Want to learn how to use Python for (Accounting) Research?
This repository has everything that you need to get started!

Author: Ties de Kok (Personal Page)

Table of contents

• Introduction
  • Who is this repository for?
  • How to use this repository?
• Getting your Python setup ready
• Using Python
  • Jupyter Notebook
  • Installing packages
• Tutorial Notebooks
  • Exercises
• Code along
  • Binder
  • Clone repository
• Questions?
• License
• Special thanks

Introduction

The goal of this GitHub page is to provide you with everything you need to get started with Python for actual research projects.

Who is this repository for?

The topics and techniques demonstrated in this repository are primarily oriented towards empirical research projects in fields such as Accounting, Finance, Marketing, Political Science, and other Social Sciences.

However, many of the basics are also perfectly applicable if you are looking to use Python for any other type of Data Science!

How to use this repository?

This repository is written to facilitate learning by doing

If you are starting from scratch I recommend the following:

1. Familiarize yourself with the Getting your Python setup ready and Using Python sections below
2. Check the Code along! section to make sure that you can interactively use the Jupyter Notebooks
3. Work through the 0_python_basics.ipynb notebook and try to get a basics grasp on the Python syntax
4. Do the "Basic Python tasks" part of the exercises.ipynb notebook
5. Work through the 1_opening_files.ipynb, 2_handling_data.ipynb, and 3_visualizing_data.ipynb notebooks.
   Note: the 2_handling_data.ipynb notebook is very comprehensive, feel free to skip the more advanced parts at first.
6. Do the "Data handling tasks (+ some plotting)" part of the exercises.ipynb notebook

If you are interested in web-scraping:

7. Work through the 4_web_scraping.ipynb notebook
8. Do the "Web scraping" part of the exercises.ipynb notebook

If you are interested in Natural Language Processing with Python:

9. Take a look at my Python NLP tutorial repository + notebook

If you are already familiar with the Python basics:

Use the notebooks provided in this repository selectively depending on the types of problems that you try to solve with Python.

Everything in the notebooks is purposely sectioned by the task description. So if you, for example, are looking to merge two Pandas dataframes together, you can use the Combining dataframes section of the 2_handling_data.ipynb notebook as a starting point.

Getting your Python setup ready

There are multiple ways to get your Python environment set up. To keep things simple I will only provide you with what I believe to be the best and easiest way to get started: download the Anaconda distribution.

Anaconda Distribution

The Anaconda Distribution bundles Python with a large collection of Python packages from the (data) science Python eco-system.

By installing the Anaconda Distribution you essentially obtain everything you need to get started with Python for Research!

Install Anaconda

1. Go to anaconda.com/download/
2. Download the Python 3.6 version installer
3. Install Anaconda. A couple of notes:
   • For a first install, I recommend ticking the boxes to make it your primary installation and adding it to your path.
   • It is worth to take note of the installation directory in case you ever need to find it again.
4. Check if the installation works by launching a command prompt (terminal) and type python, it should say Anaconda at the top.
   • On Windows I recommend using the Anaconda Prompt

Note: Anaconda also comes with the Anaconda Explorer, I haven't personally used it yet but it might be convenient.

Python 3 vs Python 2?

Python 3.x is the newer and superior version over Python 2.7 so I strongly recommend to use Python 3.x (Python 3.6) whenever possible.

The only reason to occasionally use Python 2.7 would be if you are "forced" to (i.e. there is a package that you have to use but that is not yet updated to work with Python 3). In this unlikely scenario I would recommend to just install Python 2.7 alongside Python 3.6, and only use Python 2.7 when you need to.

Using Python

Basic methods:

The native way to run Python code is by saving the code to a file with the ".py" extension and executing it from the console / terminal:

python code.py

Alternatively, you can run some quick code by starting a python or ipython interactive console by typing either python or ipython in your console / terminal.

Jupyter Notebook

The above is, however, not very convenient for research purposes as we desire easy interactivity and good documentation options.
Fortunately, the awesome Jupyter Notebooks provide a great alternative way of using Python for research purposes.

Jupyter comes pre-installed with the Anaconda distribution so you should have everything already installed and ready to go.

What is the Jupyter Notebook?

From the Jupyter website:

The Jupyter Notebook is an open-source web application that allows you to create and share documents that contain live code, equations, visualizations and explanatory text.

In other words, the Jupyter Notebook allows you to program Python code straight from your browser!

How does the Jupyter Notebook work in the background?

The diagram below sums up the basics components of Jupyter:

At the heart there is the Jupyter Server that handles everything, the Jupyter Notebook which is accessed and used through your browser, and the kernel that executes the code. We will be focusing on the natively included Python Kernel but Jupyter is language agnostic so you can also use it with other languages/software such as 'R'.

