementation where the source
and destination have different `IndexStyle`s, and limits the `@inbounds`
to only the indexing operation. In particular, the iteration over
`eachindex(dest)` is not marked as `@inbounds` anymore. This seems to
help with performance when the destination uses Cartesian indexing.
Reduced implementation of the branch:
```julia
function copyto_proposed!(dest, src)
    axes(dest) == axes(src) || throw(ArgumentError("incompatible sizes"))
    iterdest, itersrc = eachindex(dest), eachindex(src)
    for (destind, srcind) in zip(iterdest, itersrc)
        @inbounds dest[destind] = src[srcind]
    end
    dest
end

function copyto_current!(dest, src)
    axes(dest) == axes(src) || throw(ArgumentError("incompatible sizes"))
    iterdest, itersrc = eachindex(dest), eachindex(src)
    ret = iterate(iterdest)
    @inbounds for a in src
        idx, state = ret::NTuple{2,Any}
        dest[idx] = a
        ret = iterate(iterdest, state)
    end
    dest
end

function copyto_current_limitinbounds!(dest, src)
    axes(dest) == axes(src) || throw(ArgumentError("incompatible sizes"))
    iterdest, itersrc = eachindex(dest), eachindex(src)
    ret = iterate(iterdest)
    for isrc in itersrc
        idx, state = ret::NTuple{2,Any}
        @inbounds dest[idx] = src[isrc]
        ret = iterate(iterdest, state)
    end
    dest
end
```
```julia
julia> a = zeros(40000,4000); b = rand(size(a)...);

julia> av = view(a, UnitRange.(axes(a))...);

julia> @btime copyto_current!($av, $b);
  617.704 ms (0 allocations: 0 bytes)

julia> @btime copyto_current_limitinbounds!($av, $b);
  304.146 ms (0 allocations: 0 bytes)

julia> @btime copyto_proposed!($av, $b);
  240.217 ms (0 allocations: 0 bytes)

julia> versioninfo()
Julia Version 1.12.0-DEV.1260
Commit 4a4ca9c8152 (2024-09-28 01:49 UTC)
Build Info:
  Official https://julialang.org release
Platform Info:
  OS: Linux (x86_64-linux-gnu)
  CPU: 8 × Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-10310U CPU @ 1.70GHz
  WORD_SIZE: 64
  LLVM: libLLVM-18.1.7 (ORCJIT, skylake)
Threads: 1 default, 0 interactive, 1 GC (on 8 virtual cores)
Environment:
  JULIA_EDITOR = subl
```
I'm not quite certain why the proposed implementation here
(`copyto_proposed!`) is even faster than
`copyto_current_limitinbounds!`. In any case, `copyto_proposed!` is
easier to read, so I'm not complaining.

This fixes https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/53158

* Strong zero in Diagonal triple multiplication (#55927)

Currently, triple multiplication with a `LinearAlgebra.BandedMatrix`
sandwiched between two `Diagonal`s isn't associative, as this is
implemented using broadcasting, which doesn't assume a strong zero,
whereas the two-term matrix multiplication does.
```julia
julia> D = Diagonal(StepRangeLen(NaN, 0, 3));

julia> B = Bidiagonal(1:3, 1:2, :U);

julia> D * B * D
3×3 Matrix{Float64}:
 NaN  NaN  NaN
 NaN  NaN  NaN
 NaN  NaN  NaN

julia> (D * B) * D
3×3 Bidiagonal{Float64, Vector{Float64}}:
 NaN    NaN       ⋅ 
    ⋅   NaN    NaN
    ⋅      ⋅   NaN

julia> D * (B * D)
3×3 Bidiagonal{Float64, Vector{Float64}}:
 NaN    NaN       ⋅ 
    ⋅   NaN    NaN
    ⋅      ⋅   NaN
```
This PR ensures that the 3-term multiplication is evaluated as a
sequence of two-term multiplications, which fixes this issue. This also
improves performance, as only the bands need to be evaluated now.
```julia
julia> D = Diagonal(1:1000); B = Bidiagonal(1:1000, 1:999, :U);

julia> @btime $D * $B * $D;
  656.364 μs (11 allocations: 7.63 MiB) # v"1.12.0-DEV.1262"
  2.483 μs (12 allocations: 31.50 KiB) # This PR
```

* Fix dispatch on `alg` in Float16 Hermitian eigen (#55928)

Currently,
```julia
julia> using LinearAlgebra

julia> A = Hermitian(reshape(Float16[1:16;], 4, 4));

julia> eigen(A).values |> typeof
Vector{Float16} (alias for Array{Float16, 1})

julia> eigen(A, LinearAlgebra.QRIteration()).values |> typeof
Vector{Float32} (alias for Array{Float32, 1})
```
This PR moves the specialization on the `eltype` to an internal method,
so that firstly all `alg`s dispatch to that method, and secondly, there
are no ambiguities introduce by specializing the top-level `eigen`. The
latter currently causes test failures in `StaticArrays`
(https://github.com/JuliaArrays/StaticArrays.jl/actions/runs/11092206012/job/30816955210?pr=1279),
and should be fixed by this PR.

* Remove specialized `ishermitian` method for `Diagonal{<:Real}` (#55948)

The fallback method for `Diagonal{<:Number}` handles this already by
checking that the `diag` is real, so we don't need this additional
specialization.

* Fix logic in `?` docstring example (#55945)

* fix `unwrap_macrocalls` (#55950)

The implementation of `unwrap_macrocalls` has assumed that what
`:macrocall` wraps is always an `Expr` object, but that is not
necessarily correct:
```julia
julia> Base.@assume_effects :nothrow @show 42
ERROR: LoadError: TypeError: in typeassert, expected Expr, got a value of type Int64
Stacktrace:
 [1] unwrap_macrocalls(ex::Expr)
   @ Base ./expr.jl:906
 [2] var"@assume_effects"(__source__::LineNumberNode, __module__::Module, args::Vararg{Any})
   @ Base ./expr.jl:756
in expression starting at REPL[1]:1
```
This commit addresses this issue.

* make faster BigFloats (#55906)

We can coalesce the two required allocations for the MFPR BigFloat API
design into one allocation, hopefully giving a easy performance boost.
It would have been slightly easier and more efficient if MPFR BigFloat
was already a VLA instead of containing a pointer here, but that does
not prevent the optimization.

* Add propagate_inbounds_meta to atomic genericmemory ops (#55902)

`memoryref(mem, i)` will otherwise emit a boundscheck.

```
; │ @ /home/vchuravy/WorkstealingQueues/src/CLL.jl:53 within `setindex_atomic!` @ genericmemory.jl:329
; │┌ @ boot.jl:545 within `memoryref`
    %ptls_field = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %tls_pgcstack, i64 16
    %ptls_load = load ptr, ptr %ptls_field, align 8
    %"box::GenericMemoryRef" = call noalias nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) ptr @ijl_gc_small_alloc(ptr %ptls_load, i32 552, i32 32, i64 23456076646928) #9
    %"box::GenericMemoryRef.tag_addr" = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %"box::GenericMemoryRef", i64 -1
    store atomic i64 23456076646928, ptr %"box::GenericMemoryRef.tag_addr" unordered, align 8
    store ptr %memoryref_data, ptr %"box::GenericMemoryRef", align 8
    %.repack8 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %"box::GenericMemoryRef", i64 0, i32 1
    store ptr %memoryref_mem, ptr %.repack8, align 8
    call void @ijl_bounds_error_int(ptr nonnull %"box::GenericMemoryRef", i64 %7)
    unreachable
```

For the Julia code:

```julia
function Base.setindex_atomic!(buf::WSBuffer{T}, order::Symbol, val::T, idx::Int64) where T
    @inbounds Base.setindex_atomic!(buf.buffer, order, val,((idx - 1) & buf.mask) + 1)
end
```

from
https://github.com/gbaraldi/WorkstealingQueues.jl/blob/0ebc57237cf0c90feedf99e4338577d04b67805b/src/CLL.jl#L41

* fix rounding mode in construction of `BigFloat` from pi (#55911)

The default argument of the method was outdated, reading the global
default rounding directly, bypassing the `ScopedValue` stuff.

* fix `nonsetable_type_hint_handler` (#55962)

The current implementation is wrong, causing it to display inappropriate
hints like the following:
```julia
julia> s = Some("foo");

julia> s[] = "bar"
ERROR: MethodError: no method matching setindex!(::Some{String}, ::String)
The function `setindex!` exists, but no method is defined for this combination of argument types.
You attempted to index the type String, rather than an instance of the type. Make sure you create the type using its constructor: d = String([...]) rather than d = String
Stacktrace:
 [1] top-level scope
   @ REPL[2]:1
```

* REPL: make UndefVarError aware of imported modules (#55932)

* fix test/staged.jl (#55967)

In particular, the implementation of `overdub_generator54341` was
dangerous. This fixes it up.

* Explicitly store a module's location (#55963)

Revise wants to know what file a module's `module` definition is in.
Currently it does this by looking at the source location for the
implicitly generated `eval` method. This is terrible for two reasons:

1. The method may not exist if the module is a baremodule (which is not
particularly common, which is probably why we haven't seen it).
2. The fact that the implicitly generated `eval` method has this
location information is an implementation detail that I'd like to get
rid of (#55949).

This PR adds explicit file/line info to `Module`, so that Revise doesn't
have to use the hack anymore.

