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similarity index 100%
rename from commons-8c933f61ecc0c675c865.js.LICENSE.txt
rename to commons-1338778c133d0e9899d3.js.LICENSE.txt
diff --git a/commons-8c933f61ecc0c675c865.js.map b/commons-1338778c133d0e9899d3.js.map
similarity index 99%
rename from commons-8c933f61ecc0c675c865.js.map
rename to commons-1338778c133d0e9899d3.js.map
index 915932d29..78e529472 100644
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sync ^\\.\\/.*$"],"sourcesContent":["'use strict';\nvar toPropertyKey = require('../internals/to-property-key');\nvar definePropertyModule = require('../internals/object-define-property');\nvar createPropertyDescriptor = require('../internals/create-property-descriptor');\n\nmodule.exports = function (object, key, value) {\n  var propertyKey = toPropertyKey(key);\n  if (propertyKey in object) definePropertyModule.f(object, propertyKey, createPropertyDescriptor(0, value));\n  else object[propertyKey] = value;\n};\n","'use strict';\nvar $trimEnd = require('../internals/string-trim').end;\nvar forcedStringTrimMethod = require('../internals/string-trim-forced');\n\n// `String.prototype.{ trimEnd, trimRight }` method\n// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.trimend\n// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#String.prototype.trimright\nmodule.exports = forcedStringTrimMethod('trimEnd') ? function trimEnd() {\n  return $trimEnd(this);\n// eslint-disable-next-line es/no-string-prototype-trimstart-trimend -- safe\n} : ''.trimEnd;\n","var PROPER_FUNCTION_NAME = require('../internals/function-name').PROPER;\nvar fails = require('../internals/fails');\nvar whitespaces = require('../internals/whitespaces');\n\nvar non = '\\u200B\\u0085\\u180E';\n\n// check that a method works with the correct list\n// of whitespaces and has a correct name\nmodule.exports = function (METHOD_NAME) {\n  return fails(function () {\n    return !!whitespaces[METHOD_NAME]()\n      || non[METHOD_NAME]() !== non\n      || (PROPER_FUNCTION_NAME && whitespaces[METHOD_NAME].name !== METHOD_NAME);\n  });\n};\n","'use strict';\nvar $trimStart = require('../internals/string-trim').start;\nvar forcedStringTrimMethod = require('../internals/string-trim-forced');\n\n// `String.prototype.{ trimStart, trimLeft }` method\n// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.trimstart\n// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#String.prototype.trimleft\nmodule.exports = forcedStringTrimMethod('trimStart') ? function trimStart() {\n  return $trimStart(this);\n// eslint-disable-next-line es/no-string-prototype-trimstart-trimend -- safe\n} : ''.trimStart;\n","var uncurryThis = require('../internals/function-uncurry-this');\nvar requireObjectCoercible = require('../internals/require-object-coercible');\nvar toString = require('../internals/to-string');\nvar whitespaces = require('../internals/whitespaces');\n\nvar replace = uncurryThis(''.replace);\nvar whitespace = '[' + whitespaces + ']';\nvar ltrim = RegExp('^' + whitespace + whitespace + '*');\nvar rtrim = RegExp(whitespace + whitespace + '*$');\n\n// `String.prototype.{ trim, trimStart, trimEnd, trimLeft, trimRight }` methods implementation\nvar createMethod = function (TYPE) {\n  return function ($this) {\n    var string = toString(requireObjectCoercible($this));\n    if (TYPE & 1) string = replace(string, ltrim, '');\n    if (TYPE & 2) string = replace(string, rtrim, '');\n    return string;\n  };\n};\n\nmodule.exports = {\n  // `String.prototype.{ trimLeft, trimStart }` methods\n  // https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.trimstart\n  start: createMethod(1),\n  // `String.prototype.{ trimRight, trimEnd }` methods\n  // https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.trimend\n  end: createMethod(2),\n  // `String.prototype.trim` method\n  // https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.trim\n  trim: createMethod(3)\n};\n","// a string of all valid unicode whitespaces\nmodule.exports = '\\u0009\\u000A\\u000B\\u000C\\u000D\\u0020\\u00A0\\u1680\\u2000\\u2001\\u2002' +\n  '\\u2003\\u2004\\u2005\\u2006\\u2007\\u2008\\u2009\\u200A\\u202F\\u205F\\u3000\\u2028\\u2029\\uFEFF';\n","var $ = require('../internals/export');\nvar iterate = require('../internals/iterate');\nvar createProperty = require('../internals/create-property');\n\n// `Object.fromEntries` method\n// https://github.com/tc39/proposal-object-from-entries\n$({ target: 'Object', stat: true }, {\n  fromEntries: function fromEntries(iterable) {\n    var obj = {};\n    iterate(iterable, function (k, v) {\n      createProperty(obj, k, v);\n    }, { AS_ENTRIES: true });\n    return obj;\n  }\n});\n","// TODO: Remove this line from `core-js@4`\nrequire('../modules/es.string.trim-right');\nvar $ = require('../internals/export');\nvar trimEnd = require('../internals/string-trim-end');\n\n// `String.prototype.trimEnd` method\n// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.trimend\n// eslint-disable-next-line es/no-string-prototype-trimstart-trimend -- safe\n$({ target: 'String', proto: true, name: 'trimEnd', forced: ''.trimEnd !== trimEnd }, {\n  trimEnd: trimEnd\n});\n","var $ = require('../internals/export');\nvar trimStart = require('../internals/string-trim-start');\n\n// `String.prototype.trimLeft` method\n// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.trimleft\n// eslint-disable-next-line es/no-string-prototype-trimleft-trimright -- safe\n$({ target: 'String', proto: true, name: 'trimStart', forced: ''.trimLeft !== trimStart }, {\n  trimLeft: trimStart\n});\n","var $ = require('../internals/export');\nvar trimEnd = require('../internals/string-trim-end');\n\n// `String.prototype.trimRight` method\n// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.trimend\n// eslint-disable-next-line es/no-string-prototype-trimleft-trimright -- safe\n$({ target: 'String', proto: true, name: 'trimEnd', forced: ''.trimRight !== trimEnd }, {\n  trimRight: trimEnd\n});\n","// TODO: Remove this line from `core-js@4`\nrequire('../modules/es.string.trim-left');\nvar $ = require('../internals/export');\nvar trimStart = require('../internals/string-trim-start');\n\n// `String.prototype.trimStart` method\n// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.trimstart\n// eslint-disable-next-line es/no-string-prototype-trimstart-trimend -- safe\n$({ target: 'String', proto: true, name: 'trimStart', forced: ''.trimStart !== trimStart }, {\n  trimStart: trimStart\n});\n","import { __assign } from \"tslib\";\nimport { invariant } from '@formatjs/ecma402-abstract';\nimport { IntlMessageFormat } from 'intl-messageformat';\nimport { MissingTranslationError, MessageFormatError } from './error';\nimport { TYPE } from '@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser';\n\nfunction setTimeZoneInOptions(opts, timeZone) {\n  return Object.keys(opts).reduce(function (all, k) {\n    all[k] = __assign({\n      timeZone: timeZone\n    }, opts[k]);\n    return all;\n  }, {});\n}\n\nfunction deepMergeOptions(opts1, opts2) {\n  var keys = Object.keys(__assign(__assign({}, opts1), opts2));\n  return keys.reduce(function (all, k) {\n    all[k] = __assign(__assign({}, opts1[k] || {}), opts2[k] || {});\n    return all;\n  }, {});\n}\n\nfunction deepMergeFormatsAndSetTimeZone(f1, timeZone) {\n  if (!timeZone) {\n    return f1;\n  }\n\n  var mfFormats = IntlMessageFormat.formats;\n  return __assign(__assign(__assign({}, mfFormats), f1), {\n    date: deepMergeOptions(setTimeZoneInOptions(mfFormats.date, timeZone), setTimeZoneInOptions(f1.date || {}, timeZone)),\n    time: deepMergeOptions(setTimeZoneInOptions(mfFormats.time, timeZone), setTimeZoneInOptions(f1.time || {}, timeZone))\n  });\n}\n\nexport var formatMessage = function formatMessage(_a, state, messageDescriptor, values, opts) {\n  var locale = _a.locale,\n      formats = _a.formats,\n      messages = _a.messages,\n      defaultLocale = _a.defaultLocale,\n      defaultFormats = _a.defaultFormats,\n      fallbackOnEmptyString = _a.fallbackOnEmptyString,\n      onError = _a.onError,\n      timeZone = _a.timeZone,\n      defaultRichTextElements = _a.defaultRichTextElements;\n\n  if (messageDescriptor === void 0) {\n    messageDescriptor = {\n      id: ''\n    };\n  }\n\n  var msgId = messageDescriptor.id,\n      defaultMessage = messageDescriptor.defaultMessage; // `id` is a required field of a Message Descriptor.\n\n  invariant(!!msgId, \"[@formatjs/intl] An `id` must be provided to format a message. You can either:\\n1. Configure your build toolchain with [babel-plugin-formatjs](https://formatjs.io/docs/tooling/babel-plugin)\\nor [@formatjs/ts-transformer](https://formatjs.io/docs/tooling/ts-transformer) OR\\n2. Configure your `eslint` config to include [eslint-plugin-formatjs](https://formatjs.io/docs/tooling/linter#enforce-id)\\nto autofix this issue\");\n  var id = String(msgId);\n  var message = // In case messages is Object.create(null)\n  // e.g import('foo.json') from webpack)\n  // See https://github.com/formatjs/formatjs/issues/1914\n  messages && Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(messages, id) && messages[id]; // IMPORTANT: Hot path if `message` is AST with a single literal node\n\n  if (Array.isArray(message) && message.length === 1 && message[0].type === TYPE.literal) {\n    return message[0].value;\n  } // IMPORTANT: Hot path straight lookup for performance\n\n\n  if (!values && message && typeof message === 'string' && !defaultRichTextElements) {\n    return message.replace(/'\\{(.*?)\\}'/gi, \"{$1}\");\n  }\n\n  values = __assign(__assign({}, defaultRichTextElements), values || {});\n  formats = deepMergeFormatsAndSetTimeZone(formats, timeZone);\n  defaultFormats = deepMergeFormatsAndSetTimeZone(defaultFormats, timeZone);\n\n  if (!message) {\n    if (fallbackOnEmptyString === false && message === '') {\n      return message;\n    }\n\n    if (!defaultMessage || locale && locale.toLowerCase() !== defaultLocale.toLowerCase()) {\n      // This prevents warnings from littering the console in development\n      // when no `messages` are passed into the <IntlProvider> for the\n      // default locale.\n      onError(new MissingTranslationError(messageDescriptor, locale));\n    }\n\n    if (defaultMessage) {\n      try {\n        var formatter = state.getMessageFormat(defaultMessage, defaultLocale, defaultFormats, opts);\n        return formatter.format(values);\n      } catch (e) {\n        onError(new MessageFormatError(\"Error formatting default message for: \\\"\".concat(id, \"\\\", rendering default message verbatim\"), locale, messageDescriptor, e));\n        return typeof defaultMessage === 'string' ? defaultMessage : id;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return id;\n  } // We have the translated message\n\n\n  try {\n    var formatter = state.getMessageFormat(message, locale, formats, __assign({\n      formatters: state\n    }, opts || {}));\n    return formatter.format(values);\n  } catch (e) {\n    onError(new MessageFormatError(\"Error formatting message: \\\"\".concat(id, \"\\\", using \").concat(defaultMessage ? 'default message' : 'id', \" as fallback.\"), locale, messageDescriptor, e));\n  }\n\n  if (defaultMessage) {\n    try {\n      var formatter = state.getMessageFormat(defaultMessage, defaultLocale, defaultFormats, opts);\n      return formatter.format(values);\n    } catch (e) {\n      onError(new MessageFormatError(\"Error formatting the default message for: \\\"\".concat(id, \"\\\", rendering message verbatim\"), locale, messageDescriptor, e));\n    }\n  }\n\n  if (typeof message === 'string') {\n    return message;\n  }\n\n  if (typeof defaultMessage === 'string') {\n    return defaultMessage;\n  }\n\n  return id;\n};","import { getNamedFormat, filterProps } from './utils';\nimport { IntlError, IntlErrorCode } from './error';\nvar NUMBER_FORMAT_OPTIONS = ['style', 'currency', 'currencyDisplay', 'unit', 'unitDisplay', 'useGrouping', 'minimumIntegerDigits', 'minimumFractionDigits', 'maximumFractionDigits', 'minimumSignificantDigits', 'maximumSignificantDigits', // ES2020 NumberFormat\n'compactDisplay', 'currencyDisplay', 'currencySign', 'notation', 'signDisplay', 'unit', 'unitDisplay', 'numberingSystem'];\nexport function getFormatter(_a, getNumberFormat, options) {\n  var locale = _a.locale,\n      formats = _a.formats,\n      onError = _a.onError;\n\n  if (options === void 0) {\n    options = {};\n  }\n\n  var format = options.format;\n  var defaults = format && getNamedFormat(formats, 'number', format, onError) || {};\n  var filteredOptions = filterProps(options, NUMBER_FORMAT_OPTIONS, defaults);\n  return getNumberFormat(locale, filteredOptions);\n}\nexport function formatNumber(config, getNumberFormat, value, options) {\n  if (options === void 0) {\n    options = {};\n  }\n\n  try {\n    return getFormatter(config, getNumberFormat, options).format(value);\n  } catch (e) {\n    config.onError(new IntlError(IntlErrorCode.FORMAT_ERROR, 'Error formatting number.', e));\n  }\n\n  return String(value);\n}\nexport function formatNumberToParts(config, getNumberFormat, value, options) {\n  if (options === void 0) {\n    options = {};\n  }\n\n  try {\n    return getFormatter(config, getNumberFormat, options).formatToParts(value);\n  } catch (e) {\n    config.onError(new IntlError(IntlErrorCode.FORMAT_ERROR, 'Error formatting number.', e));\n  }\n\n  return [];\n}","import { getNamedFormat, filterProps } from './utils';\nimport { FormatError, ErrorCode } from 'intl-messageformat';\nimport { IntlFormatError } from './error';\nvar RELATIVE_TIME_FORMAT_OPTIONS = ['numeric', 'style'];\n\nfunction getFormatter(_a, getRelativeTimeFormat, options) {\n  var locale = _a.locale,\n      formats = _a.formats,\n      onError = _a.onError;\n\n  if (options === void 0) {\n    options = {};\n  }\n\n  var format = options.format;\n  var defaults = !!format && getNamedFormat(formats, 'relative', format, onError) || {};\n  var filteredOptions = filterProps(options, RELATIVE_TIME_FORMAT_OPTIONS, defaults);\n  return getRelativeTimeFormat(locale, filteredOptions);\n}\n\nexport function formatRelativeTime(config, getRelativeTimeFormat, value, unit, options) {\n  if (options === void 0) {\n    options = {};\n  }\n\n  if (!unit) {\n    unit = 'second';\n  }\n\n  var RelativeTimeFormat = Intl.RelativeTimeFormat;\n\n  if (!RelativeTimeFormat) {\n    config.onError(new FormatError(\"Intl.RelativeTimeFormat is not available in this environment.\\nTry polyfilling it using \\\"@formatjs/intl-relativetimeformat\\\"\\n\", ErrorCode.MISSING_INTL_API));\n  }\n\n  try {\n    return getFormatter(config, getRelativeTimeFormat, options).format(value, unit);\n  } catch (e) {\n    config.onError(new IntlFormatError('Error formatting relative time.', config.locale, e));\n  }\n\n  return String(value);\n}","import { __assign } from \"tslib\";\nimport { filterProps, getNamedFormat } from './utils';\nimport { IntlError, IntlErrorCode } from './error';\nvar DATE_TIME_FORMAT_OPTIONS = ['formatMatcher', 'timeZone', 'hour12', 'weekday', 'era', 'year', 'month', 'day', 'hour', 'minute', 'second', 'timeZoneName', 'hourCycle', 'dateStyle', 'timeStyle', 'calendar', // 'dayPeriod',\n'numberingSystem', 'fractionalSecondDigits'];\nexport function getFormatter(_a, type, getDateTimeFormat, options) {\n  var locale = _a.locale,\n      formats = _a.formats,\n      onError = _a.onError,\n      timeZone = _a.timeZone;\n\n  if (options === void 0) {\n    options = {};\n  }\n\n  var format = options.format;\n\n  var defaults = __assign(__assign({}, timeZone && {\n    timeZone: timeZone\n  }), format && getNamedFormat(formats, type, format, onError));\n\n  var filteredOptions = filterProps(options, DATE_TIME_FORMAT_OPTIONS, defaults);\n\n  if (type === 'time' && !filteredOptions.hour && !filteredOptions.minute && !filteredOptions.second && !filteredOptions.timeStyle && !filteredOptions.dateStyle) {\n    // Add default formatting options if hour, minute, or second isn't defined.\n    filteredOptions = __assign(__assign({}, filteredOptions), {\n      hour: 'numeric',\n      minute: 'numeric'\n    });\n  }\n\n  return getDateTimeFormat(locale, filteredOptions);\n}\nexport function formatDate(config, getDateTimeFormat) {\n  var _a = [];\n\n  for (var _i = 2; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n    _a[_i - 2] = arguments[_i];\n  }\n\n  var value = _a[0],\n      _b = _a[1],\n      options = _b === void 0 ? {} : _b;\n  var date = typeof value === 'string' ? new Date(value || 0) : value;\n\n  try {\n    return getFormatter(config, 'date', getDateTimeFormat, options).format(date);\n  } catch (e) {\n    config.onError(new IntlError(IntlErrorCode.FORMAT_ERROR, 'Error formatting date.', e));\n  }\n\n  return String(date);\n}\nexport function formatTime(config, getDateTimeFormat) {\n  var _a = [];\n\n  for (var _i = 2; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n    _a[_i - 2] = arguments[_i];\n  }\n\n  var value = _a[0],\n      _b = _a[1],\n      options = _b === void 0 ? {} : _b;\n  var date = typeof value === 'string' ? new Date(value || 0) : value;\n\n  try {\n    return getFormatter(config, 'time', getDateTimeFormat, options).format(date);\n  } catch (e) {\n    config.onError(new IntlError(IntlErrorCode.FORMAT_ERROR, 'Error formatting time.', e));\n  }\n\n  return String(date);\n}\nexport function formatDateTimeRange(config, getDateTimeFormat) {\n  var _a = [];\n\n  for (var _i = 2; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n    _a[_i - 2] = arguments[_i];\n  }\n\n  var from = _a[0],\n      to = _a[1],\n      _b = _a[2],\n      options = _b === void 0 ? {} : _b;\n  var timeZone = config.timeZone,\n      locale = config.locale,\n      onError = config.onError;\n  var filteredOptions = filterProps(options, DATE_TIME_FORMAT_OPTIONS, timeZone ? {\n    timeZone: timeZone\n  } : {});\n\n  try {\n    return getDateTimeFormat(locale, filteredOptions).formatRange(from, to);\n  } catch (e) {\n    onError(new IntlError(IntlErrorCode.FORMAT_ERROR, 'Error formatting date time range.', e));\n  }\n\n  return String(from);\n}\nexport function formatDateToParts(config, getDateTimeFormat) {\n  var _a = [];\n\n  for (var _i = 2; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n    _a[_i - 2] = arguments[_i];\n  }\n\n  var value = _a[0],\n      _b = _a[1],\n      options = _b === void 0 ? {} : _b;\n  var date = typeof value === 'string' ? new Date(value || 0) : value;\n\n  try {\n    return getFormatter(config, 'date', getDateTimeFormat, options).formatToParts(date); // TODO: remove this when https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/pull/50402 is merged\n  } catch (e) {\n    config.onError(new IntlError(IntlErrorCode.FORMAT_ERROR, 'Error formatting date.', e));\n  }\n\n  return [];\n}\nexport function formatTimeToParts(config, getDateTimeFormat) {\n  var _a = [];\n\n  for (var _i = 2; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n    _a[_i - 2] = arguments[_i];\n  }\n\n  var value = _a[0],\n      _b = _a[1],\n      options = _b === void 0 ? {} : _b;\n  var date = typeof value === 'string' ? new Date(value || 0) : value;\n\n  try {\n    return getFormatter(config, 'time', getDateTimeFormat, options).formatToParts(date); // TODO: remove this when https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/pull/50402 is merged\n  } catch (e) {\n    config.onError(new IntlError(IntlErrorCode.FORMAT_ERROR, 'Error formatting time.', e));\n  }\n\n  return [];\n}","import { filterProps } from './utils';\nimport { IntlFormatError } from './error';\nimport { ErrorCode, FormatError } from 'intl-messageformat';\nvar PLURAL_FORMAT_OPTIONS = ['type'];\nexport function formatPlural(_a, getPluralRules, value, options) {\n  var locale = _a.locale,\n      onError = _a.onError;\n\n  if (options === void 0) {\n    options = {};\n  }\n\n  if (!Intl.PluralRules) {\n    onError(new FormatError(\"Intl.PluralRules is not available in this environment.\\nTry polyfilling it using \\\"@formatjs/intl-pluralrules\\\"\\n\", ErrorCode.MISSING_INTL_API));\n  }\n\n  var filteredOptions = filterProps(options, PLURAL_FORMAT_OPTIONS);\n\n  try {\n    return getPluralRules(locale, filteredOptions).select(value);\n  } catch (e) {\n    onError(new IntlFormatError('Error formatting plural.', locale, e));\n  }\n\n  return 'other';\n}","import { __assign } from \"tslib\";\nimport { filterProps } from './utils';\nimport { FormatError, ErrorCode } from 'intl-messageformat';\nimport { IntlError, IntlErrorCode } from './error';\nvar LIST_FORMAT_OPTIONS = ['type', 'style'];\nvar now = Date.now();\n\nfunction generateToken(i) {\n  return \"\".concat(now, \"_\").concat(i, \"_\").concat(now);\n}\n\nexport function formatList(opts, getListFormat, values, options) {\n  if (options === void 0) {\n    options = {};\n  }\n\n  var results = formatListToParts(opts, getListFormat, values, options).reduce(function (all, el) {\n    var val = el.value;\n\n    if (typeof val !== 'string') {\n      all.push(val);\n    } else if (typeof all[all.length - 1] === 'string') {\n      all[all.length - 1] += val;\n    } else {\n      all.push(val);\n    }\n\n    return all;\n  }, []);\n  return results.length === 1 ? results[0] : results.length === 0 ? '' : results;\n}\nexport function formatListToParts(_a, getListFormat, values, options) {\n  var locale = _a.locale,\n      onError = _a.onError;\n\n  if (options === void 0) {\n    options = {};\n  }\n\n  var ListFormat = Intl.ListFormat;\n\n  if (!ListFormat) {\n    onError(new FormatError(\"Intl.ListFormat is not available in this environment.\\nTry polyfilling it using \\\"@formatjs/intl-listformat\\\"\\n\", ErrorCode.MISSING_INTL_API));\n  }\n\n  var filteredOptions = filterProps(options, LIST_FORMAT_OPTIONS);\n\n  try {\n    var richValues_1 = {};\n    var serializedValues = values.map(function (v, i) {\n      if (typeof v === 'object') {\n        var id = generateToken(i);\n        richValues_1[id] = v;\n        return id;\n      }\n\n      return String(v);\n    });\n    return getListFormat(locale, filteredOptions).formatToParts(serializedValues).map(function (part) {\n      return part.type === 'literal' ? part : __assign(__assign({}, part), {\n        value: richValues_1[part.value] || part.value\n      });\n    });\n  } catch (e) {\n    onError(new IntlError(IntlErrorCode.FORMAT_ERROR, 'Error formatting list.', e));\n  } // @ts-ignore\n\n\n  return values;\n}","import { filterProps } from './utils';\nimport { FormatError, ErrorCode } from 'intl-messageformat';\nimport { IntlErrorCode, IntlError } from './error';\nvar DISPLAY_NAMES_OPTONS = ['style', 'type', 'fallback'];\nexport function formatDisplayName(_a, getDisplayNames, value, options) {\n  var locale = _a.locale,\n      onError = _a.onError;\n  var DisplayNames = Intl.DisplayNames;\n\n  if (!DisplayNames) {\n    onError(new FormatError(\"Intl.DisplayNames is not available in this environment.\\nTry polyfilling it using \\\"@formatjs/intl-displaynames\\\"\\n\", ErrorCode.MISSING_INTL_API));\n  }\n\n  var filteredOptions = filterProps(options, DISPLAY_NAMES_OPTONS);\n\n  try {\n    return getDisplayNames(locale, filteredOptions).of(value);\n  } catch (e) {\n    onError(new IntlError(IntlErrorCode.FORMAT_ERROR, 'Error formatting display name.', e));\n  }\n}","import { __assign } from \"tslib\";\nimport { createFormatters, DEFAULT_INTL_CONFIG } from './utils';\nimport { InvalidConfigError, MissingDataError } from './error';\nimport { formatNumber, formatNumberToParts } from './number';\nimport { formatRelativeTime } from './relativeTime';\nimport { formatDate, formatDateToParts, formatTime, formatTimeToParts, formatDateTimeRange } from './dateTime';\nimport { formatPlural } from './plural';\nimport { formatMessage } from './message';\nimport { formatList, formatListToParts } from './list';\nimport { formatDisplayName } from './displayName';\n\nfunction messagesContainString(messages) {\n  var firstMessage = messages ? messages[Object.keys(messages)[0]] : undefined;\n  return typeof firstMessage === 'string';\n}\n\nfunction verifyConfigMessages(config) {\n  if (config.onWarn && config.defaultRichTextElements && messagesContainString(config.messages || {})) {\n    config.onWarn(\"[@formatjs/intl] \\\"defaultRichTextElements\\\" was specified but \\\"message\\\" was not pre-compiled. \\nPlease consider using \\\"@formatjs/cli\\\" to pre-compile your messages for performance.