diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/creature/Egg.java b/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/creature/Egg.java
index d9c3c7fb..0b1cac6f 100644
--- a/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/creature/Egg.java
+++ b/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/creature/Egg.java
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@
 public class Egg implements Thing {
 
 	public static final double RADIUS = 25;
-	
+	public static final int INCUBATION_TIME = 500;
+
 	private final DNA dna;
 	private int age = 0;
 	private Vector position;
diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/creature/Narjillo.java b/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/creature/Narjillo.java
index a3318927..dd64064f 100644
--- a/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/creature/Narjillo.java
+++ b/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/creature/Narjillo.java
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 import org.nusco.narjillos.shared.things.Energy;
 import org.nusco.narjillos.shared.things.FoodPiece;
 import org.nusco.narjillos.shared.things.Thing;
-import org.nusco.narjillos.shared.utilities.RanGen;
 
 /**
  * A fully-formed, autonomous creature.
@@ -19,7 +18,6 @@
 public class Narjillo implements Thing {
 
 	static final double MAX_LIFESPAN = 30_000;
-	private static final int INCUBATION_TIME = 500;
 	
 	private final Body body;
 	private final DNA dna;
@@ -73,16 +71,6 @@ public void feedOn(FoodPiece thing) {
 		thing.setEater(this);
 	}
 
-	public Egg layEgg(Vector position, RanGen ranGen) {
-		double percentEnergyToChildren = body.getPercentEnergyToChildren();
-		double childEnergy = energy.chunkOff(percentEnergyToChildren);
-		if (childEnergy == 0)
-			return null;
-
-		DNA childDNA = getDNA().copyWithMutations(ranGen);
-		return new Egg(childDNA, getPosition(), childEnergy, INCUBATION_TIME);
-	}
-
 	@Override
 	public String getLabel() {
 		return "narjillo";
diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/ecosystem/Ecosystem.java b/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/ecosystem/Ecosystem.java
index fbcc0b8f..03eafe3f 100644
--- a/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/ecosystem/Ecosystem.java
+++ b/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/ecosystem/Ecosystem.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 import org.nusco.narjillos.creature.Egg;
 import org.nusco.narjillos.creature.Narjillo;
 import org.nusco.narjillos.genomics.DNA;
+import org.nusco.narjillos.genomics.GenePool;
 import org.nusco.narjillos.shared.physics.Segment;
 import org.nusco.narjillos.shared.physics.Vector;
 import org.nusco.narjillos.shared.things.FoodPiece;
@@ -75,15 +76,15 @@ public Vector findClosestFoodPiece(Thing thing) {
 		return target.getPosition();
 	}
 
-	public void tick(RanGen ranGen) {
+	public void tick(GenePool genePool, RanGen ranGen) {
 		for (Thing thing : new LinkedList<>(things.getAll("egg")))
 			tickEgg((Egg) thing);
 
 		for (Narjillo narjillo : new LinkedList<>(narjillos))
 			if (narjillo.isDead())
-				removeNarjillo(narjillo);
+				removeNarjillo(narjillo, genePool);
 
-		tickNarjillos(ranGen);
+		tickNarjillos(genePool, ranGen);
 
 		if (shouldSpawnFood(ranGen)) {
 			spawnFood(randomPosition(getSize(), ranGen));
@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@ private void tickEgg(Egg egg) {
 			remove(egg);
 	}
 
-	private synchronized void tickNarjillos(RanGen ranGen) {
+	private synchronized void tickNarjillos(GenePool genePool, RanGen ranGen) {
 		if (executorService.isShutdown())
 			return; // we're leaving, apparently
 
@@ -165,7 +166,7 @@ private synchronized void tickNarjillos(RanGen ranGen) {
 		for (Entry<Narjillo, Set<Thing>> entry : narjillosToCollidedFood.entrySet()) {
 			Narjillo narjillo = entry.getKey();
 			Set<Thing> collidedFood = entry.getValue();
-			consume(narjillo, collidedFood, ranGen);
+			consume(narjillo, collidedFood, genePool, ranGen);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -225,12 +226,12 @@ private void updateTargets(Thing food) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	private void consume(Narjillo narjillo, Set<Thing> foodPieces, RanGen ranGen) {
+	private void consume(Narjillo narjillo, Set<Thing> foodPieces, GenePool genePool, RanGen ranGen) {
 		for (Thing foodPiece : foodPieces)
-			consumeFood(narjillo, (FoodPiece) foodPiece, ranGen);
+			consumeFood(narjillo, (FoodPiece) foodPiece, genePool, ranGen);
 	}
 
-	private void consumeFood(Narjillo narjillo, FoodPiece foodPiece, RanGen ranGen) {
+	private void consumeFood(Narjillo narjillo, FoodPiece foodPiece, GenePool genePool, RanGen ranGen) {
 		if (!things.contains(foodPiece))
 			return; // race condition: already consumed
 
@@ -238,7 +239,7 @@ private void consumeFood(Narjillo narjillo, FoodPiece foodPiece, RanGen ranGen)
 
 		narjillo.feedOn(foodPiece);
 
-		layEgg(narjillo, ranGen);
+		layEgg(narjillo, genePool, ranGen);
 		updateTargets(foodPiece);
 	}
 
@@ -247,16 +248,21 @@ private void remove(Thing thing) {
 		things.remove(thing);
 	}
 
