README.md

Low-Power-Design-Workshop

Low Power Design is a cluster of techniques and studies that aim at reducing the overall power in the integrated circuit. The integrated circuit designs from CMOS(complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor). Why we choose CMOS because they have low power consumption and high noise immunity. But with low power consumption that doesn't mean it doesn't require power reduction techniques. When the complexity of the circuits increases, power demand also increases. Hence we need to work toward the low power techniques development for all the embedded devices, which you see in your daily life.

Table of Content

1. Introduction to Low Power Design

       a. Why Low Power Desing?
       b. Introduction to CMOS and voltage control techniques

2. Low Power Techniques

       a. Low Power Fundamentals
       b. Voltage Control Techniques

3. Multi-Voltage Terminology

       a. Deep-Dive into state-space
       b. Basic multi-volatge terminology

4. Power Management and Verification

       a. Volatge aware booleans
       b. Power Management and typical errors
       c. Verification strategies of MV design

5.Island Ordering and Mobility

       a. Routing and design rule check (DRC)
       b. Power Distribution Network and routing
       c. TritonRoute Features

6. Refrences

Acknowledgements

DAY_1 - Intorduction to CMOS and Low power Design

System Perofrmance correspond with processing power or circuit speed. Perofrmance of a circuit is measure in MIPS(millions of instruction per second). In old days major concern of VLSI designer was to focus on Area and Time implementation for the Integrated Circuit on Silicon wafer because with increase in complexitiy of circuit the cost of wafer increases. But area and time are not the only parameters which can measure the performance of the circuits. Power consumption also play major role in circuit designing.

In all the portable electronics where ever you see the battery, designer need to focus on minimizing power or energy in order to improve the battery life. Hence total power conusmption has become the major concern and surpassed speed-area constraints.

We will not deepdive into Power or Energy formula but will try to understnad the economics of Power/Energy while designing circuits.

1. Performance --> Reducing power will improve performance.

2. Cost --> Packaging , Battery capacity and shipping also affect Power of the embedded devices.

3. Weight --> Power is a measure of how fast an amount of work is done.

4. Form Facor --> it depends upon the nanometer technolgy used and affect power.

5. Functionality --> how fast your system is performaning.

6. Context of use --> Optimizing power or energy according to the embedded devices we are using.

7. Comfort/Safety --> Heating issue should be considered while designing the circuit.

Further more we will try to analyze some case studies related to power or energy in the electronics world.
Case 1 : Why do some devices like the Samsung Note have explosions and others don't ?

The Phones dont have cooling system like laptops, PC or electric vehicle, so heat must spread out. If that is not happening , the heat will generate faster and material of the battery will start to break down while triggering the chemical reaction. This will leads to a process called Thermal Runway. So engineers are working on the design of batteries so that thermal runway can be solved.

This picture is thermal image of the different components showing heat produce my the components.

Case 2: Cost of fans to be mounted on CPUs in laptops and its characteristics

Cooling is a major concern while designing a PC or laptop. When the workload increases, the hardware starts generating heat. So the performance of the system will reduce with an increase in power consumption. So its very important how you designed and placed the fans so that Airflow should be properly maintained. Thats why fan cost are also increasing slowly in the market .

Case 3: The IPhone 6 battery degradation lawsuit

This was also a major problem problem in battery manufacturing where the performance of the IPhone was degrading. So they need to do some upgrades in software to improve the perofrmance of the battery.

Why we Choose CMOS?

Voltage Control has become the number 1 choice for Power Management and CMOS are the device which are Voltage Controlled and Current Source. Since you can control the voltage Hence you can maintain the Power in the CMOS devices.

Voltage is a measure of electric field/force.

Current is rate at which charge flows.

Resistance, Capacitance and Inductance affect the current in cmos devices.

                             Mosfet Region of Operation 

                             The 7 degree of Voltage Control in CMOS 

                             Voltage Control Techniques(VCT)

                             Application of VCT

DAY2 - Low Power Techniques

Power in the CMOS is the combination of Dynamic Power and Static Power.

Below picture show how the power is distributed when we use the laptop for different application.

So this picture explain CPU is not a major culprit of power optimiation but there are lots of other components and process which consume lots of power.

Power Management tips while designing the circuit. They will sound simple but actually it take lots of knowledge and techniques to apply those concept in real circuit.

There are 4 major parameter in Low Power Design.

1. Density
2. Delivery
3. Leakage
4. Lifetime

There are different way to control the Power while playing with voltage of CMOS, which you can see in the below pictures.

DAY_3 - Multi Voltage Terminology

Understanding some Theoritical techniques how Low Power testbench is setup .

Steps to verify the test-bench

1. First verify by turning On all the components.
2. Verify All the power mode.
3. Verify ALL after they get wakeup from OFF state including POR (power on reset)
4. Verify PMU firmware
5. Verify Key registers for retention

Note : Emulators - it cant shutdown simulate easily.

Basic Muti-Voltage Terminolgy

MTCMOS-Power Gating

• Mutli-threshold CMOS
• Header/Footer

These form ring of HVT cells around a logic to reduce the leakage

Two variation

1. With Charge Pump --> its a bit a costly process by designing a charge pump

2. With logic Signal --> direclty given signal to Vt cell around the logic

ISOLATION CELLS

State Retention Power Gating (SRPG)

These Flip-flops are used to speed up the power recovery and maintain their state while the power is off. They are also called as Shadow Latch.

