title	summary
Insert Data	Learn about how to insert data.

Insert Data

This document describes how to insert data into TiDB by using the SQL language with different programming languages.

Before you start

Before reading this document, you need to prepare the following:

Build a TiDB Cloud Serverless Cluster.
Read Schema Design Overview, Create a Database, Create a Table, and Create Secondary Indexes

Insert rows

There are two ways to insert multiple rows of data. For example, if you need to insert 3 players' data.

A multi-line insertion statement:

INSERT INTO `player` (`id`, `coins`, `goods`) VALUES (1, 1000, 1), (2, 230, 2), (3, 300, 5);

Multiple single-line insertion statements:

INSERT INTO `player` (`id`, `coins`, `goods`) VALUES (1, 1000, 1);
INSERT INTO `player` (`id`, `coins`, `goods`) VALUES (2, 230, 2);
INSERT INTO `player` (`id`, `coins`, `goods`) VALUES (3, 300, 5);

Generally the multi-line insertion statement runs faster than the multiple single-line insertion statements.

CREATE TABLE `player` (`id` INT, `coins` INT, `goods` INT);
INSERT INTO `player` (`id`, `coins`, `goods`) VALUES (1, 1000, 1), (2, 230, 2);

For more information on how to use this SQL, see Connecting to a TiDB Cluster and follow the steps to enter the SQL statement after connecting to a TiDB cluster using a client.

// ds is an entity of com.mysql.cj.jdbc.MysqlDataSource
try (Connection connection = ds.getConnection()) {
    connection.setAutoCommit(false);

    PreparedStatement pstmt = connection.prepareStatement("INSERT INTO player (id, coins, goods) VALUES (?, ?, ?)"))

    // first player
    pstmt.setInt(1, 1);
    pstmt.setInt(2, 1000);
    pstmt.setInt(3, 1);
    pstmt.addBatch();

    // second player
    pstmt.setInt(1, 2);
    pstmt.setInt(2, 230);
    pstmt.setInt(3, 2);
    pstmt.addBatch();

    pstmt.executeBatch();
    connection.commit();
} catch (SQLException e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
}

Due to the default MySQL JDBC Driver settings, you need to change some parameters to get better bulk insert performance.

Parameter	Means	Recommended Scenario	Recommended Configuration
`useServerPrepStmts`	Whether to use the server side to enable prepared statements	When you need to use a prepared statement more than once	`true`
`cachePrepStmts`	Whether the client caches prepared statements	`useServerPrepStmts=true`	`true`
`prepStmtCacheSqlLimit`	Maximum size of a prepared statement (256 characters by default)	When the prepared statement is greater than 256 characters	Configured according to the actual size of the prepared statement
`prepStmtCacheSize`	Maximum number of prepared statement caches (25 by default)	When the number of prepared statements is greater than 25	Configured according to the actual number of prepared statements
`rewriteBatchedStatements`	Whether to rewrite Batched statements	When batch operations are required	`true`
`allowMultiQueries`	Start batch operations	Because a client bug requires this to be set when `rewriteBatchedStatements = true` and `useServerPrepStmts = true`	`true`

MySQL JDBC Driver also provides an integrated configuration: useConfigs. When it is configured with maxPerformance, it is equivalent to configuring a set of configurations. Taking mysql:mysql-connector-java:8.0.28 as an example, useConfigs=maxPerformance contains:

cachePrepStmts=true
cacheCallableStmts=true
cacheServerConfiguration=true
useLocalSessionState=true
elideSetAutoCommits=true
alwaysSendSetIsolation=false
enableQueryTimeouts=false
connectionAttributes=none
useInformationSchema=true

You can check mysql-connector-java-{version}.jar!/com/mysql/cj/configurations/maxPerformance.properties to get the configurations contained in useConfigs=maxPerformance for the corresponding version of MySQL JDBC Driver.

The following is a typical scenario of JDBC connection string configurations. In this example, Host: 127.0.0.1, Port: 4000, User name: root, Password: null, Default database: test:

jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:4000/test?user=root&useConfigs=maxPerformance&useServerPrepStmts=true&prepStmtCacheSqlLimit=2048&prepStmtCacheSize=256&rewriteBatchedStatements=true&allowMultiQueries=true

For complete examples in Java, see:

Connect to TiDB with JDBC
Connect to TiDB with Hibernate
Connect to TiDB with Spring Boot

package main

import (
    "database/sql"
    "strings"

    _ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
)

type Player struct {
    ID    string
    Coins int
    Goods int
}

func bulkInsertPlayers(db *sql.DB, players []Player, batchSize int) error {
    tx, err := db.Begin()
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }

    stmt, err := tx.Prepare(buildBulkInsertSQL(batchSize))
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }

    defer stmt.Close()

    for len(players) > batchSize {
        if _, err := stmt.Exec(playerToArgs(players[:batchSize])...); err != nil {
            tx.Rollback()
            return err
        }

        players = players[batchSize:]
    }

    if len(players) != 0 {
        if _, err := tx.Exec(buildBulkInsertSQL(len(players)), playerToArgs(players)...); err != nil {
            tx.Rollback()
            return err
        }
    }

    if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil {
        tx.Rollback()
        return err
    }

    return nil
}

func playerToArgs(players []Player) []interface{} {
    var args []interface{}
    for _, player := range players {
        args = append(args, player.ID, player.Coins, player.Goods)
    }
    return args
}

func buildBulkInsertSQL(amount int) string {
    return "INSERT INTO player (id, coins, goods) VALUES (?, ?, ?)" + strings.Repeat(",(?,?,?)", amount-1)
}