-	private void removeNarjillo(Narjillo narjillo) {
+	private void removeNarjillo(Narjillo narjillo, GenePool genePool) {
 		notifyThingRemoved(narjillo);
 		narjillos.remove(narjillo);
-		narjillo.getDNA().destroy();
+		genePool.remove(narjillo.getDNA());
 	}
 
-	private void layEgg(Narjillo narjillo, RanGen ranGen) {
-		Egg egg = narjillo.layEgg(narjillo.getNeckLocation(), ranGen);
-		if (egg == null) // refused to lay egg
-			return;
+	private void layEgg(Narjillo narjillo, GenePool genePool, RanGen ranGen) {
+		double percentEnergyToChildren = narjillo.getBody().getPercentEnergyToChildren();
+		double childEnergy = narjillo.getEnergy().chunkOff(percentEnergyToChildren);
+		if (childEnergy == 0)
+			return; // refused to lay egg
+		DNA childDNA = genePool.mutateDNA(narjillo.getDNA(), ranGen);
+
+		Vector position = narjillo.getNeckLocation();
+		Egg egg = new Egg(childDNA, position, childEnergy, Egg.INCUBATION_TIME);
 		insert(egg);
 	}
 
diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/experiment/Experiment.java b/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/experiment/Experiment.java
index 446baa8f..3da218fd 100644
--- a/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/experiment/Experiment.java
+++ b/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/experiment/Experiment.java
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 import org.nusco.narjillos.creature.body.physics.Viscosity;
 import org.nusco.narjillos.ecosystem.Ecosystem;
-import org.nusco.narjillos.genomics.DNA;
 import org.nusco.narjillos.genomics.GenePool;
 import org.nusco.narjillos.shared.physics.Vector;
 import org.nusco.narjillos.shared.utilities.Chronometer;
@@ -47,7 +46,6 @@ private void initializeGenePool(boolean trackGenePool) {
 			return;
 
 		genePool.enableTracking();
-		DNA.setObserver(genePool);
 	}
 
 	public final void timeStamp() {
@@ -64,10 +62,10 @@ private void populate(Ecosystem ecosystem, String dna) {
 
 		if (dna == null) {
 			for (int i = 0; i < INITIAL_NUMBER_OF_NARJILLOS; i++)
-				ecosystem.spawnEgg(DNA.random(ranGen), randomPosition(ecosystem.getSize()), ranGen);
+				ecosystem.spawnEgg(getGenePool().createRandomDNA(ranGen), randomPosition(ecosystem.getSize()), ranGen);
 		} else {
 			for (int i = 0; i < INITIAL_NUMBER_OF_NARJILLOS; i++)
-				ecosystem.spawnEgg(new DNA(dna), randomPosition(ecosystem.getSize()), ranGen);
+				ecosystem.spawnEgg(getGenePool().createDNA(dna), randomPosition(ecosystem.getSize()), ranGen);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -79,7 +77,7 @@ public boolean tick() {
 		if (ticksChronometer.getTotalTicks() % 1000 == 0)
 			executePeriodicOperations();
 
-		getEcosystem().tick(ranGen);
+		getEcosystem().tick(genePool, ranGen);
 		ticksChronometer.tick();
 		return areThereSurvivors();
 	}
@@ -127,13 +125,6 @@ public GenePool getGenePool() {
 		return genePool;
 	}
 
-	// For serialization only. Don't call this in other situations, if you don't
-	// want to make the experiment non-deterministic.
-	public void setGenePool(GenePool genePool) {
-		this.genePool = genePool;
-		DNA.setObserver(genePool);
-	}
-
 	@Override
 	public String toString() {
 		return "Experiment " + getId();
diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNA.java b/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNA.java
index bcdda209..30271f59 100644
--- a/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNA.java
+++ b/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNA.java
@@ -12,44 +12,18 @@ public class DNA {
 
 	public static final double MUTATION_RATE = 0.055;
 	private static final int GENE_MUTATION_RANGE = 15;
-	private static DNAObserver observer = DNAObserver.NULL;
-
-	// TODO: This static makes testing difficult. Find another way.
-	private static long serial = 0;
-
-	// for testing
-	public static long getSerial() {
-		return serial;
-	}
-	
-	public static void setSerial(long value) {
-		serial = value;
-	}
-	
-	private long id;
+	private final long id;
 	
 	private final Integer[] genes;
 
-	public DNA(String dnaDocument) {
-		this(new DNADocument(dnaDocument).toGenes());
-	}
-
-	// Only use for deserialization.
-	public DNA(String dnaDocument, long id) {
+	public DNA(long id, String dnaDocument) {
+		this.id = id;
 		this.genes = clipGenes(new DNADocument(dnaDocument).toGenes());
-		setId(id);
-	}
-
-	private DNA(Integer... genes) {
-		this.genes = clipGenes(genes);
-		setId(serial + 1);
-		DNA.observer.created(this, null);
 	}
 
-	private DNA(DNA parent, Integer... genes) {
+	public DNA(long id, Integer[] genes) {
+		this.id = id;
 		this.genes = clipGenes(genes);
-		setId(serial + 1);
-		DNA.observer.created(this, parent);
 	}
 
 	public long getId() {
@@ -60,11 +34,7 @@ public Integer[] getGenes() {
 		return genes;
 	}
 
-	public void destroy() {
-		DNA.observer.removed(this);
-	}
-
-	public DNA copyWithMutations(RanGen ranGen) {
+	public DNA copyWithMutations(long id, RanGen ranGen) {
 		List<Integer[]> resultChromosomes = new LinkedList<>();
 
