prologc1.lisp

;;;; -*- Mode: Lisp; Syntax: Common-Lisp -*-
;;;; Code from Paradigms of AI Programming
;;;; Copyright (c) 1991 Peter Norvig

;;;; File prologc1.lisp: Version 1 of the prolog compiler,
;;;; including the destructive unification routines from Chapter 11.

(requires "prolog")

(defconstant unbound "Unbound")

(defstruct var name (binding unbound))

(defun bound-p (var) (not (eq (var-binding var) unbound)))

(defmacro deref (exp)
  "Follow pointers for bound variables."
  `(progn (loop while (and (var-p ,exp) (bound-p ,exp))
             do (setf ,exp (var-binding ,exp)))
          ,exp))

(defun unify! (x y)
  "Destructively unify two expressions"
  (cond ((eql (deref x) (deref y)) t)
        ((var-p x) (set-binding! x y))
        ((var-p y) (set-binding! y x))
        ((and (consp x) (consp y))
         (and (unify! (first x) (first y))
              (unify! (rest x) (rest y))))
        (t nil)))

(defun set-binding! (var value)
  "Set var's binding to value.  Always succeeds (returns t)."
  (setf (var-binding var) value)
  t)

(defun print-var (var stream depth)
  (if (or (and *print-level*
               (>= depth *print-level*))
          (var-p (deref var)))
      (format stream "?~a" (var-name var))
      (write var :stream stream)))

(defvar *trail* (make-array 200 :fill-pointer 0 :adjustable t))

(defun set-binding! (var value)
  "Set var's binding to value, after saving the variable
  in the trail.  Always returns t."
  (unless (eq var value)
    (vector-push-extend var *trail*)
    (setf (var-binding var) value))
  t)

(defun undo-bindings! (old-trail)
  "Undo all bindings back to a given point in the trail."
  (loop until (= (fill-pointer *trail*) old-trail)
     do (setf (var-binding (vector-pop *trail*)) unbound)))

(defvar *var-counter* 0)

(defstruct (var (:constructor ? ())
                (:print-function print-var))
  (name (incf *var-counter*))
  (binding unbound))

(defun prolog-compile (symbol &optional
                       (clauses (get-clauses symbol)))
  "Compile a symbol; make a separate function for each arity."
  (unless (null clauses)
    (let ((arity (relation-arity (clause-head (first clauses)))))
      ;; Compile the clauses with this arity
      (compile-predicate
        symbol arity (clauses-with-arity clauses #'= arity))
      ;; Compile all the clauses with any other arity
      (prolog-compile
        symbol (clauses-with-arity clauses #'/= arity)))))

(defun clauses-with-arity (clauses test arity)
  "Return all clauses whose head has given arity."
  (find-all arity clauses
            :key #'(lambda (clause)
                     (relation-arity (clause-head clause)))
            :test test))

(defun relation-arity (relation)
  "The number of arguments to a relation.
  Example: (relation-arity '(p a b c)) => 3"
  (length (args relation)))

(defun args (x) "The arguments of a relation" (rest x))

(defun compile-predicate (symbol arity clauses)
  "Compile all the clauses for a given symbol/arity
  into a single LISP function."
  (let ((predicate (make-predicate symbol arity))
        (parameters (make-parameters arity)))
    (compile
     (eval
      `(defun ,predicate (,@parameters cont)
	.,(mapcar #'(lambda (clause)
		      (compile-clause parameters clause 'cont))
	   clauses))))))

(defun make-parameters (arity)
  "Return the list (?arg1 ?arg2 ... ?arg-arity)"
  (loop for i from 1 to arity
        collect (new-symbol '?arg i)))

(defun make-predicate (symbol arity)
  "Return the symbol: symbol/arity"
  (symbol symbol '/ arity))

(defun compile-clause (parms clause cont)
  "Transform away the head, and compile the resulting body."
  (compile-body
    (nconc
      (mapcar #'make-= parms (args (clause-head clause)))
      (clause-body clause))
    cont))

(defun make-= (x y) `(= ,x ,y))

(defun compile-body (body cont)
  "Compile the body of a clause."
  (if (null body)
      `(funcall ,cont)
      (let* ((goal (first body))
             (macro (prolog-compiler-macro (predicate goal)))
             (macro-val (if macro
                            (funcall macro goal (rest body) cont))))
        (if (and macro (not (eq macro-val :pass)))
            macro-val
            (compile-call
               (make-predicate (predicate goal)
                               (relation-arity goal))
               (mapcar #'(lambda (arg) (compile-arg arg))
                       (args goal))
               (if (null (rest body))
                   cont
                   `#'(lambda ()
                      ,(compile-body (rest body) cont))))))))

(defun compile-call (predicate args cont)
  "Compile a call to a prolog predicate."
  `(,predicate ,@args ,cont))

(defun prolog-compiler-macro (name)
  "Fetch the compiler macro for a Prolog predicate."
  ;; Note NAME is the raw name, not the name/arity
  (get name 'prolog-compiler-macro))

(defmacro def-prolog-compiler-macro (name arglist &body body)
  "Define a compiler macro for Prolog."
  `(setf (get ',name 'prolog-compiler-macro)
         #'(lambda ,arglist .,body)))

(def-prolog-compiler-macro = (goal body cont)
  (let ((args (args goal)))
    (if (/= (length args) 2)
        :pass
        `(if ,(compile-unify (first args) (second args))
             ,(compile-body body cont)))))

(defun compile-unify (x y)
  "Return code that tests if var and term unify."
  `(unify! ,(compile-arg x) ,(compile-arg y)))

(defun compile-arg (arg)
  "Generate code for an argument to a goal in the body."
  (cond ((variable-p arg) arg)
        ((not (has-variable-p arg)) `',arg)
        ((proper-listp arg)
         `(list .,(mapcar #'compile-arg arg)))
        (t `(cons ,(compile-arg (first arg))
                  ,(compile-arg (rest arg))))))

(defun has-variable-p (x)
  "Is there a variable anywhere in the expression x?"
  (find-if-anywhere #'variable-p x))

(defun proper-listp (x)
  "Is x a proper (non-dotted) list?"
  (or (null x)
      (and (consp x) (proper-listp (rest x)))))