080-breaking-changes.rst

Solidity v0.8.0 重大更新

This section highlights the main breaking changes introduced in Solidity version 0.8.0. For the full list check the release changelog.

Silent Changes of the Semantics

This section lists changes where existing code changes its behaviour without the compiler notifying you about it.

• Arithmetic operations revert on underflow and overflow. You can use unchecked { ... } to use the previous wrapping behaviour.

  Checks for overflow are very common, so we made them the default to increase readability of code, even if it comes at a slight increase of gas costs.

• ABI coder v2 is activated by default.

  You can choose to use the old behaviour using pragma abicoder v1;. The pragma pragma experimental ABIEncoderV2; is still valid, but it is deprecated and has no effect. If you want to be explicit, please use pragma abicoder v2; instead.

  Note that ABI coder v2 supports more types than v1 and performs more sanity checks on the inputs. ABI coder v2 makes some function calls more expensive and it can also make contract calls revert that did not revert with ABI coder v1 when they contain data that does not conform to the parameter types.

• Exponentiation is right associative, i.e., the expression a**b**c is parsed as a**(b**c). Before 0.8.0, it was parsed as (a**b)**c.

  This is the common way to parse the exponentiation operator.

• Failing assertions and other internal checks like division by zero or arithmetic overflow do not use the invalid opcode but instead the revert opcode. More specifically, they will use error data equal to a function call to Panic(uint256) with an error code specific to the circumstances.

  This will save gas on errors while it still allows static analysis tools to distinguish these situations from a revert on invalid input, like a failing require.

• If a byte array in storage is accessed whose length is encoded incorrectly, a panic is caused. A contract cannot get into this situation unless inline assembly is used to modify the raw representation of storage byte arrays.

• If constants are used in array length expressions, previous versions of Solidity would use arbitrary precision in all branches of the evaluation tree. Now, if constant variables are used as intermediate expressions, their values will be properly rounded in the same way as when they are used in run-time expressions.

• The type byte has been removed. It was an alias of bytes1.

New Restrictions

This section lists changes that might cause existing contracts to not compile anymore.

• There are new restrictions related to explicit conversions of literals. The previous behaviour in the following cases was likely ambiguous:

  1. Explicit conversions from negative literals and literals larger than type(uint160).max to address are disallowed.
  2. Explicit conversions between literals and an integer type T are only allowed if the literal lies between type(T).min and type(T).max. In particular, replace usages of uint(-1) with type(uint).max.
  3. Explicit conversions between literals and enums are only allowed if the literal can represent a value in the enum.
  4. Explicit conversions between literals and address type (e.g. address(literal)) have the type address instead of address payable. One can get a payable address type by using an explicit conversion, i.e., payable(literal).

• :ref:`Address literals<address_literals>` have the type address instead of address payable. They can be converted to address payable by using an explicit conversion, e.g. payable(0xdCad3a6d3569DF655070DEd06cb7A1b2Ccd1D3AF).

• There are new restrictions on explicit type conversions. The conversion is only allowed when there is at most one change in sign, width or type-category (int, address, bytesNN, etc.). To perform multiple changes, use multiple conversions.

  Let us use the notation T(S) to denote the explicit conversion T(x), where, T and S are types, and x is any arbitrary variable of type S. An example of such a disallowed conversion would be uint16(int8) since it changes both width (8 bits to 16 bits) and sign (signed integer to unsigned integer). In order to do the conversion, one has to go through an intermediate type. In the previous example, this would be uint16(uint8(int8)) or uint16(int16(int8)). Note that the two ways to convert will produce different results e.g., for -1. The following are some examples of conversions that are disallowed by this rule.

