diff --git a/.github/workflows/cicd.yml b/.github/workflows/cicd.yml
index a7d4fbbc95..0ec34f5dba 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/cicd.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cicd.yml
@@ -104,6 +104,24 @@ jobs:
       capture_etw: true
       leak_detection: true
 
+  # Run the unit tests for NativeOnly build in GitHub.
+  unit_tests_native_only:
+    # Always run this job.
+    needs: regular_native-only
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-test.yml
+    with:
+      name: unit_tests
+      pre_test: appverif -enable Exceptions Handles Locks Memory SRWLock Threadpool TLS DangerousAPIs DirtyStacks TimeRollOver -for unit_tests.exe
+      # Exclude [processes] test that CodeCoverage can't work with.
+      test_command: .\unit_tests.exe -d yes ~[processes]
+      build_artifact: Build-x64-native-only
+      environment: windows-2022
+      code_coverage: true
+      gather_dumps: true
+      capture_etw: true
+      leak_detection: true
+      configurations: '["NativeOnlyDebug", "NativeOnlyRelease"]'
+
   # Run the netebpfext unit tests in GitHub.
   netebpf_ext_unit_tests:
     # Always run this job.
diff --git a/libs/execution_context/ebpf_core.c b/libs/execution_context/ebpf_core.c
index 5ee5de801d..e0d5180b6a 100644
--- a/libs/execution_context/ebpf_core.c
+++ b/libs/execution_context/ebpf_core.c
@@ -2463,6 +2463,11 @@ typedef struct _ebpf_protocol_handler
             EBPF_OFFSET_OF(ebpf_operation_##OPERATION##_reply_t, VARIABLE_REPLY), .flags.value = FLAGS \
     }
 
+#define DECLARE_PROTOCOL_HANDLER_INVALID(type) \
+    {                                          \
+        type, NULL, 0, 0, .flags.value = 0     \
+    }
+
 #define ALIAS_TYPES(X, Y)                                                  \
     typedef ebpf_operation_##X##_request_t ebpf_operation_##Y##_request_t; \
     typedef ebpf_operation_##X##_reply_t ebpf_operation_##Y##_reply_t;
@@ -2478,13 +2483,20 @@ static ebpf_protocol_handler_t _ebpf_protocol_handlers[] = {
 #if !defined(CONFIG_BPF_JIT_DISABLED)
     DECLARE_PROTOCOL_HANDLER_VARIABLE_REQUEST_VARIABLE_REPLY(resolve_helper, helper_id, address, PROTOCOL_JIT_MODE),
     DECLARE_PROTOCOL_HANDLER_VARIABLE_REQUEST_VARIABLE_REPLY(resolve_map, map_handle, address, PROTOCOL_JIT_MODE),
+#else
+    DECLARE_PROTOCOL_HANDLER_INVALID(EBPF_PROTOCOL_VARIABLE_REQUEST_VARIABLE_REPLY),
+    DECLARE_PROTOCOL_HANDLER_INVALID(EBPF_PROTOCOL_VARIABLE_REQUEST_VARIABLE_REPLY),
 #endif
 #if !defined(CONFIG_BPF_JIT_DISABLED) || !defined(CONFIG_BPF_INTERPRETER_DISABLED)
     DECLARE_PROTOCOL_HANDLER_VARIABLE_REQUEST_FIXED_REPLY(create_program, data, PROTOCOL_JIT_OR_INTERPRET_MODE),
+#else
+    DECLARE_PROTOCOL_HANDLER_INVALID(EBPF_PROTOCOL_VARIABLE_REQUEST_FIXED_REPLY),
 #endif
     DECLARE_PROTOCOL_HANDLER_VARIABLE_REQUEST_FIXED_REPLY(create_map, data, PROTOCOL_ALL_MODES),
 #if !defined(CONFIG_BPF_JIT_DISABLED) || !defined(CONFIG_BPF_INTERPRETER_DISABLED)
     DECLARE_PROTOCOL_HANDLER_VARIABLE_REQUEST_NO_REPLY(load_code, code, PROTOCOL_JIT_OR_INTERPRET_MODE),
+#else
+    DECLARE_PROTOCOL_HANDLER_INVALID(EBPF_PROTOCOL_VARIABLE_REQUEST_NO_REPLY),
 #endif
     DECLARE_PROTOCOL_HANDLER_VARIABLE_REQUEST_VARIABLE_REPLY(map_find_element, key, value, PROTOCOL_ALL_MODES),
     DECLARE_PROTOCOL_HANDLER_VARIABLE_REQUEST_NO_REPLY(map_update_element, data, PROTOCOL_ALL_MODES),
@@ -2500,6 +2512,8 @@ static ebpf_protocol_handler_t _ebpf_protocol_handlers[] = {
     DECLARE_PROTOCOL_HANDLER_FIXED_REQUEST_NO_REPLY(close_handle, PROTOCOL_ALL_MODES),
 #if !defined(CONFIG_BPF_JIT_DISABLED)
     DECLARE_PROTOCOL_HANDLER_FIXED_REQUEST_FIXED_REPLY(get_ec_function, PROTOCOL_JIT_MODE),
+#else
+    DECLARE_PROTOCOL_HANDLER_INVALID(EBPF_PROTOCOL_FIXED_REQUEST_FIXED_REPLY),
 #endif
     DECLARE_PROTOCOL_HANDLER_FIXED_REQUEST_VARIABLE_REPLY(get_program_info, data, PROTOCOL_ALL_MODES),
     DECLARE_PROTOCOL_HANDLER_FIXED_REQUEST_VARIABLE_REPLY(get_pinned_map_info, data, PROTOCOL_ALL_MODES),
@@ -2613,6 +2627,11 @@ ebpf_core_invoke_protocol_handler(
         goto Done;
     }
 