* mergewith: add single argument example to docstring (#55964)

I ran into this edge case. I though it should be documented.
---------

Co-authored-by: Lilith Orion Hafner <[email protected]>

* [build] avoid libedit linkage and align libccalllazy* SONAMEs (#55968)

While building the 1.11.0-rc4 in Homebrew[^1] in preparation for 1.11.0
release (and to confirm Sequoia successfully builds) I noticed some odd
linkage for our Linux builds, which included of:

1. LLVM libraries were linking to `libedit.so`, e.g.
    ```
    Dynamic Section:
      NEEDED       libedit.so.0
      NEEDED       libz.so.1
      NEEDED       libzstd.so.1
      NEEDED       libstdc++.so.6
      NEEDED       libm.so.6
      NEEDED       libgcc_s.so.1
      NEEDED       libc.so.6
      NEEDED       ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
      SONAME       libLLVM-16jl.so
    ```
    CMakeCache.txt showed
    ```
    //Use libedit if available.
    LLVM_ENABLE_LIBEDIT:BOOL=ON
    ```
Which might be overriding `HAVE_LIBEDIT` at
https://github.com/JuliaLang/llvm-project/blob/julia-release/16.x/llvm/cmake/config-ix.cmake#L222-L225.
So just added `LLVM_ENABLE_LIBEDIT`

2. Wasn't sure if there was a reason for this but `libccalllazy*` had
mismatched SONAME:
    ```console
    ❯ objdump -p lib/julia/libccalllazy* | rg '\.so'
    lib/julia/libccalllazybar.so:	file format elf64-x86-64
      NEEDED       ccalllazyfoo.so
      SONAME       ccalllazybar.so
    lib/julia/libccalllazyfoo.so:	file format elf64-x86-64
      SONAME       ccalllazyfoo.so
    ```
    Modifying this, but can drop if intentional.

---

[^1]: https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/pull/192116

* Add missing `copy!(::AbstractMatrix, ::UniformScaling)` method (#55970)

Hi everyone! First PR to Julia here.

It was noticed in a Slack thread yesterday
that `copy!(A, I)` doesn't work, but `copyto!(A, I)` does. This PR adds
the missing method for `copy!(::AbstractMatrix, ::UniformScaling)`,
which simply defers to `copyto!`, and corresponding tests.

I added a `compat` notice for Julia 1.12.

---------

Co-authored-by: Lilith Orion Hafner <[email protected]>

* Add forward progress update to NEWS.md (#54089)

Closes #40009 which was left open because of the needs news tag.

---------

Co-authored-by: Ian Butterworth <[email protected]>

* Fix an intermittent test failure in `core` test (#55973)

The test wants to assert that `Module` is not resolved in `Main`, but
other tests do resolve this identifier, so the test can fail depending
on test order (and I've been seeing such failures on CI recently). Fix
that by running the test in a fresh subprocess.

* fix comma logic in time_print (#55977)

Minor formatting fix

* optimizer: fix up the inlining algorithm to use correct `nargs`/`isva` (#55976)

It appears that inlining.jl was not updated in JuliaLang/julia#54341.
Specifically, using `nargs`/`isva` from `mi.def::Method` in
`ir_prepare_inlining!` causes the following error to occur:
```julia
function generate_lambda_ex(world::UInt, source::LineNumberNode,
                            argnames, spnames, @nospecialize body)
    stub = Core.GeneratedFunctionStub(identity, Core.svec(argnames...), Core.svec(spnames...))
    return stub(world, source, body)
end
function overdubbee54341(a, b)
    return a + b
end
const overdubee_codeinfo54341 = code_lowered(overdubbee54341, Tuple{Any, Any})[1]
function overdub_generator54341(world::UInt, source::LineNumberNode, selftype, fargtypes)
    if length(fargtypes) != 2
        return generate_lambda_ex(world, source,
            (:overdub54341, :args), (), :(error("Wrong number of arguments")))
    else
        return copy(overdubee_codeinfo54341)
    end
end
@eval function overdub54341(args...)
    $(Expr(:meta, :generated, overdub_generator54341))
    $(Expr(:meta, :generated_only))
end
topfunc(x) = overdub54341(x, 2)
```
```julia
julia> topfunc(1)
Internal error: during type inference of
topfunc(Int64)
Encountered unexpected error in runtime:
BoundsError(a=Array{Any, 1}(dims=(2,), mem=Memory{Any}(8, 0x10632e780)[SSAValue(2), SSAValue(3), #<null>, #<null>, #<null>, #<null>, #<null>, #<null>]), i=(3,))
throw_boundserror at ./essentials.jl:14
getindex at ./essentials.jl:909 [inlined]
ssa_substitute_op! at ./compiler/ssair/inlining.jl:1798
ssa_substitute_op! at ./compiler/ssair/inlining.jl:1852
ir_inline_item! at ./compiler/ssair/inlining.jl:386
...
```

This commit updates the abstract interpretation and inlining algorithm
to use the `nargs`/`isva` values held by `CodeInfo`. Similar
modifications have also been made to EscapeAnalysis.jl.

@nanosoldier `runbenchmarks("inference", vs=":master")`

* Add `.zed` directory to `.gitignore` (#55974)

Similar to the `vscode` config directory, we may ignore the `zed`
directory as well.

* typeintersect: reduce unneeded allocations from `merge_env`

`merge_env` and `final_merge_env` could be skipped
for emptiness test or if we know there's only 1 valid Union state.

* typeintersect: trunc env before nested `intersect_all` if valid.

This only covers the simplest cases. We might want a full dependence analysis and keep env length minimum in the future.

* `@time` actually fix time report commas & add tests (#55982)

https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/55977 looked simple but wasn't
quite right because of a bad pattern in the lock conflicts report
section.

So fix and add tests.

* adjust EA to JuliaLang/julia#52527 (#55986)

`Ent…
udesou added a commit to mmtk/julia that referenced this pull request Oct 22, 2024
* Add filesystem func to transform a path to a URI (#55454)

In a few places across Base and the stdlib, we emit paths that we like
people to be able to click on in their terminal and editor. Up to this
point, we have relied on auto-filepath detection, but this does not
allow for alternative link text, such as contracted paths.

Doing so (via OSC 8 terminal links for example) requires filepath URI
encoding.

This functionality was previously part of a PR modifying stacktrace
printing (#51816), but after that became held up for unrelated reasons
and another PR appeared that would benefit from this utility (#55335),
I've split out this functionality so it can be used before the
stacktrace printing PR is resolved.

* constrain the path argument of `include` functions to `AbstractString` (#55466)

Each `Module` defined with `module` automatically gets an `include`
function with two methods. Each of those two methods takes a file path
as its last argument. Even though the path argument is unconstrained by
dispatch, it's documented as constrained with `::AbstractString`:

https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1.11-dev/base/base/#include

Furthermore, I think that any invocation of `include` with a
non-`AbstractString` path will necessarily throw a `MethodError`
eventually. Thus this change should be harmless.

Adding the type constraint to the path argument is an improvement
because any possible exception would be thrown earlier than before.

Apart from modules defined with `module`, the same issue is present with
the anonymous modules created by `evalfile`, which is also addressed.

Sidenote: `evalfile` seems to be completely untested apart from the test
added here.

Co-authored-by: Florian <[email protected]>

* Mmap: fix grow! for non file IOs (#55849)

Fixes https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/54203
Requires #55641

Based on
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/55641#issuecomment-2334162489
cc. @JakeZw @ronisbr

---------

Co-authored-by: Jameson Nash <[email protected]>

* codegen: split gc roots from other bits on stack (#55767)

In order to help avoid memory provenance issues, and better utilize
stack space (somewhat), and use FCA less, change the preferred
representation of an immutable object to be a pair of
`<packed-data,roots>` values. This packing requires some care at the
boundaries and if the expected field alignment exceeds that of a
pointer. The change is expected to eventually make codegen more flexible
at representing unions of values with both bits and pointer regions.

Eventually we can also have someone improve the late-gc-lowering pass to
take advantage of this increased information accuracy, but currently it
will not be any better than before at laying out the frame.

* Refactoring to be considered before adding MMTk

* Removing jl_gc_notify_image_load, since it's a new function and not part of the refactoring

* Moving gc_enable code to gc-common.c

* Addressing PR comments

* Push resolution of merge conflict

* Removing jl_gc_mark_queue_obj_explicit extern definition from scheduler.c

* Don't need the getter function since it's possible to use jl_small_typeof directly

* WIP: Adding support for MMTk/Immix

* Refactoring to be considered before adding MMTk

* Adding fastpath allocation

* Fixing removed newlines

* Refactoring to be considered before adding MMTk

* Adding a few comments; Moving some functions to be closer together

* Fixing merge conflicts

* Applying changes from refactoring before adding MMTk

* Update TaskLocalRNG docstring according to #49110 (#55863)

Since #49110, which is included in 1.10 and 1.11, spawning a task no
longer advances the parent task's RNG state, so this statement in the
docs was incorrect.

* Root globals in toplevel exprs (#54433)

This fixes #54422, the code here assumes that top level exprs are always
rooted, but I don't see that referenced anywhere else, or guaranteed, so
conservatively always root objects that show up in code.

* codegen: fix alignment typos (#55880)

So easy to type jl_datatype_align to get the natural alignment instead
of julia_alignment to get the actual alignment. This should fix the
Revise workload.

Change is visible with
```
julia> code_llvm(Random.XoshiroSimd.forkRand, (Random.TaskLocalRNG, Base.Val{8}))
```

* Fix some corner cases of `isapprox` with unsigned integers (#55828)

* 🤖 [master] Bump the Pkg stdlib from ef9f76c17 to 51d4910c1 (#55896)

* Profile: fix order of fields in heapsnapshot & improve formatting (#55890)

* Profile: Improve generation of clickable terminal links (#55857)

* inference: add missing `TypeVar` handling for `instanceof_tfunc` (#55884)

I thought these sort of problems had been addressed by d60f92c, but it
seems some were missed. Specifically, `t.a` and `t.b` from `t::Union`
could be `TypeVar`, and if they are passed to a subroutine or recursed
without being unwrapped or rewrapped, errors like JuliaLang/julia#55882
could occur.

This commit resolves the issue by calling `unwraptv` in the `Union`
handling within `instanceof_tfunc`. I also found a similar issue inside
`nfields_tfunc`, so that has also been fixed, and test cases have been
added. While I haven't been able to make up a test case specifically for
the fix in `instanceof_tfunc`, I have confirmed that this commit
certainly fixes the issue reported in JuliaLang/julia#55882.

- fixes JuliaLang/julia#55882

* Install terminfo data under /usr/share/julia (#55881)

Just like all other libraries, we don't want internal Julia files to
mess with system files.