 		DNAIterator iterator = new DNAIterator(this);
@@ -79,12 +49,12 @@ public DNA copyWithMutations(RanGen ranGen) {
 		}
 
 		Integer[] resultGenes = flatten(resultChromosomes);
-		return new DNA(this, resultGenes);
+		return new DNA(id, resultGenes);
 	}
 
-	public static DNA random(RanGen ranGen) {
+	public static DNA random(long id, RanGen ranGen) {
 		int size = Chromosome.SIZE * (Math.abs(ranGen.nextInt()) % 10 + 2);
-		return random(size, ranGen);
+		return random(id, ranGen, size);
 	}
 
 	// From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshtein_distance,
@@ -129,10 +99,6 @@ public int getLevenshteinDistanceFrom(DNA other) {
 		return v1[otherGenes.length];
 	}
 
-	public static void setObserver(DNAObserver dnaObserver) {
-		DNA.observer = dnaObserver;
-	}
-
 	@Override
 	public int hashCode() {
 		return (int) getId();
@@ -153,20 +119,6 @@ private Integer[] clipGenes(Integer[] genes) {
 		return (genes.length > 0) ? clipToByteSize(genes) : new Integer[] { 0 };
 	}
 
-	private void setId(long id) {
-		this.id = id;
-		// This complicated mechanism guarantees that even
-		// after deserializing DNA, the serial will still
-		// contain the highest id in the system. (But
-		// if you generate DNA and *then* deserialize
-		// other DNA, then you might have duplicated
-		// DNA ids in the system. I assume that you
-		// will only deserialize DNA before ever creating
-		// it.
-		if (id > serial)
-			serial = id;
-	}
-
 	private Integer[] copyWithMutations(Chromosome chromosome, RanGen ranGen) {
 		Integer[] result = new Integer[Chromosome.SIZE];
 		for (int i = 0; i < result.length; i++)
@@ -210,9 +162,9 @@ private int clipToByteSize(int number) {
 		return Math.max(0, Math.min(255, number));
 	}
 
-	private static DNA random(int size, RanGen ranGen) {
+	private static DNA random(long id, RanGen ranGen, int size) {
 		Integer[] genes = randomGenes(size, ranGen);
-		return new DNA(genes);
+		return new DNA(id, genes);
 	}
 
 	private static Integer[] randomGenes(int size, RanGen ranGen) {
diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNAObserver.java b/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNAObserver.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e7e2168..00000000
--- a/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNAObserver.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-package org.nusco.narjillos.genomics;
-
-/**
- * Observes DNA getting created and destroyed.
- */
-public interface DNAObserver {
-
-	public void created(DNA newDna, DNA parent);
-	public void removed(DNA dna);
-
-	DNAObserver NULL = new DNAObserver() {
-		
-		@Override
-		public void created(DNA newDNA, DNA parent) {
-		}
-
-		@Override
-		public void removed(DNA dna) {
-		}
-	};
-}
diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/GenePool.java b/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/GenePool.java
index b30a3b58..ccf2bf57 100644
--- a/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/GenePool.java
+++ b/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/GenePool.java
@@ -6,15 +6,18 @@
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 
+import org.nusco.narjillos.shared.utilities.RanGen;
+
 /**
  * A pool of DNA strands.
  */
-public class GenePool implements DNAObserver {
+public class GenePool {
 
-	private Map<Long, DNA> dnaById = new LinkedHashMap<>();
-	private List<Long> currentPool = new LinkedList<>();
-	private Map<Long, Long> childrenToParents = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+	private final Map<Long, DNA> dnaById = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+	private final List<Long> currentPool = new LinkedList<>();
+	private final Map<Long, Long> childrenToParents = new LinkedHashMap<>();
 
+	private long dnaSerial = 0;
 	private boolean isTracking = false;
 
 	public void enableTracking() {
@@ -25,27 +28,6 @@ public boolean isTracking() {
 		return isTracking;
 	}
 
-	@Override
-	public void created(DNA newDNA, DNA parent) {
-		if (!isTracking())
-			return;
-		
-		dnaById.put(newDNA.getId(), newDNA);
-		currentPool.add(newDNA.getId());
-		if (parent == null)
-			childrenToParents.put(newDNA.getId(), 0l);
-		else
-			childrenToParents.put(newDNA.getId(), parent.getId());
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void removed(DNA dna) {
-		if (!isTracking())
-			return;
-
-		currentPool.remove(dna.getId());
-	}
-
 	public List<DNA> getAncestry(DNA dna) {
 		List<DNA> result = new LinkedList<>();
 
@@ -81,6 +63,47 @@ public int getHistoricalPoolSize() {
 		return dnaById.size();
 	}
 