\\nFor more details see https://formatjs.io/docs/getting-started/message-distribution\");\n  }\n}\n/**\n * Create intl object\n * @param config intl config\n * @param cache cache for formatter instances to prevent memory leak\n */\n\n\nexport function createIntl(config, cache) {\n  var formatters = createFormatters(cache);\n\n  var resolvedConfig = __assign(__assign({}, DEFAULT_INTL_CONFIG), config);\n\n  var locale = resolvedConfig.locale,\n      defaultLocale = resolvedConfig.defaultLocale,\n      onError = resolvedConfig.onError;\n\n  if (!locale) {\n    if (onError) {\n      onError(new InvalidConfigError(\"\\\"locale\\\" was not configured, using \\\"\".concat(defaultLocale, \"\\\" as fallback. See https://formatjs.io/docs/react-intl/api#intlshape for more details\")));\n    } // Since there's no registered locale data for `locale`, this will\n    // fallback to the `defaultLocale` to make sure things can render.\n    // The `messages` are overridden to the `defaultProps` empty object\n    // to maintain referential equality across re-renders. It's assumed\n    // each <FormattedMessage> contains a `defaultMessage` prop.\n\n\n    resolvedConfig.locale = resolvedConfig.defaultLocale || 'en';\n  } else if (!Intl.NumberFormat.supportedLocalesOf(locale).length && onError) {\n    onError(new MissingDataError(\"Missing locale data for locale: \\\"\".concat(locale, \"\\\" in Intl.NumberFormat. Using default locale: \\\"\").concat(defaultLocale, \"\\\" as fallback. See https://formatjs.io/docs/react-intl#runtime-requirements for more details\")));\n  } else if (!Intl.DateTimeFormat.supportedLocalesOf(locale).length && onError) {\n    onError(new MissingDataError(\"Missing locale data for locale: \\\"\".concat(locale, \"\\\" in Intl.DateTimeFormat. Using default locale: \\\"\").concat(defaultLocale, \"\\\" as fallback. See https://formatjs.io/docs/react-intl#runtime-requirements for more details\")));\n  }\n\n  verifyConfigMessages(resolvedConfig);\n  return __assign(__assign({}, resolvedConfig), {\n    formatters: formatters,\n    formatNumber: formatNumber.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getNumberFormat),\n    formatNumberToParts: formatNumberToParts.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getNumberFormat),\n    formatRelativeTime: formatRelativeTime.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getRelativeTimeFormat),\n    formatDate: formatDate.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getDateTimeFormat),\n    formatDateToParts: formatDateToParts.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getDateTimeFormat),\n    formatTime: formatTime.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getDateTimeFormat),\n    formatDateTimeRange: formatDateTimeRange.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getDateTimeFormat),\n    formatTimeToParts: formatTimeToParts.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getDateTimeFormat),\n    formatPlural: formatPlural.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getPluralRules),\n    // @ts-expect-error TODO: will get to this later\n    formatMessage: formatMessage.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters),\n    // @ts-expect-error TODO: will get to this later\n    $t: formatMessage.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters),\n    formatList: formatList.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getListFormat),\n    formatListToParts: formatListToParts.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getListFormat),\n    formatDisplayName: formatDisplayName.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getDisplayNames)\n  });\n}","/*\n * Copyright 2015, Yahoo Inc.\n * Copyrights licensed under the New BSD License.\n * See the accompanying LICENSE file for terms.\n */\nimport { __assign, __extends, __rest, __spreadArray } from \"tslib\";\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport { Provider } from './injectIntl';\nimport { DEFAULT_INTL_CONFIG, invariantIntlContext, assignUniqueKeysToParts, shallowEqual } from '../utils';\nimport { formatMessage as coreFormatMessage, createIntl as coreCreateIntl, createIntlCache } from '@formatjs/intl';\nimport { isFormatXMLElementFn } from 'intl-messageformat';\n\nfunction processIntlConfig(config) {\n  return {\n    locale: config.locale,\n    timeZone: config.timeZone,\n    fallbackOnEmptyString: config.fallbackOnEmptyString,\n    formats: config.formats,\n    textComponent: config.textComponent,\n    messages: config.messages,\n    defaultLocale: config.defaultLocale,\n    defaultFormats: config.defaultFormats,\n    onError: config.onError,\n    onWarn: config.onWarn,\n    wrapRichTextChunksInFragment: config.wrapRichTextChunksInFragment,\n    defaultRichTextElements: config.defaultRichTextElements\n  };\n}\n\nfunction assignUniqueKeysToFormatXMLElementFnArgument(values) {\n  if (!values) {\n    return values;\n  }\n\n  return Object.keys(values).reduce(function (acc, k) {\n    var v = values[k];\n    acc[k] = isFormatXMLElementFn(v) ? assignUniqueKeysToParts(v) : v;\n    return acc;\n  }, {});\n}\n\nvar formatMessage = function formatMessage(config, formatters, descriptor, rawValues) {\n  var rest = [];\n\n  for (var _i = 4; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n    rest[_i - 4] = arguments[_i];\n  }\n\n  var values = assignUniqueKeysToFormatXMLElementFnArgument(rawValues);\n  var chunks = coreFormatMessage.apply(void 0, __spreadArray([config, formatters, descriptor, values], rest, false));\n\n  if (Array.isArray(chunks)) {\n    return React.Children.toArray(chunks);\n  }\n\n  return chunks;\n};\n/**\n * Create intl object\n * @param config intl config\n * @param cache cache for formatter instances to prevent memory leak\n */\n\n\nexport var createIntl = function createIntl(_a, cache) {\n  var rawDefaultRichTextElements = _a.defaultRichTextElements,\n      config = __rest(_a, [\"defaultRichTextElements\"]);\n\n  var defaultRichTextElements = assignUniqueKeysToFormatXMLElementFnArgument(rawDefaultRichTextElements);\n  var coreIntl = coreCreateIntl(__assign(__assign(__assign({}, DEFAULT_INTL_CONFIG), config), {\n    defaultRichTextElements: defaultRichTextElements\n  }), cache);\n  var resolvedConfig = {\n    locale: coreIntl.locale,\n    timeZone: coreIntl.timeZone,\n    fallbackOnEmptyString: coreIntl.fallbackOnEmptyString,\n    formats: coreIntl.formats,\n    defaultLocale: coreIntl.defaultLocale,\n    defaultFormats: coreIntl.defaultFormats,\n    messages: coreIntl.messages,\n    onError: coreIntl.onError,\n    defaultRichTextElements: defaultRichTextElements\n  };\n  return __assign(__assign({}, coreIntl), {\n    // @ts-expect-error fix this\n    formatMessage: formatMessage.bind(null, resolvedConfig, coreIntl.formatters),\n    // @ts-expect-error fix this\n    $t: formatMessage.bind(null, resolvedConfig, coreIntl.formatters)\n  });\n};\n\nvar IntlProvider =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(IntlProvider, _super);\n\n  function IntlProvider() {\n    var _this = _super !== null && _super.apply(this, arguments) || this;\n\n    _this.cache = createIntlCache();\n    _this.state = {\n      cache: _this.cache,\n      intl: createIntl(processIntlConfig(_this.props), _this.cache),\n      prevConfig: processIntlConfig(_this.props)\n    };\n    return _this;\n  }\n\n  IntlProvider.getDerivedStateFromProps = function (props, _a) {\n    var prevConfig = _a.prevConfig,\n        cache = _a.cache;\n    var config = processIntlConfig(props);\n\n    if (!shallowEqual(prevConfig, config)) {\n      return {\n        intl: createIntl(config, cache),\n        prevConfig: config\n      };\n    }\n\n    return null;\n  };\n\n  IntlProvider.prototype.render = function () {\n    invariantIntlContext(this.state.intl);\n    return React.createElement(Provider, {\n      value: this.state.intl\n    }, this.props.children);\n  };\n\n  IntlProvider.displayName = 'IntlProvider';\n  IntlProvider.defaultProps = DEFAULT_INTL_CONFIG;\n  return IntlProvider;\n}(React.PureComponent);\n\nexport default IntlProvider;","import * as React from \"react\"\nimport { IntlProvider } from 'react-intl';\n\ntype IntlProps = {\n  locale: string\n  children: any\n}\n\nexport const Intl = (props: IntlProps) => {\n  const { children, locale } = props\n  let messages = require(\"../copy/en/en\").lang\n  try {\n    messages = require(\"../copy/\" + locale + \"/\" + locale).lang\n  } catch (error) {\n    // NOOP\n  }\n  return (\n    <IntlProvider locale={locale || \"en\"} messages={messages} >\n      {children}\n    </IntlProvider>\n  )\n}\n","\n// Generated during bootstapping via pathsOnSiteTracker.ts\n  \nexport const allFiles = [\"/docs/handbook/actions\",\n\"/docs/handbook/causality-loops\",\n\"/docs/handbook/deadlines\",\n\"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors\",\n\"/docs/handbook/distributed-execution\",\n\"/docs/handbook/generics\",\n\"/docs/handbook/extending-reactors\",\n\"/docs/handbook/modal-models\",\n\"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables\",\n\"/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks\",\n\"/docs/handbook/superdense-time\",\n\"/docs/handbook/termination\",\n\"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers\",\n\"/docs/handbook/tutorial-video\",\n\"/docs/handbook/code-extension\",\n\"/docs/handbook/overview\",\n\"/docs/handbook/epoch-ide\",\n\"/docs/handbook/troubleshooting\",\n\"/docs/handbook/containerized-execution\",\n\"/docs/handbook/expressions\",\n\"/docs/handbook/security\",\n\"/docs/handbook/command-line-tools\",\n\"/docs/handbook/tracing\",\n\"/docs/handbook/generic-types-interfaces-inheritance\",\n\"/docs/handbook/import-system\",\n\"/docs/handbook/reactors-on-patmos\",\n\"/docs/handbook/features\",\n\"/docs/handbook/proof-import\",\n\"/docs/handbook/language-specification\",\n\"/docs/handbook/logical-execution-time\",\n\"/docs/handbook/related-work\",\n\"/docs/handbook/timing-analysis\",\n\"/docs/handbook/contributing\",\n\"/docs/handbook/tools\",\n\"/docs/handbook/eclipse-oomph\",\n\"/docs/handbook/intellij\",\n\"/docs/handbook/running-benchmarks\",\n\"/docs/handbook/website-development\",\n\"/docs/handbook/arduino\",\n\"/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor\",\n\"/docs/handbook/methods\",\n\"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs\",\n\"/docs/handbook/reaction-declarations\",\n\"/docs/handbook/preambles\",\n\"/docs/handbook/reactions\",\n\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration\",\n\"/docs/handbook/zephyr\",\n\"/docs/handbook/developer-setup\",\n\"/docs/handbook/regression-tests\",\n\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\",\n\"/community\",\n\"/download\",\n\"/empty\",\n\"/\",\n\"/publications-and-presentations\",\n\"/docs/\",\n\"/docs/handbook/\",]","import * as React from \"react\"\nimport { GatsbyLinkProps, Link } from \"gatsby\"\nimport { allFiles } from \"../__generated__/allPages\"\n\n/** \n * Creates a <Link> which supports gradual migration, you provide a link to the english page and\n * if the page supports the same version but in your language, it opts for that.\n */\nexport const createIntlLink = (currentLocale: string) => {\n  const paths = allFiles\n\n  return (linkProps: GatsbyLinkProps<{}>) => {\n    let to = linkProps.to\n\n    // /thing -> /ja/thing\n    // This occurs when we want URL compat with old site\n\n    const localeVersion = \"/\" + currentLocale + to\n    if (currentLocale !== \"en\" && paths.includes(localeVersion)) {\n      to = localeVersion\n    }\n\n    // This effectively needs to be duplicated in gatsby-config.js too\n    const blocklistIncludes = [\"/play\", \"sandbox\", \"/dev\"]\n    const blocklisted = blocklistIncludes.find(blocked => to.includes(blocked))\n\n    if (blocklisted) {\n      // @ts-ignore\n      return <a {...linkProps} href={to} />\n    } else {\n      // @ts-ignore\n      return <Link {...linkProps} to={to} />\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n\n","import React, { useEffect } from \"react\"\nimport { withPrefix } from \"gatsby\"\n\nimport \"./TopNav.scss\"\nimport { useIntl } from \"react-intl\";\nimport { createIntlLink } from \"../IntlLink\";\nimport { setupStickyNavigation } from \"./stickyNavigation\";\n\nexport type Props = {\n  lang: string\n}\n\nimport { navCopy } from \"../../copy/en/nav\"\nimport { createInternational } from \"../../lib/createInternational\"\n\nexport const SiteNav = (props: Props) => {\n  const i = createInternational<typeof navCopy>(useIntl())\n  const IntlLink = createIntlLink(props.lang)\n  const loadDocSearch = () => {\n    const isDev = document.location.host.includes('localhost')\n    let customHandleSelected;\n\n    if (isDev) {\n      customHandleSelected = (input, event, suggestion, datasetNumber, context) => {\n        const urlToOpen = suggestion.url.replace(\"www.lf-lang.org\", \"localhost:8000\").replace(\"https\", \"http\")\n        window.open(urlToOpen)\n      }\n    }\n\n    // @ts-ignore - this comes from the script above\n    docsearch({\n      appId: \"U5IWIJW31Z\",\n      apiKey: '0e594ee25f8bd7d73ae16a1af7076554',\n      indexName: 'lf-lang',\n      inputSelector: '.search input',\n      handleSelected: customHandleSelected,\n    });\n  }\n  // This extra bit of mis-direction ensures that non-essential code runs after\n  // the page is loaded\n  useEffect(() => {\n    setupStickyNavigation()\n\n    // @ts-ignore - this comes from the script above\n    if (window.docsearch) {\n      loadDocSearch();\n    }\n    if (document.getElementById(\"algolia-search\")) return\n\n    const searchScript = document.createElement('script');\n    searchScript.id = \"algolia-search\"\n    const searchCSS = document.createElement('link');\n\n    searchScript.src = withPrefix(\"/js/docsearch.js\");\n    searchScript.async = true;\n    searchScript.onload = () => {\n      // @ts-ignore - this comes from the script above\n      if (window.docsearch) {\n        loadDocSearch();\n\n        searchCSS.rel = 'stylesheet';\n        searchCSS.href = withPrefix('/css/docsearch.css');\n        searchCSS.type = 'text/css';\n        document.body.appendChild(searchCSS);\n\n        document.getElementById(\"search-form\")?.classList.add(\"search-enabled\")\n      }\n    }\n\n    document.body.appendChild(searchScript);\n  }, []);\n  return (\n    <header dir=\"ltr\">\n      <a className=\"skip-to-main\" href=\"#site-content\" tabIndex={0}>{i(\"skip_to_content\")}</a>\n\n      <div id=\"top-menu\" className=\"up\">\n        <div className=\"left below-small\">\n\n          <IntlLink id=\"home-page-logo\" to=\"/\" aria-label=\"Lingua Franca Home Page\">\n          <picture>\n            <source\n              media=\"(min-width: 600px)\"\n              srcSet={require(\"../../../../../img/header_logo.svg\").default}\n            />\n            <img\n              src={require(\"../../../../../img/small_logo.svg\").default}\n            />\n          </picture>\n          </IntlLink>\n\n          <nav role=\"navigation\">\n            <ul>\n              <li className=\"nav-item\"><IntlLink to=\"/download\">{i(\"nav_download\")}</IntlLink></li>\n              <li className=\"nav-item\"><IntlLink to=\"/docs/\">{i(\"nav_documentation_short\")}</IntlLink></li>\n              <li className=\"nav-item\"><IntlLink to=\"/docs/handbook/overview\">{i(\"nav_handbook\")}</IntlLink></li>\n              <li className=\"nav-item\"><IntlLink to=\"/community\">{i(\"nav_community\")}</IntlLink></li>\n            </ul>\n          </nav>\n\n        </div>\n        <div className=\"right above-small\">\n          <div className=\"search-section\">\n            <div className=\"nav-item\">\n              <form id=\"search-form\" className=\"search top-nav\" role=\"search\">\n                <svg fill=\"none\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 6\" width=\"20\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path d=\"m10.5 0c.5052 0 .9922.0651042 1.4609.195312.4688.130209.9063.315105 1.3125.554688.4063.239583.7761.52865 1.1094.86719.3386.33333.6276.70312.8672 1.10937s.4245.84375.5547 1.3125.1953.95573.1953 1.46094-.0651.99219-.1953 1.46094-.3151.90625-.5547 1.3125-.5286.77864-.8672 1.11718c-.3333.33334-.7031.61978-1.1094.85938-.4062.2396-.8437.4245-1.3125.5547-.4687.1302-.9557.1953-1.4609.1953-.65104 0-1.27604-.1094-1.875-.3281-.59375-.2188-1.14062-.5339-1.64062-.94534l-6.132818 6.12504c-.098958.0989-.216145.1484-.351562.1484s-.252604-.0495-.351562-.1484c-.0989588-.099-.148438-.2162-.148438-.3516s.0494792-.2526.148438-.3516l6.125002-6.13278c-.41146-.5-.72656-1.04687-.94532-1.64062-.21874-.59896-.32812-1.22396-.32812-1.875 0-.50521.0651-.99219.19531-1.46094s.31511-.90625.55469-1.3125.52604-.77604.85938-1.10937c.33854-.33854.71093-.627607 1.11718-.86719s.84375-.424479 1.3125-.554688c.46875-.1302078.95573-.195312 1.46094-.195312zm0 10c.6198 0 1.2031-.11719 1.75-.35156.5469-.23959 1.0234-.5625 1.4297-.96875.4062-.40625.7265-.88281.9609-1.42969.2396-.54688.3594-1.13021.3594-1.75s-.1198-1.20312-.3594-1.75c-.2344-.54688-.5547-1.02344-.9609-1.42969-.4063-.40625-.8828-.72656-1.4297-.96093-.5469-.23959-1.1302-.35938-1.75-.35938-.61979 0-1.20312.11979-1.75.35938-.54688.23437-1.02344.55468-1.42969.96093s-.72916.88281-.96875 1.42969c-.23437.54688-.35156 1.13021-.35156 1.75s.11719 1.20312.35156 1.75c.23959.54688.5625 1.02344.96875 1.42969s.88281.72916 1.42969.96875c.54688.23437 1.13021.35156 1.75.35156z\" fill=\"#fff\" /></svg>\n                <span><input id='search-box-top' type=\"search\" placeholder={i(\"nav_search_placeholder\")} aria-label={i(\"nav_search_aria\")} /></span>\n                <input type=\"submit\" style={{ display: \"none\" }} />\n              </form>\n            </div>\n          </div>\n        </div>\n      </div>\n\n      <div id=\"site-content\" />\n    </header >\n  )\n}\n","export function setupStickyNavigation() {\n  const nav = document.getElementById(\"top-menu\")\n  if (!nav) throw new Error(\"Didn't find a nav\")\n\n  const sideButton = document.getElementById(\"small-device-button-sidebar\")\n  let previousY = 9999\n\n  const updateNav = () => {\n    // iOS scrolls to make sure the viewport fits, don't hide the input then\n    const hasKeyboardFocus =\n      document.activeElement &&\n      (document.activeElement.nodeName === \"INPUT\" ||\n        document.activeElement.nodeName === \"TEXTAREA\")\n\n    if (hasKeyboardFocus) {\n      return\n    }\n\n    const showNav = () => {\n      nav.classList.add(\"down\")\n      nav.classList.remove(\"up\")\n      sideButton?.classList.add(\"hidden\")\n    }\n\n    const hideNav = () => {\n      nav.classList.add(\"up\")\n      nav.classList.remove(\"down\")\n      sideButton?.classList.remove(\"hidden\")\n    }\n\n    const goingUp = window.pageYOffset > 1 && window.pageYOffset > previousY\n    previousY = window.pageYOffset\n\n    if (goingUp) {\n      showNav()\n    } else {\n      hideNav()\n    }\n  }\n\n  // Non-blocking nav change\n  document.removeEventListener(\"scroll\", updateNav, {\n    capture: true,\n    passive: true,\n  } as any)\n\n  document.addEventListener(\"scroll\", updateNav, {\n    capture: true,\n    passive: true,\n  })\n}\n","import * as React from \"react\"\nimport { useState } from \"react\"\nimport { hasLocalStorage } from \"../../lib/hasLocalStorage\"\n\nimport { useIntl } from \"react-intl\";\n\nimport { footerCopy } from \"../../copy/en/footer\"\nimport { createInternational } from \"../../lib/createInternational\"\n\nconst makeDark = () => {\n  document.documentElement.classList.remove(\"light-theme\")\n  document.documentElement.classList.add(\"dark-theme\")\n}\n\nconst makeLight = () => {\n  document.documentElement.classList.remove(\"dark-theme\")\n  document.documentElement.classList.add(\"light-theme\")\n}\n\nconst switchFont = (newStyle: string, old?: string) => {\n  if (old) document.documentElement.classList.remove(\"font-\" + old)\n  document.documentElement.classList.add(\"font-\" + newStyle)\n}\n\nexport const Customize = () => {\n  const i = createInternational<typeof footerCopy>(useIntl())\n  const systemIsDark = typeof window !== 'undefined' && window.matchMedia && window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches\n  const customThemeOverride = hasLocalStorage && localStorage.getItem(\"force-color-theme\") || \"system\"\n  const [darkModeValue, setDarkMode] = useState(customThemeOverride)\n\n  const customFontOverride = hasLocalStorage && localStorage.getItem(\"force-font\") || \"cascadia\"\n  const [fontValue, setFont] = useState(customFontOverride)\n\n  // Localstorage: force-dark, force-light, undefined \n  // ->\n  // CSS Body class: theme-dark, theme-light, theme-dark | theme-light \n\n  const handleThemeChange = (event: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLSelectElement>) => {\n    if (event.target.value === \"system\") {\n      systemIsDark ? makeDark() : makeLight()\n      hasLocalStorage && localStorage.removeItem(\"force-color-theme\")\n    } else if (event.target.value === \"force-light\") {\n      makeLight()\n      hasLocalStorage && localStorage.setItem(\"force-color-theme\", \"force-light\")\n    } else if (event.target.value === \"force-dark\") {\n      makeDark()\n      hasLocalStorage && localStorage.setItem(\"force-color-theme\", \"force-dark\")\n    }\n\n    setDarkMode(event.target.value)\n  }\n\n\n  // Localstorage: undefined, cascadia, cascadia-ligatures, consolas, ...\n  // ->\n  // CSS Body class: font-cascadia, font-cascadia, font-cascadia-ligatures | font-consolas, ...