Introduced by https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/55411.

* expose metric to report reasons why full GCs were triggered (#55826)

Additional GC observability tool.

This will help us to diagnose why some of our servers are triggering so
many full GCs in certain circumstances.

* Revert "Improve printing of several arguments" (#55894)

Reverts JuliaLang/julia#55754 as it overrode some performance heuristics
which appeared to be giving a significant gain/loss in performance:
Closes https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/55893

* Do not trigger deprecation warnings in `Test.detect_ambiguities` and `Test.detect_unbound_args` (#55869)

#55868

* do not intentionally suppress errors in precompile script from being reported or failing the result (#55909)

I was slightly annoying that the build was set up to succeed if this
step failed, so I removed the error suppression and fixed up the script
slightly

* Remove eigvecs method for SymTridiagonal (#55903)

The fallback method does the same, so this specialized method isn't
necessary

* add --trim option for generating smaller binaries (#55047)

This adds a command line option `--trim` that builds images where code
is only included if it is statically reachable from methods marked using
the new function `entrypoint`. Compile-time errors are given for call
sites that are too dynamic to allow trimming the call graph (however
there is an `unsafe` option if you want to try building anyway to see
what happens).

The PR has two other components. One is changes to Base that generally
allow more code to be compiled in this mode. These changes will either
be merged in separate PRs or moved to a separate part of the workflow
(where we will build a custom system image for this purpose). The branch
is set up this way to make it easy to check out and try the
functionality.

The other component is everything in the `juliac/` directory, which
implements a compiler driver script based on this new option, along with
some examples and tests. This will eventually become a package "app"
that depends on PackageCompiler and provides a CLI for all of this
stuff, so it will not be merged here. To try an example:

```
julia contrib/juliac.jl --output-exe hello --trim test/trimming/hello.jl
```

When stripped the resulting executable is currently about 900kb on my
machine.

Also includes a lot of work by @topolarity

---------

Co-authored-by: Gabriel Baraldi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Tim Holy <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Cody Tapscott <[email protected]>

* fix rawbigints OOB issues (#55917)

Fixes issues introduced in #50691 and found in #55906:
* use `@inbounds` and `@boundscheck` macros in rawbigints, for catching
OOB with `--check-bounds=yes`
* fix OOB in `truncate`

* prevent loading other extensions when precompiling an extension (#55589)

The current way of loading extensions when precompiling an extension
very easily leads to cycles. For example, if you have more than one
extension and you happen to transitively depend on the triggers of one
of your extensions you will immediately hit a cycle where the extensions
will try to load each other indefinitely. This is an issue because you
cannot directly influence your transitive dependency graph so from this
p.o.v the current system of loading extension is "unsound".

The test added here checks this scenario and we can now precompile and
load it without any warnings or issues.

Would have made https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/55517 a non
issue.

Fixes https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/55557

---------

Co-authored-by: KristofferC <[email protected]>

* TOML: Avoid type-pirating `Base.TOML.Parser` (#55892)

Since stdlibs can be duplicated but Base never is, `Base.require_stdlib`
makes type piracy even more complicated than it normally would be.

To adapt, this changes `TOML.Parser` to be a type defined by the TOML
stdlib, so that we can define methods on it without committing
type-piracy and avoid problems like Pkg.jl#4017

Resolves
https://github.com/JuliaLang/Pkg.jl/issues/4017#issuecomment-2377589989

* [FileWatching] fix PollingFileWatcher design and add workaround for a stat bug

What started as an innocent fix for a stat bug on Apple (#48667) turned
into a full blown investigation into the design problems with the libuv
backend for PollingFileWatcher, and writing my own implementation of it
instead which could avoid those singled-threaded concurrency bugs.

* [FileWatching] fix FileMonitor similarly and improve pidfile reliability

Previously pidfile used the same poll_interval as sleep to detect if
this code made any concurrency mistakes, but we do not really need to do
that once FileMonitor is fixed to be reliable in the presence of
parallel concurrency (instead of using watch_file).

* [FileWatching] reorganize file and add docs

* Add `--trace-dispatch` (#55848)

* relocation: account for trailing path separator in depot paths (#55355)

Fixes #55340

* change compiler to be stackless (#55575)

This change ensures the compiler uses very little stack, making it
compatible with running on any arbitrary system stack size and depths
much more reliably. It also could be further modified now to easily add
various forms of pause-able/resumable inference, since there is no
implicit state on the stack--everything is local and explicit now.

Whereas before, less than 900 frames would crash in less than a second:
```
$ time ./julia -e 'f(::Val{N}) where {N} = N <= 0 ? 0 : f(Val(N - 1)); f(Val(1000))'
Warning: detected a stack overflow; program state may be corrupted, so further execution might be unreliable.
Internal error: during type inference of
f(Base.Val{1000})
Encountered stack overflow.
This might be caused by recursion over very long tuples or argument lists.

[23763] signal 6: Abort trap: 6
in expression starting at none:1
__pthread_kill at /usr/lib/system/libsystem_kernel.dylib (unknown line)
Allocations: 1 (Pool: 1; Big: 0); GC: 0
Abort trap: 6

real	0m0.233s
user	0m0.165s
sys	0m0.049s
````

Now: it is effectively unlimited, as long as you are willing to wait for
it:
```
$ time ./julia -e 'f(::Val{N}) where {N} = N <= 0 ? 0 : f(Val(N - 1)); f(Val(50000))'
info: inference of f(Base.Val{50000}) from f(Base.Val{N}) where {N} exceeding 2500 frames (may be slow).
info: inference of f(Base.Val{50000}) from f(Base.Val{N}) where {N} exceeding 5000 frames (may be slow).
info: inference of f(Base.Val{50000}) from f(Base.Val{N}) where {N} exceeding 10000 frames (may be slow).
info: inference of f(Base.Val{50000}) from f(Base.Val{N}) where {N} exceeding 20000 frames (may be slow).
info: inference of f(Base.Val{50000}) from f(Base.Val{N}) where {N} exceeding 40000 frames (may be slow).
real	7m4.988s

$ time ./julia -e 'f(::Val{N}) where {N} = N <= 0 ? 0 : f(Val(N - 1)); f(Val(1000))'
real	0m0.214s
user	0m0.164s
sys	0m0.044s

$ time ./julia -e '@noinline f(::Val{N}) where {N} = N <= 0 ? GC.safepoint() : f(Val(N - 1)); f(Val(5000))'
info: inference of f(Base.Val{5000}) from f(Base.Val{N}) where {N} exceeding 2500 frames (may be slow).
info: inference of f(Base.Val{5000}) from f(Base.Val{N}) where {N} exceeding 5000 frames (may be slow).
real	0m8.609s
user	0m8.358s
sys	0m0.240s
```

* optimizer: simplify the finalizer inlining pass a bit (#55934)

Minor adjustments have been made to the algorithm of the finalizer
inlining pass. Previously, it required that the finalizer registration
dominate all uses, but this is not always necessary as far as the
finalizer inlining point dominates all the uses. So the check has been
relaxed. Other minor fixes have been made as well, but their importance
is low.

* Limit `@inbounds` to indexing in the dual-iterator branch in `copyto_unaliased!` (#55919)

This simplifies the `copyto_unalised!` implementation where the source
and destination have different `IndexStyle`s, and limits the `@inbounds`
to only the indexing operation. In particular, the iteration over
`eachindex(dest)` is not marked as `@inbounds` anymore. This seems to
help with performance when the destination uses Cartesian indexing.
Reduced implementation of the branch:
```julia
function copyto_proposed!(dest, src)
    axes(dest) == axes(src) || throw(ArgumentError("incompatible sizes"))
    iterdest, itersrc = eachindex(dest), eachindex(src)
    for (destind, srcind) in zip(iterdest, itersrc)
        @inbounds dest[destind] = src[srcind]
    end
    dest
end

function copyto_current!(dest, src)
    axes(dest) == axes(src) || throw(ArgumentError("incompatible sizes"))
    iterdest, itersrc = eachindex(dest), eachindex(src)
    ret = iterate(iterdest)
    @inbounds for a in src
        idx, state = ret::NTuple{2,Any}
        dest[idx] = a
        ret = iterate(iterdest, state)
    end
    dest
end

function copyto_current_limitinbounds!(dest, src)
    axes(dest) == axes(src) || throw(ArgumentError("incompatible sizes"))
    iterdest, itersrc = eachindex(dest), eachindex(src)
    ret = iterate(iterdest)
    for isrc in itersrc
        idx, state = ret::NTuple{2,Any}
        @inbounds dest[idx] = src[isrc]
        ret = iterate(iterdest, state)
    end
    dest
end
```
```julia
julia> a = zeros(40000,4000); b = rand(size(a)...);

julia> av = view(a, UnitRange.(axes(a))...);

julia> @btime copyto_current!($av, $b);
  617.704 ms (0 allocations: 0 bytes)

julia> @btime copyto_current_limitinbounds!($av, $b);
  304.146 ms (0 allocations: 0 bytes)

julia> @btime copyto_proposed!($av, $b);
  240.217 ms (0 allocations: 0 bytes)

julia> versioninfo()
Julia Version 1.12.0-DEV.1260
Commit 4a4ca9c8152 (2024-09-28 01:49 UTC)
Build Info:
  Official https://julialang.org release
Platform Info:
  OS: Linux (x86_64-linux-gnu)
  CPU: 8 × Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-10310U CPU @ 1.70GHz
  WORD_SIZE: 64
  LLVM: libLLVM-18.1.7 (ORCJIT, skylake)
Threads: 1 default, 0 interactive, 1 GC (on 8 virtual cores)
Environment:
  JULIA_EDITOR = subl
```
I'm not quite certain why the proposed implementation here
(`copyto_proposed!`) is even faster than
`copyto_current_limitinbounds!`. In any case, `copyto_proposed!` is
easier to read, so I'm not complaining.

