Overview sCT

Repository to collect all the references on generation of synthetic computed tomography (sCT) with deep learning/convolutional networks. Generated from Spadea MF & Maspero M et al. Med. Phys. 2021 (in press), https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.15150, preprint at: http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.02734. This page is available at: https://matteomaspero.github.io/overview_sct/ and its Github repository is: https://github.com/matteomaspero/overview_sct/.

By the end of 2021 the table will be updated, so far all the paper up to Jan 2021 should be included, if not; please, feel free to contribute!

License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

In short, this means that anyone, even a commercial entity may re-use the content of this page as long as it will cite our paper and the source.

Contributors

Maspero M is the owner administrator of the project. Spadea Maria Francesca and Paolo Zaffino greatly contributed to the data collection for the publication.

The following added content: ...

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MRI without dose evaluation

Tumour site	train	val	test	x-fold	field [T]	sequence	conf	arch	Reg	MAE [HU]	PSNR [dB]	SSIM	others	reference	pub date
Abdomen	10v		10	LoO		mDixon	2D pair	GAN*	def	61±3			CC	Xu2019	2019-11-06
Abdomen	160			LoO	n.a.	n.a.	2D pair	GAN*	rig	5.1±0.5		.90±.43	(F/M)SIM IS ...	Xu2020	2020-05-08
Brain	18			6x	1.5	3D T1 GRE	2D pair	U-net	rig	85±17			MSE ME	Han2017	2017-02-13
Brain	16			LoO	n.a.	T1	2.5Dp patch	CNN+	rig	85±9	27.3±1.1			Xiang2018	2018-03-30
Brain	15			x5	1.0	T1 Gd	2D pair	GAN*	def	89±10	26.6±1.2	.83±.03	tissues	Emami2018	2018-06-14
Brain	98CT 84MR		10		3	3D T2	2D pair/unp	GAN	aff	19±3	65.4±0.9	.25±.01		Jin2019	2019-05-22
Brain	24			LoO	n.a.	T1	3Dp pair	GAN	rig	56±9	26.6±2.3		NCC, HD body	Lei2019	2019-05-21