It is worth noting that in most cases you will be running the Jupyter Server on your own computer and will connect to it locally in your browser (i.e. you don't need to be connected to the internet). However, it is also possible to run the Jupyter Server on a different computer, for example a high performance computation server in the cloud, and connect to it over the internet.

How to start a Jupyter Notebook?

The primary method that I would recommend to start a Jupyter Notebook is to use the command line (terminal) directly:

1. Open your command prompt / terminal (on Windows I recommend the Anaconda Prompt)
2. cd (i.e. Change) to the desired starting directory
   for example: cd "C:\Files\Work\Project_1"
   Note: if you are changing do folder on another drive you might have to also switch drives by typing, for example, E:
3. Start the Jupyter Notebook server by typing: jupyter notebook

This should automatically open up the corresponding Jupyter Notebook in your default browser. You can also manually go to the Jupyter Notebook by going to localhost:8888 with your browser.

How to close a Jupyter Notebook server?

If you want to close down the Jupyter Server: open up the command prompt window that runs the server and press CTRL + C twice.
Make sure that you have saved any open Jupyter Notebooks!

How to use the Jupyter Notebook?

I recommend to watch this excellent YouTube video: Awesome Data Science: 1.0 Jupyter Notebook Tour

Some shortcuts are worth mentioning for reference purposes:

command mode --> enable by pressing esc
edit mode --> enable by pressing enter

command mode	edit mode	both modes
Y : cell to code	Tab : code completion or indent	Shift-Enter : run cell, select below
M : cell to markdown	Shift-Tab : tooltip	Ctrl-Enter : run cell
A : insert cell above	Ctrl-A : select all
B : insert cell below	Ctrl-Z : undo
X: cut selected cell

Installing Packages

The Python eco-system consists of many packages and modules that people have programmed and made available for everyone to use.
These packages/modules are one of the things that makes Python so useful.

Some packages are natively included with Python and Anaconda, but anything not included you need to install first before you can import them.
I will discuss the three primary methods of installing packages:

Method 1: use pip

Many packages are available on the "Python Package Index" (i.e. "PyPI"): https://pypi.python.org/pypi

You can install packages that are on "PyPI" by using the pip command:

Example, install the requests package: run pip install requests in your command line / terminal (not in the Jupyter Notebook!).

To uninstall you can use pip uninstall and to upgrade an existing package you can add the -U flag (pip install -U requests)

Method 2: use conda

Sometimes when you try something with pip you get a compile error (especially on Windows). You can try to fix this by configuring the right compiler but most of the times it is easier to try to install it directly via Anaconda as these are pre-compiled. For example:

conda install scipy

Full documentation is here: Conda documentation

Method 3: install directly using the setup.py file

Sometimes a package is not on pypi and conda (you often find these packages on GitHub). Follow these steps to install those:

1. Download the folder with all the files (if archived, make sure to unpack the folder)
2. Open your command prompt (terminal) and cd to the folder you just downloaded
3. Type: python setup.py install

Tutorial Notebooks

This repository currently contains the follow elements:

• 0_python_basics.ipynb: Basics of the Python syntax
• 1_opening_files.ipynb: Examples on how to open Txt, CSV, Excel, Stata, Sas, JSON, and HDF files.
• 2_handling_data.ipynb: A comprehensive overview on how to use the Pandas library for data wrangling.
• 3_visualizing_data.ipynb: Examples on how to generate visualizations with Pandas, Seaborn, and Bokeh.
• 4_web_scraping.ipynb: A comprehensive overview on how to use Requests, LXML, and Selenium for APIs and web scraping.

Additionally, if you are interested in Natural Language Processing I have a notebook for that as well:

• NLP_Notebook: Basics of the Python syntax

Exercises

I have provided several tasks / exercises that you can try to solve in the exercises.ipynb notebook.

Note: To avoid the "oh, that looks easy!" trap I have not uploaded the exercises notebook with examples answers.
If you want it shoot me an e-mail.

Code along!

You can code along in two ways:

Option 1: use Binder

If you want to experiment with the code in a live environment you can also use binder.

Binder allows to create a live environment where you can execute code just as-if you were on your own computer based on a GitHub repository, it is very awesome!

Click on the button below to launch binder:

Note: you could use binder to complete the exercises but it will not save!!

Option 2: clone repository

You can essentially "download" the contents of this repository by cloning the repository.

You can do this by clicking "Clone or download" button and then "Download ZIP":

If you extract the downloaded ZIP to a folder you can start the Jupyter Notebook in that folder and access the notebooks.

Questions?

If you have questions or experience problems please use the issues tab of this repository.

License

MIT - Ties de Kok - 2018

Special Thanks

https://github.com/teles/array-mixer for having an awesome readme that I used as a template.