The purpose of this document is to define best practices when working with Asterisk in order to minimize possible security breaches and to provide tried examples in field deployments. This is a living document and is subject to change over time as best practices are defined.
- Filtering Data: How to protect yourself from redial attacks
- Proper Device Naming: Why to not use numbered extensions for devices
- Secure Passwords: Secure passwords limit your risk to brute force attacks
- Reducing Pattern Match Typos: Using the 'same' prefix, or using Goto()
- Manager Class Authorizations: Recognizing potential issues with certain classes of authorization
- Avoid Privilege Escalations: Disable the ability to execute functions that may escalate privileges
- Important Security Considerations: More information on the Asterisk Wiki
Additional links that contain useful information about best practices or security are listed below.
In the Asterisk dialplan, several channel variables contain data potentially supplied by outside sources. This could lead to a potential security concern where those outside sources may send cleverly crafted strings of data which could be utilized, e.g. to place calls to unexpected locations.
An example of this can be found in the use of pattern matching and the
For example, this common dialplan takes 2 or more characters of data, starting with a number 0-9, and then accepts any additional information supplied by the request.
NOTE:
We use SIP in this example, but is not limited to SIP only; protocols such as Jabber/XMPP or IAX2 are also susceptible to the same sort of injection problem.
[incoming]
exten => _X.,1,Verbose(2,Incoming call to extension ${EXTEN})
exten => _X.,n,Dial(PJSIP/${EXTEN})
exten => _X.,n,Hangup()This dialplan may be utilized to accept calls to extensions, which then dial a numbered device name configured in one of the channel configuration files (such as pjsip.conf, iax.conf, etc...) (see Proper Device Naming for more information on why this approach is flawed).
The example we've given above looks harmless enough until you take into consideration that several channel technologies accept characters that could be utilized in a clever attack. For example, instead of just sending a request to dial extension 500 (which in our example above would create the string PJSIP/500 and is then used by the Dial() application to place a call), someone could potentially send a string like "500&PJSIP/itsp/14165551212".
The string "500&PJSIP/itsp/14165551212" would then be contained within the ${EXTEN} channel variable, which is then utilized by the Dial() application in our example, thereby giving you the dialplan line of:
exten => _X.,n,Dial(PJSIP/500&PJSIP/itsp/14165551212)Our example above has now provided someone with a method to place calls out of your ITSP in a place where you didn't expect to allow it. There are a couple of ways in which you can mitigate this impact: stricter pattern matching, or using the FILTER() dialplan function.
The CALLERID(num) and CALLERID(name) values are other commonly used values that are sources of data potentially supplied by outside sources. If you use these values as parameters to the System() or MixMonitor() applications or the SHELL() dialplan function, you can allow injection of arbitrary operating system command execution. The FILTER() dialplan function is available to remove dangerous characters from untrusted strings to block the command injection.
The simple way to mitigate this problem is with a strict pattern match that does not utilize the period (.) or bang (!) characters to match on one-or-more characters or zero-or-more characters (respectively). To fine tune our example to only accept three digit extensions, we could change our pattern match to be:
exten => _XXX,n,Dial(PJSIP/${EXTEN})In this way, we have minimized our impact because we're not allowing anything other than the numbers zero through nine. But in some cases we really do need to handle variable pattern matches, such as when dialing international numbers or when we want to handle something like a SIP URI. In this case, we'll need to utilize the FILTER() dialplan function.
The FILTER() dialplan function is used to filter strings by only allowing characters that you have specified. This is a perfect candidate for controlling which characters you want to pass to the Dial() application, or any other application which will contain dynamic information passed to Asterisk from an external source. Lets take a look at how we can use FILTER() to control what data we allow.
Using our previous example to accept any string length of 2 or more characters, starting with a number of zero through nine, we can use FILTER() to limit what we will accept to just numbers. Our example would then change to something like:
[incoming]
exten => _X.,1,Verbose(2,Incoming call to extension ${EXTEN})
exten => _X.,n,Dial(PJSIP/${FILTER(0-9,${EXTEN})})
exten => _X.,n,Hangup()Note how we've wrapped the ${EXTEN} channel variable with the FILTER() function which will then only pass back characters that fit into the numerical range that we've defined.
Alternatively, if we didn't want to utilize the FILTER() function within the Dial() application directly, we could save the value to a channel variable, which has a side effect of being usable in other locations of your dialplan if necessary, and to handle error checking in a separate location.
