extended-abstract1.tex

\documentclass{sigchi-ext}
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\def\plaintitle {Title} \def\plainauthor{First Author, Second Author, Third Author, Fourth Author}
\def\emptyauthor{}
\def\plainkeywords{Mediated Reality; Augmented Reality; Wearable Computing;
Sequential Wave Imprinting Machine; WearTech, Lock-In amplifier.}
\def\plaingeneralterms{Augmented Reality, Visualization}

\title{Phenomenologically Augmented Reality With New Wearable LED Sequential Wave Imprinting Machines}

\numberofauthors{4}
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\author{%
  \alignauthor{%
    \textbf{Pete Scourboutakos}\\
    \affaddr{University of Toronto} \\
    \affaddr{Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada} \\
    \email{pete@eyetap.org} }\alignauthor{%
    \textbf{Max Hao Lu}\\
    \affaddr{University of Toronto} \\
    \affaddr{Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada} \\
    \email{max@eyetap.org} } \vfil \alignauthor{%
    \textbf{Sarang Nerker}\\
    \affaddr{University of Toronto} \\
    \affaddr{Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada} \\
    \email{sarang@eyetap.org} }\alignauthor{%
    \textbf{Steve Mann}\\
    \affaddr{University of Toronto} \\
    \affaddr{Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada} \\
    \email{mann@eyetap.org} } }

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\begin{document}

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%\doi{http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858119}
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\maketitle

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\begin{abstract}
%  UPDATED---\today. This sample paper describes the formatting
%  requirements for SIGCHI Extended Abstract Format, and this sample
%  file offers recommendations on writing for the worldwide SIGCHI
%  readership. Please review this document even if you have submitted
%  to SIGCHI conferences before, as some format details have changed
%  relative to previous years. Abstracts should be about 150
%  words. Required.
  
   The Sequential Wave Imprinting Machine (SWIM), invented by Steve 
   Mann in the 1970s, offers naked-eye augmediated reality experience 
   through the persistent of exposure of human eye. This paper propose a 
   new SWIM design with only 2 transistors per element, therefore making 
   this device more wearable, and affordable.

\end{abstract}

\keywords{\plainkeywords}

\category{H.5.m}{Information interfaces and presentation (e.g.,
  HCI)}{Miscellaneous}
%\category{See}{\url{http://acm.org/about/class/1998/}}{for
%  full list of ACM classifiers. This section is required.}

\section{Introduction}
Augmediated reality is an experience where by the means of a system of
technology, people are able to seamlessly modify their
perception of reality, while situated in reality, which is real-time and
real-space.

Mediated reality systems may be organized into three types:
\begin{enumerate}
\item dB\textgreater  0: Systems of augmentation, which involve amplification / enhancement / addition of information, such as the system presented here. These systems are augmented reality.
\item dB\textless  0: Those of diminishment which involve
attenuation / subtraction of vision, like dark glass or even
HDR vision glass for welding~\cite{mannHDR}.
These systems are useful where diminished reality is desired.
\item Those which are dynamic and can do both, as needed.
\end{enumerate}

Many augmediated reality systems are of the third type, designed as a
generalized platform with the intention of supporting a variety of
applications, which is in line with the way most personal computers (including
smartphones) are thought of as being interacted with ~\cite{arsurvey}. These
systems consist of input and output devices, often cameras and aremacs
respectively, with computer processing in between ~\cite{mann2012realtime}.
Thanks to ongoing advancements in miniturization and wearable computer
technology, there is large scale interest and commercial development ongoing in
these areas ~\cite{mann1998wearable}. The challenge with a system of this
complexity is for it to embody the principles of humanistic intelligence
~\cite{mann1998humanistic} which are key to a system which will provide a
seamless and convincing experience which can advance technology for
humanity.~\cite{mann2001wearable}

The augmediated reality system in this paper is strictly additive (type 1). It
is also purpose built for the specific application of the visualization of
radio waves, in the same fashion as early augmediated reality experiments
carried out by Steve Mann in the 1970s. ~\cite{mann2015phenomenal} Recently,
with the availability of high efficiency and small SMD LEDs, the SWIM no longer
relies on incandescent bulbs and has thus become more practical.

This paper presents two new incarnations of SWIM. The first is based on the
LM3914 (Fig.~\ref{fig:schematic3914})
and provides high resolution (10pixels/cm) at the price of a larger
board size. The second is a novel circuit which is used to make a small
wearable SWIM which is unprecedented in miniaturization,
making these experiments in augmediated reality ever more practical
as a wearable computer, and also making it possible, if desired, to
further miniaturize the apparatus into a single die chip for use in eyeglasses
or contact lens displays [Mann 1999, CA2280022],
with just two transistor elements per pixel
(Fig.~\ref{fig:schematictransistors}).

