diff --git a/app/controllers/application_controller.rb b/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
index 14c069af1..2293c673c 100644
--- a/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+  before_action :authenticate_user!
   verify_authorized unless: :devise_controller?
 
   before_action :set_current_user
diff --git a/app/controllers/contacts_controller.rb b/app/controllers/contacts_controller.rb
index 6becd64a9..21e54d9b5 100644
--- a/app/controllers/contacts_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/contacts_controller.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 class ContactsController < ApplicationController
+  skip_before_action :authenticate_user!
   skip_verify_authorized only: %i[new create]
 
   def new
diff --git a/app/controllers/errors_controller.rb b/app/controllers/errors_controller.rb
index 59c0815d3..4f9f31915 100644
--- a/app/controllers/errors_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/errors_controller.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 class ErrorsController < ApplicationController
+  skip_before_action :authenticate_user!
   skip_verify_authorized
 
   def not_found
diff --git a/app/controllers/organizations/adoptable_pets_controller.rb b/app/controllers/organizations/adoptable_pets_controller.rb
index c6c4aacc5..fc6860b64 100644
--- a/app/controllers/organizations/adoptable_pets_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/organizations/adoptable_pets_controller.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 class Organizations::AdoptablePetsController < Organizations::BaseController
   include ::Pagy::Backend
+
+  skip_before_action :authenticate_user!
   skip_verify_authorized only: %i[index]
   before_action :set_likes, only: %i[index show], if: -> { current_user&.adopter_foster_account }
   helper_method :get_animals
diff --git a/app/controllers/organizations/adopter_fosterer/adopter_applications_controller.rb b/app/controllers/organizations/adopter_fosterer/adopter_applications_controller.rb
index ac1321b70..50446a2a7 100644
--- a/app/controllers/organizations/adopter_fosterer/adopter_applications_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/organizations/adopter_fosterer/adopter_applications_controller.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 class Organizations::AdopterFosterer::AdopterApplicationsController < Organizations::BaseController
-  before_action :authenticate_user!
   before_action :set_application, only: %i[update]
   layout "adopter_foster_dashboard"
 
diff --git a/app/controllers/organizations/adopter_fosterer/profiles_controller.rb b/app/controllers/organizations/adopter_fosterer/profiles_controller.rb
index 384a93511..5f4d7539b 100644
--- a/app/controllers/organizations/adopter_fosterer/profiles_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/organizations/adopter_fosterer/profiles_controller.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 class Organizations::AdopterFosterer::ProfilesController < Organizations::BaseController
-  before_action :authenticate_user!
   before_action :authorize_with!, only: %i[new create]
   before_action :set_profile, only: %i[show edit update]
 
diff --git a/app/controllers/organizations/faq_controller.rb b/app/controllers/organizations/faq_controller.rb
index c7059b043..34d758790 100644
--- a/app/controllers/organizations/faq_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/organizations/faq_controller.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 class Organizations::FaqController < Organizations::BaseController
+  skip_before_action :authenticate_user!
   skip_verify_authorized only: %i[index]
 
   def index
diff --git a/app/controllers/organizations/home_controller.rb b/app/controllers/organizations/home_controller.rb
index aad5f6da5..79c320c35 100644
--- a/app/controllers/organizations/home_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/organizations/home_controller.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 class Organizations::HomeController < Organizations::BaseController
+  skip_before_action :authenticate_user!
   skip_verify_authorized only: %i[index]
 
   def index
diff --git a/app/controllers/root_controller.rb b/app/controllers/root_controller.rb
index 2cb99259d..8f0765827 100644
--- a/app/controllers/root_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/root_controller.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 class RootController < ApplicationController
+  skip_before_action :authenticate_user!
   skip_verify_authorized only: %i[index]
 
   def index
diff --git a/app/controllers/static_pages_controller.rb b/app/controllers/static_pages_controller.rb
index a91bfe6cb..2e62ad1aa 100644
--- a/app/controllers/static_pages_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/static_pages_controller.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 class StaticPagesController < ApplicationController
+  skip_before_action :authenticate_user!
   skip_verify_authorized only: %i[about_us cookie_policy donate faq partners
     privacy_policy terms_and_conditions]
 