\n\n  const handleFontChange = (event: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLSelectElement>) => {\n    localStorage.setItem(\"force-font\", event.target.value)\n    switchFont(event.target.value, customFontOverride)\n    setFont(event.target.value)\n\n  }\n\n\n  return (\n    <section id=\"customize\">\n      <article>\n        <h3>{i(\"footer_customize\")}</h3>\n        <label>\n          <p>{i(\"footer_site_colours\")}:</p>\n          <div className=\"switch-wrap\">\n            <select name=\"colours\" value={darkModeValue} onChange={handleThemeChange}>\n              <option value=\"system\">{i(\"footer_site_colours_options_system\")}</option>\n              <option value=\"force-light\">{i(\"footer_site_colours_options_always_light\")}</option>\n              <option value=\"force-dark\">{i(\"footer_site_colours_options_always_dark\")}</option>\n            </select>\n          </div>\n        </label>\n\n        <label>\n          <p>{i(\"footer_code_font\")}:</p>\n          <div className=\"switch-wrap\">\n            <select name=\"font\" value={fontValue} onChange={handleFontChange}>\n              <option value=\"cascadia\">Cascadia</option>\n              <option value=\"cascadia-ligatures\">Cascadia (ligatures)</option>\n              <option value=\"consolas\">Consolas</option>\n              <option value=\"dank-mono\">Dank Mono</option>\n              <option value=\"fira-code\">Fira Code</option>\n              <option value=\"jetbrains-mono\">JetBrains Mono</option>\n              <option value=\"open-dyslexic\">OpenDyslexic</option>\n              <option value=\"sf-mono\">SF Mono</option>\n              <option value=\"source-code-pro\">Source Code Pro</option>\n            </select>\n          </div>\n        </label>\n      </article>\n    </section>\n  )\n}\n","import * as React from \"react\"\nimport { useEffect } from \"react\"\n\nimport \"./SiteFooter.scss\"\nimport { createIntlLink } from \"../IntlLink\"\nimport { whenEscape } from \"../../lib/whenEscape\"\nimport { Customize } from \"./SiteFooter-Customize\"\n\nexport type Props = {\n  lang: string\n  suppressCustomization?: true\n  suppressDocRecommendations?: true\n}\n\nconst useLinguaFrancaLinks = [\n  {\n    title: \"Get Started\",\n    url: \"/docs/handbook/overview\",\n  },\n  {\n    title: \"Download\",\n    url: \"/download\",\n  },\n  {\n    title: \"Why Lingua Franca\",\n    url: \"/\",\n  },\n  {\n    title: \"Publications\",\n    url: \"/publications-and-presentations\",\n  },\n]\n\nconst communityLinks = [\n  {\n    title: \"Get Help\",\n    url: \"/community\",\n  },\n  {\n    title: \"GitHub Repo\",\n    url: \"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca\",\n  },\n  {\n    title: \"@thelflang\",\n    url: \"https://twitter.com/thelflang\",\n  },\n  {\n    title: \"Web Repo\",\n    url: \"https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca\",\n  },\n  {\n    title: \"Zulip\",\n    url: \"https://zulip.lf-lang.org\",\n  },\n]\n\nconst faviconForURL = (url: string) => {\n  switch (url) {\n    case \"https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca\":\n    case \"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca\":\n      return (\n        <svg\n          fill=\"none\"\n          height=\"12\"\n          viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\"\n          width=\"12\"\n          xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"\n        >\n          <path\n            clipRule=\"evenodd\"\n            d=\"m6.03927.165405c-3.27055 0-5.922909 2.652005-5.922909 5.923645 0 2.61709 1.697089 4.83705 4.050909 5.62035.29636.0546.40436-.1284.40436-.2854 0-.1408-.00509-.5131-.008-1.0073-1.64763.3578-1.99527-.7942-1.99527-.7942-.26946-.68436-.65782-.86654-.65782-.86654-.53782-.36727.04073-.36001.04073-.36001.59454.04182.90727.61055.90727.61055.52836.90509 1.38655.64364 1.724.492.05382-.38254.20691-.64363.376-.79163-1.31527-.14946-2.69818-.65782-2.69818-2.92764 0-.64654.23091-1.17564.60982-1.58946-.06109-.14981-.26437-.75236.05818-1.56763 0 0 .49709-.15927 1.62872.60727.47237-.13163.97928-.19709 1.48291-.19964.50328.00255 1.00982.06801 1.48291.19964 1.13091-.76654 1.62727-.60727 1.62727-.60727.32328.81527.12001 1.41782.05928 1.56763.37964.41382.60873.94292.60873 1.58946 0 2.27564-1.38509 2.77636-2.70437 2.92291.21237.18291.40182.54436.40182 1.09672 0 .79204-.00727 1.43094-.00727 1.62514 0 .1585.10691.3429.40727.2851 2.35197-.7851 4.04767-3.00369 4.04767-5.62005 0-3.27164-2.6524-5.923645-5.92403-5.923645z\"\n            fill=\"#ffffff\"\n            fillRule=\"evenodd\"\n          />\n        </svg>\n      )\n    case \"https://twitter.com/thelflang\":\n      return (\n        <svg\n          fill=\"none\"\n          height=\"10\"\n          viewBox=\"0 0 13 10\"\n          width=\"13\"\n          xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"\n        >\n          <path\n            d=\"m4.58519 10c4.62962 0 7.16291-3.83919 7.16291-7.16289 0-.10801 0-.21602-.0049-.32403.4909-.35348.918-.80024 1.2568-1.30591-.4517.20128-.9377.33384-1.4483.39766.5204-.30929.9181-.805148 1.1095-1.394284-.486.289658-1.026.495856-1.6004.608773-.4615-.490946-1.11448-.7953322-1.83617-.7953322-1.38938 0-2.51856 1.1291732-2.51856 2.5185532 0 .19638.02455.38785.06383.57441-2.09143-.1031-3.94721-1.10954-5.1893-2.631474-.21602.373119-.33876.805154-.33876 1.266644 0 .87388.44677 1.64467 1.11936 2.09634-.41239-.01473-.80024-.12765-1.13899-.31421v.03437c0 1.21754.86897 2.23871 2.01778 2.46946-.2111.05891-.43203.08837-.66277.08837-.16202 0-.31912-.01473-.47131-.04419.31911 1.00153 1.25191 1.72813 2.35163 1.74777-.86406.67751-1.94906 1.08008-3.12733 1.08008-.20128 0-.402571-.00982-.59895-.03436 1.10954.70696 2.43509 1.12425 3.85393 1.12425z\"\n            fill=\"#ffffff\"\n          />\n        </svg>\n      )\n    case \"https://zulip.lf-lang.org\":\n      return (\n        <svg\n          fill=\"none\"\n          viewBox=\"-30 -10 55 55\"\n          xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"\n        >\n          <path\n            d=\"M22.767 3.589c0 1.209-.543 2.283-1.37 2.934l-8.034 7.174c-.149.128-.343-.078-.235-.25l2.946-5.9c.083-.165-.024-.368-.194-.368H4.452c-1.77 0-3.219-1.615-3.219-3.59C1.233 1.616 2.682 0 4.452 0h15.096c1.77-.001 3.219 1.614 3.219 3.589zM4.452 24h15.096c1.77 0 3.219-1.616 3.219-3.59 0-1.974-1.449-3.59-3.219-3.59H8.12c-.17 0-.277-.202-.194-.367l2.946-5.9c.108-.172-.086-.378-.235-.25l-8.033 7.173c-.828.65-1.37 1.725-1.37 2.934 0 1.974 1.448 3.59 3.218 3.59z\"\n            fill=\"#ffffff\">\n           </path>\n        </svg>\n      )\n  }\n}\n\nexport const SiteFooter = (props: Props) => {\n  const normalLinks = useLinguaFrancaLinks.filter(\n    l => !l.url.includes(\"#show-examples\")\n  )\n\n  const Link = createIntlLink(props.lang)\n\n  const hideDocs = props.suppressDocRecommendations\n  return (\n    <footer id=\"site-footer\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n      {props.suppressCustomization ? null : <Customize />}\n\n      <section id=\"community\">\n        <article id=\"logos\">\n\n          <a href=\"\">\n            <img\n              id=\"lf-logo\"\n              width={195}\n              height={75}\n              src={require(\"../../../../../img/footer_logo.svg\").default}\n              alt=\"Lingua Franca Logo\"\n            />\n          </a>\n          <p>Made with &#9829; in Berkeley, Dallas, Dresden, Kiel, and Seoul\n          </p>\n          <p>\n            © 2019-{new Date().getFullYear()} The Lingua Franca Team\n            <br />\n          </p>\n        </article>\n\n        <article id=\"using-lf\">\n          <h3>Using Lingua Franca</h3>\n          <ul>\n            {normalLinks.map(page => (\n              <li key={page.url}>\n                <Link to={page.url}>{page.title}</Link>\n              </li>\n            ))}\n          </ul>\n        </article>\n\n        <article id=\"community-links\">\n          <h3>Community</h3>\n          <ul>\n            {communityLinks.map(page => {\n              const favicon = faviconForURL(page.url)\n              const favSpan = favicon ? (<span className=\"link-prefix\">{favicon}</span>) : null\n              return (\n                <li key={page.url}>\n                  <a style={{ position: \"relative\" }} href={page.url}>\n                    {favSpan}\n                    {page.title}\n                  </a>\n                </li>\n              )\n            })}\n          </ul>\n        </article>\n      </section>\n\n    </footer >\n  )\n}\n","import * as React from \"react\"\nimport { Helmet } from \"react-helmet\";\n\nexport type SeoProps = {\n  title: string\n  description: string\n  ogTags?: { [key: string]: string }\n}\n\nexport const HeadSEO = (props: SeoProps) => {\n\n  const ogTags = {\n    ...props.ogTags,\n    \"og:title\": props.title,\n    \"og:description\": props.description,\n    \"twitter:site\": \"thelflang\",\n  }\n\n  // Skip search engine indexing on the staging site, this is changed by running:\n  // yarn workspace lingua-franca setup-staging\n  const staging = false;\n\n  if (staging) {\n    ogTags[\"robots\"] = \"noindex\"\n  }\n\n  // do we want localized pages to be the english version?\n  //{seo.url && <meta property=\"og:url\" content={seo.url} />}\n\n  // TODO: a lot of pages should have this\n  // <meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" />\n\n  // TODO: Maybe on prod we can generate an image for each file\n  // <meta name=\"image\" content={seo.image} />\n\n  return (\n    <>\n      <Helmet title={props.title} titleTemplate={\"%s\"}>\n        <meta name=\"description\" key=\"description\" content={props.description} />\n        {\n          Object.keys(ogTags).map(k => <meta key={k} property={k} content={ogTags[k]} />)\n        }\n      </Helmet>\n    </>\n  )\n}\n","import * as React from \"react\"\nimport { SiteNav, Props } from \"./layout/TopNav\"\nimport { SiteFooter } from \"./layout/SiteFooter\"\nimport { SeoProps, HeadSEO } from \"./HeadSEO\";\nimport \"./layout/main.scss\"\nimport { Helmet } from \"react-helmet\";\nimport { withPrefix } from \"gatsby\";\n\ntype LayoutProps = SeoProps & Props & {\n  lang: string,\n  children: any\n  suppressCustomization?: true\n  suppressDocRecommendations?: true\n}\nexport const Layout = (props: LayoutProps) => {\n  return (\n    <>\n      <Helmet htmlAttributes={{ lang: props.lang }}>\n        {/* Should be a NOOP for anything but edge, and much older browsers */}\n        <script src=\"https://polyfill.io/v3/polyfill.min.js?features=es2015%2CArray.prototype.forEach%2CNodeList.prototype.forEach\" />\n        <link rel=\"preload\" href={withPrefix('/css/docsearch.css')} as=\"style\" />\n        <style>{`\npre data-err {\n  background:url(\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%206%203'%20enable-background%3D'new%200%200%206%203'%20height%3D'3'%20width%3D'6'%3E%3Cg%20fill%3D'%23c94824'%3E%3Cpolygon%20points%3D'5.5%2C0%202.5%2C3%201.1%2C3%204.1%2C0'%2F%3E%3Cpolygon%20points%3D'4%2C0%206%2C2%206%2C0.6%205.4%2C0'%2F%3E%3Cpolygon%20points%3D'0%2C2%201%2C3%202.4%2C3%200%2C0.6'%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\") repeat-x 0 100%;\n  padding-bottom: 3px;\n}`}</style>\n      </Helmet>\n      <HeadSEO {...props} />\n      <div className=\"ms-Fabric\">\n        <SiteNav {...props} />\n        <main role=\"main\">{props.children}</main>\n        <SiteFooter {...props} />\n      </div>\n    </>\n  )\n}\n","export const comCopy = {\n  com_layout_title: \"Lingua Franca Community\",\n  com_layout_description:\n    \"Connect with other LF Programmers online and offline.\",\n  com_connect_online: \"Online\",\n  com_connect_online_description:\n    \"Tap into our online resources to learn more about Lingua Franca, provide feedback, connect with our developers, and find out about new updates.\",\n  com_online_publications_desc:\n    \"View our publications and presentations.\",\n  com_online_publications_tag: \"\",\n  com_online_github_desc:\n    \"Found a bug, or want to provide feedback?\",\n  com_online_github_href: \"Tell us on GitHub.\",\n  com_online_zulip_href: \"Join the conversation on Zulip.\",\n  com_online_zulip_desc: \"Have questions, or want to chat with other users?\",\n  com_online_twitter_href: \"@thelflang\",\n  com_online_twitter_desc: \"Stay up to date. Follow us on Twitter\",\n}\n","export const docCopy = {\n  doc_layout_title: \"Lingua Franca Documentation\",\n  doc_layout_description:\n    \"Find Lingua Franca starter projects: from Python to C to C++ to TypeScript.\",\n  doc_headline: \"Learning Resources\",\n  doc_headline_handbook_blurb: \"The Lingua Franca language reference\",\n}\n","export const dtCopy = {\n  dt_s_page_title: \"Search for typed packages\",\n  dt_s_title: \"Type Search\",\n  dt_s_subtitle:\n    \"Find npm packages that have type declarations, either bundled or on Definitely Typed.\",\n  dt_s_match: \"match\",\n  dt_s_matchs: \"matches\",\n  dt_s_match_exact: \"Exact Match\",\n  dt_s_popular_on_dt: \"Popular on Definitely Typed\",\n  dt_s_downloads_short: \"DLs\",\n  dt_s_downloads_via: \"Via\",\n  dt_s_module: \"Module\",\n  dt_s_last_update: \"Last Updated\",\n  dt_s_install: \"Install\",\n  dt_s_no_results: \"No results found for\",\n  dt_s_no_results_try: \"Try another search?\",\n  dt_s_copy: \"copy\",\n  dt_s_copied: \"copied\",\n}\n","import { __rest } from \"tslib\";\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport useIntl from './useIntl';\nvar DisplayName;\n\n(function (DisplayName) {\n  DisplayName[\"formatDate\"] = \"FormattedDate\";\n  DisplayName[\"formatTime\"] = \"FormattedTime\";\n  DisplayName[\"formatNumber\"] = \"FormattedNumber\";\n  DisplayName[\"formatList\"] = \"FormattedList\"; // Note that this DisplayName is the locale display name, not to be confused with\n  // the name of the enum, which is for React component display name in dev tools.\n\n  DisplayName[\"formatDisplayName\"] = \"FormattedDisplayName\";\n})(DisplayName || (DisplayName = {}));\n\nvar DisplayNameParts;\n\n(function (DisplayNameParts) {\n  DisplayNameParts[\"formatDate\"] = \"FormattedDateParts\";\n  DisplayNameParts[\"formatTime\"] = \"FormattedTimeParts\";\n  DisplayNameParts[\"formatNumber\"] = \"FormattedNumberParts\";\n  DisplayNameParts[\"formatList\"] = \"FormattedListParts\";\n})(DisplayNameParts || (DisplayNameParts = {}));\n\nexport var FormattedNumberParts = function FormattedNumberParts(props) {\n  var intl = useIntl();\n\n  var value = props.value,\n      children = props.children,\n      formatProps = __rest(props, [\"value\", \"children\"]);\n\n  return children(intl.formatNumberToParts(value, formatProps));\n};\nFormattedNumberParts.displayName = 'FormattedNumberParts';\nexport var FormattedListParts = function FormattedListParts(props) {\n  var intl = useIntl();\n\n  var value = props.value,\n      children = props.children,\n      formatProps = __rest(props, [\"value\", \"children\"]);\n\n  return children(intl.formatListToParts(value, formatProps));\n};\nFormattedNumberParts.displayName = 'FormattedNumberParts';\nexport function createFormattedDateTimePartsComponent(name) {\n  var ComponentParts = function ComponentParts(props) {\n    var intl = useIntl();\n\n    var value = props.value,\n        children = props.children,\n        formatProps = __rest(props, [\"value\", \"children\"]);\n\n    var date = typeof value === 'string' ? new Date(value || 0) : value;\n    var formattedParts = name === 'formatDate' ? intl.formatDateToParts(date, formatProps) : intl.formatTimeToParts(date, formatProps);\n    return children(formattedParts);\n  };\n\n  ComponentParts.displayName = DisplayNameParts[name];\n  return ComponentParts;\n}\nexport function createFormattedComponent(name) {\n  var Component = function Component(props) {\n    var intl = useIntl();\n\n    var value = props.value,\n        children = props.children,\n        formatProps = __rest(props // TODO: fix TS type definition for localeMatcher upstream\n    , [\"value\", \"children\"]); // TODO: fix TS type definition for localeMatcher upstream\n\n\n    var formattedValue = intl[name](value, formatProps);\n\n    if (typeof children === 'function') {\n      return children(formattedValue);\n    }\n\n    var Text = intl.textComponent || React.Fragment;\n    return React.createElement(Text, null, formattedValue);\n  };\n\n  Component.displayName = DisplayName[name];\n  return Component;\n}","import { createFormattedComponent, createFormattedDateTimePartsComponent } from './src/components/createFormattedComponent';\nimport injectIntl, { Provider as RawIntlProvider, Context as IntlContext } from './src/components/injectIntl';\nimport useIntl from './src/components/useIntl';\nimport IntlProvider, { createIntl } from './src/components/provider';\nimport FormattedRelativeTime from './src/components/relative';\nimport FormattedPlural from './src/components/plural';\nimport FormattedMessage from './src/components/message';\nimport FormattedDateTimeRange from './src/components/dateTimeRange';\nexport { FormattedDateTimeRange, FormattedMessage, FormattedPlural, FormattedRelativeTime, IntlContext, IntlProvider, RawIntlProvider, createIntl, injectIntl, useIntl };\nexport { createIntlCache, UnsupportedFormatterError, InvalidConfigError, MissingDataError, MessageFormatError, MissingTranslationError, IntlErrorCode as ReactIntlErrorCode, IntlError as ReactIntlError } from '@formatjs/intl';\nexport function defineMessages(msgs) {\n  return msgs;\n}\nexport function defineMessage(msg) {\n  return msg;\n} // IMPORTANT: Explicit here to prevent api-extractor from outputing `import('./src/types').CustomFormatConfig`\n\nexport var FormattedDate = createFormattedComponent('formatDate');\nexport var FormattedTime = createFormattedComponent('formatTime');\nexport var FormattedNumber = createFormattedComponent('formatNumber');\nexport var FormattedList = createFormattedComponent('formatList');\nexport var FormattedDisplayName = createFormattedComponent('formatDisplayName');\nexport var FormattedDateParts = createFormattedDateTimePartsComponent('formatDate');\nexport var FormattedTimeParts = createFormattedDateTimePartsComponent('formatTime');\nexport { FormattedNumberParts, FormattedListParts } from './src/components/createFormattedComponent';","import { defineMessages } from \"react-intl\"\nimport { navCopy } from \"./nav\"\nimport { docCopy } from \"./documentation\"\nimport { indexCopy as index2Copy } from \"./index2\"\nimport { comCopy } from \"./community\"\nimport { handbookCopy } from \"./handbook\"\nimport { footerCopy } from \"./footer\"\n\nexport const messages = {\n  ...navCopy,\n  ...docCopy,\n  ...comCopy,\n  ...handbookCopy,\n  ...index2Copy,\n  ...footerCopy\n}\n\nexport const lang = defineMessages(messages)\n\nexport type Copy = typeof lang\n","export const footerCopy = {\n  footer_customize: \"Customize\",\n  footer_site_colours: \"Color Mode\",\n  footer_code_font: \"Code Font\",\n  footer_site_colours_options_system: \"System\",\n  footer_site_colours_options_always_light: \"Always Light\",\n  footer_site_colours_options_always_dark: \"Always Dark\",\n}","export const handbookCopy = {\n  handb_prev: \"Previous\",\n  handb_next: \"Next\",\n  handb_on_this_page: \"On this page\",\n  handb_like_dislike_title: \"Is this page helpful?\",\n  handb_like_desc: \"Yes\",\n  handb_dislike_desc: \"No\",\n  handb_thanks: \"Thanks for the feedback\",\n  handb_deprecated_title: \"This page has been deprecated\",\n  handb_deprecated_subtitle: \"This handbook page has been replaced, \",\n  handb_deprecated_subtitle_link: \"go to the new page\",\n  handb_deprecated_subtitle_action: \"Go to new page\",\n  handb_experimental_title: \"This page contains experimental documentation\",\n  handb_experimental_subtitle: \"The contents are about a work in progress topic.\",\n}\n","export const indexCopy = {\n  index_2_headline:\n    \"Lingua Franca is a polyglot coordination language for <bold>reactive</bold>, <bold>concurrent</bold>, and <bold>time-sensitive</bold> applications.\",\n  index_2_byline: \"Lingua Franca\",\n  index_2_summary:\n    \"Lingua Franca (LF) is a polyglot coordination language built to bring deterministic reactive concurrency and time to mainstream target programming languages (currently C, C++, Python, TypeScript, and Rust). LF is supported by a runtime system that is capable of concurrent and distributed execution of reactive programs that are deployable on the Cloud, the Edge, and even on bare-iron embedded platforms.\",\n  index_2_detail:\n    \"A Lingua Franca program specifies the interactions between components called reactors. The logic of each reactor is written in plain target code. A code generator synthesizes one or more programs in the target language, which are then compiled using standard tool chains. If the application has exploitable parallelism, then it executes transparently on multiple cores without compromising determinacy. A distributed application translates into multiple programs and scripts to launch those programs on distributed machines. The communication fabric connecting components is synthesized as part of the programs.\",\n\n  // Above the fold\n  index_2_cta_install: \"Download Lingua Franca\",\n  index_2_cta_install_subtitle: \"Version\",\n  index_2_cta_install_fallback: \"Latest stable release\",\n\n  index_2_cta_download: \"On your computer\",\n  index_2_cta_download_subtitle: \"via Github\",\n\n  // Quick pitch\n  index_2_what_is: \"What is Lingua Franca?\",\n\n  index_2_what_is_lf: \"Reactor-oriented\",\n  index_2_what_is_lf_copy: `Reactors are reactive and composable concurrent software components with inputs, outputs, and local state.`,\n\n  index_2_trust: \"Concurrent\",\n  index_2_trust_copy: `Reactions to events are concurrent unless there is an explicit dependency between them.`,\n\n  index_2_scale: \"Deterministic\",\n  index_2_scale_copy: `Lingua Franca programs are deterministic by default and therefore easy to test.`,\n\n  // Links for getting started (this shows up twice)\n  index_2_started_title: \"Get Started\",\n  index_2_started_handbook: \"Handbook\",\n  index_2_started_handbook_blurb: \"Learn the language\",\n  index_2_install: \"Install Lingua Franca\",\n}\n","export const navCopy = {\n  skip_to_content: \"Skip to main content\",\n  nav_documentation: \"Documentation\",\n  nav_documentation_short: \"Docs\",\n  nav_download: \"Download\",\n  nav_community: \"Community\",\n  nav_handbook: \"Handbook\",\n  nav_tools: \"Tools\",\n  nav_search_placeholder: \"Search Docs\",\n  nav_search_aria: \"Search the Lingua Franca site\",\n  nav_this_page_in_your_lang: \"This page is available in your language\",\n  nav_this_page_in_your_lang_open: \"Open\",\n  nav_this_page_in_your_lang_no_more: \"Don't show again\",\n}\n","export const inYourLanguage: Record<\n  string,\n  { body: string; open: string; cancel: string; shorthand: string }\n> = {\n  en: {\n    shorthand: \"In En\",\n    body: \"This page is available in English\",\n    open: \"Go\",\n    cancel: \"Don't ask again\",\n  },\n}\n","import { IntlShape } from \"react-intl\"\n\n/**\n * This will let you define an area for your localization and have typescript\n * keep the keys in check\n *\n * @param intlUseEffect the result of `useIntl()`\n */\nexport function createInternational<NavSection>(\n  intlUseEffect: IntlShape\n): (intlKey: keyof NavSection, obj?: any) => string {\n  return (k, obj) => intlUseEffect.formatMessage({ id: k as string }, obj)\n}\n","/**\n * Cannot do Math.log(x) / Math.log(10) bc if IEEE floating point issue\n * @param x number\n */\nexport function getMagnitude(x) {\n  // Cannot count string length via Number.toString because it may use scientific notation\n  // for very small or very large numbers.\n  return Math.floor(Math.log(x) * Math.LOG10E);\n}\nexport function repeat(s, times) {\n  if (typeof s.repeat === 'function') {\n    return s.repeat(times);\n  }\n\n  var arr = new Array(times);\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {\n    arr[i] = s;\n  }\n\n  return arr.join('');\n}\nexport function setInternalSlot(map, pl, field, value) {\n  if (!map.get(pl)) {\n    map.set(pl, Object.create(null));\n  }\n\n  var slots = map.get(pl);\n  slots[field] = value;\n}\nexport function setMultiInternalSlots(map, pl, props) {\n  for (var _i = 0, _a = Object.keys(props); _i < _a.length; _i++) {\n    var k = _a[_i];\n    setInternalSlot(map, pl, k, props[k]);\n  }\n}\nexport function getInternalSlot(map, pl, field) {\n  return getMultiInternalSlots(map, pl, field)[field];\n}\nexport function getMultiInternalSlots(map, pl) {\n  var fields = [];\n\n  for (var _i = 2; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n    fields[_i - 2] = arguments[_i];\n  }\n\n  var slots = map.get(pl);\n\n  if (!slots) {\n    throw new TypeError(\"\".concat(pl, \" InternalSlot has not been initialized\"));\n  }\n\n  return fields.reduce(function (all, f) {\n    all[f] = slots[f];\n    return all;\n  }, Object.create(null));\n}\nexport function isLiteralPart(patternPart) {\n  return patternPart.type === 'literal';\n}\n/*\n  17 ECMAScript Standard Built-in Objects:\n    Every built-in Function object, including constructors, that is not\n    identified as an anonymous function has a name property whose value\n    is a String.\n\n    Unless otherwise specified, the name property of a built-in Function\n    object, if it exists, has the attributes { [[Writable]]: false,\n    [[Enumerable]]: false, [[Configurable]]: true }.