+	public DNA createDNA(String dna) {
+		DNA result = new DNA(nextId(), dna);
+		add(result, null);
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	public DNA createRandomDNA(RanGen ranGen) {
+		DNA result = DNA.random(nextId(), ranGen);
+		add(result, null);
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	public DNA mutateDNA(DNA parent, RanGen ranGen) {
+		DNA result = parent.copyWithMutations(nextId(), ranGen);
+		add(result, parent);
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	public void remove(DNA dna) {
+		if (!isTracking())
+			return;
+
+		currentPool.remove(dna.getId());
+	}
+
+	private long nextId() {
+		return ++dnaSerial;
+	}
+	
+	private void add(DNA dna, DNA parent) {
+		if (!isTracking())
+			return;
+		
+		dnaById.put(dna.getId(), dna);
+		currentPool.add(dna.getId());
+		if (parent == null)
+			childrenToParents.put(dna.getId(), 0l);
+		else
+			childrenToParents.put(dna.getId(), parent.getId());
+	}
+	
 	private int totalLevenshteinDistanceFromTheRestOfThePool(DNA dna) {
 		int result = 0;
 		for (Long otherDNAId : currentPool) {
diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/serializer/DNAAdapter.java b/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/serializer/DNAAdapter.java
index 002cf1ef..fad96796 100644
--- a/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/serializer/DNAAdapter.java
+++ b/narjillos-core/src/main/java/org/nusco/narjillos/serializer/DNAAdapter.java
@@ -27,6 +27,6 @@ public DNA deserialize(JsonElement json, Type type, JsonDeserializationContext c
 		JsonObject jsonObject = json.getAsJsonObject();
 		String genes = jsonObject.get("genes").getAsString();
 		long id = jsonObject.get("id").getAsLong();
-		return new DNA(genes, id);
+		return new DNA(id, genes);
 	}
 }
diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/DeterministicExperimentTest.java b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/DeterministicExperimentTest.java
index a3d48d12..efe27529 100644
--- a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/DeterministicExperimentTest.java
+++ b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/DeterministicExperimentTest.java
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.nusco.narjillos.experiment.Experiment;
-import org.nusco.narjillos.genomics.DNA;
 import org.nusco.narjillos.serializer.JSON;
 
 /**
@@ -42,14 +41,10 @@ public static void runTest(int cycles) {
 		Experiment experiment2 = JSON.fromJson(json, Experiment.class);
 
 		// Now we have two experiments. Keep ticking both for a few more cycles.
-		// Reset the DNA serial in between, so that we get the same DNA ids for
-		// both experiments.
-		long lastDNAId = DNA.getSerial();
-		for (int i = 0; i < halfCycles; i++)
+		for (int i = 0; i < halfCycles; i++) {
 			experiment1.tick();
-		DNA.setSerial(lastDNAId);
-		for (int i = 0; i < halfCycles; i++)
 			experiment2.tick();
+		}
 
 		// Reset the running time (which is generally different between
 		// experiments, and that's OK).
diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/NarjilloTickingTest.java b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/NarjilloTickingTest.java
index ff9b891c..8ed87cd2 100644
--- a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/NarjilloTickingTest.java
+++ b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/NarjilloTickingTest.java
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 import org.nusco.narjillos.creature.body.Organ;
 import org.nusco.narjillos.embryogenesis.Embryo;
 import org.nusco.narjillos.genomics.DNA;
+import org.nusco.narjillos.genomics.GenePool;
 import org.nusco.narjillos.serializer.JSON;
 import org.nusco.narjillos.shared.physics.Vector;
 
@@ -59,9 +60,8 @@ public class NarjilloTickingTest {
 
 	@Test
 	public void narjillosTickingIsDeterministic() {
-		// Create DNA with an id of 1.
-		DNA.setSerial(0);
-		DNA sampleDNA = new DNA(SAMPLE_DNA_DOCUMENT);
+		GenePool genePool = new GenePool();
+		DNA sampleDNA = genePool.createDNA(SAMPLE_DNA_DOCUMENT);
 
 		// Create the sample narjillo.
 		Narjillo narjillo = new Narjillo(sampleDNA, new Embryo(sampleDNA).develop(), Vector.cartesian(100, 200), 10_000);
@@ -77,7 +77,6 @@ public void narjillosTickingIsDeterministic() {
 		// updated at the end of the tick, even when no readers are around.
 		narjillo.tick();
 		
-		System.out.println(JSON.toJson(narjillo, Narjillo.class));
 		// Check that the narjillo's state is exactly what we expect. We use
 		// JSON to make the comparison easier, and also to make sure that we're
 		// not missing anything in the narjillo's state.
diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/creature/EggTest.java b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/creature/EggTest.java
index 1a6aa886..ac1b17b3 100644
--- a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/creature/EggTest.java
+++ b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/creature/EggTest.java
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 public class EggTest {
 
-	DNA dna = new DNA("{1_2_3}");
+	DNA dna = new DNA(1, "{1_2_3}");
 	Egg egg = new Egg(dna, Vector.cartesian(10, 20), 100, 20);
 	
 	@Test
diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/creature/NarjilloEnergyLossTest.java b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/creature/NarjilloEnergyLossTest.java
index 4485ab17..e95d9c9f 100644
--- a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/creature/NarjilloEnergyLossTest.java
+++ b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/creature/NarjilloEnergyLossTest.java
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ public class NarjilloEnergyLossTest {
 	
 	@Before
 	public void initializeNarjillos() {
-		smallerNarjillo = new Narjillo(new DNA("{0_255_255_255_255_255_255_255}{0_255_255_255_255_255_255_255}"), new Body(new Head(10, 10, new ColorByte(10), 1, 0.5)), Vector.ZERO, 10000);
+		smallerNarjillo = new Narjillo(new DNA(1, "{0_255_255_255_255_255_255_255}{0_255_255_255_255_255_255_255}"), new Body(new Head(10, 10, new ColorByte(10), 1, 0.5)), Vector.ZERO, 10000);
 		