+    // If the dispatch function is NULL, the operation is not supported.
+    if (_ebpf_protocol_handlers[operation_id].dispatch.default_case == NULL) {
+        return EBPF_BLOCKED_BY_POLICY;
+    }
+
     if (input_buffer_length > UINT16_MAX) {
         retval = EBPF_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
         goto Done;
diff --git a/libs/execution_context/ebpf_protocol.h b/libs/execution_context/ebpf_protocol.h
index 9cac5c347c..b3d1157119 100644
--- a/libs/execution_context/ebpf_protocol.h
+++ b/libs/execution_context/ebpf_protocol.h
@@ -9,17 +9,11 @@
 
 typedef enum _ebpf_operation_id
 {
-#if !defined(CONFIG_BPF_JIT_DISABLED)
     EBPF_OPERATION_RESOLVE_HELPER,
     EBPF_OPERATION_RESOLVE_MAP,
-#endif
-#if !defined(CONFIG_BPF_JIT_DISABLED) || !defined(CONFIG_BPF_INTERPRETER_DISABLED)
     EBPF_OPERATION_CREATE_PROGRAM,
-#endif
     EBPF_OPERATION_CREATE_MAP,
-#if !defined(CONFIG_BPF_JIT_DISABLED) || !defined(CONFIG_BPF_INTERPRETER_DISABLED)
     EBPF_OPERATION_LOAD_CODE,
-#endif
     EBPF_OPERATION_MAP_FIND_ELEMENT,
     EBPF_OPERATION_MAP_UPDATE_ELEMENT,
     EBPF_OPERATION_MAP_UPDATE_ELEMENT_WITH_HANDLE,
@@ -31,9 +25,7 @@ typedef enum _ebpf_operation_id
     EBPF_OPERATION_LINK_PROGRAM,
     EBPF_OPERATION_UNLINK_PROGRAM,
     EBPF_OPERATION_CLOSE_HANDLE,
-#if !defined(CONFIG_BPF_JIT_DISABLED)
     EBPF_OPERATION_GET_EC_FUNCTION,
-#endif
     EBPF_OPERATION_GET_PROGRAM_INFO,
     EBPF_OPERATION_GET_PINNED_MAP_INFO,
     EBPF_OPERATION_GET_LINK_HANDLE_BY_ID,
diff --git a/libs/execution_context/unit/execution_context_unit_test.cpp b/libs/execution_context/unit/execution_context_unit_test.cpp
index 7c5703bdc7..42a836b073 100644
--- a/libs/execution_context/unit/execution_context_unit_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/execution_context/unit/execution_context_unit_test.cpp
@@ -1245,6 +1245,25 @@ extern bool _ebpf_platform_code_integrity_enabled;
     std::map<std::string, ebpf_handle_t> map_handles;                                 \
     create_various_objects(program_handles, map_handles);
 