\n*/\n\nexport function defineProperty(target, name, _a) {\n  var value = _a.value;\n  Object.defineProperty(target, name, {\n    configurable: true,\n    enumerable: false,\n    writable: true,\n    value: value\n  });\n}\nexport var UNICODE_EXTENSION_SEQUENCE_REGEX = /-u(?:-[0-9a-z]{2,8})+/gi;\nexport function invariant(condition, message, Err) {\n  if (Err === void 0) {\n    Err = Error;\n  }\n\n  if (!condition) {\n    throw new Err(message);\n  }\n}","//\n// Main\n//\nexport default function memoize(fn, options) {\n  var cache = options && options.cache ? options.cache : cacheDefault;\n  var serializer = options && options.serializer ? options.serializer : serializerDefault;\n  var strategy = options && options.strategy ? options.strategy : strategyDefault;\n  return strategy(fn, {\n    cache: cache,\n    serializer: serializer\n  });\n} //\n// Strategy\n//\n\nfunction isPrimitive(value) {\n  return value == null || typeof value === 'number' || typeof value === 'boolean'; // || typeof value === \"string\" 'unsafe' primitive for our needs\n}\n\nfunction monadic(fn, cache, serializer, arg) {\n  var cacheKey = isPrimitive(arg) ? arg : serializer(arg);\n  var computedValue = cache.get(cacheKey);\n\n  if (typeof computedValue === 'undefined') {\n    computedValue = fn.call(this, arg);\n    cache.set(cacheKey, computedValue);\n  }\n\n  return computedValue;\n}\n\nfunction variadic(fn, cache, serializer) {\n  var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 3);\n  var cacheKey = serializer(args);\n  var computedValue = cache.get(cacheKey);\n\n  if (typeof computedValue === 'undefined') {\n    computedValue = fn.apply(this, args);\n    cache.set(cacheKey, computedValue);\n  }\n\n  return computedValue;\n}\n\nfunction assemble(fn, context, strategy, cache, serialize) {\n  return strategy.bind(context, fn, cache, serialize);\n}\n\nfunction strategyDefault(fn, options) {\n  var strategy = fn.length === 1 ? monadic : variadic;\n  return assemble(fn, this, strategy, options.cache.create(), options.serializer);\n}\n\nfunction strategyVariadic(fn, options) {\n  return assemble(fn, this, variadic, options.cache.create(), options.serializer);\n}\n\nfunction strategyMonadic(fn, options) {\n  return assemble(fn, this, monadic, options.cache.create(), options.serializer);\n} //\n// Serializer\n//\n\n\nvar serializerDefault = function serializerDefault() {\n  return JSON.stringify(arguments);\n}; //\n// Cache\n//\n\n\nfunction ObjectWithoutPrototypeCache() {\n  this.cache = Object.create(null);\n}\n\nObjectWithoutPrototypeCache.prototype.get = function (key) {\n  return this.cache[key];\n};\n\nObjectWithoutPrototypeCache.prototype.set = function (key, value) {\n  this.cache[key] = value;\n};\n\nvar cacheDefault = {\n  create: function create() {\n    // @ts-ignore\n    return new ObjectWithoutPrototypeCache();\n  }\n};\nexport var strategies = {\n  variadic: strategyVariadic,\n  monadic: strategyMonadic\n};","export var ErrorKind;\n\n(function (ErrorKind) {\n  /** Argument is unclosed (e.g. `{0`) */\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EXPECT_ARGUMENT_CLOSING_BRACE\"] = 1] = \"EXPECT_ARGUMENT_CLOSING_BRACE\";\n  /** Argument is empty (e.g. `{}`). */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EMPTY_ARGUMENT\"] = 2] = \"EMPTY_ARGUMENT\";\n  /** Argument is malformed (e.g. `{foo!}``) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"MALFORMED_ARGUMENT\"] = 3] = \"MALFORMED_ARGUMENT\";\n  /** Expect an argument type (e.g. `{foo,}`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EXPECT_ARGUMENT_TYPE\"] = 4] = \"EXPECT_ARGUMENT_TYPE\";\n  /** Unsupported argument type (e.g. `{foo,foo}`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"INVALID_ARGUMENT_TYPE\"] = 5] = \"INVALID_ARGUMENT_TYPE\";\n  /** Expect an argument style (e.g. `{foo, number, }`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EXPECT_ARGUMENT_STYLE\"] = 6] = \"EXPECT_ARGUMENT_STYLE\";\n  /** The number skeleton is invalid. */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"INVALID_NUMBER_SKELETON\"] = 7] = \"INVALID_NUMBER_SKELETON\";\n  /** The date time skeleton is invalid. */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"INVALID_DATE_TIME_SKELETON\"] = 8] = \"INVALID_DATE_TIME_SKELETON\";\n  /** Exepct a number skeleton following the `::` (e.g. `{foo, number, ::}`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EXPECT_NUMBER_SKELETON\"] = 9] = \"EXPECT_NUMBER_SKELETON\";\n  /** Exepct a date time skeleton following the `::` (e.g. `{foo, date, ::}`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EXPECT_DATE_TIME_SKELETON\"] = 10] = \"EXPECT_DATE_TIME_SKELETON\";\n  /** Unmatched apostrophes in the argument style (e.g. `{foo, number, 'test`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"UNCLOSED_QUOTE_IN_ARGUMENT_STYLE\"] = 11] = \"UNCLOSED_QUOTE_IN_ARGUMENT_STYLE\";\n  /** Missing select argument options (e.g. `{foo, select}`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EXPECT_SELECT_ARGUMENT_OPTIONS\"] = 12] = \"EXPECT_SELECT_ARGUMENT_OPTIONS\";\n  /** Expecting an offset value in `plural` or `selectordinal` argument (e.g `{foo, plural, offset}`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EXPECT_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_OFFSET_VALUE\"] = 13] = \"EXPECT_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_OFFSET_VALUE\";\n  /** Offset value in `plural` or `selectordinal` is invalid (e.g. `{foo, plural, offset: x}`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"INVALID_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_OFFSET_VALUE\"] = 14] = \"INVALID_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_OFFSET_VALUE\";\n  /** Expecting a selector in `select` argument (e.g `{foo, select}`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EXPECT_SELECT_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR\"] = 15] = \"EXPECT_SELECT_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR\";\n  /** Expecting a selector in `plural` or `selectordinal` argument (e.g `{foo, plural}`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EXPECT_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR\"] = 16] = \"EXPECT_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR\";\n  /** Expecting a message fragment after the `select` selector (e.g. `{foo, select, apple}`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EXPECT_SELECT_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR_FRAGMENT\"] = 17] = \"EXPECT_SELECT_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR_FRAGMENT\";\n  /**\n   * Expecting a message fragment after the `plural` or `selectordinal` selector\n   * (e.g. `{foo, plural, one}`)\n   */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EXPECT_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR_FRAGMENT\"] = 18] = \"EXPECT_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR_FRAGMENT\";\n  /** Selector in `plural` or `selectordinal` is malformed (e.g. `{foo, plural, =x {#}}`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"INVALID_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR\"] = 19] = \"INVALID_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR\";\n  /**\n   * Duplicate selectors in `plural` or `selectordinal` argument.\n   * (e.g. {foo, plural, one {#} one {#}})\n   */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"DUPLICATE_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR\"] = 20] = \"DUPLICATE_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR\";\n  /** Duplicate selectors in `select` argument.\n   * (e.g. {foo, select, apple {apple} apple {apple}})\n   */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"DUPLICATE_SELECT_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR\"] = 21] = \"DUPLICATE_SELECT_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR\";\n  /** Plural or select argument option must have `other` clause. */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"MISSING_OTHER_CLAUSE\"] = 22] = \"MISSING_OTHER_CLAUSE\";\n  /** The tag is malformed. (e.g. `<bold!>foo</bold!>) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"INVALID_TAG\"] = 23] = \"INVALID_TAG\";\n  /** The tag name is invalid. (e.g. `<123>foo</123>`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"INVALID_TAG_NAME\"] = 25] = \"INVALID_TAG_NAME\";\n  /** The closing tag does not match the opening tag. (e.g. `<bold>foo</italic>`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"UNMATCHED_CLOSING_TAG\"] = 26] = \"UNMATCHED_CLOSING_TAG\";\n  /** The opening tag has unmatched closing tag. (e.g. `<bold>foo`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"UNCLOSED_TAG\"] = 27] = \"UNCLOSED_TAG\";\n})(ErrorKind || (ErrorKind = {}));","export var TYPE;\n\n(function (TYPE) {\n  /**\n   * Raw text\n   */\n  TYPE[TYPE[\"literal\"] = 0] = \"literal\";\n  /**\n   * Variable w/o any format, e.g `var` in `this is a {var}`\n   */\n\n  TYPE[TYPE[\"argument\"] = 1] = \"argument\";\n  /**\n   * Variable w/ number format\n   */\n\n  TYPE[TYPE[\"number\"] = 2] = \"number\";\n  /**\n   * Variable w/ date format\n   */\n\n  TYPE[TYPE[\"date\"] = 3] = \"date\";\n  /**\n   * Variable w/ time format\n   */\n\n  TYPE[TYPE[\"time\"] = 4] = \"time\";\n  /**\n   * Variable w/ select format\n   */\n\n  TYPE[TYPE[\"select\"] = 5] = \"select\";\n  /**\n   * Variable w/ plural format\n   */\n\n  TYPE[TYPE[\"plural\"] = 6] = \"plural\";\n  /**\n   * Only possible within plural argument.\n   * This is the `#` symbol that will be substituted with the count.\n   */\n\n  TYPE[TYPE[\"pound\"] = 7] = \"pound\";\n  /**\n   * XML-like tag\n   */\n\n  TYPE[TYPE[\"tag\"] = 8] = \"tag\";\n})(TYPE || (TYPE = {}));\n\nexport var SKELETON_TYPE;\n\n(function (SKELETON_TYPE) {\n  SKELETON_TYPE[SKELETON_TYPE[\"number\"] = 0] = \"number\";\n  SKELETON_TYPE[SKELETON_TYPE[\"dateTime\"] = 1] = \"dateTime\";\n})(SKELETON_TYPE || (SKELETON_TYPE = {}));\n/**\n * Type Guards\n */\n\n\nexport function isLiteralElement(el) {\n  return el.type === TYPE.literal;\n}\nexport function isArgumentElement(el) {\n  return el.type === TYPE.argument;\n}\nexport function isNumberElement(el) {\n  return el.type === TYPE.number;\n}\nexport function isDateElement(el) {\n  return el.type === TYPE.date;\n}\nexport function isTimeElement(el) {\n  return el.type === TYPE.time;\n}\nexport function isSelectElement(el) {\n  return el.type === TYPE.select;\n}\nexport function isPluralElement(el) {\n  return el.type === TYPE.plural;\n}\nexport function isPoundElement(el) {\n  return el.type === TYPE.pound;\n}\nexport function isTagElement(el) {\n  return el.type === TYPE.tag;\n}\nexport function isNumberSkeleton(el) {\n  return !!(el && typeof el === 'object' && el.type === SKELETON_TYPE.number);\n}\nexport function isDateTimeSkeleton(el) {\n  return !!(el && typeof el === 'object' && el.type === SKELETON_TYPE.dateTime);\n}\nexport function createLiteralElement(value) {\n  return {\n    type: TYPE.literal,\n    value: value\n  };\n}\nexport function createNumberElement(value, style) {\n  return {\n    type: TYPE.number,\n    value: value,\n    style: style\n  };\n}","// @generated from regex-gen.ts\nexport var SPACE_SEPARATOR_REGEX = /[ \\xA0\\u1680\\u2000-\\u200A\\u202F\\u205F\\u3000]/;\nexport var WHITE_SPACE_REGEX = /[\\t-\\r \\x85\\u200E\\u200F\\u2028\\u2029]/;","/**\n * https://unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-dates.html#Date_Field_Symbol_Table\n * Credit: https://github.com/caridy/intl-datetimeformat-pattern/blob/master/index.js\n * with some tweaks\n */\nvar DATE_TIME_REGEX = /(?:[Eec]{1,6}|G{1,5}|[Qq]{1,5}|(?:[yYur]+|U{1,5})|[ML]{1,5}|d{1,2}|D{1,3}|F{1}|[abB]{1,5}|[hkHK]{1,2}|w{1,2}|W{1}|m{1,2}|s{1,2}|[zZOvVxX]{1,4})(?=([^']*'[^']*')*[^']*$)/g;\n/**\n * Parse Date time skeleton into Intl.DateTimeFormatOptions\n * Ref: https://unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-dates.html#Date_Field_Symbol_Table\n * @public\n * @param skeleton skeleton string\n */\n\nexport function parseDateTimeSkeleton(skeleton) {\n  var result = {};\n  skeleton.replace(DATE_TIME_REGEX, function (match) {\n    var len = match.length;\n\n    switch (match[0]) {\n      // Era\n      case 'G':\n        result.era = len === 4 ? 'long' : len === 5 ? 'narrow' : 'short';\n        break;\n      // Year\n\n      case 'y':\n        result.year = len === 2 ? '2-digit' : 'numeric';\n        break;\n\n      case 'Y':\n      case 'u':\n      case 'U':\n      case 'r':\n        throw new RangeError('`Y/u/U/r` (year) patterns are not supported, use `y` instead');\n      // Quarter\n\n      case 'q':\n      case 'Q':\n        throw new RangeError('`q/Q` (quarter) patterns are not supported');\n      // Month\n\n      case 'M':\n      case 'L':\n        result.month = ['numeric', '2-digit', 'short', 'long', 'narrow'][len - 1];\n        break;\n      // Week\n\n      case 'w':\n      case 'W':\n        throw new RangeError('`w/W` (week) patterns are not supported');\n\n      case 'd':\n        result.day = ['numeric', '2-digit'][len - 1];\n        break;\n\n      case 'D':\n      case 'F':\n      case 'g':\n        throw new RangeError('`D/F/g` (day) patterns are not supported, use `d` instead');\n      // Weekday\n\n      case 'E':\n        result.weekday = len === 4 ? 'short' : len === 5 ? 'narrow' : 'short';\n        break;\n\n      case 'e':\n        if (len < 4) {\n          throw new RangeError('`e..eee` (weekday) patterns are not supported');\n        }\n\n        result.weekday = ['short', 'long', 'narrow', 'short'][len - 4];\n        break;\n\n      case 'c':\n        if (len < 4) {\n          throw new RangeError('`c..ccc` (weekday) patterns are not supported');\n        }\n\n        result.weekday = ['short', 'long', 'narrow', 'short'][len - 4];\n        break;\n      // Period\n\n      case 'a':\n        // AM, PM\n        result.hour12 = true;\n        break;\n\n      case 'b': // am, pm, noon, midnight\n\n      case 'B':\n        // flexible day periods\n        throw new RangeError('`b/B` (period) patterns are not supported, use `a` instead');\n      // Hour\n\n      case 'h':\n        result.hourCycle = 'h12';\n        result.hour = ['numeric', '2-digit'][len - 1];\n        break;\n\n      case 'H':\n        result.hourCycle = 'h23';\n        result.hour = ['numeric', '2-digit'][len - 1];\n        break;\n\n      case 'K':\n        result.hourCycle = 'h11';\n        result.hour = ['numeric', '2-digit'][len - 1];\n        break;\n\n      case 'k':\n        result.hourCycle = 'h24';\n        result.hour = ['numeric', '2-digit'][len - 1];\n        break;\n\n      case 'j':\n      case 'J':\n      case 'C':\n        throw new RangeError('`j/J/C` (hour) patterns are not supported, use `h/H/K/k` instead');\n      // Minute\n\n      case 'm':\n        result.minute = ['numeric', '2-digit'][len - 1];\n        break;\n      // Second\n\n      case 's':\n        result.second = ['numeric', '2-digit'][len - 1];\n        break;\n\n      case 'S':\n      case 'A':\n        throw new RangeError('`S/A` (second) patterns are not supported, use `s` instead');\n      // Zone\n\n      case 'z':\n        // 1..3, 4: specific non-location format\n        result.timeZoneName = len < 4 ? 'short' : 'long';\n        break;\n\n      case 'Z': // 1..3, 4, 5: The ISO8601 varios formats\n\n      case 'O': // 1, 4: miliseconds in day short, long\n\n      case 'v': // 1, 4: generic non-location format\n\n      case 'V': // 1, 2, 3, 4: time zone ID or city\n\n      case 'X': // 1, 2, 3, 4: The ISO8601 varios formats\n\n      case 'x':\n        // 1, 2, 3, 4: The ISO8601 varios formats\n        throw new RangeError('`Z/O/v/V/X/x` (timeZone) patterns are not supported, use `z` instead');\n    }\n\n    return '';\n  });\n  return result;\n}","// @generated from regex-gen.ts\nexport var WHITE_SPACE_REGEX = /[\\t-\\r \\x85\\u200E\\u200F\\u2028\\u2029]/i;","import { __assign } from \"tslib\";\nimport { WHITE_SPACE_REGEX } from './regex.generated';\nexport function parseNumberSkeletonFromString(skeleton) {\n  if (skeleton.length === 0) {\n    throw new Error('Number skeleton cannot be empty');\n  } // Parse the skeleton\n\n\n  var stringTokens = skeleton.split(WHITE_SPACE_REGEX).filter(function (x) {\n    return x.length > 0;\n  });\n  var tokens = [];\n\n  for (var _i = 0, stringTokens_1 = stringTokens; _i < stringTokens_1.length; _i++) {\n    var stringToken = stringTokens_1[_i];\n    var stemAndOptions = stringToken.split('/');\n\n    if (stemAndOptions.length === 0) {\n      throw new Error('Invalid number skeleton');\n    }\n\n    var stem = stemAndOptions[0],\n        options = stemAndOptions.slice(1);\n\n    for (var _a = 0, options_1 = options; _a < options_1.length; _a++) {\n      var option = options_1[_a];\n\n      if (option.length === 0) {\n        throw new Error('Invalid number skeleton');\n      }\n    }\n\n    tokens.push({\n      stem: stem,\n      options: options\n    });\n  }\n\n  return tokens;\n}\n\nfunction icuUnitToEcma(unit) {\n  return unit.replace(/^(.*?)-/, '');\n}\n\nvar FRACTION_PRECISION_REGEX = /^\\.(?:(0+)(\\*)?|(#+)|(0+)(#+))$/g;\nvar SIGNIFICANT_PRECISION_REGEX = /^(@+)?(\\+|#+)?[rs]?$/g;\nvar INTEGER_WIDTH_REGEX = /(\\*)(0+)|(#+)(0+)|(0+)/g;\nvar CONCISE_INTEGER_WIDTH_REGEX = /^(0+)$/;\n\nfunction parseSignificantPrecision(str) {\n  var result = {};\n\n  if (str[str.length - 1] === 'r') {\n    result.roundingPriority = 'morePrecision';\n  } else if (str[str.length - 1] === 's') {\n    result.roundingPriority = 'lessPrecision';\n  }\n\n  str.replace(SIGNIFICANT_PRECISION_REGEX, function (_, g1, g2) {\n    // @@@ case\n    if (typeof g2 !== 'string') {\n      result.minimumSignificantDigits = g1.length;\n      result.maximumSignificantDigits = g1.length;\n    } // @@@+ case\n    else if (g2 === '+') {\n      result.minimumSignificantDigits = g1.length;\n    } // .### case\n    else if (g1[0] === '#') {\n      result.maximumSignificantDigits = g1.length;\n    } // .@@## or .@@@ case\n    else {\n      result.minimumSignificantDigits = g1.length;\n      result.maximumSignificantDigits = g1.length + (typeof g2 === 'string' ? g2.length : 0);\n    }\n\n    return '';\n  });\n  return result;\n}\n\nfunction parseSign(str) {\n  switch (str) {\n    case 'sign-auto':\n      return {\n        signDisplay: 'auto'\n      };\n\n    case 'sign-accounting':\n    case '()':\n      return {\n        currencySign: 'accounting'\n      };\n\n    case 'sign-always':\n    case '+!':\n      return {\n        signDisplay: 'always'\n      };\n\n    case 'sign-accounting-always':\n    case '()!':\n      return {\n        signDisplay: 'always',\n        currencySign: 'accounting'\n      };\n\n    case 'sign-except-zero':\n    case '+?':\n      return {\n        signDisplay: 'exceptZero'\n      };\n\n    case 'sign-accounting-except-zero':\n    case '()?':\n      return {\n        signDisplay: 'exceptZero',\n        currencySign: 'accounting'\n      };\n\n    case 'sign-never':\n    case '+_':\n      return {\n        signDisplay: 'never'\n      };\n  }\n}\n\nfunction parseConciseScientificAndEngineeringStem(stem) {\n  // Engineering\n  var result;\n\n  if (stem[0] === 'E' && stem[1] === 'E') {\n    result = {\n      notation: 'engineering'\n    };\n    stem = stem.slice(2);\n  } else if (stem[0] === 'E') {\n    result = {\n      notation: 'scientific'\n    };\n    stem = stem.slice(1);\n  }\n\n  if (result) {\n    var signDisplay = stem.slice(0, 2);\n\n    if (signDisplay === '+!') {\n      result.signDisplay = 'always';\n      stem = stem.slice(2);\n    } else if (signDisplay === '+?') {\n      result.signDisplay = 'exceptZero';\n      stem = stem.slice(2);\n    }\n\n    if (!CONCISE_INTEGER_WIDTH_REGEX.test(stem)) {\n      throw new Error('Malformed concise eng/scientific notation');\n    }\n\n    result.minimumIntegerDigits = stem.length;\n  }\n\n  return result;\n}\n\nfunction parseNotationOptions(opt) {\n  var result = {};\n  var signOpts = parseSign(opt);\n\n  if (signOpts) {\n    return signOpts;\n  }\n\n  return result;\n}\n/**\n * https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/master/docs/userguide/format_parse/numbers/skeletons.md#skeleton-stems-and-options\n */\n\n\nexport function parseNumberSkeleton(tokens) {\n  var result = {};\n\n  for (var _i = 0, tokens_1 = tokens; _i < tokens_1.length; _i++) {\n    var token = tokens_1[_i];\n\n    switch (token.stem) {\n      case 'percent':\n      case '%':\n        result.style = 'percent';\n        continue;\n\n      case '%x100':\n        result.style = 'percent';\n        result.scale = 100;\n        continue;\n\n      case 'currency':\n        result.style = 'currency';\n        result.currency = token.options[0];\n        continue;\n\n      case 'group-off':\n      case ',_':\n        result.useGrouping = false;\n        continue;\n\n      case 'precision-integer':\n      case '.':\n        result.maximumFractionDigits = 0;\n        continue;\n\n      case 'measure-unit':\n      case 'unit':\n        result.style = 'unit';\n        result.unit = icuUnitToEcma(token.options[0]);\n        continue;\n\n      case 'compact-short':\n      case 'K':\n        result.notation = 'compact';\n        result.compactDisplay = 'short';\n        continue;\n\n      case 'compact-long':\n      case 'KK':\n        result.notation = 'compact';\n        result.compactDisplay = 'long';\n        continue;\n\n      case 'scientific':\n        result = __assign(__assign(__assign({}, result), {\n          notation: 'scientific'\n        }), token.options.reduce(function (all, opt) {\n          return __assign(__assign({}, all), parseNotationOptions(opt));\n        }, {}));\n        continue;\n\n      case 'engineering':\n        result = __assign(__assign(__assign({}, result), {\n          notation: 'engineering'\n        }), token.options.reduce(function (all, opt) {\n          return __assign(__assign({}, all), parseNotationOptions(opt));\n        }, {}));\n        continue;\n\n      case 'notation-simple':\n        result.notation = 'standard';\n        continue;\n      // https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/master/icu4c/source/i18n/unicode/unumberformatter.h\n\n      case 'unit-width-narrow':\n        result.currencyDisplay = 'narrowSymbol';\n        result.unitDisplay = 'narrow';\n        continue;\n\n      case 'unit-width-short':\n        result.currencyDisplay = 'code';\n        result.unitDisplay = 'short';\n        continue;\n\n      case 'unit-width-full-name':\n        result.currencyDisplay = 'name';\n        result.unitDisplay = 'long';\n        continue;\n\n      case 'unit-width-iso-code':\n        result.currencyDisplay = 'symbol';\n        continue;\n\n      case 'scale':\n        result.scale = parseFloat(token.options[0]);\n        continue;\n      // https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/format_parse/numbers/skeletons.html#integer-width\n\n      case 'integer-width':\n        if (token.options.length > 1) {\n          throw new RangeError('integer-width stems only accept a single optional option');\n        }\n\n        token.options[0].replace(INTEGER_WIDTH_REGEX, function (_, g1, g2, g3, g4, g5) {\n          if (g1) {\n            result.minimumIntegerDigits = g2.length;\n          } else if (g3 && g4) {\n            throw new Error('We currently do not support maximum integer digits');\n          } else if (g5) {\n            throw new Error('We currently do not support exact integer digits');\n          }\n\n          return '';\n        });\n        continue;\n    } // https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/format_parse/numbers/skeletons.html#integer-width\n\n\n    if (CONCISE_INTEGER_WIDTH_REGEX.test(token.stem)) {\n      result.minimumIntegerDigits = token.stem.length;\n      continue;\n    }\n\n    if (FRACTION_PRECISION_REGEX.test(token.stem)) {\n      // Precision\n      // https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/format_parse/numbers/skeletons.html#fraction-precision\n      // precision-integer case\n      if (token.options.length > 1) {\n        throw new RangeError('Fraction-precision stems only accept a single optional option');\n      }\n\n      token.stem.replace(FRACTION_PRECISION_REGEX, function (_, g1, g2, g3, g4, g5) {\n        // .000* case (before ICU67 it was .000+)\n        if (g2 === '*') {\n          result.minimumFractionDigits = g1.length;\n        } // .