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<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Developing an AI-based Urban Grammar</title>
<meta name="description" content="A framework for easily creating beautiful presentations using HTML">
<meta name="author" content="Urban Grammar AI Team">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../revealjs/dist/reset.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../revealjs/dist/reveal.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../revealjs/dist/theme/ugai.css" id="theme">
<!-- Theme used for syntax highlighting of code -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../revealjs/plugin/highlight/monokai.css" id="highlight-theme">
</head>
<body>
<!-- BODY -->
<div class="reveal">
<div class="slides">
<section
id="the-emergent-structure-of-urban-form-and-function"
class="slide level1">
<h1>The Emergent Structure of Urban Form and
Function</h1>
<CENTER>
<h4>
<em>A Data-Driven Overview of the British Landscape</em>
</h4>
</CENTER>
<table>
<col width="50%">
<col width="50%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<a href="https://martinfleischmann.net/"><b>Martin
Fleischmann</b></a>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<a href="https://darribas.org"><b>Dani
Arribas-Bel</b></a>
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table>
<col width="25%">
<col width="25%">
<col width="25%">
<col width="25%">
<tr>
<td>
<img src="../fig/pr/logo_liv.png" style="width:200px;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
</td>
<td>
<img src="../fig/pr/logo_ati.png" style="width:200px;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
</td>
<td>
<img src="../fig/pr/logo_gdsl.png" style="width:200px;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
</td>
<td>
<img src="../fig/pr/cuni.png" style="width:200px;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<section id="section" class="slide level1">
<h1></h1>
<section id="today" class="level2">
<h2>Today</h2>
<ul>
<li><em>Urban</em> Form & Function</li>
<li>Urban Grammar</li>
<li>The Emergent Structure</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="section-1" class="slide level1">
<h1></h1>
<section id="urban-form-function" class="level2">
<h2>(Urban) Form & Function</h2>
</section>
<section id="section-2" class="level2">
<h2></h2>
<p>How we arrange “stuff” in cities matters…</p>
<table>
<col width="50%">
<col width="50%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/misc/nyt_buildings_dc.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/misc/nyt_buildings_mesa.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><span class="pie">Source: <em>A map of every building
in America</em> (<a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/12/us/map-of-every-building-in-the-united-states.html">New
York Times</a>)</span></p>
</section>
<section id="section-3" class="level2">
<h2></h2>
<p>… it matters <em>a lot</em></p>
<table>
<col width="33%" height="50%">
<col width="33%" height="50%">
<col width="33%" height="50%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/misc/joue_density.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/misc/cities_in_bad_shape.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/misc/est_emissions.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="fragment">
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/misc/living_with_beauty.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/misc/oecd_rethinking_sprawl.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/misc/un_nua.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<section id="form" class="level2">
<h2>Form</h2>
<CENTER>
<em>What does it look like?</em>
</CENTER>
<CENTER>
<span class="fragment" style="color:#3b6e8c"> “Physical
structure and appearance of cities” </span>
</CENTER>
<p><span class="fragment"> Qualitative, quant. case
studies, morphometrics, remotely sensed </span></p>
</section>
<section id="function" class="level2">
<h2>Function</h2>
<CENTER>
<em>What is it used for?</em>
</CENTER>
<CENTER>
<span class="fragment" style="color:#3b6e8c">
“Activities that take place within an environment”
</span>
</CENTER>
<p><span class="fragment"> Geography, Economics,
Sociology, Environmental Sciences, Tansport studies…
</span></p>
</section>
<section id="why-form-function" class="level2">
<h2><em>Why</em> Form & Function?</h2>
<table>
<col width="50%">
<col width="50%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<span class="hlg"><em>Encodes</em></span> the <span
style="color:#94666e">past</span>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<span class="hlg"><em>Frames</em></span> the <span
style="color:#3b6e8c">future</span>
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out">
<ul>
<li>Geography</li>
<li>History</li>
<li>Technology</li>
