shadowmapping.cpp

/*
* Vulkan Example - Shadow mapping for directional light sources
*
* Copyright (C) 2016-2022 by Sascha Willems - www.saschawillems.de
*
* This code is licensed under the MIT license (MIT) (http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
*/

#include "vulkanexamplebase.h"
#include "VulkanglTFModel.h"

#define ENABLE_VALIDATION false

// 16 bits of depth is enough for such a small scene
#define DEPTH_FORMAT VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM

// Shadowmap properties
#if defined(__ANDROID__)
#define SHADOWMAP_DIM 1024
#else
#define SHADOWMAP_DIM 2048
#endif
#define DEFAULT_SHADOWMAP_FILTER VK_FILTER_LINEAR

class VulkanExample : public VulkanExampleBase
{
public:
	bool displayShadowMap = false;
	bool filterPCF = true;

	// Keep depth range as small as possible
	// for better shadow map precision
	float zNear = 1.0f;
	float zFar = 96.0f;

	// Depth bias (and slope) are used to avoid shadowing artifacts
	// Constant depth bias factor (always applied)
	float depthBiasConstant = 1.25f;
	// Slope depth bias factor, applied depending on polygon's slope
	float depthBiasSlope = 1.75f;

	glm::vec3 lightPos = glm::vec3();
	float lightFOV = 45.0f;

	std::vector<vkglTF::Model> scenes;
	std::vector<std::string> sceneNames;
	int32_t sceneIndex = 0;

	struct {
		vks::Buffer scene;
		vks::Buffer offscreen;
	} uniformBuffers;

	struct {
		glm::mat4 projection;
		glm::mat4 view;
		glm::mat4 model;
		glm::mat4 depthBiasMVP;
		glm::vec4 lightPos;
		// Used for depth map visualization
		float zNear;
		float zFar;
	} uboVSscene;

	struct {
		glm::mat4 depthMVP;
	} uboOffscreenVS;

	struct {
		VkPipeline offscreen;
		VkPipeline sceneShadow;
		VkPipeline sceneShadowPCF;
		VkPipeline debug;
	} pipelines;
	VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;

	struct {
		VkDescriptorSet offscreen;
		VkDescriptorSet scene;
		VkDescriptorSet debug;
	} descriptorSets;

	VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout;

	// Framebuffer for offscreen rendering
	struct FrameBufferAttachment {
		VkImage image;
		VkDeviceMemory mem;
		VkImageView view;
	};
	struct OffscreenPass {
		int32_t width, height;
		VkFramebuffer frameBuffer;
		FrameBufferAttachment depth;
		VkRenderPass renderPass;
		VkSampler depthSampler;
		VkDescriptorImageInfo descriptor;
	} offscreenPass;

	VulkanExample() : VulkanExampleBase(ENABLE_VALIDATION)
	{
		title = "Projected shadow mapping";
		camera.type = Camera::CameraType::lookat;
		camera.setPosition(glm::vec3(0.0f, -0.0f, -20.0f));
		camera.setRotation(glm::vec3(-15.0f, -390.0f, 0.0f));
		camera.setPerspective(60.0f, (float)width / (float)height, 1.0f, 256.0f);
		timerSpeed *= 0.5f;
	}

	~VulkanExample()
	{
		// Clean up used Vulkan resources
		// Note : Inherited destructor cleans up resources stored in base class

		// Frame buffer
		vkDestroySampler(device, offscreenPass.depthSampler, nullptr);

		// Depth attachment
		vkDestroyImageView(device, offscreenPass.depth.view, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImage(device, offscreenPass.depth.image, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, offscreenPass.depth.mem, nullptr);

		vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, offscreenPass.frameBuffer, nullptr);

		vkDestroyRenderPass(device, offscreenPass.renderPass, nullptr);

		vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipelines.debug, nullptr);
		vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipelines.offscreen, nullptr);
		vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipelines.sceneShadow, nullptr);
		vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipelines.sceneShadowPCF, nullptr);

		vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);

		vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, descriptorSetLayout, nullptr);

		// Uniform buffers
		uniformBuffers.offscreen.destroy();
		uniformBuffers.scene.destroy();
	}