This fixes https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/53158

* Strong zero in Diagonal triple multiplication (#55927)

Currently, triple multiplication with a `LinearAlgebra.BandedMatrix`
sandwiched between two `Diagonal`s isn't associative, as this is
implemented using broadcasting, which doesn't assume a strong zero,
whereas the two-term matrix multiplication does.
```julia
julia> D = Diagonal(StepRangeLen(NaN, 0, 3));

julia> B = Bidiagonal(1:3, 1:2, :U);

julia> D * B * D
3×3 Matrix{Float64}:
 NaN  NaN  NaN
 NaN  NaN  NaN
 NaN  NaN  NaN

julia> (D * B) * D
3×3 Bidiagonal{Float64, Vector{Float64}}:
 NaN    NaN       ⋅ 
    ⋅   NaN    NaN
    ⋅      ⋅   NaN

julia> D * (B * D)
3×3 Bidiagonal{Float64, Vector{Float64}}:
 NaN    NaN       ⋅ 
    ⋅   NaN    NaN
    ⋅      ⋅   NaN
```
This PR ensures that the 3-term multiplication is evaluated as a
sequence of two-term multiplications, which fixes this issue. This also
improves performance, as only the bands need to be evaluated now.
```julia
julia> D = Diagonal(1:1000); B = Bidiagonal(1:1000, 1:999, :U);

julia> @btime $D * $B * $D;
  656.364 μs (11 allocations: 7.63 MiB) # v"1.12.0-DEV.1262"
  2.483 μs (12 allocations: 31.50 KiB) # This PR
```

* Fix dispatch on `alg` in Float16 Hermitian eigen (#55928)

Currently,
```julia
julia> using LinearAlgebra

julia> A = Hermitian(reshape(Float16[1:16;], 4, 4));

julia> eigen(A).values |> typeof
Vector{Float16} (alias for Array{Float16, 1})

julia> eigen(A, LinearAlgebra.QRIteration()).values |> typeof
Vector{Float32} (alias for Array{Float32, 1})
```
This PR moves the specialization on the `eltype` to an internal method,
so that firstly all `alg`s dispatch to that method, and secondly, there
are no ambiguities introduce by specializing the top-level `eigen`. The
latter currently causes test failures in `StaticArrays`
(https://github.com/JuliaArrays/StaticArrays.jl/actions/runs/11092206012/job/30816955210?pr=1279),
and should be fixed by this PR.

* Remove specialized `ishermitian` method for `Diagonal{<:Real}` (#55948)

The fallback method for `Diagonal{<:Number}` handles this already by
checking that the `diag` is real, so we don't need this additional
specialization.

* Fix logic in `?` docstring example (#55945)

* fix `unwrap_macrocalls` (#55950)

The implementation of `unwrap_macrocalls` has assumed that what
`:macrocall` wraps is always an `Expr` object, but that is not
necessarily correct:
```julia
julia> Base.@assume_effects :nothrow @show 42
ERROR: LoadError: TypeError: in typeassert, expected Expr, got a value of type Int64
Stacktrace:
 [1] unwrap_macrocalls(ex::Expr)
   @ Base ./expr.jl:906
 [2] var"@assume_effects"(__source__::LineNumberNode, __module__::Module, args::Vararg{Any})
   @ Base ./expr.jl:756
in expression starting at REPL[1]:1
```
This commit addresses this issue.

* make faster BigFloats (#55906)

We can coalesce the two required allocations for the MFPR BigFloat API
design into one allocation, hopefully giving a easy performance boost.
It would have been slightly easier and more efficient if MPFR BigFloat
was already a VLA instead of containing a pointer here, but that does
not prevent the optimization.

* Add propagate_inbounds_meta to atomic genericmemory ops (#55902)

`memoryref(mem, i)` will otherwise emit a boundscheck.

```
; │ @ /home/vchuravy/WorkstealingQueues/src/CLL.jl:53 within `setindex_atomic!` @ genericmemory.jl:329
; │┌ @ boot.jl:545 within `memoryref`
    %ptls_field = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %tls_pgcstack, i64 16
    %ptls_load = load ptr, ptr %ptls_field, align 8
    %"box::GenericMemoryRef" = call noalias nonnull align 8 dereferenceable(32) ptr @ijl_gc_small_alloc(ptr %ptls_load, i32 552, i32 32, i64 23456076646928) #9
    %"box::GenericMemoryRef.tag_addr" = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %"box::GenericMemoryRef", i64 -1
    store atomic i64 23456076646928, ptr %"box::GenericMemoryRef.tag_addr" unordered, align 8
    store ptr %memoryref_data, ptr %"box::GenericMemoryRef", align 8
    %.repack8 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %"box::GenericMemoryRef", i64 0, i32 1
    store ptr %memoryref_mem, ptr %.repack8, align 8
    call void @ijl_bounds_error_int(ptr nonnull %"box::GenericMemoryRef", i64 %7)
    unreachable
```

For the Julia code:

```julia
function Base.setindex_atomic!(buf::WSBuffer{T}, order::Symbol, val::T, idx::Int64) where T
    @inbounds Base.setindex_atomic!(buf.buffer, order, val,((idx - 1) & buf.mask) + 1)
end
```

from
https://github.com/gbaraldi/WorkstealingQueues.jl/blob/0ebc57237cf0c90feedf99e4338577d04b67805b/src/CLL.jl#L41

* fix rounding mode in construction of `BigFloat` from pi (#55911)

The default argument of the method was outdated, reading the global
default rounding directly, bypassing the `ScopedValue` stuff.

* fix `nonsetable_type_hint_handler` (#55962)

The current implementation is wrong, causing it to display inappropriate
hints like the following:
```julia
julia> s = Some("foo");

julia> s[] = "bar"
ERROR: MethodError: no method matching setindex!(::Some{String}, ::String)
The function `setindex!` exists, but no method is defined for this combination of argument types.
You attempted to index the type String, rather than an instance of the type. Make sure you create the type using its constructor: d = String([...]) rather than d = String
Stacktrace:
 [1] top-level scope
   @ REPL[2]:1
```

* REPL: make UndefVarError aware of imported modules (#55932)

* fix test/staged.jl (#55967)

In particular, the implementation of `overdub_generator54341` was
dangerous. This fixes it up.

* Explicitly store a module's location (#55963)

Revise wants to know what file a module's `module` definition is in.
Currently it does this by looking at the source location for the
implicitly generated `eval` method. This is terrible for two reasons:

1. The method may not exist if the module is a baremodule (which is not
particularly common, which is probably why we haven't seen it).
2. The fact that the implicitly generated `eval` method has this
location information is an implementation detail that I'd like to get
rid of (#55949).

This PR adds explicit file/line info to `Module`, so that Revise doesn't
have to use the hack anymore.

* mergewith: add single argument example to docstring (#55964)

I ran into this edge case. I though it should be documented.
---------

Co-authored-by: Lilith Orion Hafner <[email protected]>

* [build] avoid libedit linkage and align libccalllazy* SONAMEs (#55968)

While building the 1.11.0-rc4 in Homebrew[^1] in preparation for 1.11.0
release (and to confirm Sequoia successfully builds) I noticed some odd
linkage for our Linux builds, which included of:

1. LLVM libraries were linking to `libedit.so`, e.g.
    ```
    Dynamic Section:
      NEEDED       libedit.so.0
      NEEDED       libz.so.1
      NEEDED       libzstd.so.1
      NEEDED       libstdc++.so.6
      NEEDED       libm.so.6
      NEEDED       libgcc_s.so.1
      NEEDED       libc.so.6
      NEEDED       ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
      SONAME       libLLVM-16jl.so
    ```
    CMakeCache.txt showed
    ```
    //Use libedit if available.
    LLVM_ENABLE_LIBEDIT:BOOL=ON
    ```
Which might be overriding `HAVE_LIBEDIT` at
https://github.com/JuliaLang/llvm-project/blob/julia-release/16.x/llvm/cmake/config-ix.cmake#L222-L225.
So just added `LLVM_ENABLE_LIBEDIT`

2. Wasn't sure if there was a reason for this but `libccalllazy*` had
mismatched SONAME:
    ```console
    ❯ objdump -p lib/julia/libccalllazy* | rg '\.so'
    lib/julia/libccalllazybar.so:	file format elf64-x86-64
      NEEDED       ccalllazyfoo.so
      SONAME       ccalllazybar.so
    lib/julia/libccalllazyfoo.so:	file format elf64-x86-64
      SONAME       ccalllazyfoo.so
    ```
    Modifying this, but can drop if intentional.

---

[^1]: https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/pull/192116

* Add missing `copy!(::AbstractMatrix, ::UniformScaling)` method (#55970)

Hi everyone! First PR to Julia here.

It was noticed in a Slack thread yesterday
that `copy!(A, I)` doesn't work, but `copyto!(A, I)` does. This PR adds
the missing method for `copy!(::AbstractMatrix, ::UniformScaling)`,
which simply defers to `copyto!`, and corresponding tests.

I added a `compat` notice for Julia 1.12.

---------

Co-authored-by: Lilith Orion Hafner <[email protected]>

* Add forward progress update to NEWS.md (#54089)

Closes #40009 which was left open because of the needs news tag.

---------

Co-authored-by: Ian Butterworth <[email protected]>

* Fix an intermittent test failure in `core` test (#55973)

The test wants to assert that `Module` is not resolved in `Main`, but
other tests do resolve this identifier, so the test can fail depending
on test order (and I've been seeing such failures on CI recently). Fix
that by running the test in a fresh subprocess.