<li>…</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<td>
<div class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out">
<ul>
<li>Productivity</li>
<li>Sustainability</li>
<li>Quality of Life</li>
<li>…</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<section id="ff-in-literature" class="level2">
<h2>F&F in Literature</h2>
<table>
<col width="50%">
<col width="50%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<span class="hlg">Critical</span> to understand:
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<span class="hlg">But</span> often:
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out">
<ul>
<li>Agglomeration economies</li>
<li>Neighborhood effects</li>
<li>Environmental sustainability</li>
<li>…</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<td>
<div class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out">
<ul>
<li>Coarse</li>
<li>Aggregate</li>
<li>Ad-hoc</li>
<li>…</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<section id="detail-matters" class="level2">
<h2>Detail matters</h2>
<aside class="notes">
233 Vs 2,618 buildings reachable within 15min. walk
</aside>
<table>
<col width="50%">
<col width="50%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/misc/hou_sparse.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/misc/hou_dense.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><span class="pie">Source: <em>Six 15-minute walks
capture the diversity, history of Houston
neighborhoods</em> (<a
href="https://kinder.rice.edu/urbanedge/2019/04/08/maps-six-15-minute-walks-capture-diversity-history-houston-neighborhoods">Urban
Edge</a>)</span></p>
</section>
<section id="section-4" class="level2">
<h2></h2>
<p><img src="../fig/sp_sig/venn.svg" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none"></p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="section-5" class="slide level1">
<h1></h1>
<section id="scaling-morphological-studies"
class="level2">
<h2>Scaling morphological studies</h2>
<CENTER>
<span class="fragment" style="color:#3b6e8c"> … can be
daunting </span>
</CENTER>
</section>
<section id="traditional-schools" class="level2">
<h2>Traditional schools</h2>
<CENTER>
<span class="fragment" style="color:#3b6e8c"> … (almost)
cannot scale </span>
</CENTER>
<table>
<col width="50%" height="50%">
<col width="50%" height="50%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/isuf/conzen.jpeg" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle" class='fragment'>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/isuf/maffei.png" style="width:70%;vertical-align:middle" class='fragment'>
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><span class="pie">Conzen (1960), Caniggia &
Maffei (1979)</span></p>
</section>
<section id="space-syntax" class="level2">
<h2>Space Syntax</h2>
<CENTER>
<span class="fragment" style="color:#3b6e8c"> … can
scale but offers specific insights </span>
</CENTER>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/isuf/syntax.png" style="width:65%;vertical-align:middle" class='fragment'>
</CENTER>
<p><span class="pie">Space Syntax OpenMapping
(2018)</span></p>
</section>
<section id="morphometric-approaches" class="level2">
<h2>Morphometric approaches</h2>
<CENTER>
<span class="fragment" style="color:#3b6e8c"> … are
trying to find a way </span>
</CENTER>
<table>
<col width="25%" height="50%">
<col width="25%" height="50%">
<col width="25%" height="50%">
<col width="25%" height="50%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/isuf/araldi.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle" class='fragment'>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/isuf/bobkova.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle" class='fragment'>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/isuf/jochem.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle" class='fragment'>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/isuf/fleischmann.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle" class='fragment'>
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><span class="pie"><small>Araldi & Fusco (2019),
Berghauser Pont et al. (2019), Jochem et al. (2020),
Fleischmann et al. (2021)</small></span></p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="section-6" class="slide level1">
<h1></h1>
<section id="urban-grammar" class="level2">
<h2>Urban Grammar</h2>
</section>
<section id="section-7" class="level2"
data-background-image="../fig/misc/urban_grammar_project.png"
data-background-size="contain">
<h2
data-background-image="../fig/misc/urban_grammar_project.png"
data-background-size="contain"></h2>
</section>
<section id="spatial-signatures" class="level2">
<h2>Spatial Signatures</h2>
</section>
<section id="section-8" class="level2"
data-transition="none">
<h2 data-transition="none"></h2>