	// Set up a separate render pass for the offscreen frame buffer
	// This is necessary as the offscreen frame buffer attachments use formats different to those from the example render pass
	void prepareOffscreenRenderpass()
	{
		VkAttachmentDescription attachmentDescription{};
		attachmentDescription.format = DEPTH_FORMAT;
		attachmentDescription.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		attachmentDescription.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;							// Clear depth at beginning of the render pass
		attachmentDescription.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;						// We will read from depth, so it's important to store the depth attachment results
		attachmentDescription.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
		attachmentDescription.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		attachmentDescription.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;					// We don't care about initial layout of the attachment
		attachmentDescription.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;// Attachment will be transitioned to shader read at render pass end

		VkAttachmentReference depthReference = {};
		depthReference.attachment = 0;
		depthReference.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;			// Attachment will be used as depth/stencil during render pass

		VkSubpassDescription subpass = {};
		subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
		subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 0;													// No color attachments
		subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = &depthReference;									// Reference to our depth attachment

		// Use subpass dependencies for layout transitions
		std::array<VkSubpassDependency, 2> dependencies;

		dependencies[0].srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
		dependencies[0].dstSubpass = 0;
		dependencies[0].srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
		dependencies[0].dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
		dependencies[0].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
		dependencies[0].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
		dependencies[0].dependencyFlags = VK_DEPENDENCY_BY_REGION_BIT;

		dependencies[1].srcSubpass = 0;
		dependencies[1].dstSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
		dependencies[1].srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
		dependencies[1].dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
		dependencies[1].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
		dependencies[1].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
		dependencies[1].dependencyFlags = VK_DEPENDENCY_BY_REGION_BIT;

		VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassCreateInfo = vks::initializers::renderPassCreateInfo();
		renderPassCreateInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
		renderPassCreateInfo.pAttachments = &attachmentDescription;
		renderPassCreateInfo.subpassCount = 1;
		renderPassCreateInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
		renderPassCreateInfo.dependencyCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(dependencies.size());
		renderPassCreateInfo.pDependencies = dependencies.data();

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassCreateInfo, nullptr, &offscreenPass.renderPass));
	}

	// Setup the offscreen framebuffer for rendering the scene from light's point-of-view to
	// The depth attachment of this framebuffer will then be used to sample from in the fragment shader of the shadowing pass
	void prepareOffscreenFramebuffer()
	{
		offscreenPass.width = SHADOWMAP_DIM;
		offscreenPass.height = SHADOWMAP_DIM;

		// For shadow mapping we only need a depth attachment
		VkImageCreateInfo image = vks::initializers::imageCreateInfo();
		image.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
		image.extent.width = offscreenPass.width;
		image.extent.height = offscreenPass.height;
		image.extent.depth = 1;
		image.mipLevels = 1;
		image.arrayLayers = 1;
		image.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		image.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
		image.format = DEPTH_FORMAT;																// Depth stencil attachment
		image.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;		// We will sample directly from the depth attachment for the shadow mapping
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImage(device, &image, nullptr, &offscreenPass.depth.image));

		VkMemoryAllocateInfo memAlloc = vks::initializers::memoryAllocateInfo();
		VkMemoryRequirements memReqs;
		vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, offscreenPass.depth.image, &memReqs);
		memAlloc.allocationSize = memReqs.size;
		memAlloc.memoryTypeIndex = vulkanDevice->getMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device, &memAlloc, nullptr, &offscreenPass.depth.mem));
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBindImageMemory(device, offscreenPass.depth.image, offscreenPass.depth.mem, 0));

		VkImageViewCreateInfo depthStencilView = vks::initializers::imageViewCreateInfo();
		depthStencilView.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
		depthStencilView.format = DEPTH_FORMAT;
		depthStencilView.subresourceRange = {};
		depthStencilView.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT;
		depthStencilView.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
		depthStencilView.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
		depthStencilView.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		depthStencilView.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
		depthStencilView.image = offscreenPass.depth.image;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImageView(device, &depthStencilView, nullptr, &offscreenPass.depth.view));