%LED technology has existed since the 1970s (60s?) but until the last decade remained only practical for low light applications of indication, due to a severe limitation in light output compared to other sources of light such as incandescants, or fluourescents. Recent advances in semiconductor device design for LEDs has made LEDs practical for applications of lighting and display beyond simple indication, as made apparant by the availablilty of LED televisions in (2009/2012 Sony).[wikipedia, how do we cite something like this? cite a product]\\

Head mounted displays~\cite{mann1997wearable}, have been used extensively as
the output device of choice for augmediated reality
systems~\cite{caudell1992augmented}.
This is natural because they are usually already
designed to work as computer displays. These types of devices are well suited
to personal augmediated reality experiences, but do not work as easily for
activities where multiple people or groups of people are involved and wish to
partake in the same experience. For everyone to participate, everyone must wear
their own pair of glasses, and high level software/networking systems are
required to render the experience for everyone. This creates bottleneck points
and opens up opportunities for delays and other issues which can strip the
system of its humanistic intelligence, making the experience anything from less
convincing to illness-inducing to painful~\cite{drascic1996perceptual}.
\begin{figure}
 \centering
 \includegraphics[scale = 0.274, angle = 270]{3914schem.pdf}
 \caption{Schematic of modular LM3914 SWIM device.}
 \label{fig:schematic3914}
\end{figure}
SWIM eliminates the complexity imposed by the need for a general
purpose system, and instead focuses as a single-purpose-built augmediated
reality system which makes visible normally invisible radio waves. In order to
achieve this effect, the SWIM is simply driven with the doppler return output
of any low power X band microwave radar set.

SWIM works similarly to an oscilloscope with no timebase generator, by painting out a sensed/measured wave in light so that it is made visible. Instead of the effect of the oscilloscope phosphor we have the phenomenon of persistance of exposure ~\cite{mann2015phenomenal}. An oscilloscope works in real-time but virtual-space, on its own 2D display, like most AR systems, while the SWIM uses a 1D display to produce an image like a 2D holograph, which is registered in real-time as well as in real-space, as the user sweeps the SWIM device itself through the waves in space. 
Last and perhaps most importantly, the augmediated reality experience SWIM
creates is easily shared among a group of people, all of whom may bear witness
with the naked eye, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:stuffie}.
\begin{figure}
 \centering
 \includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth]{schematic.pdf}
 \caption{Schematic of  novel discrete transistor LED SWIM device.}
 \label{fig:schematictransistors}
\end{figure}

\begin{marginfigure}[-35pc]
  \begin{minipage}{\marginparwidth}
 \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sarangs.jpg}\\
 \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{microswims.jpg}\\
 \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{SDC11632s.jpg}\\
 \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{SWIMs.jpg}
    \centering
    \caption{Wearable augmented reality without special eyeglasses.}
    \label{fig:stuffie}
  \end{minipage}
\end{marginfigure}

\section{Recent Advances in SWIM}
Recently new interest has been raised over SWIM, and several have been built.
The first and simplest to implement were digital, with a microcontroller driving cascaded serially programmable WS2812 RGB "neopixels", which can conveniently be purchased in a strip, but pixels are large (greater than 0.5cm) and they suffer from a limited refresh rate. 
Next SWIMs were built around the LM3914 cascadable 10 segment dot/bar graph display driver IC, which produces excellent results with a high degree of accuracy, tested up to at least 100 cascaded ICs for HD pixel counts and large scale size, the modular design used is seen in Fig.1.
The LM3914 was measured to have a bandwidth around 2Mhz, which translates to a very high "refresh rate" and the simple analog system controlling it approaches linear time invariancy, eliminating the possibility of any lag, so the system always responds instantly and the experience is seamless and convincing: humanistic integrity is maintained.\\
LM3914 ICs were used to make a wristworn "microswim" pictured in Fig.4, which is a 60 pixel SWIM, utilizing 0603 size SMD LEDs, which fits on a 6cm square PCB. An image produced with this SWIM is found in Fig.3. 
A novel discrete transistor circuit has been devised, pictured in Fig.2, which makes a low pixel count SWIM smaller and cheaper than is possible with the LM3914. Pictured in Fig.6, an 8 pixel discrete SWIM fits on a 1.25cm by 1.9cm PCB small enough to be worn a ring. An output image from the Ring SWIM is found in Fig. 5.
%
%\section{Visualization of Waves with the Sequential Wave Imprinting Machine}
%One important application of augmediated reality is for making visible the invisible world. It is known that invisible radio %waves are everywhere, permeating all space around us, and thus if these waves are made visible by some means, more may be learned of the world that surrounds us and the way it works. 
%This is the ethos which led Steve Mann to develop the Sequential Wave Imprinting Machine as a teenager in the 1970s. The device was a general purpose analog or digitally controllable linear display of lightbulbs, with which he was able to visually witness (visualize) radio waves in real-time as well as real-space. The device is designed to operated in a simple manner, it is waved about by the user, and as it moves through space, it paints out in light [cite lightpainting? abakographic user interfaces] the radio waves produced by an accompanying radar set.

%When in a dark place or where the ambient light can be controlled to a low level, the system works by the phenomenon of persistance of exposure[cite mann] and makes waves able to be observed with the naked eye by the user as well as onlookers. 

\section{Conclusion}
New wrist and ring worn SWIM devices make the SWIM device more wearable than ever, and LEDs allow high resultion and high luminosity with low power consumption. As a result, clear and bright images are produced in order to visualize waves with phenomenologically augmented reality.

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