* fix comma logic in time_print (#55977)

Minor formatting fix

* optimizer: fix up the inlining algorithm to use correct `nargs`/`isva` (#55976)

It appears that inlining.jl was not updated in JuliaLang/julia#54341.
Specifically, using `nargs`/`isva` from `mi.def::Method` in
`ir_prepare_inlining!` causes the following error to occur:
```julia
function generate_lambda_ex(world::UInt, source::LineNumberNode,
                            argnames, spnames, @nospecialize body)
    stub = Core.GeneratedFunctionStub(identity, Core.svec(argnames...), Core.svec(spnames...))
    return stub(world, source, body)
end
function overdubbee54341(a, b)
    return a + b
end
const overdubee_codeinfo54341 = code_lowered(overdubbee54341, Tuple{Any, Any})[1]
function overdub_generator54341(world::UInt, source::LineNumberNode, selftype, fargtypes)
    if length(fargtypes) != 2
        return generate_lambda_ex(world, source,
            (:overdub54341, :args), (), :(error("Wrong number of arguments")))
    else
        return copy(overdubee_codeinfo54341)
    end
end
@eval function overdub54341(args...)
    $(Expr(:meta, :generated, overdub_generator54341))
    $(Expr(:meta, :generated_only))
end
topfunc(x) = overdub54341(x, 2)
```
```julia
julia> topfunc(1)
Internal error: during type inference of
topfunc(Int64)
Encountered unexpected error in runtime:
BoundsError(a=Array{Any, 1}(dims=(2,), mem=Memory{Any}(8, 0x10632e780)[SSAValue(2), SSAValue(3), #<null>, #<null>, #<null>, #<null>, #<null>, #<null>]), i=(3,))
throw_boundserror at ./essentials.jl:14
getindex at ./essentials.jl:909 [inlined]
ssa_substitute_op! at ./compiler/ssair/inlining.jl:1798
ssa_substitute_op! at ./compiler/ssair/inlining.jl:1852
ir_inline_item! at ./compiler/ssair/inlining.jl:386
...
```

This commit updates the abstract interpretation and inlining algorithm
to use the `nargs`/`isva` values held by `CodeInfo`. Similar
modifications have also been made to EscapeAnalysis.jl.

@nanosoldier `runbenchmarks("inference", vs=":master")`

* Add `.zed` directory to `.gitignore` (#55974)

Similar to the `vscode` config directory, we may ignore the `zed`
directory as well.

* typeintersect: reduce unneeded allocations from `merge_env`

`merge_env` and `final_merge_env` could be skipped
for emptiness test or if we know there's only 1 valid Union state.

* typeintersect: trunc env before nested `intersect_all` if valid.

This only covers the simplest cases. We might want a full dependence analysis and keep env length minimum in the future.

* `@time` actually fix time report commas & add tests (#55982)

https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/55977 looked simple but wasn't
quite right because of a bad pattern in the lock conflicts report
section.

So fix and add tests.

* adjust EA to JuliaLang/julia#52527 (#55986)

`EnterNode.catch_dest` can now be `0` after the `try`/`catch` elision
feature implemented in JuliaLang/julia#52527, and we actually need to
adjust `EscapeAnalysis.compute_frameinfo` too.

* Improvements to JITLink

Seeing what this will look like, since it has a number of features
(delayed compilation, concurrent compilation) that are starting to
become important, so it would be nice to switch to only supporting one
common implementation of memory management.

Refs #50248

I am expecting https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/63236 may
cause some problems, since we reconfigured some CI machines to minimize
that issue, but it is still likely relevant.

* rewrite catchjmp asm to use normal relocations instead of manual editing

* add logic to prefer loading modules that are already loaded (#55908)

Iterate over the list of existing loaded modules for PkgId whenever
loading a new module for PkgId, so that we will use that existing
build_id content if it otherwise passes the other stale_checks.

* Apple: fix bus error on smaller readonly file in unix (#55859)

Enables the fix for #28245 in #44354 for Apple now that the Julia bugs are
fixed by #55641 and #55877.

Closes #28245

* Add `Float16` to `Base.HWReal` (#55929)

* docs: make mod an operator (#55988)

* InteractiveUtils: add `@trace_compile` and `@trace_dispatch` (#55915)

* Profile: document heap snapshot viewing tools (#55743)

* [REPL] Fix #55850 by using `safe_realpath` instead of `abspath` in `projname` (#55851)

* optimizer: enable load forwarding with the `finalizer` elision (#55991)

When the finalizer elision pass is used, load forwarding is not
performed currently, regardless of whether the pass succeeds or not. But
this is not necessary, and by keeping the `setfield!` call, we can
safely forward `getfield` even if finalizer elision is tried.

* Avoid `stat`-ing stdlib path if it's unreadable (#55992)

* doc: manual: cmd: fix Markdown in table entry for `--trim` (#55979)

* Avoid conversions to `Float64` in non-literal powers of `Float16` (#55994)

Co-authored-by: Alex Arslan <[email protected]>

* Remove unreachable error branch in memset calls (and in repeat) (#55985)

Some places use the pattern memset(A, v, length(A)), which requires a
conversion UInt(length(A)). This is technically fallible, but can't
actually fail when A is a Memory or Array.
Remove the dead error branch by casting to UInt instead.

Similarly, in repeat(x, r), r is first checked to be nonnegative, then
converted to UInt, then used in multiple calls where it is converted to
UInt each time. Here, only do it once.

* fix up docstring of `mod` (#56000)

* fix typos (#56008)

these are all in markdown files

Co-authored-by: spaette <[email protected]>

* Vectorise random vectors of `Float16` (#55997)

* Clarify `div` docstring for floating-point input (#55918)

Closes #55837

This is a variant of the warning found in the `fld` docstring clarifying
floating-point behaviour.

* improve getproperty(Pairs) warnings (#55989)

- Only call `depwarn` if the field is `itr` or `data`; otherwise let the field error happen as normal
- Give a more specific deprecation warning.

* Document type-piracy / type-leakage restrictions for `require_stdlib` (#56005)

I was a recent offender in
https://github.com/JuliaLang/Pkg.jl/issues/4017#issuecomment-2377589989

This PR tries to lay down some guidelines for the behavior that stdlibs
and the callers of `require_stdlib` must adhere to to avoid "duplicate
stdlib" bugs

These bugs are particularly nasty because they are experienced
semi-rarely and under pretty specific circumstances (they only occur
when `require_stdlib` loads another copy of a stdlib, often in a
particular order and/or with a particular state of your pre-compile /
loading cache) so they may make it a long way through a pre-release
cycle without an actionable bug report.

* [LinearAlgebra] Remove unreliable doctests (#56011)

The exact textual representation of the output of these doctests depend
on the specific kernel used by the BLAS backend, and can vary between
versions of OpenBLAS (as it did in #41973), or between different CPUs,
which makes these doctests unreliable.

Fix #55998.

* cleanup functions of Hermitian matrices (#55951)

The functions of Hermitian matrices are a bit of a mess. For example, if
we have a Hermitian matrix `a` with negative eigenvalues, `a^0.5`
doesn't produce the `Symmetric` wrapper, but `sqrt(a)` does. On the
other hand, if we have a positive definite `b`, `b^0.5` will be
`Hermitian`, but `sqrt(b)` will be `Symmetric`:
```julia
using LinearAlgebra
a = Hermitian([1.0 2.0;2.0 1.0])
a^0.5
sqrt(a)
b = Hermitian([2.0 1.0; 1.0 2.0])
b^0.5
sqrt(b)
```
This sort of arbitrary assignment of wrappers happens with pretty much
all functions defined there. There's also some oddities, such as `cis`
being the only function defined for `SymTridiagonal`, even though all
`eigen`-based functions work, and `cbrt` being the only function not
defined for complex Hermitian matrices.

I did a cleanup: I defined all functions for `SymTridiagonal` and
`Hermitian{<:Complex}`, and always assigned the appropriate wrapper,
preserving the input one when possible.

There's an inconsistency remaining that I didn't fix, that only `sqrt`
and `log` accept a tolerance argument, as changing that is probably
breaking.

There were also hardly any tests that I could find (only `exp`, `log`,
`cis`, and `sqrt`). I'm happy to add them if it's desired.

* Fix no-arg `ScopedValues.@with` within a scope (#56019)

Fixes https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/56017

* LinearAlgebra: make matprod_dest public (#55537)

Currently, in a matrix multiplication `A * B`, we use `B` to construct
the destination. However, this may not produce the optimal destination
type, and is essentially single-dispatch. Letting packages specialize
`matprod_dest` would help us obtain the optimal type by dispatching on
both the arguments. This may significantly improve performance in the
matrix multiplication. As an example:
```julia
julia> using LinearAlgebra, FillArrays, SparseArrays

julia> F = Fill(3, 10, 10);

julia> s = sprand(10, 10, 0.1);

julia> @btime $F * $s;
  15.225 μs (10 allocations: 4.14 KiB)

julia> typeof(F * s)
SparseMatrixCSC{Float64, Int64}

julia> nnz(F * s)
80

julia> VERSION
v"1.12.0-DEV.1074"
```
In this case, the destination is a sparse matrix with 80% of its
elements filled and being set one-by-one, which is terrible for
performance. Instead, if we specialize `matprod_dest` to return a dense
destination, we may obtain
```julia
julia> LinearAlgebra.matprod_dest(F::FillArrays.AbstractFill, S::SparseMatrixCSC, ::Type{T}) where {T} = Matrix{T}(undef, size(F,1), size(S,2))

julia> @btime $F * $s;
  754.632 ns (2 allocations: 944 bytes)

julia> typeof(F * s)
Matrix{Float64}
```
Potentially, this may be improved further by specializing `mul!`, but
this is a 20x improvement just by choosing the right destination.

Since this is being made public, we may want to bikeshed on an
appropriate name for the function.

* Sockets: Warn when local network access not granted. (#56023)

Works around https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/56022

* Update test due to switch to intel syntax by default in #48103 (#55993)

* add require_lock call to maybe_loaded_precompile (#56027)

If we expect this to be a public API
(https://github.com/timholy/Revise.jl for some reason is trying to
access this state), we should lock around it for consistency with the
other similar functions.

Needed for https://github.com/timholy/Revise.jl/pull/856

* fix `power_by_squaring`: use `promote` instead of type inference (#55634)

Fixes #53504

Fixes #55633

* Don't show keymap `@error` for hints (#56041)

It's too disruptive to show errors for hints. The error will still be
shown if tab is pressed.