### case\n        else if (g3 && g3[0] === '#') {\n          result.maximumFractionDigits = g3.length;\n        } // .00## case\n        else if (g4 && g5) {\n          result.minimumFractionDigits = g4.length;\n          result.maximumFractionDigits = g4.length + g5.length;\n        } else {\n          result.minimumFractionDigits = g1.length;\n          result.maximumFractionDigits = g1.length;\n        }\n\n        return '';\n      });\n      var opt = token.options[0]; // https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/format_parse/numbers/skeletons.html#trailing-zero-display\n\n      if (opt === 'w') {\n        result = __assign(__assign({}, result), {\n          trailingZeroDisplay: 'stripIfInteger'\n        });\n      } else if (opt) {\n        result = __assign(__assign({}, result), parseSignificantPrecision(opt));\n      }\n\n      continue;\n    } // https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/format_parse/numbers/skeletons.html#significant-digits-precision\n\n\n    if (SIGNIFICANT_PRECISION_REGEX.test(token.stem)) {\n      result = __assign(__assign({}, result), parseSignificantPrecision(token.stem));\n      continue;\n    }\n\n    var signOpts = parseSign(token.stem);\n\n    if (signOpts) {\n      result = __assign(__assign({}, result), signOpts);\n    }\n\n    var conciseScientificAndEngineeringOpts = parseConciseScientificAndEngineeringStem(token.stem);\n\n    if (conciseScientificAndEngineeringOpts) {\n      result = __assign(__assign({}, result), conciseScientificAndEngineeringOpts);\n    }\n  }\n\n  return result;\n}","// @generated from time-data-gen.ts\n// prettier-ignore  \nexport var timeData = {\n  \"AX\": [\"H\"],\n  \"BQ\": [\"H\"],\n  \"CP\": [\"H\"],\n  \"CZ\": [\"H\"],\n  \"DK\": [\"H\"],\n  \"FI\": [\"H\"],\n  \"ID\": [\"H\"],\n  \"IS\": [\"H\"],\n  \"ML\": [\"H\"],\n  \"NE\": [\"H\"],\n  \"RU\": [\"H\"],\n  \"SE\": [\"H\"],\n  \"SJ\": [\"H\"],\n  \"SK\": [\"H\"],\n  \"AS\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"BT\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"DJ\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"ER\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"GH\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"IN\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"LS\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"PG\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"PW\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"SO\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"TO\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"VU\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"WS\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"001\": [\"H\", \"h\"],\n  \"AL\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"TD\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"ca-ES\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"CF\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"CM\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"fr-CA\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"gl-ES\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"it-CH\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"it-IT\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"LU\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"NP\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"PF\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SC\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SM\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SN\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"TF\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"VA\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"CY\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GR\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"CO\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"DO\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"KP\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"KR\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"NA\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"PA\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"PR\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"VE\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"AC\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"AI\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BW\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BZ\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"CC\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"CK\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"CX\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"DG\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"FK\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GB\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GG\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GI\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"IE\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"IM\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"IO\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"JE\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"LT\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"MK\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"MN\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"MS\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"NF\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"NG\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"NR\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"NU\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"PN\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SH\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SX\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"TA\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"ZA\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"af-ZA\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"AR\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"CL\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"CR\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"CU\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"EA\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"es-BO\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"es-BR\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"es-EC\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"es-ES\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"es-GQ\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"es-PE\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"GT\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"HN\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"IC\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"KG\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"KM\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"LK\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"MA\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"MX\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"NI\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"PY\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"SV\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"UY\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"JP\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"K\"],\n  \"AD\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"AM\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"AO\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"AT\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"AW\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BE\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BF\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BJ\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BL\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BR\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"CG\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"CI\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"CV\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"DE\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"EE\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"FR\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GA\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GF\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GN\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GP\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GW\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"HR\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"IL\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"IT\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"KZ\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"MC\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"MD\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"MF\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"MQ\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"MZ\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"NC\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"NL\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"PM\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"PT\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"RE\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"RO\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SI\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SR\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"ST\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"TG\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"TR\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"WF\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"YT\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BD\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"H\"],\n  \"PK\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"H\"],\n  \"AZ\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"BA\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"BG\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"CH\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"GE\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"LI\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"ME\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"RS\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"UA\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"UZ\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"XK\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"AG\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"AU\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BB\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BM\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BS\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"CA\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"DM\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"en-001\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"FJ\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"FM\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GD\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GM\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GU\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GY\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"JM\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"KI\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"KN\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"KY\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"LC\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"LR\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"MH\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"MP\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"MW\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"NZ\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SB\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SG\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SL\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SS\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SZ\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"TC\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"TT\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"UM\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"US\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"VC\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"VG\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"VI\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"ZM\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BO\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\", \"hb\"],\n  \"EC\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\", \"hb\"],\n  \"ES\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\", \"hb\"],\n  \"GQ\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\", \"hb\"],\n  \"PE\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\", \"hb\"],\n  \"AE\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"ar-001\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"BH\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"DZ\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"EG\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"EH\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"HK\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"IQ\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"JO\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"KW\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"LB\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"LY\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"MO\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"MR\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"OM\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"PH\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"PS\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"QA\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"SA\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"SD\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"SY\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"TN\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"YE\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"AF\": [\"H\", \"hb\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"LA\": [\"H\", \"hb\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"CN\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"h\"],\n  \"LV\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"h\"],\n  \"TL\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"h\"],\n  \"zu-ZA\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"h\"],\n  \"CD\": [\"hB\", \"H\"],\n  \"IR\": [\"hB\", \"H\"],\n  \"hi-IN\": [\"hB\", \"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"kn-IN\": [\"hB\", \"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"ml-IN\": [\"hB\", \"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"te-IN\": [\"hB\", \"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"KH\": [\"hB\", \"h\", \"H\", \"hb\"],\n  \"ta-IN\": [\"hB\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"BN\": [\"hb\", \"hB\", \"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"MY\": [\"hb\", \"hB\", \"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"ET\": [\"hB\", \"hb\", \"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"gu-IN\": [\"hB\", \"hb\", \"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"mr-IN\": [\"hB\", \"hb\", \"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"pa-IN\": [\"hB\", \"hb\", \"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"TW\": [\"hB\", \"hb\", \"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"KE\": [\"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"h\"],\n  \"MM\": [\"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"h\"],\n  \"TZ\": [\"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"h\"],\n  \"UG\": [\"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"h\"]\n};","import \"core-js/modules/es.object.from-entries.js\";\nimport \"core-js/modules/es.string.trim-start.js\";\nimport \"core-js/modules/es.string.trim-end.js\";\n\nvar _a;\n\nimport { __assign } from \"tslib\";\nimport { ErrorKind } from './error';\nimport { SKELETON_TYPE, TYPE } from './types';\nimport { SPACE_SEPARATOR_REGEX } from './regex.generated';\nimport { parseNumberSkeleton, parseNumberSkeletonFromString, parseDateTimeSkeleton } from '@formatjs/icu-skeleton-parser';\nimport { getBestPattern } from './date-time-pattern-generator';\nvar SPACE_SEPARATOR_START_REGEX = new RegExp(\"^\".concat(SPACE_SEPARATOR_REGEX.source, \"*\"));\nvar SPACE_SEPARATOR_END_REGEX = new RegExp(\"\".concat(SPACE_SEPARATOR_REGEX.source, \"*$\"));\n\nfunction createLocation(start, end) {\n  return {\n    start: start,\n    end: end\n  };\n} // #region Ponyfills\n// Consolidate these variables up top for easier toggling during debugging\n\n\nvar hasNativeStartsWith = !!String.prototype.startsWith;\nvar hasNativeFromCodePoint = !!String.fromCodePoint;\nvar hasNativeFromEntries = !!Object.fromEntries;\nvar hasNativeCodePointAt = !!String.prototype.codePointAt;\nvar hasTrimStart = !!String.prototype.trimStart;\nvar hasTrimEnd = !!String.prototype.trimEnd;\nvar hasNativeIsSafeInteger = !!Number.isSafeInteger;\nvar isSafeInteger = hasNativeIsSafeInteger ? Number.isSafeInteger : function (n) {\n  return typeof n === 'number' && isFinite(n) && Math.floor(n) === n && Math.abs(n) <= 0x1fffffffffffff;\n}; // IE11 does not support y and u.\n\nvar REGEX_SUPPORTS_U_AND_Y = true;\n\ntry {\n  var re = RE('([^\\\\p{White_Space}\\\\p{Pattern_Syntax}]*)', 'yu');\n  /**\n   * legacy Edge or Xbox One browser\n   * Unicode flag support: supported\n   * Pattern_Syntax support: not supported\n   * See https://github.com/formatjs/formatjs/issues/2822\n   */\n\n  REGEX_SUPPORTS_U_AND_Y = ((_a = re.exec('a')) === null || _a === void 0 ? void 0 : _a[0]) === 'a';\n} catch (_) {\n  REGEX_SUPPORTS_U_AND_Y = false;\n}\n\nvar startsWith = hasNativeStartsWith ? // Native\nfunction startsWith(s, search, position) {\n  return s.startsWith(search, position);\n} : // For IE11\nfunction startsWith(s, search, position) {\n  return s.slice(position, position + search.length) === search;\n};\nvar fromCodePoint = hasNativeFromCodePoint ? String.fromCodePoint : // IE11\nfunction fromCodePoint() {\n  var codePoints = [];\n\n  for (var _i = 0; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n    codePoints[_i] = arguments[_i];\n  }\n\n  var elements = '';\n  var length = codePoints.length;\n  var i = 0;\n  var code;\n\n  while (length > i) {\n    code = codePoints[i++];\n    if (code > 0x10ffff) throw RangeError(code + ' is not a valid code point');\n    elements += code < 0x10000 ? String.fromCharCode(code) : String.fromCharCode(((code -= 0x10000) >> 10) + 0xd800, code % 0x400 + 0xdc00);\n  }\n\n  return elements;\n};\nvar fromEntries = // native\nhasNativeFromEntries ? Object.fromEntries : // Ponyfill\nfunction fromEntries(entries) {\n  var obj = {};\n\n  for (var _i = 0, entries_1 = entries; _i < entries_1.length; _i++) {\n    var _a = entries_1[_i],\n        k = _a[0],\n        v = _a[1];\n    obj[k] = v;\n  }\n\n  return obj;\n};\nvar codePointAt = hasNativeCodePointAt ? // Native\nfunction codePointAt(s, index) {\n  return s.codePointAt(index);\n} : // IE 11\nfunction codePointAt(s, index) {\n  var size = s.length;\n\n  if (index < 0 || index >= size) {\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  var first = s.charCodeAt(index);\n  var second;\n  return first < 0xd800 || first > 0xdbff || index + 1 === size || (second = s.charCodeAt(index + 1)) < 0xdc00 || second > 0xdfff ? first : (first - 0xd800 << 10) + (second - 0xdc00) + 0x10000;\n};\nvar trimStart = hasTrimStart ? // Native\nfunction trimStart(s) {\n  return s.trimStart();\n} : // Ponyfill\nfunction trimStart(s) {\n  return s.replace(SPACE_SEPARATOR_START_REGEX, '');\n};\nvar trimEnd = hasTrimEnd ? // Native\nfunction trimEnd(s) {\n  return s.trimEnd();\n} : // Ponyfill\nfunction trimEnd(s) {\n  return s.replace(SPACE_SEPARATOR_END_REGEX, '');\n}; // Prevent minifier to translate new RegExp to literal form that might cause syntax error on IE11.\n\nfunction RE(s, flag) {\n  return new RegExp(s, flag);\n} // #endregion\n\n\nvar matchIdentifierAtIndex;\n\nif (REGEX_SUPPORTS_U_AND_Y) {\n  // Native\n  var IDENTIFIER_PREFIX_RE_1 = RE('([^\\\\p{White_Space}\\\\p{Pattern_Syntax}]*)', 'yu');\n\n  matchIdentifierAtIndex = function matchIdentifierAtIndex(s, index) {\n    var _a;\n\n    IDENTIFIER_PREFIX_RE_1.lastIndex = index;\n    var match = IDENTIFIER_PREFIX_RE_1.exec(s);\n    return (_a = match[1]) !== null && _a !== void 0 ? _a : '';\n  };\n} else {\n  // IE11\n  matchIdentifierAtIndex = function matchIdentifierAtIndex(s, index) {\n    var match = [];\n\n    while (true) {\n      var c = codePointAt(s, index);\n\n      if (c === undefined || _isWhiteSpace(c) || _isPatternSyntax(c)) {\n        break;\n      }\n\n      match.push(c);\n      index += c >= 0x10000 ? 2 : 1;\n    }\n\n    return fromCodePoint.apply(void 0, match);\n  };\n}\n\nvar Parser =\n/** @class */\nfunction () {\n  function Parser(message, options) {\n    if (options === void 0) {\n      options = {};\n    }\n\n    this.message = message;\n    this.position = {\n      offset: 0,\n      line: 1,\n      column: 1\n    };\n    this.ignoreTag = !!options.ignoreTag;\n    this.locale = options.locale;\n    this.requiresOtherClause = !!options.requiresOtherClause;\n    this.shouldParseSkeletons = !!options.shouldParseSkeletons;\n  }\n\n  Parser.prototype.parse = function () {\n    if (this.offset() !== 0) {\n      throw Error('parser can only be used once');\n    }\n\n    return this.parseMessage(0, '', false);\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.parseMessage = function (nestingLevel, parentArgType, expectingCloseTag) {\n    var elements = [];\n\n    while (!this.isEOF()) {\n      var char = this.char();\n\n      if (char === 123\n      /* `{` */\n      ) {\n        var result = this.parseArgument(nestingLevel, expectingCloseTag);\n\n        if (result.err) {\n          return result;\n        }\n\n        elements.push(result.val);\n      } else if (char === 125\n      /* `}` */\n      && nestingLevel > 0) {\n        break;\n      } else if (char === 35\n      /* `#` */\n      && (parentArgType === 'plural' || parentArgType === 'selectordinal')) {\n        var position = this.clonePosition();\n        this.bump();\n        elements.push({\n          type: TYPE.pound,\n          location: createLocation(position, this.clonePosition())\n        });\n      } else if (char === 60\n      /* `<` */\n      && !this.ignoreTag && this.peek() === 47 // char code for '/'\n      ) {\n        if (expectingCloseTag) {\n          break;\n        } else {\n          return this.error(ErrorKind.UNMATCHED_CLOSING_TAG, createLocation(this.clonePosition(), this.clonePosition()));\n        }\n      } else if (char === 60\n      /* `<` */\n      && !this.ignoreTag && _isAlpha(this.peek() || 0)) {\n        var result = this.parseTag(nestingLevel, parentArgType);\n\n        if (result.err) {\n          return result;\n        }\n\n        elements.push(result.val);\n      } else {\n        var result = this.parseLiteral(nestingLevel, parentArgType);\n\n        if (result.err) {\n          return result;\n        }\n\n        elements.push(result.val);\n      }\n    }\n\n    return {\n      val: elements,\n      err: null\n    };\n  };\n  /**\n   * A tag name must start with an ASCII lower/upper case letter. The grammar is based on the\n   * [custom element name][] except that a dash is NOT always mandatory and uppercase letters\n   * are accepted:\n   *\n   * ```\n   * tag ::= \"<\" tagName (whitespace)* \"/>\" | \"<\" tagName (whitespace)* \">\" message \"</\" tagName (whitespace)* \">\"\n   * tagName ::= [a-z] (PENChar)*\n   * PENChar ::=\n   *     \"-\" | \".\" | [0-9] | \"_\" | [a-z] | [A-Z] | #xB7 | [#xC0-#xD6] | [#xD8-#xF6] | [#xF8-#x37D] |\n   *     [#x37F-#x1FFF] | [#x200C-#x200D] | [#x203F-#x2040] | [#x2070-#x218F] | [#x2C00-#x2FEF] |\n   *     [#x3001-#xD7FF] | [#xF900-#xFDCF] | [#xFDF0-#xFFFD] | [#x10000-#xEFFFF]\n   * ```\n   *\n   * [custom element name]: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/custom-elements.html#valid-custom-element-name\n   * NOTE: We're a bit more lax here since HTML technically does not allow uppercase HTML element but we do\n   * since other tag-based engines like React allow it\n   */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.parseTag = function (nestingLevel, parentArgType) {\n    var startPosition = this.clonePosition();\n    this.bump(); // `<`\n\n    var tagName = this.parseTagName();\n    this.bumpSpace();\n\n    if (this.bumpIf('/>')) {\n      // Self closing tag\n      return {\n        val: {\n          type: TYPE.literal,\n          value: \"<\".concat(tagName, \"/>\"),\n          location: createLocation(startPosition, this.clonePosition())\n        },\n        err: null\n      };\n    } else if (this.bumpIf('>')) {\n      var childrenResult = this.parseMessage(nestingLevel + 1, parentArgType, true);\n\n      if (childrenResult.err) {\n        return childrenResult;\n      }\n\n      var children = childrenResult.val; // Expecting a close tag\n\n      var endTagStartPosition = this.clonePosition();\n\n      if (this.bumpIf('</')) {\n        if (this.isEOF() || !