		// Create sampler to sample from to depth attachment
		// Used to sample in the fragment shader for shadowed rendering
		VkFilter shadowmap_filter = vks::tools::formatIsFilterable(physicalDevice, DEPTH_FORMAT, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL) ?
		   DEFAULT_SHADOWMAP_FILTER :
		   VK_FILTER_NEAREST;
		VkSamplerCreateInfo sampler = vks::initializers::samplerCreateInfo();
		sampler.magFilter = shadowmap_filter;
		sampler.minFilter = shadowmap_filter;
		sampler.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
		sampler.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
		sampler.addressModeV = sampler.addressModeU;
		sampler.addressModeW = sampler.addressModeU;
		sampler.mipLodBias = 0.0f;
		sampler.maxAnisotropy = 1.0f;
		sampler.minLod = 0.0f;
		sampler.maxLod = 1.0f;
		sampler.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_OPAQUE_WHITE;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateSampler(device, &sampler, nullptr, &offscreenPass.depthSampler));

		prepareOffscreenRenderpass();

		// Create frame buffer
		VkFramebufferCreateInfo fbufCreateInfo = vks::initializers::framebufferCreateInfo();
		fbufCreateInfo.renderPass = offscreenPass.renderPass;
		fbufCreateInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
		fbufCreateInfo.pAttachments = &offscreenPass.depth.view;
		fbufCreateInfo.width = offscreenPass.width;
		fbufCreateInfo.height = offscreenPass.height;
		fbufCreateInfo.layers = 1;

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &fbufCreateInfo, nullptr, &offscreenPass.frameBuffer));
	}

	void buildCommandBuffers()
	{
		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo cmdBufInfo = vks::initializers::commandBufferBeginInfo();

		VkClearValue clearValues[2];
		VkViewport viewport;
		VkRect2D scissor;

		for (int32_t i = 0; i < drawCmdBuffers.size(); ++i)
		{
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBeginCommandBuffer(drawCmdBuffers[i], &cmdBufInfo));

			/*
				First render pass: Generate shadow map by rendering the scene from light's POV
			*/
			{
				clearValues[0].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };

				VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassBeginInfo = vks::initializers::renderPassBeginInfo();
				renderPassBeginInfo.renderPass = offscreenPass.renderPass;
				renderPassBeginInfo.framebuffer = offscreenPass.frameBuffer;
				renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.width = offscreenPass.width;
				renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.height = offscreenPass.height;
				renderPassBeginInfo.clearValueCount = 1;
				renderPassBeginInfo.pClearValues = clearValues;

				vkCmdBeginRenderPass(drawCmdBuffers[i], &renderPassBeginInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

				viewport = vks::initializers::viewport((float)offscreenPass.width, (float)offscreenPass.height, 0.0f, 1.0f);
				vkCmdSetViewport(drawCmdBuffers[i], 0, 1, &viewport);

				scissor = vks::initializers::rect2D(offscreenPass.width, offscreenPass.height, 0, 0);
				vkCmdSetScissor(drawCmdBuffers[i], 0, 1, &scissor);

				// Set depth bias (aka "Polygon offset")
				// Required to avoid shadow mapping artifacts
				vkCmdSetDepthBias(
					drawCmdBuffers[i],
					depthBiasConstant,
					0.0f,
					depthBiasSlope);

				vkCmdBindPipeline(drawCmdBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelines.offscreen);
				vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(drawCmdBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSets.offscreen, 0, nullptr);
				scenes[sceneIndex].draw(drawCmdBuffers[i]);

				vkCmdEndRenderPass(drawCmdBuffers[i]);
			}

			/*
				Note: Explicit synchronization is not required between the render pass, as this is done implicit via sub pass dependencies
			*/

			/*
				Second pass: Scene rendering with applied shadow map
			*/

			{
				clearValues[0].color = defaultClearColor;
				clearValues[1].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };

				VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassBeginInfo = vks::initializers::renderPassBeginInfo();
				renderPassBeginInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
				renderPassBeginInfo.framebuffer = frameBuffers[i];
				renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.width = width;
				renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.height = height;
				renderPassBeginInfo.clearValueCount = 2;
				renderPassBeginInfo.pClearValues = clearValues;

				vkCmdBeginRenderPass(drawCmdBuffers[i], &renderPassBeginInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

				viewport = vks::initializers::viewport((float)width, (float)height, 0.0f, 1.0f);
				vkCmdSetViewport(drawCmdBuffers[i], 0, 1, &viewport);

				scissor = vks::initializers::rect2D(width, height, 0, 0);
				vkCmdSetScissor(drawCmdBuffers[i], 0, 1, &scissor);