Brain	33 160			LoO	n.a. n.a.	T1b n.a.	2D	GAN	yes no	9.0±0.8 5.1±0.5		.75±0.77 .90±.43	FSIM MSIM IS SWD FID experts	Xu2020	2020-05-08
Brain	28t	2	15		1.5	n.a.	2D	GAN*	aff	134±12	24.0±0.9	.76±.02		Yang2020	2020-11-30
Brain	28		6		1.5	T2	2D pair 2D unp	U-net GAN	rig	65±4 94±6	28.8±0.6 26.3±0.6	.972±.004 .955±0.007	same metrics for synth MRI	Li2020	2020-11-05
Brain	81		11	8x	1.5	3D T1 GRE 3D T1 GRE Gd 2D T2 SE 2D T2 FLAIR	2D	U-net	aff	45.4±8.5 44.6±7.4 45.7±8.8 51.2±4.5	43.0±2.0 43.4±1.2 43.4±1.2 44.9±1.2	.65±.05 .63±.03 .64±.03 .61±.04	metrics for air bone, soft tissue, DSC bones	Massa2020	2020-11-27
H&N	23		10		1.5	T2	2D pair	U-net	def	131±24			MAE, ME soft tis./bone	Wang2019	2019-11-29
H&N	28	4		8x	1.5	2D T1±Gd, T2	2D pair	GAN	aff	75.7±14.6	29.1±1.6	.92±.02	DSC, MAE on bone	Tie2020	2020-02-03
H&N	60	30		3	T1	2D unp	GAN	n.a.	19.6±0.7	62.4±0.5	.78±0.2			Kearney2020	2020-03-25
H&N	7		8	LoO	1.5	3D T1, T2	2D pair	GAN	def	83±49			ME	Largent2020	2020-03-14
H&N	10			LoO	1.5	3D T1, T2	2D pair	GAN*	def	42-62			RMSE, CC	Qian2020	2020-03-10
H&N	32		8	5x	3	3D UTE	2D pair	U-net	def	104±21			DSC, spatial corr	Su2020	2020-10-06
Prostate	16 22			LoO	n.a.	T1	2.5Dp pair	CNN+	rig	85±9 43±2	27.3±1.1 33.5±0.8			Xiang2018	2018-03-30
Pelvis	20			LoO	n.a.	3D T2	3Dp pair	GAN*	rig	51±16	24.5±2.6		NCC, Hausdorff on body	Lei2019	2019-05-21
Prostate	20			5x	1.5	2D T1 TSE	2D pair 3D p pair	U-net	def	41±5 38±5			DSC bone	Fu2019	2019-06-20
Pelvis human Pelvis canine	27 18			3x	3 1.5	3D T1 GRE mDixon	3Dp pair	U-net	def	32±8	36.5±1.6		MAE/DSC bone surf dist<0.5 mm	Florkow2019	2019-10-08
Pelvis	15		4	5x	3	3D T2	2D pair	CNN U-net	def	38±6 43±9	29.5±1.2 28.2±1.6	.96±.01 .95±.01	ME, PCC	Bahrami2020	2020-07-30
Pelvis	100				3	2D T2 FSE	2D unp	GAN	No				FID	Fetty2020	2020-11
Breast	14		2	LoO	n.a.	n.a.	2D	U-net1	def				DSC .74-.76	Jeon2019	2019-12-31

