docs: update references to Ubuntu versions

[HonkingGoose]

Changes

• Update references to Ubuntu versions to use newer LTS versions (mostly update to 24.04)
• Improve the formatting of some Ubuntu related instructions

Context

Closes #27293

After this PR we still have open issues for things related to Ubuntu versions:

• Add Ubuntu 24.04 to datasource when upstream marks it as beta #28611, actions/runner-images has not yet listed Ubuntu 24.04 Noble Numbat in their readme.md file
• Update tests to account for Ubuntu's Noble Numbat 24.04 release #28702

Documentation (please check one with an [x])

• I have updated the documentation, or
• No documentation update is required

How I've tested my work (please select one)

I have verified these changes via:

• Code inspection only, or
• Newly added/modified unit tests, or
• No unit tests but ran on a real repository, or
• Both unit tests + ran on a real repository

[renovate-release]

🎉 This PR is included in version 37.329.0 🎉

The release is available on:

• GitHub release
• npm package (@latest dist-tag)
• 37.329.0

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