_isAlpha(this.char())) {\n          return this.error(ErrorKind.INVALID_TAG, createLocation(endTagStartPosition, this.clonePosition()));\n        }\n\n        var closingTagNameStartPosition = this.clonePosition();\n        var closingTagName = this.parseTagName();\n\n        if (tagName !== closingTagName) {\n          return this.error(ErrorKind.UNMATCHED_CLOSING_TAG, createLocation(closingTagNameStartPosition, this.clonePosition()));\n        }\n\n        this.bumpSpace();\n\n        if (!this.bumpIf('>')) {\n          return this.error(ErrorKind.INVALID_TAG, createLocation(endTagStartPosition, this.clonePosition()));\n        }\n\n        return {\n          val: {\n            type: TYPE.tag,\n            value: tagName,\n            children: children,\n            location: createLocation(startPosition, this.clonePosition())\n          },\n          err: null\n        };\n      } else {\n        return this.error(ErrorKind.UNCLOSED_TAG, createLocation(startPosition, this.clonePosition()));\n      }\n    } else {\n      return this.error(ErrorKind.INVALID_TAG, createLocation(startPosition, this.clonePosition()));\n    }\n  };\n  /**\n   * This method assumes that the caller has peeked ahead for the first tag character.\n   */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.parseTagName = function () {\n    var startOffset = this.offset();\n    this.bump(); // the first tag name character\n\n    while (!this.isEOF() && _isPotentialElementNameChar(this.char())) {\n      this.bump();\n    }\n\n    return this.message.slice(startOffset, this.offset());\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.parseLiteral = function (nestingLevel, parentArgType) {\n    var start = this.clonePosition();\n    var value = '';\n\n    while (true) {\n      var parseQuoteResult = this.tryParseQuote(parentArgType);\n\n      if (parseQuoteResult) {\n        value += parseQuoteResult;\n        continue;\n      }\n\n      var parseUnquotedResult = this.tryParseUnquoted(nestingLevel, parentArgType);\n\n      if (parseUnquotedResult) {\n        value += parseUnquotedResult;\n        continue;\n      }\n\n      var parseLeftAngleResult = this.tryParseLeftAngleBracket();\n\n      if (parseLeftAngleResult) {\n        value += parseLeftAngleResult;\n        continue;\n      }\n\n      break;\n    }\n\n    var location = createLocation(start, this.clonePosition());\n    return {\n      val: {\n        type: TYPE.literal,\n        value: value,\n        location: location\n      },\n      err: null\n    };\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.tryParseLeftAngleBracket = function () {\n    if (!this.isEOF() && this.char() === 60\n    /* `<` */\n    && (this.ignoreTag || // If at the opening tag or closing tag position, bail.\n    !_isAlphaOrSlash(this.peek() || 0))) {\n      this.bump(); // `<`\n\n      return '<';\n    }\n\n    return null;\n  };\n  /**\n   * Starting with ICU 4.8, an ASCII apostrophe only starts quoted text if it immediately precedes\n   * a character that requires quoting (that is, \"only where needed\"), and works the same in\n   * nested messages as on the top level of the pattern. The new behavior is otherwise compatible.\n   */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.tryParseQuote = function (parentArgType) {\n    if (this.isEOF() || this.char() !== 39\n    /* `'` */\n    ) {\n      return null;\n    } // Parse escaped char following the apostrophe, or early return if there is no escaped char.\n    // Check if is valid escaped character\n\n\n    switch (this.peek()) {\n      case 39\n      /* `'` */\n      :\n        // double quote, should return as a single quote.\n        this.bump();\n        this.bump();\n        return \"'\";\n      // '{', '<', '>', '}'\n\n      case 123:\n      case 60:\n      case 62:\n      case 125:\n        break;\n\n      case 35:\n        // '#'\n        if (parentArgType === 'plural' || parentArgType === 'selectordinal') {\n          break;\n        }\n\n        return null;\n\n      default:\n        return null;\n    }\n\n    this.bump(); // apostrophe\n\n    var codePoints = [this.char()]; // escaped char\n\n    this.bump(); // read chars until the optional closing apostrophe is found\n\n    while (!this.isEOF()) {\n      var ch = this.char();\n\n      if (ch === 39\n      /* `'` */\n      ) {\n        if (this.peek() === 39\n        /* `'` */\n        ) {\n          codePoints.push(39); // Bump one more time because we need to skip 2 characters.\n\n          this.bump();\n        } else {\n          // Optional closing apostrophe.\n          this.bump();\n          break;\n        }\n      } else {\n        codePoints.push(ch);\n      }\n\n      this.bump();\n    }\n\n    return fromCodePoint.apply(void 0, codePoints);\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.tryParseUnquoted = function (nestingLevel, parentArgType) {\n    if (this.isEOF()) {\n      return null;\n    }\n\n    var ch = this.char();\n\n    if (ch === 60\n    /* `<` */\n    || ch === 123\n    /* `{` */\n    || ch === 35\n    /* `#` */\n    && (parentArgType === 'plural' || parentArgType === 'selectordinal') || ch === 125\n    /* `}` */\n    && nestingLevel > 0) {\n      return null;\n    } else {\n      this.bump();\n      return fromCodePoint(ch);\n    }\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.parseArgument = function (nestingLevel, expectingCloseTag) {\n    var openingBracePosition = this.clonePosition();\n    this.bump(); // `{`\n\n    this.bumpSpace();\n\n    if (this.isEOF()) {\n      return this.error(ErrorKind.EXPECT_ARGUMENT_CLOSING_BRACE, createLocation(openingBracePosition, this.clonePosition()));\n    }\n\n    if (this.char() === 125\n    /* `}` */\n    ) {\n      this.bump();\n      return this.error(ErrorKind.EMPTY_ARGUMENT, createLocation(openingBracePosition, this.clonePosition()));\n    } // argument name\n\n\n    var value = this.parseIdentifierIfPossible().value;\n\n    if (!value) {\n      return this.error(ErrorKind.MALFORMED_ARGUMENT, createLocation(openingBracePosition, this.clonePosition()));\n    }\n\n    this.bumpSpace();\n\n    if (this.isEOF()) {\n      return this.error(ErrorKind.EXPECT_ARGUMENT_CLOSING_BRACE, createLocation(openingBracePosition, this.clonePosition()));\n    }\n\n    switch (this.char()) {\n      // Simple argument: `{name}`\n      case 125\n      /* `}` */\n      :\n        {\n          this.bump(); // `}`\n\n          return {\n            val: {\n              type: TYPE.argument,\n              // value does not include the opening and closing braces.\n              value: value,\n              location: createLocation(openingBracePosition, this.clonePosition())\n            },\n            err: null\n          };\n        }\n      // Argument with options: `{name, format, ...}`\n\n      case 44\n      /* `,` */\n      :\n        {\n          this.bump(); // `,`\n\n          this.bumpSpace();\n\n          if (this.isEOF()) {\n            return this.error(ErrorKind.EXPECT_ARGUMENT_CLOSING_BRACE, createLocation(openingBracePosition, this.clonePosition()));\n          }\n\n          return this.parseArgumentOptions(nestingLevel, expectingCloseTag, value, openingBracePosition);\n        }\n\n      default:\n        return this.error(ErrorKind.MALFORMED_ARGUMENT, createLocation(openingBracePosition, this.clonePosition()));\n    }\n  };\n  /**\n   * Advance the parser until the end of the identifier, if it is currently on\n   * an identifier character. Return an empty string otherwise.\n   */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.parseIdentifierIfPossible = function () {\n    var startingPosition = this.clonePosition();\n    var startOffset = this.offset();\n    var value = matchIdentifierAtIndex(this.message, startOffset);\n    var endOffset = startOffset + value.length;\n    this.bumpTo(endOffset);\n    var endPosition = this.clonePosition();\n    var location = createLocation(startingPosition, endPosition);\n    return {\n      value: value,\n      location: location\n    };\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.parseArgumentOptions = function (nestingLevel, expectingCloseTag, value, openingBracePosition) {\n    var _a; // Parse this range:\n    // {name, type, style}\n    //        ^---^\n\n\n    var typeStartPosition = this.clonePosition();\n    var argType = this.parseIdentifierIfPossible().value;\n    var typeEndPosition = this.clonePosition();\n\n    switch (argType) {\n      case '':\n        // Expecting a style string number, date, time, plural, selectordinal, or select.\n        return this.error(ErrorKind.EXPECT_ARGUMENT_TYPE, createLocation(typeStartPosition, typeEndPosition));\n\n      case 'number':\n      case 'date':\n      case 'time':\n        {\n          // Parse this range:\n          // {name, number, style}\n          //              ^-------^\n          this.bumpSpace();\n          var styleAndLocation = null;\n\n          if (this.bumpIf(',')) {\n            this.bumpSpace();\n            var styleStartPosition = this.clonePosition();\n            var result = this.parseSimpleArgStyleIfPossible();\n\n            if (result.err) {\n              return result;\n            }\n\n            var style = trimEnd(result.val);\n\n            if (style.length === 0) {\n              return this.error(ErrorKind.EXPECT_ARGUMENT_STYLE, createLocation(this.clonePosition(), this.clonePosition()));\n            }\n\n            var styleLocation = createLocation(styleStartPosition, this.clonePosition());\n            styleAndLocation = {\n              style: style,\n              styleLocation: styleLocation\n            };\n          }\n\n          var argCloseResult = this.tryParseArgumentClose(openingBracePosition);\n\n          if (argCloseResult.err) {\n            return argCloseResult;\n          }\n\n          var location_1 = createLocation(openingBracePosition, this.clonePosition()); // Extract style or skeleton\n\n          if (styleAndLocation && startsWith(styleAndLocation === null || styleAndLocation === void 0 ? void 0 : styleAndLocation.style, '::', 0)) {\n            // Skeleton starts with `::`.\n            var skeleton = trimStart(styleAndLocation.style.slice(2));\n\n            if (argType === 'number') {\n              var result = this.parseNumberSkeletonFromString(skeleton, styleAndLocation.styleLocation);\n\n              if (result.err) {\n                return result;\n              }\n\n              return {\n                val: {\n                  type: TYPE.number,\n                  value: value,\n                  location: location_1,\n                  style: result.val\n                },\n                err: null\n              };\n            } else {\n              if (skeleton.length === 0) {\n                return this.error(ErrorKind.EXPECT_DATE_TIME_SKELETON, location_1);\n              }\n\n              var dateTimePattern = skeleton; // Get \"best match\" pattern only if locale is passed, if not, let it\n              // pass as-is where `parseDateTimeSkeleton()` will throw an error\n              // for unsupported patterns.\n\n              if (this.locale) {\n                dateTimePattern = getBestPattern(skeleton, this.locale);\n              }\n\n              var style = {\n                type: SKELETON_TYPE.dateTime,\n                pattern: dateTimePattern,\n                location: styleAndLocation.styleLocation,\n                parsedOptions: this.shouldParseSkeletons ? parseDateTimeSkeleton(dateTimePattern) : {}\n              };\n              var type = argType === 'date' ? TYPE.date : TYPE.time;\n              return {\n                val: {\n                  type: type,\n                  value: value,\n                  location: location_1,\n                  style: style\n                },\n                err: null\n              };\n            }\n          } // Regular style or no style.\n\n\n          return {\n            val: {\n              type: argType === 'number' ? TYPE.number : argType === 'date' ? TYPE.date : TYPE.time,\n              value: value,\n              location: location_1,\n              style: (_a = styleAndLocation === null || styleAndLocation === void 0 ? void 0 : styleAndLocation.style) !== null && _a !== void 0 ? _a : null\n            },\n            err: null\n          };\n        }\n\n      case 'plural':\n      case 'selectordinal':\n      case 'select':\n        {\n          // Parse this range:\n          // {name, plural, options}\n          //              ^---------^\n          var typeEndPosition_1 = this.clonePosition();\n          this.bumpSpace();\n\n          if (!this.bumpIf(',')) {\n            return this.error(ErrorKind.EXPECT_SELECT_ARGUMENT_OPTIONS, createLocation(typeEndPosition_1, __assign({}, typeEndPosition_1)));\n          }\n\n          this.bumpSpace(); // Parse offset:\n          // {name, plural, offset:1, options}\n          //                ^-----^\n          //\n          // or the first option:\n          //\n          // {name, plural, one {...} other {...}}\n          //                ^--^\n\n          var identifierAndLocation = this.parseIdentifierIfPossible();\n          var pluralOffset = 0;\n\n          if (argType !== 'select' && identifierAndLocation.value === 'offset') {\n            if (!this.bumpIf(':')) {\n              return this.error(ErrorKind.EXPECT_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_OFFSET_VALUE, createLocation(this.clonePosition(), this.clonePosition()));\n            }\n\n            this.bumpSpace();\n            var result = this.tryParseDecimalInteger(ErrorKind.EXPECT_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_OFFSET_VALUE, ErrorKind.INVALID_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_OFFSET_VALUE);\n\n            if (result.err) {\n              return result;\n            } // Parse another identifier for option parsing\n\n\n            this.bumpSpace();\n            identifierAndLocation = this.parseIdentifierIfPossible();\n            pluralOffset = result.val;\n          }\n\n          var optionsResult = this.tryParsePluralOrSelectOptions(nestingLevel, argType, expectingCloseTag, identifierAndLocation);\n\n          if (optionsResult.err) {\n            return optionsResult;\n          }\n\n          var argCloseResult = this.tryParseArgumentClose(openingBracePosition);\n\n          if (argCloseResult.err) {\n            return argCloseResult;\n          }\n\n          var location_2 = createLocation(openingBracePosition, this.clonePosition());\n\n          if (argType === 'select') {\n            return {\n              val: {\n                type: TYPE.select,\n                value: value,\n                options: fromEntries(optionsResult.val),\n                location: location_2\n              },\n              err: null\n            };\n          } else {\n            return {\n              val: {\n                type: TYPE.plural,\n                value: value,\n                options: fromEntries(optionsResult.val),\n                offset: pluralOffset,\n                pluralType: argType === 'plural' ? 'cardinal' : 'ordinal',\n                location: location_2\n              },\n              err: null\n            };\n          }\n        }\n\n      default:\n        return this.error(ErrorKind.INVALID_ARGUMENT_TYPE, createLocation(typeStartPosition, typeEndPosition));\n    }\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.tryParseArgumentClose = function (openingBracePosition) {\n    // Parse: {value, number, ::currency/GBP }\n    //\n    if (this.isEOF() || this.char() !== 125\n    /* `}` */\n    ) {\n      return this.error(ErrorKind.EXPECT_ARGUMENT_CLOSING_BRACE, createLocation(openingBracePosition, this.clonePosition()));\n    }\n\n    this.bump(); // `}`\n\n    return {\n      val: true,\n      err: null\n    };\n  };\n  /**\n   * See: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/af7ed1f6d2298013dc303628438ec4abe1f16479/icu4c/source/common/messagepattern.cpp#L659\n   */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.parseSimpleArgStyleIfPossible = function () {\n    var nestedBraces = 0;\n    var startPosition = this.clonePosition();\n\n    while (!this.isEOF()) {\n      var ch = this.char();\n\n      switch (ch) {\n        case 39\n        /* `'` */\n        :\n          {\n            // Treat apostrophe as quoting but include it in the style part.\n            // Find the end of the quoted literal text.\n            this.bump();\n            var apostrophePosition = this.clonePosition();\n\n            if (!this.bumpUntil(\"'\")) {\n              return this.error(ErrorKind.UNCLOSED_QUOTE_IN_ARGUMENT_STYLE, createLocation(apostrophePosition, this.clonePosition()));\n            }\n\n            this.bump();\n            break;\n          }\n\n        case 123\n        /* `{` */\n        :\n          {\n            nestedBraces += 1;\n            this.bump();\n            break;\n          }\n\n        case 125\n        /* `}` */\n        :\n          {\n            if (nestedBraces > 0) {\n              nestedBraces -= 1;\n            } else {\n              return {\n                val: this.message.slice(startPosition.offset, this.offset()),\n                err: null\n              };\n            }\n\n            break;\n          }\n\n        default:\n          this.bump();\n          break;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return {\n      val: this.message.slice(startPosition.offset, this.offset()),\n      err: null\n    };\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.parseNumberSkeletonFromString = function (skeleton, location) {\n    var tokens = [];\n\n    try {\n      tokens = parseNumberSkeletonFromString(skeleton);\n    } catch (e) {\n      return this.error(ErrorKind.INVALID_NUMBER_SKELETON, location);\n    }\n\n    return {\n      val: {\n        type: SKELETON_TYPE.number,\n        tokens: tokens,\n        location: location,\n        parsedOptions: this.shouldParseSkeletons ? parseNumberSkeleton(tokens) : {}\n      },\n      err: null\n    };\n  };\n  /**\n   * @param nesting_level The current nesting level of messages.\n   *     This can be positive when parsing message fragment in select or plural argument options.\n   * @param parent_arg_type The parent argument's type.\n   * @param parsed_first_identifier If provided, this is the first identifier-like selector of\n   *     the argument. It is a by-product of a previous parsing attempt.\n   * @param expecting_close_tag If true, this message is directly or indirectly nested inside\n   *     between a pair of opening and closing tags. The nested message will not parse beyond\n   *     the closing tag boundary.\n   */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.tryParsePluralOrSelectOptions = function (nestingLevel, parentArgType, expectCloseTag, parsedFirstIdentifier) {\n    var _a;\n\n    var hasOtherClause = false;\n    var options = [];\n    var parsedSelectors = new Set();\n    var selector = parsedFirstIdentifier.value,\n        selectorLocation = parsedFirstIdentifier.location; // Parse:\n    // one {one apple}\n    // ^--^\n\n    while (true) {\n      if (selector.length === 0) {\n        var startPosition = this.clonePosition();\n\n        if (parentArgType !== 'select' && this.bumpIf('=')) {\n          // Try parse `={number}` selector\n          var result = this.tryParseDecimalInteger(ErrorKind.EXPECT_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR, ErrorKind.INVALID_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR);\n\n          if (result.err) {\n            return result;\n          }\n\n          selectorLocation = createLocation(startPosition, this.clonePosition());\n          selector = this.message.slice(startPosition.offset, this.offset());\n        } else {\n          break;\n        }\n      } // Duplicate selector clauses\n\n\n      if (parsedSelectors.has(selector)) {\n        return this.error(parentArgType === 'select' ? ErrorKind.DUPLICATE_SELECT_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR : ErrorKind.DUPLICATE_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR, selectorLocation);\n      }\n\n      if (selector === 'other') {\n        hasOtherClause = true;\n      } // Parse:\n      // one {one apple}\n      //     ^----------^\n\n\n      this.bumpSpace();\n      var openingBracePosition = this.clonePosition();\n\n      if (!this.bumpIf('{')) {\n        return this.error(parentArgType === 'select' ? ErrorKind.EXPECT_SELECT_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR_FRAGMENT : ErrorKind.EXPECT_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR_FRAGMENT, createLocation(this.clonePosition(), this.clonePosition()));\n      }\n\n      var fragmentResult = this.parseMessage(nestingLevel + 1, parentArgType, expectCloseTag);\n\n      if (fragmentResult.err) {\n        return fragmentResult;\n      }\n\n      var argCloseResult = this.tryParseArgumentClose(openingBracePosition);\n\n      if (argCloseResult.err) {\n        return argCloseResult;\n      }\n\n      options.push([selector, {\n        value: fragmentResult.val,\n        location: createLocation(openingBracePosition, this.clonePosition())\n      }]); // Keep track of the existing selectors\n\n      parsedSelectors.add(selector); // Prep next selector clause.\n\n      this.bumpSpace();\n      _a = this.parseIdentifierIfPossible(), selector = _a.value, selectorLocation = _a.location;\n    }\n\n    if (options.length === 0) {\n      return this.error(parentArgType === 'select' ? ErrorKind.EXPECT_SELECT_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR : ErrorKind.EXPECT_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR, createLocation(this.clonePosition(), this.clonePosition()));\n    }\n\n    if (this.requiresOtherClause && !hasOtherClause) {\n      return this.error(ErrorKind.MISSING_OTHER_CLAUSE, createLocation(this.clonePosition(), this.clonePosition()));\n    }\n\n    return {\n      val: options,\n      err: null\n    };\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.tryParseDecimalInteger = function (expectNumberError, invalidNumberError) {\n    var sign = 1;\n    var startingPosition = this.clonePosition();\n\n    if (this.bumpIf('+')) {} else if (this.bumpIf('-')) {\n      sign = -1;\n    }\n\n    var hasDigits = false;\n    var decimal = 0;\n\n    while (!this.isEOF()) {\n      var ch = this.char();\n\n      if (ch >= 48\n      /* `0` */\n      && ch <= 57\n      /* `9` */\n      ) {\n        hasDigits = true;\n        decimal = decimal * 10 + (ch - 48);\n        this.bump();\n      } else {\n        break;\n      }\n    }\n\n    var location = createLocation(startingPosition, this.clonePosition());\n\n    if (!hasDigits) {\n      return this.error(expectNumberError, location);\n    }\n\n    decimal *= sign;\n\n    if (!isSafeInteger(decimal)) {\n      return this.error(invalidNumberError, location);\n    }\n\n    return {\n      val: decimal,\n      err: null\n    };\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.offset = function () {\n    return this.position.offset;\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.isEOF = function () {\n    return this.offset() === this.message.length;\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.clonePosition = function () {\n    // This is much faster than `Object.assign` or spread.\n    return {\n      offset: this.position.offset,\n      line: this.position.line,\n      column: this.position.column\n    };\n  };\n  /**\n   * Return the code point at the current position of the parser.\n   * Throws if the index is out of bound.