Super/subscripts
^vvolunteers, not patients; ¹to segment CT into 5-classes; ^amultiple combinations of Dixon images was investigated but omitted here; ^bdataset from http://www.med.harvard.edu/AANLIB/ ; ^trobustenss to training size was investigated;^*comparison with other architecture has been provided; ⁺trained in 2D on multiple view and aggregated after inference;
Abbreviations
H&N=head and neck ; val=validation; x-fold=cross-fold ;conf=configuration; arch=architecture; GRE=gradient echo; (T)SE=(turbo) spin-echo, mDixon = multi-contrast Dixon reconstruction; LoO=leave-one-out; (R)MSE=(root) meas squared error; ME=mean error; DSC=dice score coefficient; (N)CC=normalized cross correlation; FSIM, MSIM, IS, SWD, FID, PCC look up the references ;)

MRI-to-sCT with dose evaluation

Tumour site	train	val	test	x-fold	field [T]	sequence	conf	arch	pair reg	MAE [HU]	PSNR [dB]	others	Plan	DD [%]	GPR [%]	DVH	others	reference	pub date
Liver	21			LoO	3	3D T1 GRE	3D pair	GAN	def	73±18	22.7±3.6	NCC	p		99.4±1.03	<1%	range γ2 γ1	LiuY2019	2019-06-16
Abdomen	12			4x	0.3 1.5	GRE	2D pair br> 2D unp	GAN*	def	90±192 94±302	27.4±1.6 27.2±2.2		x+B0	<±0.6 <±0.6	98.7±1.5% 98.5±1.6%	<±0.15	γ 3	Fu2020	2020-01-31
Abdomen	46		31	3x	3	3D T1 GRE	2.5D pair	U-net	syn rig	79±18		MAE, ME organs	x			<2Gy		Liu2020	2020-06-11
Abdomen kids	54	18	12	3x	1.5 3	3D T1 GRE, T2 TSE	3Dp pair	U-net	def	62±13	30.0±1.8	ME, DSC tissues	x p	<0.1 <0.5	99.7±0.32 96.2±4.02	<2% <3%	beam depth	Florkow2020	2020-10-07
Abdomen	39		19		0.35	GRE	2D pair	U-net	def	79±18		ME tissues	x+B0	<0.1	98.7±1.12	<2.5%	γ3 γ1	Cusumano2020	2020-10-17
Brain	26			2x	1.5	3D T1 GRE	m2D+ pair	CNN	rig	67±11		ME, tissues DSC, dist body	x	-0.1±0.3	99.8±0.72		beam γ 3 depth γ1	Dinkla2018	2018-11
Brain	40		10		1.5	3D T1 GRE Gd	2D pair	CNN	def	75±23		DSC	x	<0.2±0.5	99.23			LiuF2019	2019-03-12
Brain	54	9	14	5x	1.5	2D T1 SE Gd	2D pair	GAN	rig	47±11		each fold	x	-0.7±0.5	99.2±0.82	<1%	2D/3D γ 3 γ1	Kazemifar2019	2019-04-11
Brain	55	28	4		1.5	3D T1 GRE	2D pair 3Dp pair	U-net	rig	116±26 137±32		ME	x p		>98^2,98±22 >98^2,97±32		range γ1	Neppl2019	2019-07-04
Brain	25	2	25		1.5	3D T1 GRE	3Dp pair	GAN	rig	55±7		ME DSC	x	<2	98.4±3.52	<1.65%	range γ 3 γ1	Shafai2019	2019-09-30
Brain	47		13	5x	3	T1	2D pair	U-net	rig	81±15		ME air, tissues	x	2.3±0.1			align CBCT<0.5mm	Gupta2019	2019-10-25
Brain	12	2	1	LoO	3	3D T1 GRE	2D+ pair	U-net	rig	54±7		ME, DSC	p	0.00±0.01			range tissues	Spadea2019	2019-11-01