diff --git a/config/initializers/devise.rb b/config/initializers/devise.rb
index 2219e7cb4..c71cfa852 100644
--- a/config/initializers/devise.rb
+++ b/config/initializers/devise.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require "authentication_failure_app"
+
 # Assuming you have not yet modified this file, each configuration option below
 # is set to its default value. Note that some are commented out while others
 # are not: uncommented lines are intended to protect your configuration from
@@ -363,4 +365,8 @@
 
   config.responder.error_status = :unprocessable_entity
   config.responder.redirect_status = :see_other
+
+  config.warden do |manager|
+    manager.failure_app = AuthenticationFailureApp
+  end
 end
diff --git a/db/schema.rb b/db/schema.rb
index 9bf7fa40d..c663a49ca 100644
--- a/db/schema.rb
+++ b/db/schema.rb
@@ -276,21 +276,6 @@
     t.index ["user_id"], name: "index_staff_accounts_on_user_id"
   end
 
-  create_table "submissions", force: :cascade do |t|
-    t.bigint "pet_id", null: false
-    t.bigint "adopter_foster_account_id", null: false
-    t.datetime "created_at", null: false
-    t.datetime "updated_at", null: false
-    t.integer "status", default: 0
-    t.text "notes"
-    t.boolean "profile_show", default: true
-    t.bigint "organization_id", null: false
-    t.index ["adopter_foster_account_id"], name: "index_submissions_on_adopter_foster_account_id"
-    t.index ["organization_id"], name: "index_submissions_on_organization_id"
-    t.index ["pet_id", "adopter_foster_account_id"], name: "index_submissions_on_pet_id_and_adopter_foster_account_id", unique: true
-    t.index ["pet_id"], name: "index_submissions_on_pet_id"
-  end
-
   create_table "submitted_answers", force: :cascade do |t|
     t.json "value", null: false
     t.json "question_snapshot", null: false
@@ -387,8 +372,6 @@
   add_foreign_key "questions", "forms"
   add_foreign_key "staff_accounts", "organizations"
   add_foreign_key "staff_accounts", "users"
-  add_foreign_key "submissions", "adopter_foster_accounts"
-  add_foreign_key "submissions", "pets"
   add_foreign_key "submitted_answers", "questions"
   add_foreign_key "submitted_answers", "users"
   add_foreign_key "task_templates", "organizations"
diff --git a/lib/authentication_failure_app.rb b/lib/authentication_failure_app.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e7fe35e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/authentication_failure_app.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+class AuthenticationFailureApp < Devise::FailureApp
+  # This method is used to generate the URL for the redirect after a user fails to authenticate,
+  # for example, when an unauthenticated user tries to access an authenticated route within an organization's scope.
+  # The issue was that if a user failed to authenticate while in the context of an organization,
+  # the organization's slug should be in the URL. So, after failing, the user would be redirected
+  # to the sign-in page, but the organization's scope would be lost in the URL,
+  # and it would fall back to the root URL instead of the organization's sign-in URL.
+  # This fixes that to ensure the organization's slug is present in the URL.
+  #
+  # This code is 99% reproduced from the Devise gem's Devise::FailureApp class
+  # at: lib/devise/failure_app.rb. The only exception is that we comment out the
+  # 5th line:
+  #   opts[:script_name] = nil
+  #
+  # This line was causing the`env["SCRIPT_NAME"]` value that's set by
+  # OrganizationMiddleware to not be used when generating the route in the
+  # statement `context.send(route, opts)`, which wipes out the current
+  # Organization context on authentication failure.
+  #
+  # If Devise is upgraded, may need to compare this method across versions for
+  # any needed updates.
+  def scope_url
+    opts = {}
+
+    # Initialize script_name with nil to prevent infinite loops in
+    # authenticated mounted engines in rails 4.2 and 5.0
+    # opts[:script_name] = nil
+
+    route = route(scope)
+
+    opts[:format] = request_format unless skip_format?
+
+    router_name = Devise.mappings[scope].router_name || Devise.available_router_name
+    context = send(router_name)
+
+    if relative_url_root?
+      opts[:script_name] = relative_url_root
+
+    # We need to add the rootpath to `script_name` manually for applications that use a Rails
+    # version lower than 5.1. Otherwise, it is going to generate a wrong path for Engines
+    # that use Devise. Remove it when the support of Rails 5.0 is dropped.
+    elsif root_path_defined?(context) && !rails_51_and_up?
+      rootpath = context.routes.url_helpers.root_path
+      opts[:script_name] = rootpath.chomp("/") if rootpath.length > 1
+    end
+
+    if context.respond_to?(route)
+      context.send(route, opts)
+    elsif respond_to?(:root_url)
+      root_url(opts)
+    else
+      "/"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/controllers/organizations/staff/fosterers_controller_test.rb b/test/controllers/organizations/staff/fosterers_controller_test.rb
index 7bdc5a343..8ee493b3b 100644
--- a/test/controllers/organizations/staff/fosterers_controller_test.rb
+++ b/test/controllers/organizations/staff/fosterers_controller_test.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 class Organizations::Staff::FosterersControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   setup do
     @organization = ActsAsTenant.current_tenant
+    @adopter_foster_account = create(:adopter_foster_account)
+    sign_in @adopter_foster_account.user
   end
 