-		DNA dna = new DNA("{0_255_255_255_255_255_255_255}{0_255_255_255_255_255_255_255}{0_255_255_255_255_255_255_255}{0_255_255_255_255_255_255_255}{0_255_255_255_255_255_255_255}");
+		DNA dna = new DNA(2, "{0_255_255_255_255_255_255_255}{0_255_255_255_255_255_255_255}{0_255_255_255_255_255_255_255}{0_255_255_255_255_255_255_255}{0_255_255_255_255_255_255_255}");
 		biggerNarjillo = new Narjillo(dna, new Embryo(dna).develop(), Vector.ZERO, 10000);
 	}
 	
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ public void itLosesEnergyFasterWhileMovingIfItIsBigger() {
 
 	@Test
 	public void itsEnergyNaturallyDecreasesWithOldAgeEvenWhenItDoesntMove() {
-		DNA dna = new DNA("{1_1_1_1_1_1_1_1");
+		DNA dna = new DNA(1, "{1_1_1_1_1_1_1_1");
 		Narjillo narjilloThatCannotMove = new Narjillo(dna, new Embryo(dna).develop(), Vector.ZERO, 10000);
 
 		for (int i = 0; i < Narjillo.MAX_LIFESPAN + 1; i++)
diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/ecosystem/EcosystemTest.java b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/ecosystem/EcosystemTest.java
index 1a0cae52..5130b4f1 100644
--- a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/ecosystem/EcosystemTest.java
+++ b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/ecosystem/EcosystemTest.java
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ public void initialize() {
 	}
 
 	private Narjillo insertNarjillo(Vector position) {
-		DNA dna = DNA.random(ranGen);
+		DNA dna = DNA.random(1, ranGen);
 		Narjillo result = new Narjillo(dna, new Embryo(dna).develop(), position, 10000);
 		ecosystem.insertNarjillo(result);
 		return result;
diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNAAnalysisTest.java b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNAAnalysisTest.java
index a827f9c9..85a10587 100644
--- a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNAAnalysisTest.java
+++ b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNAAnalysisTest.java
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ public class DNAAnalysisTest {
 
 	@Test
 	public void computesTheDistanceBetweenDNAStrands() {
-		DNA dna1 = new DNA("001_001_001");
-		DNA dna2 = new DNA("001_002_001");
-		DNA dna3 = new DNA("001_002_002");
+		DNA dna1 = new DNA(1, "001_001_001");
+		DNA dna2 = new DNA(2, "001_002_001");
+		DNA dna3 = new DNA(3, "001_002_002");
 
 		assertEquals(0, dna1.getLevenshteinDistanceFrom(dna1));
 		assertEquals(1, dna1.getLevenshteinDistanceFrom(dna2));
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ public void computesTheDistanceBetweenDNAStrands() {
 
 		assertEquals(dna3.getLevenshteinDistanceFrom(dna1), dna1.getLevenshteinDistanceFrom(dna3));
 
-		DNA dna4 = new DNA("001_002");
+		DNA dna4 = new DNA(4, "001_002");
 
 		assertEquals(2, dna1.getLevenshteinDistanceFrom(dna4));
 		assertEquals(2, dna4.getLevenshteinDistanceFrom(dna1));
diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNADocumentTest.java b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNADocumentTest.java
index 2d669ae7..a4cd9a81 100644
--- a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNADocumentTest.java
+++ b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNADocumentTest.java
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ public void ignoresAnythingAfterTheGenesLine() {
 
 	@Test
 	public void convertsDNAToADocumentString() {
-		DNA dna = new DNA("1_2_3_4_5_6_7_8_9_10_11_12_13_14_15_16_17_18_255");
+		DNA dna = new DNA(1, "1_2_3_4_5_6_7_8_9_10_11_12_13_14_15_16_17_18_255");
 		
 		assertEquals("{001_002_003_004_005_006_007_008_009}{010_011_012_013_014_015_016_017_018}{255_000_000_000_000_000_000_000_000}", dna.toString());
 	}
diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNAIteratorTest.java b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNAIteratorTest.java
index deef7616..a52a724e 100644
--- a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNAIteratorTest.java
+++ b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNAIteratorTest.java
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ public class DNAIteratorTest {
 	public void iteratesOverChromosomes() {
 		String genes = "{1_2_3_4_5_6_7_8_9}{10_11_12_13_14_15_16_17_18}";
 
-		DNA dna = new DNA(genes);
+		DNA dna = new DNA(1, genes);
 		DNAIterator iterator = new DNAIterator(dna);
 		
 		assertEquals(new Chromosome(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), iterator.nextChromosome());
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ public void iteratesOverChromosomes() {
 	public void padsUnterminatedLastChromosome() {
 		String genes = "{1_2_3_4_5_6_7_8_9}{10_11}";
 
-		DNA dna = new DNA(genes);
+		DNA dna = new DNA(1, genes);
 		DNAIterator iterator = new DNAIterator(dna);
 		
 		assertEquals(new Chromosome(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), iterator.nextChromosome());
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ public void padsUnterminatedLastChromosome() {
 	public void padsUnterminatedSingleChromosome() {
 		String genes = "{1_2_3}";
 
