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<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Developing an AI-based Urban Grammar</title>
<meta name="description" content="A framework for easily creating beautiful presentations using HTML">
<meta name="author" content="Urban Grammar AI Team">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../revealjs/dist/reset.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../revealjs/dist/reveal.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../revealjs/dist/theme/ugai.css" id="theme">
<!-- Theme used for syntax highlighting of code -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../revealjs/plugin/highlight/monokai.css" id="highlight-theme">
</head>
<body>
<!-- BODY -->
<div class="reveal">
<div class="slides">
<section id="spatial-signatures" class="slide level1">
<h1><em>Spatial Signatures</em></h1>
<CENTER>
<em>Understanding (urban) spaces</em>
</CENTER>
<CENTER>
<em>through form and function</em>
</CENTER>
<table>
<col width="50%">
<col width="50%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<a href="https://darribas.org"><b>Dani Arribas-Bel</b></a>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<a href="https://martinfleischmann.net/"><b>Martin Fleischmann</b></a>
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<a href="https://twitter.com/darribas">[<code>@darribas</code>]</b></a>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<a href="https://twitter.com/martinfleis">[<code>@martinfleis</code>]</b></a>
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table>
<col width="33%">
<col width="33%">
<col width="33%">
<tr>
<td>
<img src="../fig/pr/logo_liv.png" style="width:300px;vertical-align:middle">
</td>
<td>
<img src="../fig/pr/logo_ati.png" style="width:300px;vertical-align:middle">
</td>
<td>
<img src="../fig/pr/logo_gdsl.png" style="width:300px;vertical-align:middle">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<section id="section" class="slide level1">
<h1></h1>
<section id="the-point" class="level2">
<h2>“The point”</h2>
</section>
<section id="section-1" class="level2" data-transition="none">
<h2 data-transition="none"></h2>
<p>How we arrange “stuff” in cities matters…</p>
<table>
<col width="50%">
<col width="50%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/misc/nyt_buildings_dc.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/misc/nyt_buildings_mesa.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><span class="pie">Source: <em>A map of every building in America</em> (<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/12/us/map-of-every-building-in-the-united-states.html">New York Times</a>)</span></p>
</section>
<section id="section-2" class="level2">
<h2></h2>
<p>… it matters <em>a lot</em></p>
<table>
<col width="33%" height="50%">
<col width="33%" height="50%">
<col width="33%" height="50%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/misc/joue_density.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/misc/cities_in_bad_shape.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/misc/est_emissions.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="fragment">
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/misc/living_with_beauty.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/misc/oecd_rethinking_sprawl.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/misc/un_nua.png" style="width:100%;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<section id="form" class="level2">
<h2>Form</h2>
<CENTER>
<em>What does it look like?</em>
</CENTER>
<CENTER>
<span class="fragment" style="color:#3b6e8c"> “Physical structure and appearance of cities” </span>
</CENTER>
<p><span class="fragment"> Qualitative, quant. case studies, morphometrics, remotely sensed </span></p>
</section>
<section id="function" class="level2">
<h2>Function</h2>
<CENTER>
<em>What is it used for?</em>
</CENTER>
<CENTER>
<span class="fragment" style="color:#3b6e8c"> “Activities that take place within an environment” </span>
</CENTER>
<p><span class="fragment"> Geography, Economics, Sociology, Environmental Sciences, Tansport studies… </span></p>
</section>
<section id="form-function" class="level2">
<h2>Form & Function</h2>
<ul>
<li>Richer picture</li>
<li>Topography, history, technology, cultural values…</li>
<li>More robust representations</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="opportunities" class="level2">
<h2>Opportunities</h2>
<p>We don’t have good ways of measuring form & function in cities</p>
<ul>
<li>Detailed, consistent, scalable: “pick two”</li>
<li>Fragmented understanding</li>
<li>Land use/cover - <span class="hlg">???</span> - Geodemographics</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="section-3" class="slide level1">
<h1></h1>
<section id="spatial-signatures-1" class="level2">
<h2>Spatial Signatures</h2>
</section>
<section id="section-4" class="level2" data-transition="none">
<h2 data-transition="none"></h2>
<CENTER>
<em>A characterisation of space based on form and function designed to understand urban envionments</em>
</CENTER>
</section>
<section id="section-5" class="level2" data-transition="none">
<h2 data-transition="none"></h2>
<CENTER>
<em>A <span class="hlg">characterisation of space</span> based on form and function designed to understand urban envionments</em>
</CENTER>
</section>
<section id="section-6" class="level2" data-transition="none">
<h2 data-transition="none"></h2>
<CENTER>
<em>A characterisation of space based on <span class="hlg">form and function</span> designed to understand urban envionments</em>
</CENTER>
</section>
<section id="section-7" class="level2" data-transition="none">