<CENTER>
<em>Characterisations of space based on form and
function designed to understand urban environments</em>
</CENTER>
</section>
<section id="section-9" class="level2"
data-transition="none">
<h2 data-transition="none"></h2>
<CENTER>
<em><span class="hlg">Characterisations of space</span>
based on form and function designed to understand urban
environments</em>
</CENTER>
</section>
<section id="section-10" class="level2"
data-transition="none">
<h2 data-transition="none"></h2>
<CENTER>
<em>Characterisations of space based on <span
class="hlg">form and function</span> designed to
understand urban environments</em>
</CENTER>
</section>
<section id="section-11" class="level2"
data-transition="none">
<h2 data-transition="none"></h2>
<CENTER>
<em>Characterisations of space based on form and
function designed to understand <span class="hlg">urban
environments</span></em>
</CENTER>
</section>
<section id="meaningful-spatial-units" class="level2">
<h2>Meaningful spatial units</h2>
<CENTER>
Enclosed tessellation
</CENTER>
<table>
<col width="25%" height="50%">
<col width="25%" height="50%">
<col width="25%" height="50%">
<col width="25%" height="50%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/et_diagram_1.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/et_diagram_2.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/et_diagram_3.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/et_diagram_4.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<section id="context" class="level2">
<h2>Context</h2>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/tessellation_bcn_context.png" style="width:50%;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
</CENTER>
</section>
<section id="section-12" class="level2"
data-transition="none">
<h2 data-transition="none"></h2>
<CENTER>
<SMALL> <span class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out"
data-fragment-index="0"
style="color:#94666e"><strong>[STAGE]</strong></span>
<span class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out"
data-fragment-index="1"
style="color:#3b6e8c">Barriers</span> <span
class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out"
data-fragment-index="2"
style="color:#3b6e8c">Enclosure</span> <span
class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out"
data-fragment-index="3" style="color:#bc5b4f">Morph.
Tess.</span> <span
class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out"
data-fragment-index="4" style="color:#bc5b4f">Encl.
Tess.</span> <span
class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out"
data-fragment-index="5">Characters</span> <span
class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out"
data-fragment-index="6"
style="color:#bc5b4f">Clu</span><span
class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out"
data-fragment-index="6">st</span><span
class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out"
data-fragment-index="6" style="color:#3b6e8c">ers</span>
<span class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out"
data-fragment-index="7"
style="color:#bc5b4f">Sig</span><span
class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out"
data-fragment-index="7"
style="color:#efc758">nat</span><span
class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out"
data-fragment-index="7"
style="color:#3b6e8c">ures</span> </SMALL>
</CENTER>
<table>
<col width="33%">
<col width="33%">
<col width="33%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
Enclosed Tessellation
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
Embedding <em>form</em> & <em>function</em>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
Spatial Signatures
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="4">
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/et_footprints_no_labels.svg" style="width:125px;height:125px;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="5">
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/form_function_no_labels.svg" style="width:125px;height:125px;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="7">
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/signatures_no_labels.svg" style="width:125px;height:125px;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="2">
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/enclosures_no_labels.svg" style="width:75px;height:75px;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
<span class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out"
data-fragment-index="3"> +
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/footprints_no_labels.svg" style="width:75px;height:75px;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
</span>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="6">
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/clusters_no_labels.svg" style="width:75px;height:75px;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="1">