[incoming]
exten => _X.,1,Verbose(2,Incoming call to extension ${EXTEN})
exten => _X.,n,Set(SAFE_EXTEN=${FILTER(0-9,${EXTEN})})
exten => _X.,n,Dial(PJSIP/${SAFE_EXTEN})
exten => _X.,n,Hangup()Now we can use the
[incoming]
exten => _X.,1,Verbose(2,Incoming call to extension ${EXTEN})
exten => _X.,n,Set(SAFE_EXTEN=${FILTER(0-9,${EXTEN})})
exten => _X.,n,GotoIf($[${EXTEN} != ${SAFE_EXTEN}]?error,1)
exten => _X.,n,Dial(PJSIP/${SAFE_EXTEN})
exten => _X.,n,Hangup()
exten => error,1,Verbose(2,Values of EXTEN and SAFE_EXTEN did not match.)
exten => error,n,Verbose(2,EXTEN: "${EXTEN}" -- SAFE_EXTEN: "${SAFE_EXTEN}")
exten => error,n,Playback(silence/1&invalid)
exten => error,n,Hangup()Another example would be using FILTER() to control the characters we accept when we're expecting to get a SIP URI for dialing.
[incoming]
exten => _[0-9a-zA-Z].,1,Verbose(2,Incoming call to extension ${EXTEN})
exten => _[0-9a-zA-Z].,n,Dial(PJSIP/${FILTER(.@0-9a-zA-Z,${EXTEN})
exten => _[0-9a-zA-Z].,n,Hangup()Of course the FILTER() function doesn't check the formatting of the incoming request. There is also the REGEX() dialplan function which can be used to determine if the string passed to it matches the regular expression you've created, and to take proper action on whether it matches or not. The creation of regular expressions is left as an exercise for the reader.
More information about the FILTER() and REGEX() dialplan functions can be found by typing "core show function FILTER" and "core show function REGEX" from your Asterisk console.
In Asterisk, the concept of an extension number being tied to a specific device does not exist. Asterisk is aware of devices it can call or receive calls from, and how you define in your dialplan how to reach those devices is up to you.
Because it has become common practice to think of a specific device as having an extension number associated with it, it only becomes natural to think about naming your devices the same as the extension number you're providing it. But by doing this, you're limiting the powerful concept of separating user from extensions, and extensions from devices.
It can also be a security hazard to name your devices with a number, as this can open you up to brute force attacks. Many of the current exploits deal with device configurations which utilize a number, and even worse, a password that matches the devices name. For example, take a look at this poorly created device in pjsip.conf:
[1000]
type=auth
auth_type=userpass
password=1000
username=1000As implied by the context, we've permitted a device named 1000 with a password of 1000 to place calls internationally. If your PBX system is accessible via the internet, then your system will be vulnerable to expensive international calls. Even if your system is not accessible via the internet, people within your organization could get access to dialing rules you'd prefer to reserve only for certain people.
A more secure example for the device would be to use something like the MAC address of the device, along with a strong password (see the section Secure Passwords). The following example would be more secure:
[0004f2040001]
type=auth
auth_type=userpass
password=aE3%B8*$jk^G
username=0004f2040001Then in your dialplan, you would reference the device via the MAC address of the device (or if using the softphone, a MAC address of a network interface on the computer).
Also note that you should NOT use this password, as it will likely be one of the first ones added to the dictionary for brute force attacks.
Secure passwords are necessary in many (if not all) environments, and Asterisk is certainly no exception, especially when it comes to expensive long distance calls that could potentially cost your company hundreds or thousands of dollars on an expensive monthly phone bill, with little to no recourse to fight the charges.
Whenever you are positioned to add a password to your system, whether that is for a device configuration, a database connection, or any other secure connection, be sure to use a secure password. A good example of a secure password would be something like:
aE3%B8*$jk^G
Our password also contains 12 characters with a mixture of upper and lower case characters, numbers, and symbols. Because these passwords are likely to only be entered once, or loaded via a configuration file, there is no need to create simple passwords, even in testing. Some of the holes found in production systems used for exploitations involve finding the one test extension that contains a weak password that was forgotten prior to putting a system into production.
Using a web search you can find several online password generators such as Strong Password Generator or there are several scripts that can be used to generate a strong password.