Brain	15			5x		T1, T2 FLAIRc	2Dp pair	GAN	def	108±24		tissues	x	0.7	99.2±1.02	<1%	beam depth γ3 γ1	Koike2019	2019-12-10
Brain	66		11	5x	1.5	2D T1 SE Gd	2D unp	GAN	rig	78±11			p	0.3±0.3	99.2±1.02	<3%	beam γ3 depth γ1	Kazemifar2020	2020-03-26
Brain kids	30t	10	20	3x	1.5 3	3D T1 GRE±Gd	2D+* pair	GAN*	rig	61±14	26.7±1.9	ME DSC SSIM	x p	-0.1±0.3 0.1±0.4	99.5±0.82 99.6±1.12	<1% <3%	beam depth γ3	Maspero2020	2020-10-23
Brain	242m,t	81	79		3 1.5	3D T1 GRE±Gd	3Dp pair	CNN U-net	def	81±22 90±21		tissues	x	0.13±0.13 0.31±0.18	99.6±0.32 99.4±0.52	<±0.15	γ 3	Andres2020	2020-11
Brain	26	15	12		1.0	T1 Gd	2D	GAN	def			bone	x	<±1		<1.5%		Liu2021	2021-01-07
Prostate Rectum Cervix	32		27 18 14		3 1.5 1.5/3	3D T1 GRE mDixon	2D pair	GAN	rig	60±6 56±5 59±6		ME	x	-0.3±0.4 -0.3±0.5 -0.1±0.3a	99.4±0.63 98.5±1.13 99.6±1.93	<1%	γ2	Maspero2018	2018-09-10
Prostate	36		15		3	T2 TSE	2D pair	U-net	def	30±5		ME tissues	x	0.16±0.09	99.42	<0.2Gy	γ3 γ1	Chen2018	2018-10-20
Prostate	39			4x	3	3D T2	2D pair	U-net	def	33±8		ME, DSC dist body	x	-0.01±0.64	98.5±0.72	<3%	γ3 γ1	Arabi2018	2018-10-14
Prostate	17			LoO	1.5	T2	3D patch	GAN*	No	51±17	24.2±2.5	NCC, bone:dist, uniform	p	-0.07±0.07	98±62	<1%	range peak γ 3 γ1	LiuY2019b	2019-10-21
Prostate	25		14	3x	3	3D T2 TSE	2D	U-net* GAN*	def	34±8 34±8		ME tissues	x	<1% <1%	99.2±11 99.1±11	<1%		Largent2019	2019-12-1
Pelvis	11m		8		3 1.5	T2 TSE	2D	GAN*	def	49±6		ME organs	x	0.7±0.4	99.2±1.02	<1.5%		Boni2020	2020-04-02
Pelvis	26	15	10+19m		0.35 1.5/3	3D T2	2.5D	GAN*	def	41±4	31.4±1	ME MSE bone	x	<±1		<1.5%		Fetty2020	2020-05-22
Pelvis	39		14		0.35	GRE	2D pair	U-net	def	54±12		ME tissues	x+B0	<0.5	99.0±0.72	<1%	γ3 γ1	Cusumano2020	2020-10-17
Rectum	46m		44		1.5	3D T2	2D	GAN	def	35±7		ME bone	x	<±0.8	99.8±0.12	<1%	γ 3 γ1	Bird2020	2020-11-29
H&N	34			3x	1.5	3D T2 TSE	3Dp pair	U-net	def	75±9		ME DSC bone	x	-0.07±0.22	95.6±2.92		γ 3	Dinkla2019	2019-06-17
H&N	15		12		3	T1 GRE	2Dp pair*	GAN*	def		68±2	SSIM RMSE	p	<0.5	<982	<0.5		Klages2019	2019-11-16
H&N	30		15		3	T1±Gd T2 TSEc	2D pair	GAN* U-net	rig	70±12 71±12	29.4±1.3 29.2±1.3	SSIM DSC, DRR	p	-0.3±0.2 -0.2±0.2	97.8±0.92 97.6±1.32			Qi2020	2020-02-06
H&N	135t	10	28		3	3D T1 GRE	2D pair unp	GAN*	def	70±9 101±8		ME, DSC tissues	x	-0.1±0.3 0.1±0.4	98.7±1.02 98.5±1.12	<1.5% <1.5%	beam depth	Peng2020	2020-07-03
H&N	27			3x	3	3D T1 GRE	2D+ pair	GAN	def	65±4		ME	p	<±0.2	93.5±3.4	<1.5%	NTCP DSC RS γ3	Thummerer2020	2020-11-27
Breast	12t		18	LtO	1.5	3D GRE mDixon	2D + patch	GAN*	def	94±11 103±15		NCC	p	<0.5	98.4±3.52		DRR dist bone	Olberg2019	2019-11-16