-		DNA dna = new DNA(genes);
+		DNA dna = new DNA(1, genes);
 		DNAIterator iterator = new DNAIterator(dna);
 		
 		assertEquals(new Chromosome(new int[]{1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0}), iterator.nextChromosome());
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ public void padsUnterminatedSingleChromosome() {
 	}
 
 	public void alwaysReturnsAtLeastOneChromosome() {
-		DNA dna = new DNA("{}");
+		DNA dna = new DNA(1, "{}");
 		DNAIterator iterator = new DNAIterator(dna);
 		
 		assertEquals(new Chromosome(new int[]{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}), iterator.nextChromosome());
diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNAObserverTest.java b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNAObserverTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index a6bd5706..00000000
--- a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNAObserverTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-package org.nusco.narjillos.genomics;
-
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
-
-import org.junit.After;
-import org.junit.Before;
-import org.junit.Test;
-import org.nusco.narjillos.shared.utilities.RanGen;
-
-public class DNAObserverTest {
-
-	final String[] log = new String[1];
-
-	@Before
-	public void setUpObserver() {
-		DNA.setObserver(new DNAObserver() {
-
-			@Override
-			public void created(DNA newDNA, DNA parent) {
-				log[0] = newDNA + "," + parent;
-			}
-
-			@Override
-			public void removed(DNA dna) {
-				log[0] = "Removed: " + dna;
-			}
-		});
-	}
-
-	@After
-	public void tearDownObserver() {
-		DNA.setObserver(DNAObserver.NULL);
-	}
-
-	@Test
-	public void observesCreationgOfNewDNA() {
-		DNA parentDna = new DNA("{1}");
-
-		String expected = parentDna.toString() + ",null";
-		assertEquals(expected, log[0]);
-	}
-
-	@Test
-	public void observesDNACopy() {
-		DNA parentDna = new DNA("{1}");
-		DNA childDNA = parentDna.copyWithMutations(new RanGen(1234));
-
-		String expected = childDNA.toString() + "," + parentDna.toString();
-		assertEquals(expected, log[0]);
-	}
-
-	@Test
-	public void observesDNARemoval() {
-		DNA dna = new DNA("{1}");
-		dna.destroy();
-
-		String expected = "Removed: " + dna.toString();
-		assertEquals(expected, log[0]);
-	}
-}
diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNATest.java b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNATest.java
index a2c9ffad..4bad4276 100644
--- a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNATest.java
+++ b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/DNATest.java
@@ -10,31 +10,23 @@ public class DNATest {
 
 	@Test
 	public void hasASerialId() {
-		DNA dna1 = new DNA("{1_2_3}");
-		DNA dna2 = new DNA("{1_2_3}");
+		DNA dna = new DNA(42, "{1_2_3}");
 		
-		assertEquals(dna2.getId(), dna1.getId() + 1);
+		assertEquals(dna.getId(), 42);
 	}
 
 	@Test
 	public void hasAnArrayOfGenes() {
-		DNA dna = new DNA("{1_2_255}");
+		DNA dna = new DNA(1, "{1_2_255}");
 		
 		assertArrayEquals(new Integer[] {1, 2, 255}, dna.getGenes());
 	}
 
 	@Test
 	public void isOnlyEqualIfItHasTheSameId() {
-		DNA dna1 = new DNA("{1_2_3}");
-		DNA dna2 = new DNA("{1_2_3}");
-		
-		final long dna1Id = dna1.getId();
-		DNA dna3 = new DNA("{4_5_6}") {
-			@Override
-			public long getId() {
-				return dna1Id;
-			}
-		};
+		DNA dna1 = new DNA(1, "{1_2_3}");
+		DNA dna2 = new DNA(2, "{1_2_3}");
+		DNA dna3 = new DNA(1, "{4_5_6}");
 		
 		assertFalse(dna1.equals(dna2));
 		assertEquals(dna3, dna1);
@@ -42,28 +34,28 @@ public long getId() {
 
 	@Test
 	public void convertsToADNADocumentString() {
-		DNA dna = new DNA("1_2_3");
+		DNA dna = new DNA(1, "1_2_3");
 		
 		assertEquals("{001_002_003_000_000_000_000_000_000}", dna.toString());
 	}
 
 	@Test
 	public void isNeverEmpty() {
-		DNA dna = new DNA("{}");
+		DNA dna = new DNA(1, "{}");
 		
 		assertEquals("{000_000_000_000_000_000_000_000_000}", dna.toString());
 	}
 
 	@Test
 	public void clipsGenesToByteSizeWhenCreatedWithAnArray() {
-		DNA dna = new DNA("1_-1_256");
+		DNA dna = new DNA(1, "1_-1_256");
 		
 		assertArrayEquals(new Integer[] {1, 0, 255}, dna.getGenes());
 	}
 
 	@Test
 	public void clipsGenesToByteSizeWhenCreatedWithAString() {
-		DNA dna = new DNA("1_0_256");
+		DNA dna = new DNA(1, "1_0_256");
 		
 		assertArrayEquals(new Integer[] {1, 0, 255}, dna.getGenes());
 	}
@@ -72,7 +64,7 @@ public void clipsGenesToByteSizeWhenCreatedWithAString() {
 	public void createsDNAFromADNADocumentString() {
 		String dnaString = "comment\n" +
 							"1_022_255";
-		DNA dna = new DNA(dnaString);
+		DNA dna = new DNA(1, dnaString);
 
 		assertArrayEquals(new Integer[] {1, 22, 255}, dna.getGenes());
 	}
diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/GenePoolTest.java b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/GenePoolTest.java
index ca8e2759..5be91bb8 100644
--- a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/GenePoolTest.java
+++ b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/genomics/GenePoolTest.java
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 
 import java.util.List;
 