<h2 data-transition="none"></h2>
<CENTER>
<em>A characterisation of space based on form and function designed to understand <span class="hlg">urban envionments</span></em>
</CENTER>
</section>
<section id="section-8" class="level2" data-transition="none">
<h2 data-transition="none"></h2>
<CENTER>
<SMALL> <span class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="0" style="color:#94666e"><strong>[STAGE]</strong></span> <span class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="1" style="color:#3b6e8c">Barriers</span> <span class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="2" style="color:#3b6e8c">Enclosure</span> <span class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="3" style="color:#bc5b4f">Morph. Tess.</span> <span class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="4" style="color:#bc5b4f">Encl. Tess.</span> <span class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="5">Characters</span> <span class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="6" style="color:#bc5b4f">Clu</span><span class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="6">st</span><span class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="6" style="color:#3b6e8c">ers</span> <span class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="7" style="color:#bc5b4f">Sig</span><span class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="7" style="color:#efc758">nat</span><span class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="7" style="color:#3b6e8c">ures</span> </SMALL>
</CENTER>
<table>
<col width="33%">
<col width="33%">
<col width="33%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
Enclosed Tessellation
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
Embedding <em>form</em> & <em>function</em>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
Spatial Signatures
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="4">
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/et_footprints_no_labels.svg" style="width:125px;height:125px;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="5">
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/form_function_no_labels.svg" style="width:125px;height:125px;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="7">
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/signatures_no_labels.svg" style="width:125px;height:125px;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="2">
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/enclosures_no_labels.svg" style="width:75px;height:75px;vertical-align:middle"> <span class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="3"> + <img src="../fig/sp_sig/footprints_no_labels.svg" style="width:75px;height:75px;vertical-align:middle"> </span>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="6">
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/clusters_no_labels.svg" style="width:75px;height:75px;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out" data-fragment-index="1">
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/barrriers_no_labels.svg" style="width:75px;height:75px;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<section id="section-9" class="level2" data-transition="none">
<h2 data-transition="none"></h2>
<CENTER>
<SMALL> <span style="color:#94666e"><strong>[STAGE]</strong></span> <span style="color:#3b6e8c">Barriers</span> <span style="color:#3b6e8c">Enclosure</span> <span style="color:#bc5b4f">Morph. Tess.</span> <span style="color:#bc5b4f">Encl. Tess.</span> <span>Characters</span> <span style="color:#bc5b4f">Clu</span>st<span style="color:#3b6e8c">ers</span> <span style="color:#bc5b4f">Sig</span><span style="color:#efc758">nat</span><span style="color:#3b6e8c">ures</span> </SMALL>
</CENTER>
<table>
<col width="33%">
<col width="33%">
<col width="33%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
Enclosed Tessellation
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
Embedding <em>form</em> & <em>function</em>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
Spatial Signatures
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/et_footprints_no_labels.svg" style="width:125px;height:125px;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/form_function_no_labels.svg" style="width:125px;height:125px;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/signatures_no_labels.svg" style="width:125px;height:125px;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/enclosures_no_labels.svg" style="width:75px;height:75px;vertical-align:middle"> <span> + <img src="../fig/sp_sig/footprints_no_labels.svg" style="width:75px;height:75px;vertical-align:middle"> </span>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/clusters_no_labels.svg" style="width:75px;height:75px;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<img src="../fig/sp_sig/barrriers_no_labels.svg" style="width:75px;height:75px;vertical-align:middle">
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<section id="characters" class="level2">
<h2>Characters</h2>
<table>
<col width="50%">
<col width="50%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<span class="hlg">Form</span>
</CENTER>
<ul>
<li>Building</li>
<li>ET cell</li>
<li>Street segment</li>
<li>Cell context
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<span class="hlg">Function</span>
</CENTER></li>
<li>Land use/cover</li>
<li>Access to uses</li>
<li>Activity densities
</td>
<tr>
</table></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="benefits" class="level2">
<h2>Benefits</h2>
<ul>
<li>Data-driven & (multidiscipline) theory-informed</li>
<li>Granular & scalable</li>