+#if defined(CONFIG_BPF_JIT_DISABLED) || defined(CONFIG_BPF_INTERPRETER_DISABLED)
+void
+test_blocked_by_policy(ebpf_operation_id_t operation)
+{
+    NEGATIVE_TEST_PROLOG();
+
+    ebpf_result_t expected_result = EBPF_BLOCKED_BY_POLICY;
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> request(sizeof(ebpf_operation_header_t));
+    std::vector<uint8_t> reply(sizeof(ebpf_operation_header_t));
+
+    REQUIRE(invoke_protocol(operation, request, reply) == expected_result);
+
+    // Use a request buffer larger than ebpf_operation_header_t, and try again.
+    request.resize(request.size() + 10);
+    REQUIRE(invoke_protocol(operation, request, reply) == expected_result);
+}
+#endif
+
 #if !defined(CONFIG_BPF_JIT_DISABLED)
 // These tests exist to verify ebpf_core's parsing of messages.
 // See libbpf_test.cpp for invalid parameter but correctly formed message cases.
@@ -1316,7 +1335,17 @@ TEST_CASE("EBPF_OPERATION_RESOLVE_MAP", "[execution_context][negative]")
     resolve_map_request->program_handle = program_handles[0];
     REQUIRE(invoke_protocol(EBPF_OPERATION_RESOLVE_MAP, request, reply) == EBPF_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
 }
-#endif
+#else
+TEST_CASE("EBPF_OPERATION_RESOLVE_HELPER", "[execution_context][negative]")
+{
+    test_blocked_by_policy(EBPF_OPERATION_RESOLVE_HELPER);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("EBPF_OPERATION_RESOLVE_MAP", "[execution_context][negative]")
+{
+    test_blocked_by_policy(EBPF_OPERATION_RESOLVE_MAP);
+}
+#endif // !defined(CONFIG_BPF_JIT_DISABLED)
 
 #if !defined(CONFIG_BPF_JIT_DISABLED) || !defined(CONFIG_BPF_INTERPRETER_DISABLED)
 TEST_CASE("EBPF_OPERATION_CREATE_PROGRAM", "[execution_context][negative]")
@@ -1373,7 +1402,12 @@ TEST_CASE("EBPF_OPERATION_CREATE_PROGRAM", "[execution_context][negative]")
     create_program_request->program_name_offset = EBPF_OFFSET_OF(ebpf_operation_create_program_request_t, data);
     REQUIRE(invoke_protocol(EBPF_OPERATION_CREATE_PROGRAM, request, reply) == EBPF_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
 }
-#endif
+#else
+TEST_CASE("EBPF_OPERATION_CREATE_PROGRAM", "[execution_context][negative]")
+{
+    test_blocked_by_policy(EBPF_OPERATION_CREATE_PROGRAM);
+}
+#endif // !defined(CONFIG_BPF_JIT_DISABLED) || !defined(CONFIG_BPF_INTERPRETER_DISABLED)
 