For complete examples in Golang, see:

Connect to TiDB with Go-MySQL-Driver
Connect to TiDB with GORM

import MySQLdb
connection = MySQLdb.connect(
    host="127.0.0.1",
    port=4000,
    user="root",
    password="",
    database="bookshop",
    autocommit=True
)

with get_connection(autocommit=True) as connection:
    with connection.cursor() as cur:
        player_list = random_player(1919)
        for idx in range(0, len(player_list), 114):
            cur.executemany("INSERT INTO player (id, coins, goods) VALUES (%s, %s, %s)", player_list[idx:idx + 114])

For complete examples in Python, see:

Connect to TiDB with PyMySQL
Connect to TiDB with mysqlclient
Connect to TiDB with MySQL Connector/Python
Connect to TiDB with SQLAlchemy
Connect to TiDB with peewee

Bulk-Insert

If you need to quickly import a large amount of data into a TiDB cluster, it is recommended that you use a range of tools provided by PingCAP for data migration. Using the INSERT statement is not the best way, because it is not efficient and requires to handle exceptions and other issues on your own.

The following are the recommended tools for bulk-insert:

Data export: Dumpling. You can export MySQL or TiDB data to local or Amazon S3.

Data import: TiDB Lightning. You can import Dumpling exported data, a CSV file, or Migrate Data from Amazon Aurora to TiDB. It also supports reading data from a local disk or Amazon S3 cloud disk.
Data replication: TiDB Data Migration. You can replicate MySQL, MariaDB, and Amazon Aurora databases to TiDB. It also supports merging and migrating the sharded instances and tables from the source databases.
Data backup and restore: Backup & Restore (BR). Compared to Dumpling, BR is more suitable for big data scenario.

Data import: Create Import page in the TiDB Cloud console. You can import Dumpling exported data, import a local CSV file, or Import CSV Files from Amazon S3 or GCS into TiDB Cloud. It also supports reading data from a local disk, Amazon S3 cloud disk, or GCS cloud disk.
Data replication: TiDB Data Migration. You can replicate MySQL, MariaDB, and Amazon Aurora databases to TiDB. It also supports merging and migrating the sharded instances and tables from the source databases.
Data backup and restore: Backup page in the TiDB Cloud console. Compared to Dumpling, backup and restore is more suitable for big data scenario.

Avoid hotspots

When designing a table, you need to consider if there is a large number of insert operations. If so, you need to avoid hotspots during table design. See the Select primary key section and follow the Rules when selecting primary key.

For more information on how to handle hotspot issues, see Troubleshoot Hotspot Issues.

Insert data to a table with the `AUTO_RANDOM` primary key

If the primary key of the table you insert has the AUTO_RANDOM attribute, then by default the primary key cannot be specified. For example, in the bookshop database, you can see that the id field of the users table contains the AUTO_RANDOM attribute.

In this case, you cannot use SQL like the following to insert:

INSERT INTO `bookshop`.`users` (`id`, `balance`, `nickname`) VALUES (1, 0.00, 'nicky');

An error will occur:

ERROR 8216 (HY000): Invalid auto random: Explicit insertion on auto_random column is disabled. Try to set @@allow_auto_random_explicit_insert = true.

It is not recommended to manually specify the AUTO_RANDOM column during insertion time.

There are two solutions to handle this error:

(Recommended) Remove this column from the insert statement and use the AUTO_RANDOM value that TiDB initialized for you. This fits the semantics of AUTO_RANDOM.

{{< copyable "sql" >}}
```
INSERT INTO `bookshop`.`users` (`balance`, `nickname`) VALUES (0.00, 'nicky');
```
If you are sure that you must specify this column, then you can use the SET statement to allow the column of AUTO_RANDOM to be specified during insertion time by changing the user variable.

{{< copyable "sql" >}}
```
SET @@allow_auto_random_explicit_insert = true;
INSERT INTO `bookshop`.`users` (`id`, `balance`, `nickname`) VALUES (1, 0.00, 'nicky');
```

Use HTAP

In TiDB, HTAP capabilities save you from performing additional operations when inserting data. There is no additional insertion logic. TiDB automatically guarantees data consistency. All you need to do is turn on column-oriented replica synchronization after creating the table, and use the column-oriented replica to speed up your queries directly.

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dev-guide-insert-data.md

dev-guide-insert-data.md

Insert Data

Before you start

Insert rows

Bulk-Insert

Avoid hotspots

Insert data to a table with the `AUTO_RANDOM` primary key

Use HTAP

Need help?

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dev-guide-insert-data.md

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Insert Data

Before you start

Insert rows

Bulk-Insert

Avoid hotspots

Insert data to a table with the AUTO_RANDOM primary key

Use HTAP

Need help?

Insert data to a table with the `AUTO_RANDOM` primary key