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/barrriers_no_labels.svg" style="width:75px;height:75px;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<section id="section-13" class="level2"
data-transition="none">
<h2 data-transition="none"></h2>
<CENTER>
<SMALL> <span
style="color:#94666e"><strong>[STAGE]</strong></span>
<span style="color:#3b6e8c">Barriers</span> <span
style="color:#3b6e8c">Enclosure</span> <span
style="color:#bc5b4f">Morph. Tess.</span> <span
style="color:#bc5b4f">Encl. Tess.</span>
<span>Characters</span> <span
style="color:#bc5b4f">Clu</span>st<span
style="color:#3b6e8c">ers</span> <span
style="color:#bc5b4f">Sig</span><span
style="color:#efc758">nat</span><span
style="color:#3b6e8c">ures</span> </SMALL>
</CENTER>
<table>
<col width="33%">
<col width="33%">
<col width="33%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
Enclosed Tessellation
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
Embedding <em>form</em> & <em>function</em>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
Spatial Signatures
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/et_footprints_no_labels.svg" style="width:125px;height:125px;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/form_function_no_labels.svg" style="width:125px;height:125px;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/signatures_no_labels.svg" style="width:125px;height:125px;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/enclosures_no_labels.svg" style="width:75px;height:75px;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
<span> +
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/footprints_no_labels.svg" style="width:75px;height:75px;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
</span>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/clusters_no_labels.svg" style="width:75px;height:75px;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/barrriers_no_labels.svg" style="width:75px;height:75px;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<section id="benefits" class="level2">
<h2>Benefits</h2>
<ul>
<li>Data-driven & (multidiscipline)
theory-informed</li>
<li>Granular & scalable</li>
<li>Flexible deployment</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="section-14" class="slide level1">
<h1></h1>
<section id="the-test" class="level2">
<h2>The Test</h2>
</section>
<section id="the-setup" class="level2">
<h2>The Setup</h2>
<p>Five <em>different</em> cities</p>
<ul>
<li>Historical environments</li>
<li>Geography & culture</li>
<li>Data landscapes</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="the-cities" class="level2">
<h2>The Cities</h2>
<table>
<col width="20%">
<col width="20%">
<col width="20%">
<col width="20%">
<col width="20%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
Barcelona
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
Dar es Salaam
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
Houston
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
Medellin
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
Singapore
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<SMALL>
<CENTER>
Spain
</CENTER>
</SMALL>
</td>
<td>
<SMALL>
<CENTER>
Tanzania
</CENTER>
</SMALL>
</td>
<td>
<SMALL>
<CENTER>
USA
</CENTER>
</SMALL>
</td>
<td>
<SMALL>
<CENTER>
Colombia
</CENTER>
</SMALL>
</td>
<td>
<SMALL>
<CENTER>
Singapore
</CENTER>
</SMALL>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<section id="the-data" class="level2">
<h2>The Data</h2>
<table>
<col width="50%">
<col width="50%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<span class="hlg">Form</span>
</CENTER>
<ul>
<li>Local open data</li>
<li>OpenStreetMap</li>
<li>Satellite-derived
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<span class="hlg">Function</span>
</CENTER></li>
<li>Local open data</li>
<li>Land use/cover</li>
<li>Global grids</li>
<li>Nightlights
</td>
<tr>
</table></li>
</ul>
<p>Clustered with K-Means + clustergram</p>
</section>
<section id="section-15" class="level2"
data-transition="none"
data-background-image="../fig/sp_sig/barcelona_signatures_and_buildings_background.png"
data-background-size="contain">
<h2 data-transition="none"
data-background-image="../fig/sp_sig/barcelona_signatures_and_buildings_background.png"
data-background-size="contain"></h2>
<p><span class="pie">Barcelona</span></p>
</section>
<section id="section-16" class="level2"
data-transition="none"
data-background-image="../fig/sp_sig/houston_medellin_background.png"
data-background-size="contain">
<h2 data-transition="none"
data-background-image="../fig/sp_sig/houston_medellin_background.png"
data-background-size="contain"></h2>
<p><span class="pie">Houston | Medellin</span></p>
</section>
<section id="section-17" class="level2"