\n   */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.char = function () {\n    var offset = this.position.offset;\n\n    if (offset >= this.message.length) {\n      throw Error('out of bound');\n    }\n\n    var code = codePointAt(this.message, offset);\n\n    if (code === undefined) {\n      throw Error(\"Offset \".concat(offset, \" is at invalid UTF-16 code unit boundary\"));\n    }\n\n    return code;\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.error = function (kind, location) {\n    return {\n      val: null,\n      err: {\n        kind: kind,\n        message: this.message,\n        location: location\n      }\n    };\n  };\n  /** Bump the parser to the next UTF-16 code unit. */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.bump = function () {\n    if (this.isEOF()) {\n      return;\n    }\n\n    var code = this.char();\n\n    if (code === 10\n    /* '\\n' */\n    ) {\n      this.position.line += 1;\n      this.position.column = 1;\n      this.position.offset += 1;\n    } else {\n      this.position.column += 1; // 0 ~ 0x10000 -> unicode BMP, otherwise skip the surrogate pair.\n\n      this.position.offset += code < 0x10000 ? 1 : 2;\n    }\n  };\n  /**\n   * If the substring starting at the current position of the parser has\n   * the given prefix, then bump the parser to the character immediately\n   * following the prefix and return true. Otherwise, don't bump the parser\n   * and return false.\n   */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.bumpIf = function (prefix) {\n    if (startsWith(this.message, prefix, this.offset())) {\n      for (var i = 0; i < prefix.length; i++) {\n        this.bump();\n      }\n\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    return false;\n  };\n  /**\n   * Bump the parser until the pattern character is found and return `true`.\n   * Otherwise bump to the end of the file and return `false`.\n   */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.bumpUntil = function (pattern) {\n    var currentOffset = this.offset();\n    var index = this.message.indexOf(pattern, currentOffset);\n\n    if (index >= 0) {\n      this.bumpTo(index);\n      return true;\n    } else {\n      this.bumpTo(this.message.length);\n      return false;\n    }\n  };\n  /**\n   * Bump the parser to the target offset.\n   * If target offset is beyond the end of the input, bump the parser to the end of the input.\n   */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.bumpTo = function (targetOffset) {\n    if (this.offset() > targetOffset) {\n      throw Error(\"targetOffset \".concat(targetOffset, \" must be greater than or equal to the current offset \").concat(this.offset()));\n    }\n\n    targetOffset = Math.min(targetOffset, this.message.length);\n\n    while (true) {\n      var offset = this.offset();\n\n      if (offset === targetOffset) {\n        break;\n      }\n\n      if (offset > targetOffset) {\n        throw Error(\"targetOffset \".concat(targetOffset, \" is at invalid UTF-16 code unit boundary\"));\n      }\n\n      this.bump();\n\n      if (this.isEOF()) {\n        break;\n      }\n    }\n  };\n  /** advance the parser through all whitespace to the next non-whitespace code unit. */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.bumpSpace = function () {\n    while (!this.isEOF() && _isWhiteSpace(this.char())) {\n      this.bump();\n    }\n  };\n  /**\n   * Peek at the *next* Unicode codepoint in the input without advancing the parser.\n   * If the input has been exhausted, then this returns null.\n   */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.peek = function () {\n    if (this.isEOF()) {\n      return null;\n    }\n\n    var code = this.char();\n    var offset = this.offset();\n    var nextCode = this.message.charCodeAt(offset + (code >= 0x10000 ? 2 : 1));\n    return nextCode !== null && nextCode !== void 0 ? nextCode : null;\n  };\n\n  return Parser;\n}();\n\nexport { Parser };\n/**\n * This check if codepoint is alphabet (lower & uppercase)\n * @param codepoint\n * @returns\n */\n\nfunction _isAlpha(codepoint) {\n  return codepoint >= 97 && codepoint <= 122 || codepoint >= 65 && codepoint <= 90;\n}\n\nfunction _isAlphaOrSlash(codepoint) {\n  return _isAlpha(codepoint) || codepoint === 47;\n  /* '/' */\n}\n/** See `parseTag` function docs. */\n\n\nfunction _isPotentialElementNameChar(c) {\n  return c === 45\n  /* '-' */\n  || c === 46\n  /* '.' */\n  || c >= 48 && c <= 57\n  /* 0..9 */\n  || c === 95\n  /* '_' */\n  || c >= 97 && c <= 122\n  /** a..z */\n  || c >= 65 && c <= 90\n  /* A..Z */\n  || c == 0xb7 || c >= 0xc0 && c <= 0xd6 || c >= 0xd8 && c <= 0xf6 || c >= 0xf8 && c <= 0x37d || c >= 0x37f && c <= 0x1fff || c >= 0x200c && c <= 0x200d || c >= 0x203f && c <= 0x2040 || c >= 0x2070 && c <= 0x218f || c >= 0x2c00 && c <= 0x2fef || c >= 0x3001 && c <= 0xd7ff || c >= 0xf900 && c <= 0xfdcf || c >= 0xfdf0 && c <= 0xfffd || c >= 0x10000 && c <= 0xeffff;\n}\n/**\n * Code point equivalent of regex `\\p{White_Space}`.\n * From: https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/PropList.txt\n */\n\n\nfunction _isWhiteSpace(c) {\n  return c >= 0x0009 && c <= 0x000d || c === 0x0020 || c === 0x0085 || c >= 0x200e && c <= 0x200f || c === 0x2028 || c === 0x2029;\n}\n/**\n * Code point equivalent of regex `\\p{Pattern_Syntax}`.\n * See https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/PropList.txt\n */\n\n\nfunction _isPatternSyntax(c) {\n  return c >= 0x0021 && c <= 0x0023 || c === 0x0024 || c >= 0x0025 && c <= 0x0027 || c === 0x0028 || c === 0x0029 || c === 0x002a || c === 0x002b || c === 0x002c || c === 0x002d || c >= 0x002e && c <= 0x002f || c >= 0x003a && c <= 0x003b || c >= 0x003c && c <= 0x003e || c >= 0x003f && c <= 0x0040 || c === 0x005b || c === 0x005c || c === 0x005d || c === 0x005e || c === 0x0060 || c === 0x007b || c === 0x007c || c === 0x007d || c === 0x007e || c === 0x00a1 || c >= 0x00a2 && c <= 0x00a5 || c === 0x00a6 || c === 0x00a7 || c === 0x00a9 || c === 0x00ab || c === 0x00ac || c === 0x00ae || c === 0x00b0 || c === 0x00b1 || c === 0x00b6 || c === 0x00bb || c === 0x00bf || c === 0x00d7 || c === 0x00f7 || c >= 0x2010 && c <= 0x2015 || c >= 0x2016 && c <= 0x2017 || c === 0x2018 || c === 0x2019 || c === 0x201a || c >= 0x201b && c <= 0x201c || c === 0x201d || c === 0x201e || c === 0x201f || c >= 0x2020 && c <= 0x2027 || c >= 0x2030 && c <= 0x2038 || c === 0x2039 || c === 0x203a || c >= 0x203b && c <= 0x203e || c >= 0x2041 && c <= 0x2043 || c === 0x2044 || c === 0x2045 || c === 0x2046 || c >= 0x2047 && c <= 0x2051 || c === 0x2052 || c === 0x2053 || c >= 0x2055 && c <= 0x205e || c >= 0x2190 && c <= 0x2194 || c >= 0x2195 && c <= 0x2199 || c >= 0x219a && c <= 0x219b || c >= 0x219c && c <= 0x219f || c === 0x21a0 || c >= 0x21a1 && c <= 0x21a2 || c === 0x21a3 || c >= 0x21a4 && c <= 0x21a5 || c === 0x21a6 || c >= 0x21a7 && c <= 0x21ad || c === 0x21ae || c >= 0x21af && c <= 0x21cd || c >= 0x21ce && c <= 0x21cf || c >= 0x21d0 && c <= 0x21d1 || c === 0x21d2 || c === 0x21d3 || c === 0x21d4 || c >= 0x21d5 && c <= 0x21f3 || c >= 0x21f4 && c <= 0x22ff || c >= 0x2300 && c <= 0x2307 || c === 0x2308 || c === 0x2309 || c === 0x230a || c === 0x230b || c >= 0x230c && c <= 0x231f || c >= 0x2320 && c <= 0x2321 || c >= 0x2322 && c <= 0x2328 || c === 0x2329 || c === 0x232a || c >= 0x232b && c <= 0x237b || c === 0x237c || c >= 0x237d && c <= 0x239a || c >= 0x239b && c <= 0x23b3 || c >= 0x23b4 && c <= 0x23db || c >= 0x23dc && c <= 0x23e1 || c >= 0x23e2 && c <= 0x2426 || c >= 0x2427 && c <= 0x243f || c >= 0x2440 && c <= 0x244a || c >= 0x244b && c <= 0x245f || c >= 0x2500 && c <= 0x25b6 || c === 0x25b7 || c >= 0x25b8 && c <= 0x25c0 || c === 0x25c1 || c >= 0x25c2 && c <= 0x25f7 || c >= 0x25f8 && c <= 0x25ff || c >= 0x2600 && c <= 0x266e || c === 0x266f || c >= 0x2670 && c <= 0x2767 || c === 0x2768 || c === 0x2769 || c === 0x276a || c === 0x276b || c === 0x276c || c === 0x276d || c === 0x276e || c === 0x276f || c === 0x2770 || c === 0x2771 || c === 0x2772 || c === 0x2773 || c === 0x2774 || c === 0x2775 || c >= 0x2794 && c <= 0x27bf || c >= 0x27c0 && c <= 0x27c4 || c === 0x27c5 || c === 0x27c6 || c >= 0x27c7 && c <= 0x27e5 || c === 0x27e6 || c === 0x27e7 || c === 0x27e8 || c === 0x27e9 || c === 0x27ea || c === 0x27eb || c === 0x27ec || c === 0x27ed || c === 0x27ee || c === 0x27ef || c >= 0x27f0 && c <= 0x27ff || c >= 0x2800 && c <= 0x28ff || c >= 0x2900 && c <= 0x2982 || c === 0x2983 || c === 0x2984 || c === 0x2985 || c === 0x2986 || c === 0x2987 || c === 0x2988 || c === 0x2989 || c === 0x298a || c === 0x298b || c === 0x298c || c === 0x298d || c === 0x298e || c === 0x298f || c === 0x2990 || c === 0x2991 || c === 0x2992 || c === 0x2993 || c === 0x2994 || c === 0x2995 || c === 0x2996 || c === 0x2997 || c === 0x2998 || c >= 0x2999 && c <= 0x29d7 || c === 0x29d8 || c === 0x29d9 || c === 0x29da || c === 0x29db || c >= 0x29dc && c <= 0x29fb || c === 0x29fc || c === 0x29fd || c >= 0x29fe && c <= 0x2aff || c >= 0x2b00 && c <= 0x2b2f || c >= 0x2b30 && c <= 0x2b44 || c >= 0x2b45 && c <= 0x2b46 || c >= 0x2b47 && c <= 0x2b4c || c >= 0x2b4d && c <= 0x2b73 || c >= 0x2b74 && c <= 0x2b75 || c >= 0x2b76 && c <= 0x2b95 || c === 0x2b96 || c >= 0x2b97 && c <= 0x2bff || c >= 0x2e00 && c <= 0x2e01 || c === 0x2e02 || c === 0x2e03 || c === 0x2e04 || c === 0x2e05 || c >= 0x2e06 && c <= 0x2e08 || c === 0x2e09 || c === 0x2e0a || c === 0x2e0b || c === 0x2e0c || c === 0x2e0d || c >= 0x2e0e && c <= 0x2e16 || c === 0x2e17 || c >= 0x2e18 && c <= 0x2e19 || c === 0x2e1a || c === 0x2e1b || c === 0x2e1c || c === 0x2e1d || c >= 0x2e1e && c <= 0x2e1f || c === 0x2e20 || c === 0x2e21 || c === 0x2e22 || c === 0x2e23 || c === 0x2e24 || c === 0x2e25 || c === 0x2e26 || c === 0x2e27 || c === 0x2e28 || c === 0x2e29 || c >= 0x2e2a && c <= 0x2e2e || c === 0x2e2f || c >= 0x2e30 && c <= 0x2e39 || c >= 0x2e3a && c <= 0x2e3b || c >= 0x2e3c && c <= 0x2e3f || c === 0x2e40 || c === 0x2e41 || c === 0x2e42 || c >= 0x2e43 && c <= 0x2e4f || c >= 0x2e50 && c <= 0x2e51 || c === 0x2e52 || c >= 0x2e53 && c <= 0x2e7f || c >= 0x3001 && c <= 0x3003 || c === 0x3008 || c === 0x3009 || c === 0x300a || c === 0x300b || c === 0x300c || c === 0x300d || c === 0x300e || c === 0x300f || c === 0x3010 || c === 0x3011 || c >= 0x3012 && c <= 0x3013 || c === 0x3014 || c === 0x3015 || c === 0x3016 || c === 0x3017 || c === 0x3018 || c === 0x3019 || c === 0x301a || c === 0x301b || c === 0x301c || c === 0x301d || c >= 0x301e && c <= 0x301f || c === 0x3020 || c === 0x3030 || c === 0xfd3e || c === 0xfd3f || c >= 0xfe45 && c <= 0xfe46;\n}","import { timeData } from './time-data.generated';\n/**\n * Returns the best matching date time pattern if a date time skeleton\n * pattern is provided with a locale. Follows the Unicode specification:\n * https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-dates.html#table-mapping-requested-time-skeletons-to-patterns\n * @param skeleton date time skeleton pattern that possibly includes j, J or C\n * @param locale\n */\n\nexport function getBestPattern(skeleton, locale) {\n  var skeletonCopy = '';\n\n  for (var patternPos = 0; patternPos < skeleton.length; patternPos++) {\n    var patternChar = skeleton.charAt(patternPos);\n\n    if (patternChar === 'j') {\n      var extraLength = 0;\n\n      while (patternPos + 1 < skeleton.length && skeleton.charAt(patternPos + 1) === patternChar) {\n        extraLength++;\n        patternPos++;\n      }\n\n      var hourLen = 1 + (extraLength & 1);\n      var dayPeriodLen = extraLength < 2 ? 1 : 3 + (extraLength >> 1);\n      var dayPeriodChar = 'a';\n      var hourChar = getDefaultHourSymbolFromLocale(locale);\n\n      if (hourChar == 'H' || hourChar == 'k') {\n        dayPeriodLen = 0;\n      }\n\n      while (dayPeriodLen-- > 0) {\n        skeletonCopy += dayPeriodChar;\n      }\n\n      while (hourLen-- > 0) {\n        skeletonCopy = hourChar + skeletonCopy;\n      }\n    } else if (patternChar === 'J') {\n      skeletonCopy += 'H';\n    } else {\n      skeletonCopy += patternChar;\n    }\n  }\n\n  return skeletonCopy;\n}\n/**\n * Maps the [hour cycle type](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl/Locale/hourCycle)\n * of the given `locale` to the corresponding time pattern.\n * @param locale\n */\n\nfunction getDefaultHourSymbolFromLocale(locale) {\n  var hourCycle = locale.hourCycle;\n\n  if (hourCycle === undefined && // @ts-ignore hourCycle(s) is not identified yet\n  locale.hourCycles && // @ts-ignore\n  locale.hourCycles.length) {\n    // @ts-ignore\n    hourCycle = locale.hourCycles[0];\n  }\n\n  if (hourCycle) {\n    switch (hourCycle) {\n      case 'h24':\n        return 'k';\n\n      case 'h23':\n        return 'H';\n\n      case 'h12':\n        return 'h';\n\n      case 'h11':\n        return 'K';\n\n      default:\n        throw new Error('Invalid hourCycle');\n    }\n  } // TODO: Once hourCycle is fully supported remove the following with data generation\n\n\n  var languageTag = locale.language;\n  var regionTag;\n\n  if (languageTag !== 'root') {\n    regionTag = locale.maximize().region;\n  }\n\n  var hourCycles = timeData[regionTag || ''] || timeData[languageTag || ''] || timeData[\"\".concat(languageTag, \"-001\")] || timeData['001'];\n  return hourCycles[0];\n}","import { __assign } from \"tslib\";\nimport { ErrorKind } from './error';\nimport { Parser } from './parser';\nimport { isDateElement, isDateTimeSkeleton, isNumberElement, isNumberSkeleton, isPluralElement, isSelectElement, isTagElement, isTimeElement } from './types';\n\nfunction pruneLocation(els) {\n  els.forEach(function (el) {\n    delete el.location;\n\n    if (isSelectElement(el) || isPluralElement(el)) {\n      for (var k in el.options) {\n        delete el.options[k].location;\n        pruneLocation(el.options[k].value);\n      }\n    } else if (isNumberElement(el) && isNumberSkeleton(el.style)) {\n      delete el.style.location;\n    } else if ((isDateElement(el) || isTimeElement(el)) && isDateTimeSkeleton(el.style)) {\n      delete el.style.location;\n    } else if (isTagElement(el)) {\n      pruneLocation(el.children);\n    }\n  });\n}\n\nexport function parse(message, opts) {\n  if (opts === void 0) {\n    opts = {};\n  }\n\n  opts = __assign({\n    shouldParseSkeletons: true,\n    requiresOtherClause: true\n  }, opts);\n  var result = new Parser(message, opts).parse();\n\n  if (result.err) {\n    var error = SyntaxError(ErrorKind[result.err.kind]); // @ts-expect-error Assign to error object\n\n    error.location = result.err.location; // @ts-expect-error Assign to error object\n\n    error.originalMessage = result.err.message;\n    throw error;\n  }\n\n  if (!(opts === null || opts === void 0 ? void 0 : opts.captureLocation)) {\n    pruneLocation(result.val);\n  }\n\n  return result.val;\n}\nexport * from './types'; // only for testing\n\nexport var _Parser = Parser;","import { __extends } from \"tslib\";\nexport var IntlErrorCode;\n\n(function (IntlErrorCode) {\n  IntlErrorCode[\"FORMAT_ERROR\"] = \"FORMAT_ERROR\";\n  IntlErrorCode[\"UNSUPPORTED_FORMATTER\"] = \"UNSUPPORTED_FORMATTER\";\n  IntlErrorCode[\"INVALID_CONFIG\"] = \"INVALID_CONFIG\";\n  IntlErrorCode[\"MISSING_DATA\"] = \"MISSING_DATA\";\n  IntlErrorCode[\"MISSING_TRANSLATION\"] = \"MISSING_TRANSLATION\";\n})(IntlErrorCode || (IntlErrorCode = {}));\n\nvar IntlError =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(IntlError, _super);\n\n  function IntlError(code, message, exception) {\n    var _this = this;\n\n    var err = exception ? exception instanceof Error ? exception : new Error(String(exception)) : undefined;\n    _this = _super.call(this, \"[@formatjs/intl Error \".concat(code, \"] \").concat(message, \"\\n\").concat(err ? \"\\n\".concat(err.message, \"\\n\").concat(err.stack) : '')) || this;\n    _this.code = code; // @ts-ignore just so we don't need to declare dep on @types/node\n\n    if (typeof Error.captureStackTrace === 'function') {\n      // @ts-ignore just so we don't need to declare dep on @types/node\n      Error.captureStackTrace(_this, IntlError);\n    }\n\n    return _this;\n  }\n\n  return IntlError;\n}(Error);\n\nexport { IntlError };\n\nvar UnsupportedFormatterError =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(UnsupportedFormatterError, _super);\n\n  function UnsupportedFormatterError(message, exception) {\n    return _super.call(this, IntlErrorCode.UNSUPPORTED_FORMATTER, message, exception) || this;\n  }\n\n  return UnsupportedFormatterError;\n}(IntlError);\n\nexport { UnsupportedFormatterError };\n\nvar InvalidConfigError =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(InvalidConfigError, _super);\n\n  function InvalidConfigError(message, exception) {\n    return _super.call(this, IntlErrorCode.INVALID_CONFIG, message, exception) || this;\n  }\n\n  return InvalidConfigError;\n}(IntlError);\n\nexport { InvalidConfigError };\n\nvar MissingDataError =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(MissingDataError, _super);\n\n  function MissingDataError(message, exception) {\n    return _super.call(this, IntlErrorCode.MISSING_DATA, message, exception) || this;\n  }\n\n  return MissingDataError;\n}(IntlError);\n\nexport { MissingDataError };\n\nvar IntlFormatError =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(IntlFormatError, _super);\n\n  function IntlFormatError(message, locale, exception) {\n    return _super.call(this, IntlErrorCode.FORMAT_ERROR, \"\".concat(message, \"\\nLocale: \").concat(locale, \"\\n\"), exception) || this;\n  }\n\n  return IntlFormatError;\n}(IntlError);\n\nexport { IntlFormatError };\n\nvar MessageFormatError =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(MessageFormatError, _super);\n\n  function MessageFormatError(message, locale, descriptor, exception) {\n    var _this = _super.call(this, \"\".concat(message, \"\\nMessageID: \").concat(descriptor === null || descriptor === void 0 ? void 0 : descriptor.id, \"\\nDefault Message: \").concat(descriptor === null || descriptor === void 0 ? void 0 : descriptor.defaultMessage, \"\\nDescription: \").concat(descriptor === null || descriptor === void 0 ? void 0 : descriptor.description, \"\\n\"), locale, exception) || this;\n\n    _this.descriptor = descriptor;\n    return _this;\n  }\n\n  return MessageFormatError;\n}(IntlFormatError);\n\nexport { MessageFormatError };\n\nvar MissingTranslationError =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(MissingTranslationError, _super);\n\n  function MissingTranslationError(descriptor, locale) {\n    var _this = _super.call(this, IntlErrorCode.MISSING_TRANSLATION, \"Missing message: \\\"\".concat(descriptor.id, \"\\\" for locale \\\"\").concat(locale, \"\\\", using \").concat(descriptor.defaultMessage ? \"default message (\".concat(typeof descriptor.defaultMessage === 'string' ? descriptor.defaultMessage : descriptor.defaultMessage.map(function (e) {\n      var _a;\n\n      return (_a = e.value) !== null && _a !== void 0 ? _a : JSON.stringify(e);\n    }).join(), \")\") : 'id', \" as fallback.\")) || this;\n\n    _this.descriptor = descriptor;\n    return _this;\n  }\n\n  return MissingTranslationError;\n}(IntlError);\n\nexport { MissingTranslationError };","import { __assign, __spreadArray } from \"tslib\";\nimport { IntlMessageFormat } from 'intl-messageformat';\nimport memoize, { strategies } from '@formatjs/fast-memoize';\nimport { UnsupportedFormatterError } from './error';\nexport function filterProps(props, allowlist, defaults) {\n  if (defaults === void 0) {\n    defaults = {};\n  }\n\n  return allowlist.reduce(function (filtered, name) {\n    if (name in props) {\n      filtered[name] = props[name];\n    } else if (name in defaults) {\n      filtered[name] = defaults[name];\n    }\n\n    return filtered;\n  }, {});\n}\n\nvar defaultErrorHandler = function defaultErrorHandler(error) {\n  // @ts-ignore just so we don't need to declare dep on @types/node\n  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {\n    console.error(error);\n  }\n};\n\nvar defaultWarnHandler = function defaultWarnHandler(warning) {\n  // @ts-ignore just so we don't need to declare dep on @types/node\n  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {\n    console.warn(warning);\n  }\n};\n\nexport var DEFAULT_INTL_CONFIG = {\n  formats: {},\n  messages: {},\n  timeZone: undefined,\n  defaultLocale: 'en',\n  defaultFormats: {},\n  fallbackOnEmptyString: true,\n  onError: defaultErrorHandler,\n  onWarn: defaultWarnHandler\n};\nexport function createIntlCache() {\n  return {\n    dateTime: {},\n    number: {},\n    message: {},\n    relativeTime: {},\n    pluralRules: {},\n    list: {},\n    displayNames: {}\n  };\n}\n\nfunction createFastMemoizeCache(store) {\n  return {\n    create: function create() {\n      return {\n        get: function get(key) {\n          return store[key];\n        },\n        set: function set(key, value) {\n          store[key] = value;\n        }\n      };\n    }\n  };\n}\n/**\n * Create intl formatters and populate cache\n * @param cache explicit cache to prevent leaking memory\n */\n\n\nexport function createFormatters(cache) {\n  if (cache === void 0) {\n    cache = createIntlCache();\n  }\n\n  var RelativeTimeFormat = Intl.RelativeTimeFormat;\n  var ListFormat = Intl.ListFormat;\n  var DisplayNames = Intl.DisplayNames;\n  var getDateTimeFormat = memoize(function () {\n    var _a;\n\n    var args = [];\n\n    for (var _i = 0; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n      args[_i] = arguments[_i];\n    }\n\n    return new ((_a = Intl.DateTimeFormat).bind.apply(_a, __spreadArray([void 0], args, false)))();\n  }, {\n    cache: createFastMemoizeCache(cache.dateTime),\n    strategy: strategies.variadic\n  });\n  var getNumberFormat = memoize(function () {\n    var _a;\n\n    var args = [];\n\n    for (var _i = 0; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n      args[_i] = arguments[_i];\n    }\n\n    return new ((_a = Intl.NumberFormat).bind.apply(_a, __spreadArray([void 0], args, false)))();\n  }, {\n    cache: createFastMemoizeCache(cache.number),\n    strategy: strategies.variadic\n  });\n  var getPluralRules = memoize(function () {\n    var _a;\n\n    var args = [];\n\n    for (var _i = 0; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n      args[_i] = arguments[_i];\n    }\n\n    return new ((_a = Intl.PluralRules).bind.apply(_a, __spreadArray([void 0], args, false)))();\n  }, {\n    cache: createFastMemoizeCache(cache.pluralRules),\n    strategy: strategies.variadic\n  });\n  return {\n    getDateTimeFormat: getDateTimeFormat,\n    getNumberFormat: getNumberFormat,\n    getMessageFormat: memoize(function (message, locales, overrideFormats, opts) {\n      return new IntlMessageFormat(message, locales, overrideFormats, __assign({\n        formatters: {\n          getNumberFormat: getNumberFormat,\n          getDateTimeFormat: getDateTimeFormat,\n          getPluralRules: getPluralRules\n        }\n      }, opts || {}));\n    }, {\n      cache: createFastMemoizeCache(cache.message),\n      strategy: strategies.variadic\n    }),\n    getRelativeTimeFormat: memoize(function () {\n      var args = [];\n\n      for (var _i = 0; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n        args[_i] = arguments[_i];\n      }\n\n      return new (RelativeTimeFormat.bind.apply(RelativeTimeFormat, __spreadArray([void 0], args, false)))();\n    }, {\n      cache: createFastMemoizeCache(cache.relativeTime),\n      strategy: strategies.variadic\n    }),\n    getPluralRules: getPluralRules,\n    getListFormat: memoize(function () {\n      var args = [];\n\n      for (var _i = 0; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n        args[_i] = arguments[_i];\n      }\n\n      return new (ListFormat.bind.apply(ListFormat, __spreadArray([void 0], args, false)))();\n    }, {\n      cache: createFastMemoizeCache(cache.list),\n      strategy: strategies.variadic\n    }),\n    getDisplayNames: memoize(function () {\n      var args = [];\n\n      for (var _i = 0; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n        args[_i] = arguments[_i];\n      }\n\n      return new (DisplayNames.bind.apply(DisplayNames, __spreadArray([void 0], args, false)))();\n    }, {\n      cache: createFastMemoizeCache(cache.displayNames),\n      strategy: strategies.variadic\n    })\n  };\n}\nexport function getNamedFormat(formats, type, name, onError) {\n  var formatType = formats && formats[type];\n  var format;\n\n  if (formatType) {\n    format = formatType[name];\n  }\n\n  if (format) {\n    return format;\n  }\n\n  onError(new UnsupportedFormatterError(\"No \".concat(type, \" format named: \").concat(name)));\n}","\"use strict\";\n\nmodule.exports = Object.assign;","'use strict';\n\nvar reactIs = require('react-is');\n/**\n * Copyright 2015, Yahoo! Inc.