Advanatges of SRPG :

1. Saving leakage
2. Allow Quick system restore

Disadvantage :

1. Die and Area size increases
2. Increases Rail resources (Vdd and Vret)

DAY_4 - Power management and Volatge Aware Boolean analysis

A typical Mobile SOC based on ARM architecture with power blocks.

In the below image we will see how the power management is done between the application and baseband(Receiving call, messages etc)

PWM brings lots of new bugs while we are testing the circuits for Power Aware Verification

In the Power Aware Verification flow Bug can be classified in 3 parts

1. Structural Errors --> These need to be checked constanlty through out the implementation process
2. Control Errors --> these errors are see in the waveform when incorrect signal propagation happens after power restoration.
3. Architectural Errors

To verify Power management circuit verification is very complex:

Traditional VS Multi-Volatge Power Management

DAY_5 - Island Ordering and Mobility

Island Ordering is one of the low power design fundamental technique. Its use for debugging deadlock situation and pad states.

1. Its a mathematical concept of spatial and temporal dependencies.
2. It can be used to predict power sequences for wakeup/shutdown.
3. Its used to statically detect dependencies that lead to deadlock.
4. Applies to software as a concept but harder to detect

Example: if A=off, B = on OR A=on, B = off then A & B are disjoint . its means in time is can be A>B OR A<B if A and B both are On or OFF all time , its means they are equivalent.

Low Vdd standy means on state but not operational.

ISLAND A > B if State (A) > State (B) at all times A = On , On , On , standby B = On , off, Standby, off

if A = off and B =On is not available then above condition is true.

No control Signal shall pass from lower order island to a higher order island example of control signals are : clk, clk_en, rst, pwr_gate, iso_en, scan_en, restore.

Disjoint island :

1. Do not send control signals between them
2. Minimize signal interchange between them - it will leads to excess isolation gates.

Mobile Vs Mobility

1. Mobile refer to device level innovation It refer to un-tethering of devices from fixed locations.
2. Mobility refers to the migration of services from fixed locations.
3. Mobile enable data . Mobility generated data and also uses the data created by mobile application. e.g location based services.

Functional Accuracy ------> Integrating H/W <---> S/W platform -------> Application and Analytics

gps, camera, audio , sensors Kernel level apps(iOS or android )

LAB Analysis

As you see below designs are Power aware design . It means there volatge levels are trying to ramp-up slowly . In this when voltage level reaches to 1.2Volts circuit start to operate properly and before that it just tries to work some fraction of secconds and then go back to off state. It will cause more leakage and power consumption in the circuit.

INVERTER

Its a circuit which convert high signal to low signal or vice-versa. When two inverters connected in series are called as Buffer gate . In this below diagram : IN1 : value changing from 1 to 0 or o to 1 V1 : its increases slowly from 0.6 to 1.3V V2 : Its high all time .

If we start analyzing output (out1) . You will see whenever the input voltage go low the out1 change its to high but its not getting high properly because voltage is ramping up slowly.

When the volatge of CMOS devices crosses saturation region device get to operate properly

Switching of Second inverter(X2) will start when it get proper output from inverter(X1) which it will get when the voltage crosses 0.7 volt. But switching is so fast that leakage is high in Inverter two (X2).

NAND2

Its a universal gate which can be used for designing any other gates in digital circuit . When any input is low , it get high at output.

V1: its varing 0.6 to 1.8V

V2: its varing 0.8 to 1.8V

V3: its varing 1.8 to 0.4V

OUT: Initialy device is off thats why we are not seeing any change in output . But when the cmos device get On after 20ns the device start to operate slowly . After the Vdd reaches 1.2V the ouput of nand gate reaches to 1.2 . So , we can see that this device operate according to the voltage change in the cmos devices.

4-BIT SHIFT REGISTER

Din : its switching from low to high or vice-versa

Clock : high to low signals

Reset : high

V2 : ramping up slowly from 0.7 to 1.3V

V1 : Constant 1.2 V

Vout : Initialy it zero upto 20ns but after that we get the ouput.

We can see the V2 is increasing slowly . When voltage(V2) is low the flip-flops are not working and they are not switching properly but they are also ramping up slowly depending upon Input volatge which are applied to the Flip-flops. So its in the low power mode.

We can clearly see that voltage when voltage is at 1.2V the circuit start to opearte properly and we had saved power in switching and leakage current .

UPF

UPF is for entire design flow not just a RTL

Components of UPF

 Power Domain:

 Power Supply Network

 Power State Table

 Isolation Strategies

 Retention Strategies

 Level Shifter Strategies

 Repeater Strategies

References:

1. Verification Methodology Manual for Low Power - Srikanth Jadcherla, Janick Bergeron, Yoshio Inoue and David Flynn

2. https://asic-soc.blogspot.com/2008/03/leakage-power-trends.html

3. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.247.2916&rep=rep1&type=pdf

4. https://github.com/ShonTaware/LowPower

Acknowledgements:

1. Srikanth Jadcherla. Low Power Electronics Guru,

2. Kunal Ghosh, Co-founder (VSD Corp. Pvt. Ltd)