data-transition="none"
data-background-image="../fig/sp_sig/singapore_dar_es_salaam_background.png"
data-background-size="contain">
<h2 data-transition="none"
data-background-image="../fig/sp_sig/singapore_dar_es_salaam_background.png"
data-background-size="contain"></h2>
<p><span class="pie">Singapore | Dar es
Salaam</span></p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="section-18" class="slide level1">
<h1></h1>
<section id="british-signatures" class="level2">
<h2>British Signatures</h2>
</section>
<section id="characters" class="level2">
<h2>Characters</h2>
<table>
<col width="45%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="45%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<span class="hlg"><em>Form</em></span>
</CENTER>
<ul>
<li>Dimension</li>
<li>Shape</li>
<li>Intensity</li>
<li>Connectivity</li>
<li>Diversity</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<span class="hlg"><em>Function</em></span>
</CENTER>
<ul>
<li>Population</li>
<li>Employment</li>
<li>Industry</li>
<li>Land use/cover</li>
<li>Amenity access
</td>
<tr>
</table></li>
</ul>
<CENTER>
<span style="color:#3b6e8c"> <span
class="math inline"><em>N</em> ≈ 300</span> </span>
</CENTER>
</section>
<section id="data" class="level2">
<h2>Data</h2>
<table>
<col width="45%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="45%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<span class="hlg"><em>Form</em></span>
</CENTER>
<ul>
<li>OS OpenMap</li>
<li>OS OpenRoads</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<span class="hlg"><em>Function</em></span>
</CENTER>
<ul>
<li>(Business) Census</li>
<li>OpenStreetMap</li>
<li>Geolytix</li>
<li>Listed buildings</li>
<li>CDRC</li>
<li>CORINE / Sentinel 2</li>
<li>VIIRS
</td>
<tr>
</table></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="section-19" class="level2">
<h2></h2>
<table>
<col width="60%">
<col width="40%">
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
<p><u>BRITISH SIGNATURES</u></p>
<p><strong>Countryside</strong> (3)
<img src="../fig/empirical/colors_countryside.png" style="height:50px;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none"/></p>
<p><strong>Periphery</strong> (4)
<img src="../fig/empirical/colors_periphery.png" style="height:50px;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none"/></p>
<p><strong>Urban</strong> (9)</p>
<p><img src="../fig/empirical/colors_urban.png" style="height:50px;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none"/></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none">
<img src="../fig/gb/signatures_gb.png" style="height:100%;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none"/>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<section id="section-20" class="level2"
data-transition="none"
data-background-image="../fig/empirical/signatures_scottish_belt.png"
data-background-size="cover">
<h2 data-transition="none"
data-background-image="../fig/empirical/signatures_scottish_belt.png"
data-background-size="cover"></h2>
</section>
<section id="section-21" class="level2"
data-transition="none"
data-background-image="../fig/empirical/signatures_scottish_belt_countryside.png"
data-background-size="cover">
<h2 data-transition="none"
data-background-image="../fig/empirical/signatures_scottish_belt_countryside.png"
data-background-size="cover"></h2>
</section>
<section id="section-22" class="level2"
data-transition="none"
data-background-image="../fig/empirical/signatures_scottish_belt_periphery.png"
data-background-size="cover">
<h2 data-transition="none"
data-background-image="../fig/empirical/signatures_scottish_belt_periphery.png"
data-background-size="cover"></h2>
</section>
<section id="section-23" class="level2"
data-transition="none"
data-background-image="../fig/empirical/signatures_scottish_belt_urban.png"
data-background-size="cover">
<h2 data-transition="none"
data-background-image="../fig/empirical/signatures_scottish_belt_urban.png"
data-background-size="cover"></h2>
</section>
<section id="section-24" class="level2">
<h2></h2>
<table>
<col width="50%">
<col width="50%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/london_web.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/misc/cdrc_data_product.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/habitat_paper.png" style="width:30%;vertical-align:middle">
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/scidata_paper.png" style="width:40%;vertical-align:middle">
<a href='https://urbangrammarai.xyz/great-britain/'><img src="../fig/misc/qr_web_map.gif" style="width:100px;vertical-align:middle;box-shadow:none"></a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
</section>
<section id="section-25" class="slide level1">
<h1></h1>
<section id="geographical-coverage" class="level2">
<h2>(Geographical) Coverage</h2>