				// Visualize shadow map
				if (displayShadowMap) {
					vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(drawCmdBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSets.debug, 0, nullptr);
					vkCmdBindPipeline(drawCmdBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelines.debug);
					vkCmdDraw(drawCmdBuffers[i], 3, 1, 0, 0);
				} else {
					// Render the shadows scene
					vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(drawCmdBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSets.scene, 0, nullptr);
					vkCmdBindPipeline(drawCmdBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, (filterPCF) ? pipelines.sceneShadowPCF : pipelines.sceneShadow);
					scenes[sceneIndex].draw(drawCmdBuffers[i]);
				}

				drawUI(drawCmdBuffers[i]);

				vkCmdEndRenderPass(drawCmdBuffers[i]);
			}

			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkEndCommandBuffer(drawCmdBuffers[i]));
		}
	}

	void loadAssets()
	{
		const uint32_t glTFLoadingFlags = vkglTF::FileLoadingFlags::PreTransformVertices | vkglTF::FileLoadingFlags::PreMultiplyVertexColors | vkglTF::FileLoadingFlags::FlipY;
		scenes.resize(2);
		scenes[0].loadFromFile(getAssetPath() + "models/vulkanscene_shadow.gltf", vulkanDevice, queue, glTFLoadingFlags);
		scenes[1].loadFromFile(getAssetPath() + "models/samplescene.gltf", vulkanDevice, queue, glTFLoadingFlags);
		sceneNames = {"Vulkan scene", "Teapots and pillars" };
	}

	void setupDescriptorPool()
	{
		std::vector<VkDescriptorPoolSize> poolSizes = {
			vks::initializers::descriptorPoolSize(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 3),
			vks::initializers::descriptorPoolSize(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 3)
		};
		VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo descriptorPoolInfo = vks::initializers::descriptorPoolCreateInfo(poolSizes, 3);
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &descriptorPoolInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool));
	}

	void setupDescriptorSetLayout()
	{
		// Shared pipeline layout for all pipelines used in this sample
		std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding> setLayoutBindings = {
			// Binding 0 : Vertex shader uniform buffer
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT | VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, 0),
			// Binding 1 : Fragment shader image sampler (shadow map)
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, 1)
		};
		VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo descriptorLayout = vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo(setLayoutBindings);
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &descriptorLayout, nullptr, &descriptorSetLayout));
		VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pPipelineLayoutCreateInfo = vks::initializers::pipelineLayoutCreateInfo(&descriptorSetLayout, 1);
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pPipelineLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout));
	}

	void setupDescriptorSets()
	{
		std::vector<VkWriteDescriptorSet> writeDescriptorSets;

		// Image descriptor for the shadow map attachment
		VkDescriptorImageInfo shadowMapDescriptor =
		    vks::initializers::descriptorImageInfo(
		        offscreenPass.depthSampler,
		        offscreenPass.depth.view,
		        VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL);

		// Debug display
		VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo = vks::initializers::descriptorSetAllocateInfo(descriptorPool, &descriptorSetLayout, 1);
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, &descriptorSets.debug));
		writeDescriptorSets = {
			// Binding 0 : Parameters uniform buffer
			vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets.debug, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 0, &uniformBuffers.scene.descriptor),
			// Binding 1 : Fragment shader texture sampler
		    vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets.debug, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 1, &shadowMapDescriptor)
		};
		vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, writeDescriptorSets.size(), writeDescriptorSets.data(), 0, nullptr);

		// Offscreen shadow map generation
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, &descriptorSets.offscreen));
		writeDescriptorSets = {
			// Binding 0 : Vertex shader uniform buffer
			vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets.offscreen, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 0, &uniformBuffers.offscreen.descriptor),
		};
		vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, writeDescriptorSets.size(), writeDescriptorSets.data(), 0, nullptr);