 TEST_CASE("EBPF_OPERATION_CREATE_MAP", "[execution_context][negative]")
 {
@@ -1465,7 +1499,12 @@ TEST_CASE("EBPF_OPERATION_LOAD_CODE", "[execution_context][negative]")
     }
     _ebpf_platform_code_integrity_enabled = false;
 }
-#endif
+#else
+TEST_CASE("EBPF_OPERATION_LOAD_CODE", "[execution_context][negative]")
+{
+    test_blocked_by_policy(EBPF_OPERATION_LOAD_CODE);
+}
+#endif // !defined(CONFIG_BPF_JIT_DISABLED) || !defined(CONFIG_BPF_INTERPRETER_DISABLED)
 
 TEST_CASE("EBPF_OPERATION_LOAD_NATIVE_MODULE", "[execution_context][negative]")
 {
@@ -1738,6 +1777,11 @@ TEST_CASE("EBPF_OPERATION_GET_EC_FUNCTION", "[execution_context][negative]")
     // Wrong EC function.
     REQUIRE(invoke_protocol(EBPF_OPERATION_GET_EC_FUNCTION, request, reply) == EBPF_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
 }
+#else
+TEST_CASE("EBPF_OPERATION_GET_EC_FUNCTION", "[execution_context][negative]")
+{
+    test_blocked_by_policy(EBPF_OPERATION_GET_EC_FUNCTION);
+}
 #endif
 
 TEST_CASE("EBPF_OPERATION_GET_PROGRAM_INFO", "[execution_context][negative]")
diff --git a/tests/end_to_end/end_to_end.cpp b/tests/end_to_end/end_to_end.cpp
index e30fadd4eb..68994543ba 100644
--- a/tests/end_to_end/end_to_end.cpp
+++ b/tests/end_to_end/end_to_end.cpp
@@ -1663,15 +1663,10 @@ _xdp_reflect_packet_test(ebpf_execution_type_t execution_type, ADDRESS_FAMILY ad
     program_info_provider_t xdp_program_info;
     REQUIRE(xdp_program_info.initialize(EBPF_PROGRAM_TYPE_XDP_TEST) == EBPF_SUCCESS);
     uint32_t ifindex = 0;
+    const char* file_name = (execution_type == EBPF_EXECUTION_NATIVE ? "reflect_packet_um.dll" : "reflect_packet.o");
     program_load_attach_helper_t program_helper;
     program_helper.initialize(
-        SAMPLE_PATH "reflect_packet.o",
-        BPF_PROG_TYPE_XDP_TEST,
-        "reflect_packet",
-        execution_type,
-        &ifindex,
-        sizeof(ifindex),
-        hook);
+        file_name, BPF_PROG_TYPE_XDP_TEST, "reflect_packet", execution_type, &ifindex, sizeof(ifindex), hook);
 
     // Dummy UDP datagram with fake IP and MAC addresses.
     udp_packet_t packet(address_family);
@@ -1698,6 +1693,18 @@ _xdp_reflect_packet_test(ebpf_execution_type_t execution_type, ADDRESS_FAMILY ad
     }
 }
 
+static void
+_xdp_reflect_packet_test_v4(ebpf_execution_type_t execution_type)
+{
+    _xdp_reflect_packet_test(execution_type, AF_INET);
+}
+
+static void
+_xdp_reflect_packet_test_v6(ebpf_execution_type_t execution_type)
+{
+    _xdp_reflect_packet_test(execution_type, AF_INET6);
+}
+
 static void
 _xdp_encap_reflect_packet_test(ebpf_execution_type_t execution_type, ADDRESS_FAMILY address_family)
 {
@@ -1708,15 +1715,11 @@ _xdp_encap_reflect_packet_test(ebpf_execution_type_t execution_type, ADDRESS_FAM
     program_info_provider_t xdp_program_info;
     REQUIRE(xdp_program_info.initialize(EBPF_PROGRAM_TYPE_XDP_TEST) == EBPF_SUCCESS);
     uint32_t ifindex = 0;
+    const char* file_name =
+        (execution_type == EBPF_EXECUTION_NATIVE ? "encap_reflect_packet_um.dll" : "encap_reflect_packet.o");
     program_load_attach_helper_t program_helper;
     program_helper.initialize(
-        SAMPLE_PATH "encap_reflect_packet.o",
-        BPF_PROG_TYPE_XDP_TEST,
-        "encap_reflect_packet",
-        execution_type,
-        &ifindex,
-        sizeof(ifindex),
-        hook);
+        file_name, BPF_PROG_TYPE_XDP_TEST, "encap_reflect_packet", execution_type, &ifindex, sizeof(ifindex), hook);
 