Super/subscripts
^*comparison with other architecture has been provided; ³γ_3%,3mm = γ₃; ²γ_2%,2mm = γ₂; ¹ γ_1%,1mm = γ₁; ^trobustenss to training size was investigated; ⁺trained in 2D on multiple view and aggregated after inference; ^c multiple combinations (also ± Dixon reconstruction, where present) of the sequences were investigated but omitted; ^m data from multiple centers
Abbreviations
H&N=head and neck ; val=validation; x-fold=cross-fold ;conf=configuration; arch=architecture; GRE=gradient echo; (T)SE=(turbo) spin-echo, mDixon = multi-contrast Dixon reconstruction; LoO=leave-one-out; (R)MSE=(root) meas squared error; ME=mean error; DSC=dice score coefficient; (N)CC=normalized cross correlation;

CBCT

Tumour site	train	val	test	x-fold	conf	arch	pair reg	MAE [HU]	PSNR [dB]	SSIM	others	Plan	DD [%]	DPR [%]	GPR [%]	DVH	others	reference	pub date
Pancreas	30			LoO	3Dp pair	GAN*	def	56.89±13.84	28.80±2.46	.71±.032	NCC	SNU	x			<1Gy		Liu2020	2020-03-06
Brain Pelvis	24 20			LoO	3D patch	GAN	rig	13±2 16±5	37.5±2.3 30.7±3.7		NCC SNU	No						Harms2019	2019-06-17
Prostate	16		4	5x	2D pair	U-net	def		50.9	.967	SNU RMSE	No						Kida2018	2018-04-29
Prostate	27	7	8		2D pair	U-net*	def	88			ME	x p		>98.41 88.53	99.52 >96.52		γ 1 DPR 2	Landry2019	2019-01-24
Prostate	18		8	4x	2D ens unp	GAN	No	rig	87±5			ME	x p	99.9±0.32 80.5±52	95.9±2.02	<±1.5% <1%	DPR1 DPR3 RS γ3	Kurz2019	2019-11-15
Prostate	16		4		2D pair	GAN*	rig				SelfSSIM tissues	No						Kida2019	2019-12-16
Pelvis H&N	135	15	15 10	10x	2.5D pair	GAN*	def	24±5 24±4	20.1±3.4 22.8±3.4			x, p	<1%				RS	Zhang2020	2020-12-01
H&N Lung Breast	15 15 15	8 8 8	10 10 10		2D	GAN*	No rig	53±12 83±10 66±18	30.5±2.2 28.5±1.6 29.0±2.1	.81±.04 .78±.04 .76±.02	ME	x	0.1±0.5 0.2±0.9 0.1±0.4		97.8±12 94.9±32 92±82	<2%	γ 3	Maspero2020	2020-04-29
H&N	81	9	20		2D	GAN*	No def	29.85±4.94	30.65±1.36	.85±.03	RMSE phantom	x			98.4±1.72 96.3±3.61			Liang2019	2019-06-10
Nasophar	50	10	10		2D	U-net	rig	6-27			ME organs	x	0.2±0.1		95.5±1.61	<1%		Li2019	2019-07-16
H&N	30	7	7		2D	U-net*	rig	18.98	33.26	0.8911	RMSE tissues	No						Chen2019	2019-12-18
H&N	30		14		2D	GAN	def	82±11			ME tissues	x	91.0±5.32		<1Gy	<1%		Barateau2020	2020-07-12
H&N	22		11	3x	2D+	U-net	def	36±6			ME DSC SNU	p	-0.1±0.3		98.1±1.22		RS γ 3	Thummerer2020	2020-04-27
H&N	50t		10		2.5D	U-net	rig	49		.85	SNR	No						Yuan2020	2020-01-24
H&N	23			LoO	3D patch	GAN*	rig		24.3±1.4	.80±.05	stop power	p			88.42	<1%	γ3 γ2	Harms2019	2019-06-17
H&N Thorax Pelvis	25 53 205			15 15 15	2D	GAN	def	77±13 94±32 42±5			ME DSC HD tissues	x		91.5±4.32 76.7±17.32 88.9±9.32	95.0±2.42 93.8±5.92 98.5±1.72	<2.4 <2.6 <1	γ 3	Eckl2020	2020-11-24

Super/subscripts
^*comparison with other architecture has been provided; ³γ_3%,3mm = γ₃; ²γ_2%,2mm = γ₂; ¹ γ_1%,1mm = γ₁; ^trobustenss to training size was investigated; ⁺trained in 2D on multiple view and aggregated after inference; ^c multiple combinations (also ± Dixon reconstruction, where present) of the sequences were investigated but omitted; ^m data from multiple centers
Abbreviations
H&N=head and neck ; val=validation; x-fold=cross-fold ;conf=configuration; arch=architecture; GRE=gradient echo; (T)SE=(turbo) spin-echo, mDixon = multi-contrast Dixon reconstruction; LoO=leave-one-out; (R)MSE=(root) meas squared error; ME=mean error; DSC=dice score coefficient; (N)CC=normalized cross correlation;