Helps issues like https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/56037

* Refactoring to be considered before adding MMTk

* Removing jl_gc_notify_image_load, since it's a new function and not part of the refactoring

* Moving gc_enable code to gc-common.c

* Addressing PR comments

* Push resolution of merge conflict

* Removing jl_gc_mark_queue_obj_explicit extern definition from scheduler.c

* Don't need the getter function since it's possible to use jl_small_typeof directly

* Remove extern from free_stack declaration in julia_internal.h

* Putting everything that is common GC tls into gc-tls-common.h

* Typo

* Adding gc-tls-common.h to Makefile as a public header

* Removing gc-tls-common fields from gc-tls-mmtk.h

* Fix typo in sockets tests. (#56038)

* EA: use `is_mutation_free_argtype` for the escapability check (#56028)

EA has been using `isbitstype` for type-level escapability checks, but a
better criterion (`is_mutation_free`) is available these days, so we
would like to use that instead.

* effects: fix `Base.@_noub_meta` (#56061)

This had the incorrect number of arguments to `Expr(:purity, ...)`
causing it to be silently ignored.

* effects: improve `:noub_if_noinbounds` documentation (#56060)

Just a small touch-up

* Disallow assigning asymmetric values to SymTridiagonal (#56068)

Currently, we can assign an asymmetric value to a `SymTridiagonal`,
which goes against what `setindex!` is expected to do. This is because
`SymTridiagonal` symmetrizes the values along the diagonal, so setting a
diagonal entry to an asymmetric value would lead to a subsequent
`getindex` producing a different result.
```julia
julia> s = SMatrix{2,2}(1:4);

julia> S = SymTridiagonal(fill(s,4), fill(s,3))
4×4 SymTridiagonal{SMatrix{2, 2, Int64, 4}, Vector{SMatrix{2, 2, Int64, 4}}}:
 [1 3; 3 4]  [1 3; 2 4]      ⋅           ⋅     
 [1 2; 3 4]  [1 3; 3 4]  [1 3; 2 4]      ⋅     
     ⋅       [1 2; 3 4]  [1 3; 3 4]  [1 3; 2 4]
     ⋅           ⋅       [1 2; 3 4]  [1 3; 3 4]

julia> S[1,1] = s
2×2 SMatrix{2, 2, Int64, 4} with indices SOneTo(2)×SOneTo(2):
 1  3
 2  4

julia> S[1,1] == s
false

julia> S[1,1]
2×2 Symmetric{Int64, SMatrix{2, 2, Int64, 4}} with indices SOneTo(2)×SOneTo(2):
 1  3
 3  4
```
After this PR,
```julia
julia> S[1,1] = s
ERROR: ArgumentError: cannot set a diagonal entry of a SymTridiagonal to an asymmetric value
```

* Remove unused matrix type params in diag methods (#56048)

These parameters are not used in the method, and are unnecessary for
dispatch.

* LinearAlgebra: diagzero for non-OneTo axes (#55252)

Currently, the off-diagonal zeros for a block-`Diagonal` matrix is
computed using `diagzero`, which calls `zeros` for the sizes of the
elements. This returns an `Array`, unless one specializes `diagzero` for
the custom `Diagonal` matrix type.

This PR defines a `zeroslike` function that dispatches on the axes of
the elements, which lets packages specialize on the axes to return
custom `AbstractArray`s. Choosing to specialize on the `eltype` avoids
the need to specialize on the container, and allows packages to return
appropriate types for custom axis types.

With this,
```julia
julia> LinearAlgebra.zeroslike(::Type{S}, ax::Tuple{SOneTo, Vararg{SOneTo}}) where {S<:SMatrix} = SMatrix{map(length, ax)...}(ntuple(_->zero(eltype(S)), prod(length, ax)))

julia> D = Diagonal(fill(SMatrix{2,3}(1:6), 2))
2×2 Diagonal{SMatrix{2, 3, Int64, 6}, Vector{SMatrix{2, 3, Int64, 6}}}:
 [1 3 5; 2 4 6]        ⋅       
       ⋅         [1 3 5; 2 4 6]

julia> D[1,2] # now an SMatrix
2×3 SMatrix{2, 3, Int64, 6} with indices SOneTo(2)×SOneTo(3):
 0  0  0
 0  0  0

julia> LinearAlgebra.zeroslike(::Type{S}, ax::Tuple{SOneTo, Vararg{SOneTo}}) where {S<:MMatrix} = MMatrix{map(length, ax)...}(ntuple(_->zero(eltype(S)), prod(length, ax)))

julia> D = Diagonal(fill(MMatrix{2,3}(1:6), 2))
2×2 Diagonal{MMatrix{2, 3, Int64, 6}, Vector{MMatrix{2, 3, Int64, 6}}}:
 [1 3 5; 2 4 6]        ⋅       
       ⋅         [1 3 5; 2 4 6]

julia> D[1,2] # now an MMatrix
2×3 MMatrix{2, 3, Int64, 6} with indices SOneTo(2)×SOneTo(3):
 0  0  0
 0  0  0
```
The reason this can't be the default behavior is that we are not
guaranteed that there exists a `similar` method that accepts the
combination of axes. This is why we have to fall back to using the
sizes, unless a specialized method is provided by a package.

One positive outcome of this is that indexing into such a block-diagonal
matrix will now usually be type-stable, which mitigates
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/45535 to some extent (although
it doesn't resolve the issue).

I've also updated the `getindex` for `Bidiagonal` to use `diagzero`,
instead of the similarly defined `bidiagzero` function that it was
using. Structured block matrices may now use `diagzero` uniformly to
generate the zero elements.

* Multi-argument `gcdx(a, b, c...)` (#55935)

Previously, `gcdx` only worked for two arguments - but the underlying
idea extends to any (nonzero) number of arguments. Similarly, `gcd`
already works for 1, 2, 3+ arguments.

This PR implements the 1 and 3+ argument versions of `gcdx`, following
the [wiki
page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Euclidean_algorithm#The_case_of_more_than_two_numbers)
for the Extended Euclidean algorithm.

* Refactoring to be considered before adding MMTk

* Removing jl_gc_notify_image_load, since it's a new function and not part of the refactoring

* Moving gc_enable code to gc-common.c

* Addressing PR comments

* Push resolution of merge conflict

* Removing jl_gc_mark_queue_obj_explicit extern definition from scheduler.c

* Don't need the getter function since it's possible to use jl_small_typeof directly

* Remove extern from free_stack declaration in julia_internal.h

* Putting everything that is common GC tls into gc-tls-common.h

* Typo

* Adding gc-tls-common.h to Makefile as a public header

* Adding jl_full_sweep_reasons since timing.jl depends on it

* Fixing issue with jl_full_sweep_reasons (missing constants)

* fix `_growbeg!` unncessary resizing (#56029)

This was very explicitly designed such that if there was a bunch of
extra space at the end of the array, we would copy rather than
allocating, but by making `newmemlen` be at least
`overallocation(memlen)` rather than `overallocation(len)`, this branch
was never hit. found by https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/56026

* REPL: hide any prints to stdio during `complete_line` (#55959)

* teach llvm-alloc-helpers about `gc_loaded` (#56030)

combined with https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/55913, the
compiler is smart enough to fully remove
```
function f()
    m = Memory{Int}(undef, 3)
    @inbounds m[1] = 2
    @inbounds m[2] = 2
    @inbounds m[3] = 4
    @inbounds return m[1] + m[2] + m[3]
end
```

* mpfr: prevent changing precision (#56049)

Changing precision requires reallocating the data field, which is better
done by making a new BigFloat (since they are conceptually immutable
anyways). Also do a bit a cleanup while here.

Closes #56044

* stackwalk: fix jl_thread_suspend_and_get_state race (#56047)

There was a missing re-assignment of old = -1; at the end of that loop
which means in the ABA case, we accidentally actually acquire the lock
on the thread despite not actually having stopped the thread; or in the
counter-case, we try to run through this logic with old==-1 on the next
iteration, and that isn't valid either (jl_thread_suspend_and_get_state
should return failure and the loop will abort too early).

Fix #56046

* irrationals: restrict assume effects annotations to known types (#55886)

Other changes:
* replace `:total` with the less powerful `:foldable`
* add an `<:Integer` dispatch constraint on the `rationalize` method,
closes #55872
* replace `Rational{<:Integer}` with just `Rational`, they're equal

Other issues, related to `BigFloat` precision, are still present in
irrationals.jl, to be fixed by followup PRs, including #55853.

Fixes #55874

* update `hash` doc string: `widen` not required any more (#55867)

Implementing `widen` isn't a requirement any more, since #26022.

* Merge `diag` methods for triangular matrices (#56086)

* slightly improve inference in precompilation code (#56084)

Avoids the

```
11: signature Tuple{typeof(convert), Type{String}, Any} triggered MethodInstance for Base.Precompilation.ExplicitEnv(::String) (84 children)
```

shown in
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/56080#issuecomment-2404765120

Co-authored-by: KristofferC <[email protected]>

* avoid defining `convert(Vector{String}, ...)` in LibGit2 (#56082)

This is a weird conversion function to define. Seems cleaner to use the
iteration interface for this. Also avoids some invalidations
(https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/56080#issuecomment-2404765120)

Co-authored-by: KristofferC <[email protected]>

* array: inline `convert` where possible (#56034)

This improves a common scenario, where someone wants to `push!` a
poorly-typed object onto a well-typed Vector.

For example:
```julia
const NT = @NamedTuple{x::Int,y::Any}
foo(v::Vector{NT}, x::Int, @nospecialize(y)) = push!(v, (; x, y))
```

The `(; x, y)` is slightly poorly-typed here. It could have any type for
its `.y` field before it is converted inside the `push!` to a NamedTuple
with `y::Any`

Without this PR, the dispatch for this `push!` cannot be inferred:
```julia
julia> code_typed(foo, (Vector{NT}, Int, Any))[1]
 CodeInfo(
1 ─ ...
│   %4 = %new(%3, x, y)::NamedTuple{(:x, :y), <:Tuple{Int64, Any}}
│   %5 = Main.push!(v, %4)::Vector{@NamedTuple{x::Int64, y}}
└──      return %5
) => Vector{@NamedTuple{x::Int64, y}}
```

With this PR, the above dynamic call is fully statically resolved and
inlined (and therefore `--trim` compatible)

* Remove some unnecessary `real` specializations for structured matrices (#56083)

The `real(::AbstractArray{<:Rea})` fallback method should handle these
cases correctly.