     // Dummy UDP datagram with fake IP and MAC addresses.
     udp_packet_t packet(address_family);
@@ -1753,6 +1756,18 @@ _xdp_encap_reflect_packet_test(ebpf_execution_type_t execution_type, ADDRESS_FAM
     }
 }
 
+static void
+_xdp_encap_reflect_packet_test_v4(ebpf_execution_type_t execution_type)
+{
+    _xdp_encap_reflect_packet_test(execution_type, AF_INET);
+}
+
+static void
+_xdp_encap_reflect_packet_test_v6(ebpf_execution_type_t execution_type)
+{
+    _xdp_encap_reflect_packet_test(execution_type, AF_INET6);
+}
+
 #if !defined(CONFIG_BPF_INTERPRETER_DISABLED)
 TEST_CASE("printk", "[end_to_end]")
 {
@@ -1811,20 +1826,10 @@ TEST_CASE("printk", "[end_to_end]")
 }
 #endif
 
-TEST_CASE("xdp-reflect-v4-jit", "[xdp_tests]") { _xdp_reflect_packet_test(EBPF_EXECUTION_JIT, AF_INET); }
-TEST_CASE("xdp-reflect-v6-jit", "[xdp_tests]") { _xdp_reflect_packet_test(EBPF_EXECUTION_JIT, AF_INET6); }
-TEST_CASE("xdp-reflect-v4-interpret", "[xdp_tests]") { _xdp_reflect_packet_test(EBPF_EXECUTION_INTERPRET, AF_INET); }
-TEST_CASE("xdp-reflect-v6-interpret", "[xdp_tests]") { _xdp_reflect_packet_test(EBPF_EXECUTION_INTERPRET, AF_INET6); }
-TEST_CASE("xdp-encap-reflect-v4-jit", "[xdp_tests]") { _xdp_encap_reflect_packet_test(EBPF_EXECUTION_JIT, AF_INET); }
-TEST_CASE("xdp-encap-reflect-v6-jit", "[xdp_tests]") { _xdp_encap_reflect_packet_test(EBPF_EXECUTION_JIT, AF_INET6); }
-TEST_CASE("xdp-encap-reflect-v4-interpret", "[xdp_tests]")
-{
-    _xdp_encap_reflect_packet_test(EBPF_EXECUTION_INTERPRET, AF_INET);
-}
-TEST_CASE("xdp-encap-reflect-v6-interpret", "[xdp_tests]")
-{
-    _xdp_encap_reflect_packet_test(EBPF_EXECUTION_INTERPRET, AF_INET6);
-}
+DECLARE_ALL_TEST_CASES("xdp-reflect-v4", "[xdp_tests]", _xdp_reflect_packet_test_v4);
+DECLARE_ALL_TEST_CASES("xdp-reflect-v6", "[xdp_tests]", _xdp_reflect_packet_test_v6);
+DECLARE_ALL_TEST_CASES("xdp-encap-reflect-v4", "[xdp_tests]", _xdp_encap_reflect_packet_test_v4);
+DECLARE_ALL_TEST_CASES("xdp-encap-reflect-v6", "[xdp_tests]", _xdp_encap_reflect_packet_test_v6);
 