-import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.nusco.narjillos.shared.utilities.RanGen;
@@ -16,36 +15,29 @@ public class GenePoolTest {
 	GenePool genePool = new GenePool();
 
 	@Before
-	public void setUpObserver() {
-		DNA.setObserver(genePool);
+	public void setUpGenePool() {
 		genePool.enableTracking();
 	}
 	
-	@After
-	public void tearDownObserver() {
-		DNA.setObserver(DNAObserver.NULL);
-	}
-	
 	@Test
 	public void doesNotTrackByDefault() {
 		GenePool disabledGenePool = new GenePool();
-		DNA.setObserver(disabledGenePool);
-
-		new DNA("{0}");
+		
+		disabledGenePool.createDNA("{0}");
 
 		assertEquals(0, disabledGenePool.getCurrentPoolSize());
 	}
 	
 	@Test
 	public void tracksAncestry() {
-		DNA parent1 = new DNA("{0}");
-		parent1.copyWithMutations(ranGen);
+		DNA parent1 = genePool.createDNA("{0}");
+		genePool.mutateDNA(parent1, ranGen);
 
-		DNA parent2 = new DNA("{0}");
-		DNA child2_1 = parent2.copyWithMutations(ranGen);
-		parent2.copyWithMutations(ranGen);
+		DNA parent2 = genePool.createDNA("{0}");
+		DNA child2_1 = genePool.mutateDNA(parent2, ranGen);
+		genePool.mutateDNA(parent2, ranGen);
 
-		DNA child2_2_1 = child2_1.copyWithMutations(ranGen);
+		DNA child2_2_1 = genePool.mutateDNA(child2_1, ranGen);
 
 		List<DNA> ancestry = genePool.getAncestry(child2_2_1);
 		
@@ -57,11 +49,11 @@ public void tracksAncestry() {
 	
 	@Test
 	public void getsMostSuccessfulDNA() {
-		new DNA("111_111_111_222_111_000_000_000_000");
-		new DNA("111_111_111_111_111_000_000_000_000");
-		new DNA("111_111_111_222_222_000_000_000_000");
-		new DNA("111_111_222_111_222_000_000_000_000");
-		new DNA("111_222_222_222_222_000_000_000_000");
+		genePool.createDNA("111_111_111_222_111_000_000_000_000");
+		genePool.createDNA("111_111_111_111_111_000_000_000_000");
+		genePool.createDNA("111_111_111_222_222_000_000_000_000");
+		genePool.createDNA("111_111_222_111_222_000_000_000_000");
+		genePool.createDNA("111_222_222_222_222_000_000_000_000");
 
 		DNA mostSuccessful = genePool.getMostSuccessfulDNA();
 		
@@ -75,13 +67,13 @@ public void getsNullAsTheMostSuccesfulInAnEmptyPool() {
 	
 	@Test
 	public void canRemoveDNA() {
-		new DNA("111_111_111_222_111_000_000_000_000");
-		DNA thisOneWillDie = new DNA("111_111_111_111_111_000_000_000_000");
-		new DNA("111_111_111_222_222_000_000_000_000");
-		new DNA("111_111_222_111_222_000_000_000_000");
-		new DNA("111_222_222_222_222_000_000_000_000");
+		genePool.createDNA("111_111_111_222_111_000_000_000_000");
+		DNA thisOneWillDie = genePool.createDNA("111_111_111_111_111_000_000_000_000");
+		genePool.createDNA("111_111_111_222_222_000_000_000_000");
+		genePool.createDNA("111_111_222_111_222_000_000_000_000");
+		genePool.createDNA("111_222_222_222_222_000_000_000_000");
 
-		thisOneWillDie.destroy();
+		genePool.remove(thisOneWillDie);
 		DNA mostSuccessful = genePool.getMostSuccessfulDNA();
 		
 		assertEquals("{111_111_111_222_111_000_000_000_000}", mostSuccessful.toString());
@@ -89,11 +81,10 @@ public void canRemoveDNA() {
 	
 	@Test
 	public void neverRemovesDNAFromHistory() {
-		RanGen ranGen = new RanGen(42);
 		for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
-			DNA dna = DNA.random(ranGen);
+			DNA dna = genePool.createRandomDNA(ranGen);
 			if (i >= 50)
-				dna.destroy();
+				genePool.remove(dna);
 		}
 		
 		assertEquals(50, genePool.getCurrentPoolSize());
diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/serializer/JSONDNASerializationTest.java b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/serializer/JSONDNASerializationTest.java
index 3aeec629..4c7d7103 100644
--- a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/serializer/JSONDNASerializationTest.java
+++ b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/serializer/JSONDNASerializationTest.java
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ public class JSONDNASerializationTest {
 
 	@Test
 	public void serializesAndDeserializesDNA() {
-		DNA dna = new DNA("{001_002_003_004_005_006_007_008_009}{010_011_012_013_014_15_16_17_18}");
+		DNA dna = new DNA(1, "{001_002_003_004_005_006_007_008_009}{010_011_012_013_014_15_16_17_18}");
 		String json = JSON.toJson(dna, DNA.class);
 		DNA deserialized = JSON.fromJson(json, DNA.class);
 
diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/serializer/JSONEcosystemSerializationTest.java b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/serializer/JSONEcosystemSerializationTest.java
index 889d4735..d6e2ee38 100644
--- a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/serializer/JSONEcosystemSerializationTest.java
+++ b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/serializer/JSONEcosystemSerializationTest.java
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ public void serializesAndDeserializesEcosystem() {
 		Ecosystem ecosystem = new Ecosystem(123);
 		FoodPiece food1 = ecosystem.spawnFood(Vector.cartesian(10, 10));
 		FoodPiece food2 = ecosystem.spawnFood(Vector.cartesian(20, 20));
-		Egg egg = ecosystem.spawnEgg(new DNA("{1_2_3_4_5_6_7_8}"), Vector.cartesian(30, 30), new RanGen(0));
+		Egg egg = ecosystem.spawnEgg(new DNA(1, "{1_2_3_4_5_6_7_8}"), Vector.cartesian(30, 30), new RanGen(0));
 