As of Asterisk 1.6.2, a new method for reducing the number of complex pattern matches you need to enter, which can reduce typos in your dialplan, has been implemented. Traditionally, a dialplan with a complex pattern match would look something like:
exten => _[3-5]XXX,1,Verbose(Incoming call to ${EXTEN})
exten => _[3-5]XXX,n,Set(DEVICE=${DB(device/mac_address/${EXTEN})})
exten => _[3-5]XXX,n,Set(TECHNOLOGY=${DB(device/technology/${EXTEN})})
exten => _[3-5]XXX,n,GotoIf($[${ISNULL(${TECHNOLOGY})} | ${ISNULL(${DEVICE})}]?error,1)
exten => _[3-5]XXX,n,Dial(${TECHNOLOGY}/${DEVICE},${GLOBAL(TIMEOUT)})
exten => _[3-5]XXX,n,Set(vmFlag=${IF($[${DIALSTATUS} = BUSY]?b:u)})
exten => _[3-5]XXX,n,Voicemail(${EXTEN}@${GLOBAL(VOICEMAIL_CONTEXT)},${vmFlag})
exten => _[3-5]XXX,n,Hangup()
exten => error,1,Verbose(2,Unable to lookup technology or device for extension)
exten => error,n,Playback(silence/1&num-not-in-db)
exten => error,n,Hangup()Of course there exists the possibility for a typo when retyping the pattern match _[3-5]XXX which will match on extensions 3000 through 5999. We can minimize this error by utilizing the same => prefix on all lines beyond the first one. Our same dialplan with using same => would look like the following:
exten => _[3-5]XXX,1,Verbose(Incoming call to ${EXTEN})
same => n,Set(DEVICE=${DB(device/mac_address/${EXTEN})})
same => n,Set(TECHNOLOGY=${DB(device/technology/${EXTEN})})
same => n,GotoIf($[${ISNULL(${TECHNOLOGY})} | ${ISNULL(${DEVICE})}]?error,1)
same => n,Dial(${TECHNOLOGY}/${DEVICE},${GLOBAL(TIMEOUT)})
same => n,Set(vmFlag=${IF($[${DIALSTATUS} = BUSY]?b:u)})
same => n,Voicemail(${EXTEN}@${GLOBAL(VOICEMAIL_CONTEXT)},${vmFlag})
same => n,Hangup()
exten => error,1,Verbose(2,Unable to lookup technology or device for extension)
same => n,Playback(silence/1&num-not-in-db)
same => n,Hangup()Manager accounts have associated class authorizations that define what actions and events that account can execute/receive. In order to run Asterisk commands or dialplan applications that affect the system Asterisk executes on, the "system" class authorization should be set on the account.
However, Manager commands that originate new calls into the Asterisk dialplan have the potential to alter or affect the system as well, even though the class authorization for origination commands is "originate". Take, for example, the Originate manager command:
Action: Originate
Channel: PJSIP/foo
Exten: s
Context: default
Priority: 1
Application: System
Data: echo hello world!
This manager command will attempt to execute an Asterisk application, System, which is normally associated with the "system" class authorization. While some checks have been put into Asterisk to take this into account, certain dialplan configurations and/or clever manipulation of the Originate manager action can circumvent these checks. For example, take the following dialplan:
exten => s,1,Verbose(Incoming call)
same => n,MixMonitor(foo.wav,,${EXEC_COMMAND})
same => n,Dial(PJSIP/bar)
same => n,Hangup()Whatever has been defined in the variable EXEC_COMMAND will be executed after MixMonitor has finished recording the call. The dialplan writer may have intended that this variable to be set by some other location in the dialplan; however, the Manager action Originate allows for channel variables to be set by the account initiating the new call. This could allow the Originate action to execute some command on the system by setting the EXEC_COMMAND dialplan variable in the Variable: header.
In general, you should treat the Manager class authorization "originate" the same as the class authorization "system". Good system configuration, such as not running Asterisk as root, can prevent serious problems from arising when allowing external connections to originate calls into Asterisk.
External control protocols, such as Manager, often have the ability to get and set channel variables; which allows the execution of dialplan functions.
Dialplan functions within Asterisk are incredibly powerful, which is wonderful for building applications using Asterisk. But during the read or write execution, certain dialplan functions do much more. For example, reading the SHELL() function can execute arbitrary commands on the system Asterisk is running on. Writing to the FILE() function can change any file that Asterisk has write access to.
When these functions are executed from an external protocol, that execution could result in a privilege escalation. Asterisk can inhibit the execution of these functions, if live_dangerously in the [options] section of asterisk.conf is set to no.
In Asterisk 12 and later, live_dangerously defaults to no.