   context "authorization" do
diff --git a/test/controllers/organizations/staff/fosters_controller_test.rb b/test/controllers/organizations/staff/fosters_controller_test.rb
index fb235a94a..b6506f2ba 100644
--- a/test/controllers/organizations/staff/fosters_controller_test.rb
+++ b/test/controllers/organizations/staff/fosters_controller_test.rb
@@ -4,10 +4,11 @@
 class Organizations::Staff::FostersControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   context "authorization" do
     include ActionPolicy::TestHelper
-
     context "context only action" do
       setup do
         @organization = ActsAsTenant.current_tenant
+        @adopter_foster_account = create(:adopter_foster_account)
+        sign_in @adopter_foster_account.user
       end
 
       context "#new" do
@@ -66,6 +67,7 @@ class Organizations::Staff::FostersControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationT
     context "existing record actions" do
       setup do
         @foster = create(:foster)
+        sign_in @foster.user
       end
 
       context "#edit" do
diff --git a/test/controllers/organizations/staff/staff_controller_test.rb b/test/controllers/organizations/staff/staff_controller_test.rb
index ed5bfda30..1d7003473 100644
--- a/test/controllers/organizations/staff/staff_controller_test.rb
+++ b/test/controllers/organizations/staff/staff_controller_test.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ class Organizations::Staff::StaffControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTes
   setup do
     @organization = ActsAsTenant.current_tenant
     @staff = create(:staff_account)
+    sign_in @staff.user
   end
 
   context "authorization" do
diff --git a/test/controllers/states_controller_test.rb b/test/controllers/states_controller_test.rb
index 6d3115f5c..2f7984905 100644
--- a/test/controllers/states_controller_test.rb
+++ b/test/controllers/states_controller_test.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 
 class StatesControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test "should return turbo stream with the states in it" do
-    create(:adopter, :with_profile)
+    adopter = create(:adopter, :with_profile)
+    sign_in adopter
+
     name = "adopter[address_attributes][state]"
     target = "adopter_foster_profile_location_attributes_province_state"
 
diff --git a/test/integration/adoption_application_reviews_test.rb b/test/integration/adoption_application_reviews_test.rb
index 0508e752b..ae687d15c 100644
--- a/test/integration/adoption_application_reviews_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/adoption_application_reviews_test.rb
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ class AdoptionApplicationReviewsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   context "non-staff" do
     should "not see any applications" do
+      @user = create(:user)
+      sign_in @user
+
       get staff_adoption_application_reviews_path
 
       assert_response :redirect