 #if !defined(CONFIG_BPF_INTERPRETER_DISABLED) || !defined(CONFIG_BPF_JIT_DISABLED)
 static void
diff --git a/tests/end_to_end/netsh_test.cpp b/tests/end_to_end/netsh_test.cpp
index 9edbd80d38..4d9bee7030 100644
--- a/tests/end_to_end/netsh_test.cpp
+++ b/tests/end_to_end/netsh_test.cpp
@@ -467,6 +467,7 @@ verify_no_programs_exist()
                   "======  ====  =====  =========  =============  ====================\n");
 }
 
+#if !defined(CONFIG_BPF_JIT_DISABLED) || !defined(CONFIG_BPF_INTERPRETER_DISABLED)
 TEST_CASE("pin first program", "[netsh][programs]")
 {
     _test_helper_netsh test_helper;
@@ -949,6 +950,7 @@ TEST_CASE("cgroup_sock_addr compartment parameter", "[netsh][programs]")
 
     ebpf_epoch_synchronize();
 }
+#endif // !defined(CONFIG_BPF_JIT_DISABLED) || !defined(CONFIG_BPF_INTERPRETER_DISABLED)
 
 TEST_CASE("show processes", "[netsh][processes]")
 {
diff --git a/tests/unit/test.vcxproj b/tests/unit/test.vcxproj
index af742c55a3..4549c2c299 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test.vcxproj
+++ b/tests/unit/test.vcxproj
@@ -131,6 +131,9 @@
       <AdditionalDependencies>mincore.lib;%(AdditionalDependencies)</AdditionalDependencies>
       <AdditionalLibraryDirectories>$(OutDir);$(VC_LibraryPath_VC_x64_Desktop);%(Link.AdditionalLibraryDirectories)</AdditionalLibraryDirectories>
     </Link>
+    <PostBuildEvent>
+      <Command>xcopy $(SolutionDir)$(Platform)\Debug\usersim.dll $(OutDir) /F /Y</Command>
+    </PostBuildEvent>
   </ItemDefinitionGroup>
   <ItemDefinitionGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='FuzzerDebug|x64'">
     <ClCompile>
@@ -174,6 +177,9 @@
       <AdditionalDependencies>mincore.lib;%(AdditionalDependencies)</AdditionalDependencies>
       <AdditionalLibraryDirectories>$(OutDir);$(VC_LibraryPath_VC_x64_Desktop);%(Link.AdditionalLibraryDirectories)</AdditionalLibraryDirectories>
     </Link>
+    <PostBuildEvent>
+      <Command>xcopy $(SolutionDir)$(Platform)\Release\usersim.dll $(OutDir) /F /Y</Command>
+    </PostBuildEvent>
   </ItemDefinitionGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
     <ProjectReference Include="..\..\external\Catch2\build\src\Catch2WithMain.vcxproj">
diff --git a/tools/bpf2c/templates/user_mode_bpf2c.vcxproj b/tools/bpf2c/templates/user_mode_bpf2c.vcxproj
index ff392cec93..6fa876159f 100644
--- a/tools/bpf2c/templates/user_mode_bpf2c.vcxproj
+++ b/tools/bpf2c/templates/user_mode_bpf2c.vcxproj
@@ -159,6 +159,14 @@
       <BasicRuntimeChecks>Default</BasicRuntimeChecks>
     </ClCompile>
   </ItemDefinitionGroup>
+  <ItemDefinitionGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)'=='NativeOnlyRelease'">
+    <ClCompile>
+      <Optimization>MaxSpeed</Optimization>
+      <FunctionLevelLinking>true</FunctionLevelLinking>
+      <IntrinsicFunctions>true</IntrinsicFunctions>
+      <BasicRuntimeChecks>Default</BasicRuntimeChecks>
+    </ClCompile>
+  </ItemDefinitionGroup>
   <ItemGroup Condition="$(ResourceFile)!=''">
     <ResourceCompile Include="$(ResourceFile)" />
   </ItemGroup>