  • address(uint) and uint(address): converting both type-category and width. Replace this by address(uint160(uint)) and uint(uint160(address)) respectively.
  • payable(uint160), payable(bytes20) and payable(integer-literal): converting both type-category and state-mutability. Replace this by payable(address(uint160)), payable(address(bytes20)) and payable(address(integer-literal)) respectively. Note that payable(0) is valid and is an exception to the rule.
  • int80(bytes10) and bytes10(int80): converting both type-category and sign. Replace this by int80(uint80(bytes10)) and bytes10(uint80(int80) respectively.
  • Contract(uint): converting both type-category and width. Replace this by Contract(address(uint160(uint))).

  These conversions were disallowed to avoid ambiguity. For example, in the expression uint16 x = uint16(int8(-1)), the value of x would depend on whether the sign or the width conversion was applied first.

• Function call options can only be given once, i.e. c.f{gas: 10000}{value: 1}() is invalid and has to be changed to c.f{gas: 10000, value: 1}().

• The global functions log0, log1, log2, log3 and log4 have been removed.

  These are low-level functions that were largely unused. Their behaviour can be accessed from inline assembly.

• enum definitions cannot contain more than 256 members.

  This will make it safe to assume that the underlying type in the ABI is always uint8.

• Declarations with the name this, super and _ are disallowed, with the exception of public functions and events. The exception is to make it possible to declare interfaces of contracts implemented in languages other than Solidity that do permit such function names.

• Remove support for the \b, \f, and \v escape sequences in code. They can still be inserted via hexadecimal escapes, e.g. \x08, \x0c, and \x0b, respectively.

• The global variables tx.origin and msg.sender have the type address instead of address payable. One can convert them into address payable by using an explicit conversion, i.e., payable(tx.origin) or payable(msg.sender).

  This change was done since the compiler cannot determine whether or not these addresses are payable or not, so it now requires an explicit conversion to make this requirement visible.

• Explicit conversion into address type always returns a non-payable address type. In particular, the following explicit conversions have the type address instead of address payable:

  • address(u) where u is a variable of type uint160. One can convert u into the type address payable by using two explicit conversions, i.e., payable(address(u)).
  • address(b) where b is a variable of type bytes20. One can convert b into the type address payable by using two explicit conversions, i.e., payable(address(b)).
  • address(c) where c is a contract. Previously, the return type of this conversion depended on whether the contract can receive Ether (either by having a receive function or a payable fallback function). The conversion payable(c) has the type address payable and is only allowed when the contract c can receive Ether. In general, one can always convert c into the type address payable by using the following explicit conversion: payable(address(c)). Note that address(this) falls under the same category as address(c) and the same rules apply for it.

• The chainid builtin in inline assembly is now considered view instead of pure.

• Unary negation cannot be used on unsigned integers anymore, only on signed integers.

Interface Changes

• The output of --combined-json has changed: JSON fields abi, devdoc, userdoc and storage-layout are sub-objects now. Before 0.8.0 they used to be serialised as strings.
• The "legacy AST" has been removed (--ast-json on the commandline interface and legacyAST for standard JSON). Use the "compact AST" (--ast-compact--json resp. AST) as replacement.
• The old error reporter (--old-reporter) has been removed.

How to update your code

• If you rely on wrapping arithmetic, surround each operation with unchecked { ... }.
• Optional: If you use SafeMath or a similar library, change x.add(y) to x + y, x.mul(y) to x * y etc.
• Add pragma abicoder v1; if you want to stay with the old ABI coder.
• Optionally remove pragma experimental ABIEncoderV2 or pragma abicoder v2 since it is redundant.
• Change byte to bytes1.
• Add intermediate explicit type conversions if required.
• Combine c.f{gas: 10000}{value: 1}() to c.f{gas: 10000, value: 1}().
• Change msg.sender.transfer(x) to payable(msg.sender).transfer(x) or use a stored variable of address payable type.
• Change x**y**z to (x**y)**z.
• Use inline assembly as a replacement for log0, ..., log4.
• Negate unsigned integers by subtracting them from the maximum value of the type and adding 1 (e.g. type(uint256).max - x + 1, while ensuring that x is not zero)