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PET

Region	train	val	test	x-fold	field [T]	image contrast	conf	arch	pair reg	MAE [HU]	DSC	tracer	PETerr [%]	others	reference	pub date
Pelvis	10		16		3	Dixon ZTE	3D patch	U-net	def			18F-FDG 68Ga-PSMA		RMSE SUV diff	Leynes2017	2017-05-01
Head	30		10		1.5	T1 GRE Gd	2D	auto-enc	def	.971±.005a .936±.011s	.803±.021b	n.a.	-0.7±1.1		Liu2018	2017-10-19
Pelvis	12		6		3	T1 GRE T2 TSE	3D	CNN1	def		.98±.01s .79±.03b .49±.17a	18F-FDG		RMSE	Bradshaw2018	2018-09
Head	30p+6		8			UTE mDixon	2D	U-net1	def		.96±.006b	18F-FDG	<1%		Jang2018	2018-5-15
H&N	32 12		8 2	5 7	3	Dixon±ZTE	2D	U-net	rig	13.8±1.4 12.6±1.5	.76±.04b .80±.04b	18F-FDG	<3		Gong2018	2018-06-13
Pelvis	15		4	4	3	T1 GRE Dixon	2D	U-net	def			18F-FDG 1.8±2.4	1.7±2.0f 1.8±2.4s 3.8±3.9b	mu-map diff	Torrado2019	2018-08-30
Head	23		47		3	ZTE	3D patch	U-net	def		.81±.03b	18F-FDG	-0.2±5.6	Jac	Blanc-Durand2019	2019-10-07
Head kids	60		19	4	3	T1 GRE mDixon, UTE	3D	U-net	rig		.90±.07j	18F-FET		biol tumor vol, SUV	Ladefoged2019	2019-01-07
Head	44	11	11		1.5	T1 GRE	2.5D	U-net	rig			11C-WAY 11C-DASB	-0.49±1.7	synt mu-map, kin anal	Spuhler2019	2019-08-30
Head	40			2	3	3D T1 GRE	3D patch	GAN	def	101±40 302±79b 407±228a 8±4s	.80±.07b	18F-FDG	3.2±3.4 1.2±13.8b 3.2±13.6s 3.2±13.6a	rel vol dif surf dist ME RMSE PSNR SSIM SUV	Arabi2019	2019-07-01
Prostate	18		10		3	Dixon	2D	GAN*	def			68Ga-PSMA	2.4±0.5	SSIM SUV	Pozaruk2020	2020-05-11
Head	35			5	3	3D T1 GRE mDixon+UTEc	2.5D	U-net	rig	11.94±0.01	.87±.03b	11C-PiB 18F-MK-6240	<2%		Gong2020	2020-10-27
Head	32			4	3	Dixon	3D patch	GAN*	def	16±2%	.74±.05b	18F-FDG	-1.0±13	SUV	Gong2020	2020-07-03
Thorax	14			LoO	3	Dixon	2D	GAN*	No def	68±10		18F-NaF		PSNR SSIM RMSE	Baydoun2020	2020-12
Body	100		28	PET, no att corrected	2D	U-net	Yi	111±16	.94±.01b	18F-FDG	-0.6±2.0%	abs err	Liu2018	2018-11-12
Body	100		25	PET, no att corrected	2.5D	GAN	Yi			18F-FDG	-0.8±8.6%	SUV ME	Armanious2020	2020-05-24
Body	80		39	PET, no att corrected	3D	GAN	Yi	109±19	.87±.03b	18F-FDG	0.1<3.0%	NCC PSNR ME	Dong2019	2019-11-4

Super/subscripts
^*comparison with other architecture has been provided; ^ain air or bowel gas; ^bin the bony structures; ^sin the soft tissue; ^f in the fatty tissue; ^w in water; ^jexpressed in terms of Jaccard index and not DSC; ⁱintrinsically registered: PET-CT data; ^pdata from another MRI sequence used as pre-training; ^c multiple combinations (also ± Dixon reconstruction, where present) of the sequences were investigated but omitted; Abbreviations
H&N=head and neck ; val=validation; x-fold=cross-fold ;conf=configuration; arch=architecture; GRE=gradient echo; (T)SE=(turbo) spin-echo, mDixon = multi-contrast Dixon reconstruction; LoO=leave-one-out; (R)MSE=(root) meas squared error; ME=mean error; DSC=dice score coefficient; (N)CC=normalized cross correlation; paed=paediatric