-		DNA dna = DNA.random(new RanGen(100));
+		DNA dna = DNA.random(1, new RanGen(100));
 		Narjillo narjillo = new Narjillo(dna, new Embryo(dna).develop(), Vector.cartesian(100, 101), 10000);
 		ecosystem.insertNarjillo(narjillo);
 		
diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/serializer/JSONGenePoolSerializationTest.java b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/serializer/JSONGenePoolSerializationTest.java
index 672f14fe..ee552307 100644
--- a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/serializer/JSONGenePoolSerializationTest.java
+++ b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/serializer/JSONGenePoolSerializationTest.java
@@ -4,41 +4,30 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 
-import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.nusco.narjillos.genomics.DNA;
-import org.nusco.narjillos.genomics.DNAObserver;
 import org.nusco.narjillos.genomics.GenePool;
 import org.nusco.narjillos.shared.utilities.RanGen;
 
 public class JSONGenePoolSerializationTest {
 
 	GenePool genePool = new GenePool();
-
-	@After
-	public void tearDownDNAObserver() {
-		DNA.setObserver(DNAObserver.NULL);
-	}
 	
 	@Test
 	public void serializesAndDeserializesGenePools() {
 		RanGen ranGen = new RanGen(1234);
 
-		DNA.setObserver(genePool);
 		genePool.enableTracking();
 		
-		DNA parent = DNA.random(ranGen);
-		DNA child1 = parent.copyWithMutations(ranGen);
-		DNA child2 = parent.copyWithMutations(ranGen);
-		parent.copyWithMutations(ranGen);
+		DNA parent = genePool.createRandomDNA(ranGen);
+		DNA child1 = genePool.mutateDNA(parent, ranGen);
+		DNA child2 = genePool.mutateDNA(parent, ranGen);
+		genePool.mutateDNA(parent, ranGen);
+		genePool.remove(child2);
 		
-		child2.destroy();
-		
-		child1.copyWithMutations(ranGen);
-		DNA child3 = child1.copyWithMutations(ranGen);
+		genePool.mutateDNA(child1, ranGen);
+		DNA child3 = genePool.mutateDNA(child1, ranGen);
 
-		DNA.setObserver(DNAObserver.NULL);
-		
 		String json = JSON.toJson(genePool, GenePool.class);
 		GenePool deserialized = JSON.fromJson(json, GenePool.class);
 
diff --git a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/serializer/JSONThingSerializationTest.java b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/serializer/JSONThingSerializationTest.java
index 28428a84..2ee26d50 100644
--- a/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/serializer/JSONThingSerializationTest.java
+++ b/narjillos-core/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/serializer/JSONThingSerializationTest.java
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ public void serializesAndDeserializesFoodPieces() {
 
 	@Test
 	public void serializesAndDeserializesEggs() {
-		DNA dna = new DNA("{1_2}");
+		DNA dna = new DNA(1, "{1_2}");
 		Egg egg = new Egg(dna, Vector.cartesian(10, 20), 101, 10);
 
 		String json = JSON.toJson(egg, Thing.class);
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ public void serializesAndDeserializesEggs() {
 	@Test
 	public void serializesAndDeserializesNarjillos() {
 		String genes = "{001_002_003_004_005_006_007_008_009}{001_002_003_004_005_006_007_008_009}{001_002_003_004_005_006_007_008_009}{001_002_003_004_005_006_007_008_009}{001_002_003_004_005_006_007_008_009}";
-		DNA dna = new DNA(genes);
+		DNA dna = new DNA(1, genes);
 		Narjillo narjillo = new Narjillo(dna, new Embryo(dna).develop(), Vector.cartesian(10, 20), 10000);
 		narjillo.setTarget(Vector.cartesian(100, 200));
 		for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
diff --git a/narjillos-petridish/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/utilities/LocatorTest.java b/narjillos-petridish/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/utilities/LocatorTest.java
index ce6e1387..515c684c 100644
--- a/narjillos-petridish/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/utilities/LocatorTest.java
+++ b/narjillos-petridish/src/test/java/org/nusco/narjillos/utilities/LocatorTest.java
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ public void initialize() {
 	}
 
 	private Narjillo insertNarjillo(Vector position) {
-		DNA dna = new DNA("{145_227_116_072_163_201_077_221_217}{060_227_157_252_209_149_056_114_167}{250_253_092_189_010_247_016_214_009}{027_039_203_179_042_042_175_110_008}");
+		DNA dna = new DNA(1, "{145_227_116_072_163_201_077_221_217}{060_227_157_252_209_149_056_114_167}{250_253_092_189_010_247_016_214_009}{027_039_203_179_042_042_175_110_008}");
 		Narjillo result = new Narjillo(dna, new Embryo(dna).develop(), position, 10000);
 		ecosystem.insertNarjillo(result);
 		return result;