		// Scene rendering with shadow map applied
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, &descriptorSets.scene));
		writeDescriptorSets = {
			// Binding 0 : Vertex shader uniform buffer
			vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets.scene, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 0, &uniformBuffers.scene.descriptor),
			// Binding 1 : Fragment shader shadow sampler
		    vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets.scene, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 1, &shadowMapDescriptor)
		};
		vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, writeDescriptorSets.size(), writeDescriptorSets.data(), 0, nullptr);
	}

	void preparePipelines()
	{
		VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssemblyStateCI = vks::initializers::pipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo(VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST, 0, VK_FALSE);
		VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizationStateCI = vks::initializers::pipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo(VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL, VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT, VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE, 0);
		VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState blendAttachmentState = vks::initializers::pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState(0xf, VK_FALSE);
		VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlendStateCI = vks::initializers::pipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo(1, &blendAttachmentState);
		VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencilStateCI = vks::initializers::pipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo(VK_TRUE, VK_TRUE, VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS_OR_EQUAL);
		VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportStateCI = vks::initializers::pipelineViewportStateCreateInfo(1, 1, 0);
		VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampleStateCI = vks::initializers::pipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo(VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT, 0);
		std::vector<VkDynamicState> dynamicStateEnables = { VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT, VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR };
		VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicStateCI = vks::initializers::pipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo(dynamicStateEnables.data(), dynamicStateEnables.size(), 0);
		std::array<VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo, 2> shaderStages;

		VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineCI = vks::initializers::pipelineCreateInfo(pipelineLayout, renderPass, 0);
		pipelineCI.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssemblyStateCI;
		pipelineCI.pRasterizationState = &rasterizationStateCI;
		pipelineCI.pColorBlendState = &colorBlendStateCI;
		pipelineCI.pMultisampleState = &multisampleStateCI;
		pipelineCI.pViewportState = &viewportStateCI;
		pipelineCI.pDepthStencilState = &depthStencilStateCI;
		pipelineCI.pDynamicState = &dynamicStateCI;
		pipelineCI.stageCount = shaderStages.size();
		pipelineCI.pStages = shaderStages.data();

		// Shadow mapping debug quad display
		rasterizationStateCI.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_NONE;
		shaderStages[0] = loadShader(getShadersPath() + "shadowmapping/quad.vert.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT);
		shaderStages[1] = loadShader(getShadersPath() + "shadowmapping/quad.frag.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT);
		// Empty vertex input state
		VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo emptyInputState = vks::initializers::pipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo();
		pipelineCI.pVertexInputState = &emptyInputState;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, pipelineCache, 1, &pipelineCI, nullptr, &pipelines.debug));

		// Scene rendering with shadows applied
		pipelineCI.pVertexInputState  = vkglTF::Vertex::getPipelineVertexInputState({vkglTF::VertexComponent::Position, vkglTF::VertexComponent::UV, vkglTF::VertexComponent::Color, vkglTF::VertexComponent::Normal});
		rasterizationStateCI.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;
		shaderStages[0] = loadShader(getShadersPath() + "shadowmapping/scene.vert.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT);
		shaderStages[1] = loadShader(getShadersPath() + "shadowmapping/scene.frag.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT);
		// Use specialization constants to select between horizontal and vertical blur
		uint32_t enablePCF = 0;
		VkSpecializationMapEntry specializationMapEntry = vks::initializers::specializationMapEntry(0, 0, sizeof(uint32_t));
		VkSpecializationInfo specializationInfo = vks::initializers::specializationInfo(1, &specializationMapEntry, sizeof(uint32_t), &enablePCF);
		shaderStages[1].pSpecializationInfo = &specializationInfo;
		// No filtering
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, pipelineCache, 1, &pipelineCI, nullptr, &pipelines.sceneShadow));
		// PCF filtering
		enablePCF = 1;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, pipelineCache, 1, &pipelineCI, nullptr, &pipelines.sceneShadowPCF));