* Combine `diag` methods for `SymTridiagonal` (#56014)

Currently, there are two branches, one for an `eltype` that is a
`Number`, and the other that deals with generic `eltype`s. They do
similar things, so we may combine these, and use branches wherever
necessary to retain the performance. We also may replace explicit
materialized arrays by generators in `copyto!`. Overall, this improves
performance in `diag` for matrices of matrices, whereas the performance
in the common case of matrices of numbers remains unchanged.
```julia
julia> using StaticArrays, LinearAlgebra

julia> s = SMatrix{2,2}(1:4);

julia> S = SymTridiagonal(fill(s,100), fill(s,99));

julia> @btime diag($S);
  1.292 μs (5 allocations: 7.16 KiB) # nightly, v"1.12.0-DEV.1317"
  685.012 ns (3 allocations: 3.19 KiB) # This PR
```
This PR also allows computing the `diag` for more values of the band
index `n`:
```julia
julia> diag(S,99)
1-element Vector{SMatrix{2, 2, Int64, 4}}:
 [0 0; 0 0]
```
This would work as long as `getindex` works for the `SymTridiagonal` for
that band, and the zero element may be converted to the `eltype`.

* fix `Vararg{T,T} where T` crashing `code_typed` (#56081)

Not sure this is the right place to fix this error, perhaps
`match.spec_types` should always be a tuple of valid types?

fixes #55916

---------

Co-authored-by: Jameson Nash <[email protected]>

* [libblastrampoline_jll] Upgrade to v5.11.1 (#56094)

v5.11.1 is a patch release with a couple of RISC-V fixes.

* Revert "REPL: hide any prints to stdio during `complete_line`" (#56102)

* Remove warning from c when binding is ambiguous (#56103)

* make `Base.ANSIIterator` have a concrete field (#56088)

Avoids the invalidation

```
   backedges: 1: superseding sizeof(s::AbstractString) @ Base strings/basic.jl:177 with MethodInstance for sizeof(::AbstractString) (75 children)
```

shown in
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/56080#issuecomment-2404765120.

Co-authored-by: KristofferC <[email protected]>

* Subtype: some performance tuning. (#56007)

The main motivation of this PR is to fix #55807.
dc689fe8700f70f4a4e2dbaaf270f26b87e79e04 tries to remove the slow
`may_contain_union_decision` check by re-organizing the code path. Now
the fast path has been removed and most of its optimization has been
integrated into the preserved slow path.
Since the slow path stores all inner ∃ decisions on the outer most R
stack, there might be overflow risk.
aee69a41441b4306ba3ee5e845bc96cb45d9b327 should fix that concern.

The reported MWE now becomes
```julia
  0.000002 seconds
  0.000040 seconds (105 allocations: 4.828 KiB, 52.00% compilation time)
  0.000023 seconds (105 allocations: 4.828 KiB, 49.36% compilation time)
  0.000026 seconds (105 allocations: 4.828 KiB, 50.38% compilation time)
  0.000027 seconds (105 allocations: 4.828 KiB, 54.95% compilation time)
  0.000019 seconds (106 allocations: 4.922 KiB, 49.73% compilation time)
  0.000024 seconds (105 allocations: 4.828 KiB, 52.24% compilation time)
```

Local bench also shows that 72855cd slightly accelerates
`OmniPackage.jl`'s loading
```julia
julia> @time using OmniPackage
# v1.11rc4
 20.525278 seconds (25.36 M allocations: 1.606 GiB, 8.48% gc time, 12.89% compilation time: 77% of which was recompilation)
# v1.11rc4+aee69a4+72855cd 
 19.527871 seconds (24.92 M allocations: 1.593 GiB, 8.88% gc time, 15.13% compilation time: 82% of which was recompilation)
```

* rearrange jl_delete_thread to be thread-safe (#56097)

Prior to this, especially on macOS, the gc-safepoint here would cause
the process to segfault as we had already freed the current_task state.
Rearrange this code so that the GC interactions (except for the atomic
store to current_task) are all handled before entering GC safe, and then
signaling the thread is deleted (via setting current_task = NULL,
published by jl_unlock_profile_wr to other threads) is last.

```
ERROR: Exception handler triggered on unmanaged thread.
Process 53827 stopped
* thread #5, stop reason = EXC_BAD_ACCESS (code=2, address=0x100018008)
    frame #0: 0x0000000100b74344 libjulia-internal.1.12.0.dylib`jl_delete_thread [inlined] jl_gc_state_set(ptls=0x000000011f8b3200, state='\x02', old_state=<unavailable>) at julia_threads.h:272:9 [opt]
   269 	    assert(old_state != JL_GC_CONCURRENT_COLLECTOR_THREAD);
   270 	    jl_atomic_store_release(&ptls->gc_state, state);
   271 	    if (state == JL_GC_STATE_UNSAFE || old_state == JL_GC_STATE_UNSAFE)
-> 272 	        jl_gc_safepoint_(ptls);
   273 	    return old_state;
   274 	}
   275 	STATIC_INLINE int8_t jl_gc_state_save_and_set(jl_ptls_t ptls,
Target 0: (julia) stopped.
(lldb) up
frame #1: 0x0000000100b74320 libjulia-internal.1.12.0.dylib`jl_delete_thread [inlined] jl_gc_state_save_and_set(ptls=0x000000011f8b3200, state='\x02') at julia_threads.h:278:12 [opt]
   275 	STATIC_INLINE int8_t jl_gc_state_save_and_set(jl_ptls_t ptls,
   276 	                                              int8_t state)
   277 	{
-> 278 	    return jl_gc_state_set(ptls, state, jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_state));
   279 	}
   280 	#ifdef __clang_gcanalyzer__
   281 	// these might not be a safepoint (if they are no-op safe=>safe transitions), but we have to assume it could be (statically)
(lldb)
frame #2: 0x0000000100b7431c libjulia-internal.1.12.0.dylib`jl_delete_thread(value=0x000000011f8b3200) at threading.c:537:11 [opt]
   534 	    ptls->root_task = NULL;
   535 	    jl_free_thread_gc_state(ptls);
   536 	    // then park in safe-region
-> 537 	    (void)jl_gc_safe_enter(ptls);
   538 	}
```

(test incorporated into https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/55793)

* OpenBLAS: Use dynamic architecture support on AArch64. (#56107)

We already do so on Yggdrasil, so this just makes both source and binary
builds behave similarly.

Closes https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/56075

* IRShow: label builtin / intrinsic / dynamic calls in `code_typed` (#56036)

This makes it much easier to spot dynamic dispatches

* 🤖 [master] Bump the Pkg stdlib from 51d4910c1 to fbaa2e337 (#56124)

* Fix type instability of closures capturing types (2) (#40985)

Instead of closures lowering to `typeof` for the types of captured
fields, this introduces a new function `_typeof_captured_variable` that
returns `Type{T}` if `T` is a type (w/o free typevars).

- replaces/closes #35970
- fixes #23618

---------

Co-authored-by: Takafumi Arakaki <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Shuhei Kadowaki <[email protected]>

* Remove debug error statement from Makefile. (#56127)

* align markdown table (#56122)

@<!-- -->gbaraldi `#51197`
@<!-- -->spaette `#56008`

fix innocuous malalignment of table after those pulls were merged

* Improve IOBuffer docs (#56024)

Based on the discussion in #55978, I have tried to clarify the
documentation of `IOBuffer`.

* Comment out url and fix typo in stackwalk.c (#56131)

Introduced in #55623

* libgit2: Always use the bundled PCRE library. (#56129)

This is how Yggdrasil builds the library.

* Update JLL build versions (#56133)

This commit encompasses the following changes:
- Updating the JLL build version for Clang, dSFMT, GMP, LibUV,
LibUnwind, LLD, LLVM, libLLVM, MbedTLS, MPFR, OpenBLAS, OpenLibm, p7zip,
PCRE2, SuiteSparse, and Zlib.
- Updating CompilerSupportLibraries to v1.2.0. The library versions
contained in this release of CSL don't differ from v1.1.1, the only
difference is that v1.2.0 includes FreeBSD AArch64.
- Updating nghttp2 from 1.60.0 to 1.63.0. See
[here](https://github.com/nghttp2/nghttp2/releases) for changes between
these versions.
- Adding `aarch64-unknown-freebsd` to the list of triplets to check when
refreshing checksums.

Note that dependencies that link to MbedTLS (Curl, LibSSH2, LibGit2) are
excluded here. They'll be updated once a resolution is reached for the
OpenSSL switching saga. Once that happens, FreeBSD AArch64 should be
able to be built without any dependency source builds.

* typo in `Compiler.Effects` doc string: `checkbounds` -> `boundscheck` (#56140)

Follows up on #56060

* HISTORY: fix missing links (#56137)

* OpenBLAS: Fix cross-compilation detection for source build. (#56139)

We may be cross-compiling Linux-to-Linux, in which case `BUILD_OS` ==
`OS`, so look at `XC_HOST` to determine whether we're cross compiling.

* `diag` for `BandedMatrix`es for off-limit bands (#56065)

Currently, one can only obtain the `diag` for a `BandedMatrix` (such as
a `Diagonal`) when the band index is bounded by the size of the matrix.
This PR relaxes this requirement to match the behavior for arrays, where
`diag` returns an empty vector for a large band index instead of
throwing an error.
```julia
julia> D = Diagonal(ones(4))
4×4 Diagonal{Float64, Vector{Float64}}:
 1.0   ⋅    ⋅    ⋅ 
  ⋅   1.0   ⋅    ⋅ 
  ⋅    ⋅   1.0   ⋅ 
  ⋅    ⋅    ⋅   1.0

julia> diag(D, 10)
Float64[]

julia> diag(Array(D), 10)
Float64[]
```
Something similar for `SymTridiagonal` is being done in
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/56014

* Port progress bar improvements from Pkg (#56125)

Includes changes from https://github.com/JuliaLang/Pkg.jl/pull/4038 and
https://github.com/JuliaLang/Pkg.jl/pull/4044.