<li>Flexible deployment</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="section-10" class="slide level1">
<h1></h1>
<section id="illustration" class="level2">
<h2>Illustration</h2>
</section>
<section id="the-setup" class="level2">
<h2>The Setup</h2>
<p>Five <em>different</em> cities</p>
<ul>
<li>Historical environments</li>
<li>Geography & culture</li>
<li>Data landscapes</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="the-cities" class="level2">
<h2>The Cities</h2>
<table>
<col width="20%">
<col width="20%">
<col width="20%">
<col width="20%">
<col width="20%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
Barcelona
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
Dar es Salaam
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
Houston
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
Medellin
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
Singapore
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<SMALL>
<CENTER>
Spain
</CENTER>
</SMALL>
</td>
<td>
<SMALL>
<CENTER>
Tanzania
</CENTER>
</SMALL>
</td>
<td>
<SMALL>
<CENTER>
USA
</CENTER>
</SMALL>
</td>
<td>
<SMALL>
<CENTER>
Colombia
</CENTER>
</SMALL>
</td>
<td>
<SMALL>
<CENTER>
Singapore
</CENTER>
</SMALL>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<section id="the-data" class="level2">
<h2>The Data</h2>
<table>
<col width="50%">
<col width="50%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<span class="hlg">Form</span>
</CENTER>
<ul>
<li>Local open data</li>
<li>OpenStreetMap</li>
<li>Satellite-derived
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<span class="hlg">Function</span>
</CENTER></li>
<li>Local open data</li>
<li>Land use/cover</li>
<li>Global grids</li>
<li>Nightlights
</td>
<tr>
</table></li>
</ul>
<p>Clustered with K-Means + clustergram</p>
</section>
<section id="the-signatures" class="level2">
<h2>The Signatures</h2>
<table>
<col width="20%">
<col width="20%">
<col width="20%">
<col width="20%">
<col width="20%">
<tr>
<td>
<p><img src="../fig/sp_sig/Barcelona_signatures.png" style="width:300px;vertical-align:bottom"></p>
<CENTER>
Barcelona
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<p><img src="../fig/sp_sig/Dar_es_Salaam_signatures.png" style="width:300px;vertical-align:bottom"></p>
<CENTER>
Dar es Salaam
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<p><img src="../fig/sp_sig/Houston_signatures.png" style="width:300px;vertical-align:bottom"></p>
<CENTER>
Houston
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<p><img src="../fig/sp_sig/Medellin_signatures.png" style="width:300px;vertical-align:bottom"></p>
<CENTER>
Medellin
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<p><img src="../fig/sp_sig/Singapore_signatures.png" style="width:300px;vertical-align:bottom"></p>
<CENTER>
Singapore
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<section id="section-11" class="level2" data-transition="none" data-background-image="../fig/sp_sig/barcelona_signatures_and_buildings_background.png" data-background-size="contain">
<h2 data-transition="none" data-background-image="../fig/sp_sig/barcelona_signatures_and_buildings_background.png" data-background-size="contain"></h2>
<p><span class="pie">Barcelona</span></p>
</section>
<section id="section-12" class="level2" data-transition="none" data-background-image="../fig/sp_sig/houston_medellin_background.png" data-background-size="contain">
<h2 data-transition="none" data-background-image="../fig/sp_sig/houston_medellin_background.png" data-background-size="contain"></h2>
<p><span class="pie">Houston | Medellin</span></p>
</section>
<section id="section-13" class="level2" data-transition="none" data-background-image="../fig/sp_sig/singapore_dar_es_salaam_background.png" data-background-size="contain">
<h2 data-transition="none" data-background-image="../fig/sp_sig/singapore_dar_es_salaam_background.png" data-background-size="contain"></h2>
<p><span class="pie">Singapore | Dar es Salaam</span></p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="section-14" class="slide level1">
<h1></h1>
<section id="to-take-away" class="level2">
<h2>To take away</h2>
<ol type="1">
<li>Urban <span class="hlg"><em>form</em></span> and <span class="hlg"><em>function</em></span> matters</li>
<li><span class="hlg">Spatial Signatures</span>: F&F for cities, in detail, at scale</li>
<li>Good <span class="hlg">measurement</span> <span class="math inline">→</span> better <span class="hlg">understanding</span></li>
</ol>
</section>
</section>
<section id="spatial-signatures-2" class="slide level1">
<h1><em>Spatial Signatures</em></h1>
<CENTER>
Understanding (urban) spaces
</CENTER>
<CENTER>
through form and function
</CENTER>
<table>
<col width="50%">
<col width="50%">
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<a href="https://darribas.org"><b>Dani Arribas-Bel</b></a>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<a href="https://martinfleischmann.net/"><b>Martin Fleischmann</b></a>
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<CENTER>
<a href="https://twitter.com/darribas">[<code>@darribas</code>]</b></a>
</CENTER>
</td>
<td>
<CENTER>
<a href="https://twitter.com/martinfleis">[<code>@martinfleis</code>]</b></a>
</CENTER>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table>
<col width="33%">
<col width="33%">
<col width="33%">
<tr>
<td>
<img src="../fig/pr/logo_liv.png" style="width:300px;vertical-align:middle">
</td>
<td>
<img src="../fig/pr/logo_ati.png" style="width:300px;vertical-align:middle">
</td>
<td>
<img src="../fig/pr/logo_gdsl.png" style="width:300px;vertical-align:middle">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
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