		// Offscreen pipeline (vertex shader only)
		shaderStages[0] = loadShader(getShadersPath() + "shadowmapping/offscreen.vert.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT);
		pipelineCI.stageCount = 1;
		// No blend attachment states (no color attachments used)
		colorBlendStateCI.attachmentCount = 0;
		// Disable culling, so all faces contribute to shadows
		rasterizationStateCI.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_NONE;
		depthStencilStateCI.depthCompareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS_OR_EQUAL;
		// Enable depth bias
		rasterizationStateCI.depthBiasEnable = VK_TRUE;
		// Add depth bias to dynamic state, so we can change it at runtime
		dynamicStateEnables.push_back(VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_DEPTH_BIAS);
		dynamicStateCI =
			vks::initializers::pipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo(
				dynamicStateEnables.data(),
				dynamicStateEnables.size(),
				0);

		pipelineCI.renderPass = offscreenPass.renderPass;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, pipelineCache, 1, &pipelineCI, nullptr, &pipelines.offscreen));
	}

	// Prepare and initialize uniform buffer containing shader uniforms
	void prepareUniformBuffers()
	{
		// Offscreen vertex shader uniform buffer block
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
			&uniformBuffers.offscreen,
			sizeof(uboOffscreenVS)));

		// Scene vertex shader uniform buffer block
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
			&uniformBuffers.scene,
			sizeof(uboVSscene)));

		// Map persistent
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(uniformBuffers.offscreen.map());
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(uniformBuffers.scene.map());

		updateLight();
		updateUniformBufferOffscreen();
		updateUniformBuffers();
	}

	void updateLight()
	{
		// Animate the light source
		lightPos.x = cos(glm::radians(timer * 360.0f)) * 40.0f;
		lightPos.y = -50.0f + sin(glm::radians(timer * 360.0f)) * 20.0f;
		lightPos.z = 25.0f + sin(glm::radians(timer * 360.0f)) * 5.0f;
	}

	void updateUniformBuffers()
	{
		uboVSscene.projection = camera.matrices.perspective;
		uboVSscene.view = camera.matrices.view;
		uboVSscene.model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
		uboVSscene.lightPos = glm::vec4(lightPos, 1.0f);
		uboVSscene.depthBiasMVP = uboOffscreenVS.depthMVP;
		uboVSscene.zNear = zNear;
		uboVSscene.zFar = zFar;
		memcpy(uniformBuffers.scene.mapped, &uboVSscene, sizeof(uboVSscene));
	}

	void updateUniformBufferOffscreen()
	{
		// Matrix from light's point of view
		glm::mat4 depthProjectionMatrix = glm::perspective(glm::radians(lightFOV), 1.0f, zNear, zFar);
		glm::mat4 depthViewMatrix = glm::lookAt(lightPos, glm::vec3(0.0f), glm::vec3(0, 1, 0));
		glm::mat4 depthModelMatrix = glm::mat4(1.0f);

		uboOffscreenVS.depthMVP = depthProjectionMatrix * depthViewMatrix * depthModelMatrix;

		memcpy(uniformBuffers.offscreen.mapped, &uboOffscreenVS, sizeof(uboOffscreenVS));
	}

	void draw()
	{
		VulkanExampleBase::prepareFrame();

		// Command buffer to be submitted to the queue
		submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer];

		// Submit to queue
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkQueueSubmit(queue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE));

		VulkanExampleBase::submitFrame();
	}

	void prepare()
	{
		VulkanExampleBase::prepare();
		loadAssets();
		prepareOffscreenFramebuffer();
		prepareUniformBuffers();
		setupDescriptorSetLayout();
		preparePipelines();
		setupDescriptorPool();
		setupDescriptorSets();
		buildCommandBuffers();
		prepared = true;
	}

	virtual void render()
	{
		if (!prepared)
			return;
		draw();
		if (!paused || camera.updated)
		{
			updateLight();
			updateUniformBufferOffscreen();
			updateUniformBuffers();
		}
	}

	virtual void OnUpdateUIOverlay(vks::UIOverlay *overlay)
	{
		if (overlay->header("Settings")) {
			if (overlay->comboBox("Scenes", &sceneIndex, sceneNames)) {
				buildCommandBuffers();
			}
			if (overlay->checkBox("Display shadow render target", &displayShadowMap)) {
				buildCommandBuffers();
			}
			if (overlay->checkBox("PCF filtering", &filterPCF)) {
				buildCommandBuffers();
			}
		}
	}
};

VULKAN_EXAMPLE_MAIN()