Co-authored-by: Kristoffer Carlsson <[email protected]>

* Add support for LLVM 19 (#55650)

Co-authored-by: Zentrik <[email protected]>

* 🤖 [master] Bump the Pkg stdlib from fbaa2e337 to 27c1b1ee5 (#56146)

* HISTORY entry for deletion of `length(::Stateful)` (#55861)

xref #47790

xref #51747

xref #54953

xref #55858

* ntuple: ensure eltype is always `Int` (#55901)

Fixes #55790

* Improve remarks of the alloc opt pass slightly. (#55995)

The Value printer LLVM uses just prints the kind of instruction so it
just shows call.

---------

Co-authored-by: Oscar Smith <[email protected]>

* Implement Base.fd() for TCPSocket, UDPSocket, and TCPServer (#53721)

This is quite handy if you want to pass off the file descriptor to a C
library. I also added a warning to the `fd()` docstring to warn folks
about duplicating the file descriptor first.

* Fix `JULIA_CPU_TARGET` being propagated to workers precompiling stdlib pkgimages (#54093)

Apparently (thanks ChatGPT) each line in a makefile is executed in a
separate shell so adding an `export` line on one line does not propagate
to the next line.

* Merge tr methods for triangular matrices (#56154)

Since the methods do identical things, we don't need multiple of these.

* Reduce duplication in triangular indexing methods (#56152)

This uses an orthogonal design to reduce code duplication in the
indexing methods for triangular matrices.

* update LLVM docs (#56162)

dump with raw=true so you don't get random erorrs, and show how to run
single modules.

---------

Co-authored-by: Valentin Churavy <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Mosè Giordano <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Jameson Nash <[email protected]>

* Fix zero elements for block-matrix kron involving Diagonal (#55941)

Currently, it's assumed that the zero element is identical for the
matrix, but this is not necessary if the elements are matrices
themselves and have different sizes. This PR ensures that `kron` for a
`Diagonal` has the correct zero elements.
Current:
```julia
julia> D = Diagonal(1:2)
2×2 Diagonal{Int64, UnitRange{Int64}}:
 1  ⋅
 ⋅  2

julia> B = reshape([ones(2,2), ones(3,2), ones(2,3), ones(3,3)], 2, 2);

julia> size.(kron(D, B))
4×4 Matrix{Tuple{Int64, Int64}}:
 (2, 2)  (2, 3)  (2, 2)  (2, 2)
 (3, 2)  (3, 3)  (2, 2)  (2, 2)
 (2, 2)  (2, 2)  (2, 2)  (2, 3)
 (2, 2)  (2, 2)  (3, 2)  (3, 3)
``` 
This PR
```julia
julia> size.(kron(D, B))
4×4 Matrix{Tuple{Int64, Int64}}:
 (2, 2)  (2, 3)  (2, 2)  (2, 3)
 (3, 2)  (3, 3)  (3, 2)  (3, 3)
 (2, 2)  (2, 3)  (2, 2)  (2, 3)
 (3, 2)  (3, 3)  (3, 2)  (3, 3)
```
Note the differences e.g. in the `CartesianIndex(4,1)`,
`CartesianIndex(3,2)` and `CartesianIndex(3,3)` elements.

* Call `MulAddMul` instead of multiplication in _generic_matmatmul! (#56089)

Fix https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/56085 by calling a newly
created `MulAddMul` object that only wraps the `alpha` (with `beta` set
to `false`). This avoids the explicit multiplication if `alpha` is known
to be `isone`.

* improve `allunique`'s type stability (#56161)

Caught by https://github.com/aviatesk/JET.jl/issues/667.

* Add invalidation barriers for `displaysize` and `implicit_typeinfo` (#56159)

These are invalidated by our own stdlibs (Dates and REPL) unfortunately
so we need to put this barrier in.

This fix is _very_ un-satisfying, because it doesn't do anything to
solve this problem for downstream libraries that use e.g. `displaysize`.
To fix that, I think we need a way to make sure callers get these
invalidation barriers by default...

* Fix markdown list in installation.md (#56165)

Documenter.jl requires all trailing list content to follow the same
indentation as the header. So, in the current view
(https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/manual/installation/#Command-line-arguments)
the list appears broken.

* [Random] Add more comments and a helper function in Xoshiro code (#56144)

Follow up to #55994 and #55997. This should basically be a
non-functional change and I see no performance difference, but the
comments and the definition of a helper function should make the code
easier to follow (I initially struggled in #55997) and extend to other
types.

* add objects to concisely specify initialization

PerProcess: once per process
PerThread: once per thread id
PerTask: once per task object

* add precompile support for recording fields to change

Somewhat generalizes our support for changing Ptr to C_NULL. Not
particularly fast, since it is just using the builtins implementation of
setfield, and delaying the actual stores, but it should suffice.

* improve OncePer implementation

Address reviewer feedback, add more fixes and more tests,
rename to add Once prefix.

* fix use-after-free in test (detected in win32 CI)

* Make loading work when stdlib deps are missing in the manifest (#56148)

Closes https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/56109 

Simulating a bad manifest by having `LibGit2_jll` missing as a dep of
`LibGit2` in my default env, say because the manifest was generated by a
different julia version or different master julia commit.

## This PR, it just works
```
julia> using Revise

julia>
```
i.e.
```
% JULIA_DEBUG=loading ./julia --startup-file=no
julia> using Revise
...
┌ Debug: Stdlib LibGit2 [76f85450-5226-5b5a-8eaa-529ad045b433] is trying to load `LibGit2_jll`
│ which is not listed as a dep in the load path manifests, so resorting to search
│ in the stdlib Project.tomls for true deps
└ @ Base loading.jl:387
┌ Debug: LibGit2 [76f85450-5226-5b5a-8eaa-529ad045b433] indeed depends on LibGit2_jll in project /Users/ian/Documents/GitHub/julia/usr/share/julia/stdlib/v1.12/LibGit2/Project.toml
└ @ Base loading.jl:395
...

julia>
```

## Master
```
julia> using Revise
Info Given Revise was explicitly requested, output will be shown live
ERROR: LoadError: ArgumentError: Package LibGit2 does not have LibGit2_jll in its dependencies:
- Note that the following manifests in the load path were resolved with a potentially
  different DEV version of the current version, which may be the cause of the error.
  Try to re-resolve them in the current version, or consider deleting them if that fails:
    /Users/ian/.julia/environments/v1.12/Manifest.toml
- You may have a partially installed environment. Try `Pkg.instantiate()`
  to ensure all packages in the environment are installed.
- Or, if you have LibGit2 checked out for development and have
  added LibGit2_jll as a dependency but haven't updated your primary
  environment's manifest file, try `Pkg.resolve()`.
- Otherwise you may need to report an issue with LibGit2
...
```

* Remove llvm-muladd pass and move it's functionality to to llvm-simdloop (#55802)

Closes https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/55785

I'm not sure if we want to backport this like this. Because that removes
some functionality (the pass itself). So LLVM.jl and friends might need
annoying version code. We can maybe keep the code there and just not run
the pass in a backport.

* Fix implicit `convert(String, ...)` in several places (#56174)

This removes several `convert(String, ...)` from this code, which really
shouldn't be something we invalidate on in the first place (see
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/56173) but this is still an
improvement in code quality so let's take it.

* Change annotations to use a NamedTuple (#55741)

Due to popular demand, the type of annotations is to be changed from a
`Tuple{UnitRange{Int}, Pair{Symbol, Any}}` to a `NamedTuple{(:region,
:label, :value), Tuple{UnitRange{Int}, Symbol,
Any}}`.

This requires the expected code churn to `strings/annotated.jl`, and
some changes to the StyledStrings and JuliaSyntaxHighlighting libraries.

Closes #55249 and closes #55245.

* Getting rid of mmtk_julia.c in the binding and moving it to gc-mmtk.c

* Trying to organize and label the code in gc-mmtk.c

* Remove redundant `convert` in `_setindex!` (#56178)

Follow up to #56034, ref:
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/56034#discussion_r1798573573.

---------

Co-authored-by: Cody Tapscott <[email protected]>

* Improve type inference of Artifacts.jl (#56118)

This also has some changes that move platform selection to compile time
together with
https://github.com/JuliaPackaging/JLLWrappers.jl/commit/45cc04963f3c99d4eb902f97528fe16fc37002cc,
move the platform selection to compile time.

(this helps juliac a ton)

* Initial support for RISC-V (#56105)

Rebase and extension of @alexfanqi's initial work on porting Julia to
RISC-V. Requires LLVM 19.

Tested on a VisionFive2, built with:

```make
MARCH := rv64gc_zba_zbb
MCPU := sifive-u74

USE_BINARYBUILDER:=0

DEPS_GIT = llvm
override LLVM_VER=19.1.1
override LLVM_BRANCH=julia-release/19.x
override LLVM_SHA1=julia-release/19.x
```

```julia-repl
❯ ./julia
               _
   _       _ _(_)_     |  Documentation: https://docs.julialang.org
  (_)     | (_) (_)    |
   _ _   _| |_  __ _   |  Type "?" for help, "]?" for Pkg help.
  | | | | | | |/ _` |  |
  | | |_| | | | (_| |  |  Version 1.12.0-DEV.1374 (2024-10-14)
 _/ |\__'_|_|_|\__'_|  |  riscv/25092a3982* (fork: 1 commits, 0 days)
|__/                   |

julia> versioninfo(; verbose=true)
Julia Version 1.12.0-DEV.1374
Commit 25092a3982* (2024-10-14 09:57 UTC)
Platform Info:
  OS: Linux (riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu)
  uname: Linux 6.11.3-1-riscv64 #1 SMP Debian 6.11.3-1 (2024-10-10) riscv64 unknown
  CPU: …
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Improve visibilty of line location in stacktrace e.g. Ability to override/disable muted colour in stacktraces
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