\n * Copyrights licensed under the New BSD License. See the accompanying LICENSE file for terms.\n */\n\n\nvar REACT_STATICS = {\n  childContextTypes: true,\n  contextType: true,\n  contextTypes: true,\n  defaultProps: true,\n  displayName: true,\n  getDefaultProps: true,\n  getDerivedStateFromError: true,\n  getDerivedStateFromProps: true,\n  mixins: true,\n  propTypes: true,\n  type: true\n};\nvar KNOWN_STATICS = {\n  name: true,\n  length: true,\n  prototype: true,\n  caller: true,\n  callee: true,\n  arguments: true,\n  arity: true\n};\nvar FORWARD_REF_STATICS = {\n  '$$typeof': true,\n  render: true,\n  defaultProps: true,\n  displayName: true,\n  propTypes: true\n};\nvar MEMO_STATICS = {\n  '$$typeof': true,\n  compare: true,\n  defaultProps: true,\n  displayName: true,\n  propTypes: true,\n  type: true\n};\nvar TYPE_STATICS = {};\nTYPE_STATICS[reactIs.ForwardRef] = FORWARD_REF_STATICS;\nTYPE_STATICS[reactIs.Memo] = MEMO_STATICS;\n\nfunction getStatics(component) {\n  // React v16.11 and below\n  if (reactIs.isMemo(component)) {\n    return MEMO_STATICS;\n  } // React v16.12 and above\n\n\n  return TYPE_STATICS[component['$$typeof']] || REACT_STATICS;\n}\n\nvar defineProperty = Object.defineProperty;\nvar getOwnPropertyNames = Object.getOwnPropertyNames;\nvar getOwnPropertySymbols = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols;\nvar getOwnPropertyDescriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor;\nvar getPrototypeOf = Object.getPrototypeOf;\nvar objectPrototype = Object.prototype;\n\nfunction hoistNonReactStatics(targetComponent, sourceComponent, blacklist) {\n  if (typeof sourceComponent !== 'string') {\n    // don't hoist over string (html) components\n    if (objectPrototype) {\n      var inheritedComponent = getPrototypeOf(sourceComponent);\n\n      if (inheritedComponent && inheritedComponent !== objectPrototype) {\n        hoistNonReactStatics(targetComponent, inheritedComponent, blacklist);\n      }\n    }\n\n    var keys = getOwnPropertyNames(sourceComponent);\n\n    if (getOwnPropertySymbols) {\n      keys = keys.concat(getOwnPropertySymbols(sourceComponent));\n    }\n\n    var targetStatics = getStatics(targetComponent);\n    var sourceStatics = getStatics(sourceComponent);\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < keys.length; ++i) {\n      var key = keys[i];\n\n      if (!KNOWN_STATICS[key] && !(blacklist && blacklist[key]) && !(sourceStatics && sourceStatics[key]) && !(targetStatics && targetStatics[key])) {\n        var descriptor = getOwnPropertyDescriptor(sourceComponent, key);\n\n        try {\n          // Avoid failures from read-only properties\n          defineProperty(targetComponent, key, descriptor);\n        } catch (e) {}\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  return targetComponent;\n}\n\nmodule.exports = hoistNonReactStatics;","/*\nCopyright (c) 2014, Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved.\nCopyrights licensed under the New BSD License.\nSee the accompanying LICENSE file for terms.\n*/\nimport { __assign, __spreadArray } from \"tslib\";\nimport { parse } from '@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser';\nimport memoize, { strategies } from '@formatjs/fast-memoize';\nimport { formatToParts, PART_TYPE } from './formatters'; // -- MessageFormat --------------------------------------------------------\n\nfunction mergeConfig(c1, c2) {\n  if (!c2) {\n    return c1;\n  }\n\n  return __assign(__assign(__assign({}, c1 || {}), c2 || {}), Object.keys(c1).reduce(function (all, k) {\n    all[k] = __assign(__assign({}, c1[k]), c2[k] || {});\n    return all;\n  }, {}));\n}\n\nfunction mergeConfigs(defaultConfig, configs) {\n  if (!configs) {\n    return defaultConfig;\n  }\n\n  return Object.keys(defaultConfig).reduce(function (all, k) {\n    all[k] = mergeConfig(defaultConfig[k], configs[k]);\n    return all;\n  }, __assign({}, defaultConfig));\n}\n\nfunction createFastMemoizeCache(store) {\n  return {\n    create: function create() {\n      return {\n        get: function get(key) {\n          return store[key];\n        },\n        set: function set(key, value) {\n          store[key] = value;\n        }\n      };\n    }\n  };\n}\n\nfunction createDefaultFormatters(cache) {\n  if (cache === void 0) {\n    cache = {\n      number: {},\n      dateTime: {},\n      pluralRules: {}\n    };\n  }\n\n  return {\n    getNumberFormat: memoize(function () {\n      var _a;\n\n      var args = [];\n\n      for (var _i = 0; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n        args[_i] = arguments[_i];\n      }\n\n      return new ((_a = Intl.NumberFormat).bind.apply(_a, __spreadArray([void 0], args, false)))();\n    }, {\n      cache: createFastMemoizeCache(cache.number),\n      strategy: strategies.variadic\n    }),\n    getDateTimeFormat: memoize(function () {\n      var _a;\n\n      var args = [];\n\n      for (var _i = 0; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n        args[_i] = arguments[_i];\n      }\n\n      return new ((_a = Intl.DateTimeFormat).bind.apply(_a, __spreadArray([void 0], args, false)))();\n    }, {\n      cache: createFastMemoizeCache(cache.dateTime),\n      strategy: strategies.variadic\n    }),\n    getPluralRules: memoize(function () {\n      var _a;\n\n      var args = [];\n\n      for (var _i = 0; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n        args[_i] = arguments[_i];\n      }\n\n      return new ((_a = Intl.PluralRules).bind.apply(_a, __spreadArray([void 0], args, false)))();\n    }, {\n      cache: createFastMemoizeCache(cache.pluralRules),\n      strategy: strategies.variadic\n    })\n  };\n}\n\nvar IntlMessageFormat =\n/** @class */\nfunction () {\n  function IntlMessageFormat(message, locales, overrideFormats, opts) {\n    if (locales === void 0) {\n      locales = IntlMessageFormat.defaultLocale;\n    }\n\n    var _this = this;\n\n    this.formatterCache = {\n      number: {},\n      dateTime: {},\n      pluralRules: {}\n    };\n\n    this.format = function (values) {\n      var parts = _this.formatToParts(values); // Hot path for straight simple msg translations\n\n\n      if (parts.length === 1) {\n        return parts[0].value;\n      }\n\n      var result = parts.reduce(function (all, part) {\n        if (!all.length || part.type !== PART_TYPE.literal || typeof all[all.length - 1] !== 'string') {\n          all.push(part.value);\n        } else {\n          all[all.length - 1] += part.value;\n        }\n\n        return all;\n      }, []);\n\n      if (result.length <= 1) {\n        return result[0] || '';\n      }\n\n      return result;\n    };\n\n    this.formatToParts = function (values) {\n      return formatToParts(_this.ast, _this.locales, _this.formatters, _this.formats, values, undefined, _this.message);\n    };\n\n    this.resolvedOptions = function () {\n      var _a;\n\n      return {\n        locale: ((_a = _this.resolvedLocale) === null || _a === void 0 ? void 0 : _a.toString()) || Intl.NumberFormat.supportedLocalesOf(_this.locales)[0]\n      };\n    };\n\n    this.getAst = function () {\n      return _this.ast;\n    }; // Defined first because it's used to build the format pattern.\n\n\n    this.locales = locales;\n    this.resolvedLocale = IntlMessageFormat.resolveLocale(locales);\n\n    if (typeof message === 'string') {\n      this.message = message;\n\n      if (!IntlMessageFormat.__parse) {\n        throw new TypeError('IntlMessageFormat.__parse must be set to process `message` of type `string`');\n      } // Parse string messages into an AST.\n\n\n      this.ast = IntlMessageFormat.__parse(message, {\n        ignoreTag: opts === null || opts === void 0 ? void 0 : opts.ignoreTag,\n        locale: this.resolvedLocale\n      });\n    } else {\n      this.ast = message;\n    }\n\n    if (!Array.isArray(this.ast)) {\n      throw new TypeError('A message must be provided as a String or AST.');\n    } // Creates a new object with the specified `formats` merged with the default\n    // formats.\n\n\n    this.formats = mergeConfigs(IntlMessageFormat.formats, overrideFormats);\n    this.formatters = opts && opts.formatters || createDefaultFormatters(this.formatterCache);\n  }\n\n  Object.defineProperty(IntlMessageFormat, \"defaultLocale\", {\n    get: function get() {\n      if (!IntlMessageFormat.memoizedDefaultLocale) {\n        IntlMessageFormat.memoizedDefaultLocale = new Intl.NumberFormat().resolvedOptions().locale;\n      }\n\n      return IntlMessageFormat.memoizedDefaultLocale;\n    },\n    enumerable: false,\n    configurable: true\n  });\n  IntlMessageFormat.memoizedDefaultLocale = null;\n\n  IntlMessageFormat.resolveLocale = function (locales) {\n    if (typeof Intl.Locale === 'undefined') {\n      return;\n    }\n\n    var supportedLocales = Intl.NumberFormat.supportedLocalesOf(locales);\n\n    if (supportedLocales.length > 0) {\n      return new Intl.Locale(supportedLocales[0]);\n    }\n\n    return new Intl.Locale(typeof locales === 'string' ? locales : locales[0]);\n  };\n\n  IntlMessageFormat.__parse = parse; // Default format options used as the prototype of the `formats` provided to the\n  // constructor. These are used when constructing the internal Intl.NumberFormat\n  // and Intl.DateTimeFormat instances.\n\n  IntlMessageFormat.formats = {\n    number: {\n      integer: {\n        maximumFractionDigits: 0\n      },\n      currency: {\n        style: 'currency'\n      },\n      percent: {\n        style: 'percent'\n      }\n    },\n    date: {\n      short: {\n        month: 'numeric',\n        day: 'numeric',\n        year: '2-digit'\n      },\n      medium: {\n        month: 'short',\n        day: 'numeric',\n        year: 'numeric'\n      },\n      long: {\n        month: 'long',\n        day: 'numeric',\n        year: 'numeric'\n      },\n      full: {\n        weekday: 'long',\n        month: 'long',\n        day: 'numeric',\n        year: 'numeric'\n      }\n    },\n    time: {\n      short: {\n        hour: 'numeric',\n        minute: 'numeric'\n      },\n      medium: {\n        hour: 'numeric',\n        minute: 'numeric',\n        second: 'numeric'\n      },\n      long: {\n        hour: 'numeric',\n        minute: 'numeric',\n        second: 'numeric',\n        timeZoneName: 'short'\n      },\n      full: {\n        hour: 'numeric',\n        minute: 'numeric',\n        second: 'numeric',\n        timeZoneName: 'short'\n      }\n    }\n  };\n  return IntlMessageFormat;\n}();\n\nexport { IntlMessageFormat };","import { __extends } from \"tslib\";\nexport var ErrorCode;\n\n(function (ErrorCode) {\n  // When we have a placeholder but no value to format\n  ErrorCode[\"MISSING_VALUE\"] = \"MISSING_VALUE\"; // When value supplied is invalid\n\n  ErrorCode[\"INVALID_VALUE\"] = \"INVALID_VALUE\"; // When we need specific Intl API but it's not available\n\n  ErrorCode[\"MISSING_INTL_API\"] = \"MISSING_INTL_API\";\n})(ErrorCode || (ErrorCode = {}));\n\nvar FormatError =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(FormatError, _super);\n\n  function FormatError(msg, code, originalMessage) {\n    var _this = _super.call(this, msg) || this;\n\n    _this.code = code;\n    _this.originalMessage = originalMessage;\n    return _this;\n  }\n\n  FormatError.prototype.toString = function () {\n    return \"[formatjs Error: \".concat(this.code, \"] \").concat(this.message);\n  };\n\n  return FormatError;\n}(Error);\n\nexport { FormatError };\n\nvar InvalidValueError =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(InvalidValueError, _super);\n\n  function InvalidValueError(variableId, value, options, originalMessage) {\n    return _super.call(this, \"Invalid values for \\\"\".concat(variableId, \"\\\": \\\"\").concat(value, \"\\\". Options are \\\"\").concat(Object.keys(options).join('\", \"'), \"\\\"\"), ErrorCode.INVALID_VALUE, originalMessage) || this;\n  }\n\n  return InvalidValueError;\n}(FormatError);\n\nexport { InvalidValueError };\n\nvar InvalidValueTypeError =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(InvalidValueTypeError, _super);\n\n  function InvalidValueTypeError(value, type, originalMessage) {\n    return _super.call(this, \"Value for \\\"\".concat(value, \"\\\" must be of type \").concat(type), ErrorCode.INVALID_VALUE, originalMessage) || this;\n  }\n\n  return InvalidValueTypeError;\n}(FormatError);\n\nexport { InvalidValueTypeError };\n\nvar MissingValueError =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(MissingValueError, _super);\n\n  function MissingValueError(variableId, originalMessage) {\n    return _super.call(this, \"The intl string context variable \\\"\".concat(variableId, \"\\\" was not provided to the string \\\"\").concat(originalMessage, \"\\\"\"), ErrorCode.MISSING_VALUE, originalMessage) || this;\n  }\n\n  return MissingValueError;\n}(FormatError);\n\nexport { MissingValueError };","import { isArgumentElement, isDateElement, isDateTimeSkeleton, isLiteralElement, isNumberElement, isNumberSkeleton, isPluralElement, isPoundElement, isSelectElement, isTimeElement, isTagElement } from '@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser';\nimport { MissingValueError, InvalidValueError, ErrorCode, FormatError, InvalidValueTypeError } from './error';\nexport var PART_TYPE;\n\n(function (PART_TYPE) {\n  PART_TYPE[PART_TYPE[\"literal\"] = 0] = \"literal\";\n  PART_TYPE[PART_TYPE[\"object\"] = 1] = \"object\";\n})(PART_TYPE || (PART_TYPE = {}));\n\nfunction mergeLiteral(parts) {\n  if (parts.length < 2) {\n    return parts;\n  }\n\n  return parts.reduce(function (all, part) {\n    var lastPart = all[all.length - 1];\n\n    if (!lastPart || lastPart.type !== PART_TYPE.literal || part.type !== PART_TYPE.literal) {\n      all.push(part);\n    } else {\n      lastPart.value += part.value;\n    }\n\n    return all;\n  }, []);\n}\n\nexport function isFormatXMLElementFn(el) {\n  return typeof el === 'function';\n} // TODO(skeleton): add skeleton support\n\nexport function formatToParts(els, locales, formatters, formats, values, currentPluralValue, // For debugging\noriginalMessage) {\n  // Hot path for straight simple msg translations\n  if (els.length === 1 && isLiteralElement(els[0])) {\n    return [{\n      type: PART_TYPE.literal,\n      value: els[0].value\n    }];\n  }\n\n  var result = [];\n\n  for (var _i = 0, els_1 = els; _i < els_1.length; _i++) {\n    var el = els_1[_i]; // Exit early for string parts.\n\n    if (isLiteralElement(el)) {\n      result.push({\n        type: PART_TYPE.literal,\n        value: el.value\n      });\n      continue;\n    } // TODO: should this part be literal type?\n    // Replace `#` in plural rules with the actual numeric value.\n\n\n    if (isPoundElement(el)) {\n      if (typeof currentPluralValue === 'number') {\n        result.push({\n          type: PART_TYPE.literal,\n          value: formatters.getNumberFormat(locales).format(currentPluralValue)\n        });\n      }\n\n      continue;\n    }\n\n    var varName = el.value; // Enforce that all required values are provided by the caller.\n\n    if (!(values && varName in values)) {\n      throw new MissingValueError(varName, originalMessage);\n    }\n\n    var value = values[varName];\n\n    if (isArgumentElement(el)) {\n      if (!value || typeof value === 'string' || typeof value === 'number') {\n        value = typeof value === 'string' || typeof value === 'number' ? String(value) : '';\n      }\n\n      result.push({\n        type: typeof value === 'string' ? PART_TYPE.literal : PART_TYPE.object,\n        value: value\n      });\n      continue;\n    } // Recursively format plural and select parts' option — which can be a\n    // nested pattern structure. The choosing of the option to use is\n    // abstracted-by and delegated-to the part helper object.\n\n\n    if (isDateElement(el)) {\n      var style = typeof el.style === 'string' ? formats.date[el.style] : isDateTimeSkeleton(el.style) ? el.style.parsedOptions : undefined;\n      result.push({\n        type: PART_TYPE.literal,\n        value: formatters.getDateTimeFormat(locales, style).format(value)\n      });\n      continue;\n    }\n\n    if (isTimeElement(el)) {\n      var style = typeof el.style === 'string' ? formats.time[el.style] : isDateTimeSkeleton(el.style) ? el.style.parsedOptions : formats.time.medium;\n      result.push({\n        type: PART_TYPE.literal,\n        value: formatters.getDateTimeFormat(locales, style).format(value)\n      });\n      continue;\n    }\n\n    if (isNumberElement(el)) {\n      var style = typeof el.style === 'string' ? formats.number[el.style] : isNumberSkeleton(el.style) ? el.style.parsedOptions : undefined;\n\n      if (style && style.scale) {\n        value = value * (style.scale || 1);\n      }\n\n      result.push({\n        type: PART_TYPE.literal,\n        value: formatters.getNumberFormat(locales, style).format(value)\n      });\n      continue;\n    }\n\n    if (isTagElement(el)) {\n      var children = el.children,\n          value_1 = el.value;\n      var formatFn = values[value_1];\n\n      if (!isFormatXMLElementFn(formatFn)) {\n        throw new InvalidValueTypeError(value_1, 'function', originalMessage);\n      }\n\n      var parts = formatToParts(children, locales, formatters, formats, values, currentPluralValue);\n      var chunks = formatFn(parts.map(function (p) {\n        return p.value;\n      }));\n\n      if (!Array.isArray(chunks)) {\n        chunks = [chunks];\n      }\n\n      result.push.apply(result, chunks.map(function (c) {\n        return {\n          type: typeof c === 'string' ? PART_TYPE.literal : PART_TYPE.object,\n          value: c\n        };\n      }));\n    }\n\n    if (isSelectElement(el)) {\n      var opt = el.options[value] || el.options.other;\n\n      if (!opt) {\n        throw new InvalidValueError(el.value, value, Object.keys(el.options), originalMessage);\n      }\n\n      result.push.apply(result, formatToParts(opt.value, locales, formatters, formats, values));\n      continue;\n    }\n\n    if (isPluralElement(el)) {\n      var opt = el.options[\"=\".concat(value)];\n\n      if (!opt) {\n        if (!Intl.PluralRules) {\n          throw new FormatError(\"Intl.PluralRules is not available in this environment.\\nTry polyfilling it using \\\"@formatjs/intl-pluralrules\\\"\\n\", ErrorCode.MISSING_INTL_API, originalMessage);\n        }\n\n        var rule = formatters.getPluralRules(locales, {\n          type: el.pluralType\n        }).select(value - (el.offset || 0));\n        opt = el.options[rule] || el.options.other;\n      }\n\n      if (!opt) {\n        throw new InvalidValueError(el.value, value, Object.keys(el.options), originalMessage);\n      }\n\n      result.push.apply(result, formatToParts(opt.value, locales, formatters, formats, values, value - (el.offset || 0)));\n      continue;\n    }\n  }\n\n  return mergeLiteral(result);\n}","/* global Map:readonly, Set:readonly, ArrayBuffer:readonly */\nvar hasElementType = typeof Element !== 'undefined';\nvar hasMap = typeof Map === 'function';\nvar hasSet = typeof Set === 'function';\nvar hasArrayBuffer = typeof ArrayBuffer === 'function' && !!ArrayBuffer.isView; // Note: We **don't** need `envHasBigInt64Array` in fde es6/index.js\n\nfunction equal(a, b) {\n  // START: fast-deep-equal es6/index.js 3.1.1\n  if (a === b) return true;\n\n  if (a && b && typeof a == 'object' && typeof b == 'object') {\n    if (a.constructor !== b.constructor) return false;\n    var length, i, keys;\n\n    if (Array.isArray(a)) {\n      length = a.length;\n      if (length != b.length) return false;\n\n      for (i = length; i-- !== 0;) {\n        if (!equal(a[i], b[i])) return false;\n      }\n\n      return true;\n    } // START: Modifications:\n    // 1. Extra `has<Type> &&` helpers in initial condition allow es6 code\n    //    to co-exist with es5.\n    // 2. Replace `for of` with es5 compliant iteration using `for`.\n    //    Basically, take:\n    //\n    //    ```js\n    //    for (i of a.entries())\n    //      if (!b.has(i[0])) return false;\n    //    ```\n    //\n    //    ... and convert to:\n    //\n    //    ```js\n    //    it = a.entries();\n    //    while (!(i = it.next()).done)\n    //      if (!b.has(i.value[0])) return false;\n    //    ```\n    //\n    //    **Note**: `i` access switches to `i.value`.\n\n\n    var it;\n\n    if (hasMap && a instanceof Map && b instanceof Map) {\n      if (a.size !== b.size) return false;\n      it = a.entries();\n\n      while (!(i = it.next()).done) {\n        if (!b.has(i.value[0])) return false;\n      }\n\n      it = a.entries();\n\n      while (!(i = it.next()).done) {\n        if (!equal(i.value[1], b.get(i.value[0]))) return false;\n      }\n\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    if (hasSet && a instanceof Set && b instanceof Set) {\n      if (a.size !== b.size) return false;\n      it = a.entries();\n\n      while (!(i = it.next()).done) {\n        if (!b.has(i.value[0])) return false;\n      }\n\n      return true;\n    } // END: Modifications\n\n\n    if (hasArrayBuffer && ArrayBuffer.isView(a) && ArrayBuffer.isView(b)) {\n      length = a.length;\n      if (length != b.length) return false;\n\n      for (i = length; i-- !== 0;) {\n        if (a[i] !== b[i]) return false;\n      }\n\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    if (a.constructor === RegExp) return a.source === b.source && a.flags === b.flags;\n    if (a.valueOf !== Object.prototype.valueOf) return a.valueOf() === b.valueOf();\n    if (a.toString !== Object.prototype.toString) return a.toString() === b.toString();\n    keys = Object.keys(a);\n    length = keys.length;\n    if (length !== Object.keys(b).length) return false;\n\n    for (i = length; i-- !== 0;) {\n      if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(b, keys[i])) return false;\n    } // END: fast-deep-equal\n    // START: react-fast-compare\n    // custom handling for DOM elements\n\n\n    if (hasElementType && a instanceof Element) return false; // custom handling for React/Preact\n\n    for (i = length; i-- !== 0;) {\n      if ((keys[i] === '_owner' || keys[i] === '__v' || keys[i] === '__o') && a.$$typeof) {\n        // React-specific: avoid traversing React elements' _owner\n        // Preact-specific: avoid traversing Preact elements' __v and __o\n        //    __v = $_original / $_vnode\n        //    __o = $_owner\n        // These properties contain circular references and are not needed when\n        // comparing the actual elements (and not their owners)\n        // .$$typeof and ._store on just reasonable markers of elements\n        continue;\n      } // all other properties should be traversed as usual\n\n\n      if (!equal(a[keys[i]], b[keys[i]])) return false;\n    } // END: react-fast-compare\n    // START: fast-deep-equal\n\n\n    return true;\n  }\n\n  return a !== a && b !== b;\n} // end fast-deep-equal\n\n\nmodule.exports = function isEqual(a, b) {\n  try {\n    return equal(a, b);\n  } catch (error) {\n    if ((error.message || '').match(/stack|recursion/i)) {\n      // warn on circular references, don't crash\n      // browsers give this different errors name and messages:\n      // chrome/safari: \"RangeError\", \"Maximum call stack size exceeded\"\n      // firefox: \"InternalError\", too much recursion\"\n      // edge: \"Error\", \"Out of stack space\"\n      console.warn('react-fast-compare cannot handle circular refs');\n      return false;\n    } // some other error. we should definitely know about these\n\n\n    throw error;\n  }\n};","import PropTypes from 'prop-types';\nimport withSideEffect from 'react-side-effect';\nimport isEqual from 'react-fast-compare';\nimport React from 'react';\nimport objectAssign from 'object-assign';\nvar ATTRIBUTE_NAMES = {\n  BODY: \"bodyAttributes\",\n  HTML: \"htmlAttributes\",\n  TITLE: \"titleAttributes\"\n};\nvar TAG_NAMES = {\n  BASE: \"base\",\n  BODY: \"body\",\n  HEAD: \"head\",\n  HTML: \"html\",\n  LINK: \"link\",\n  META: \"meta\",\n  NOSCRIPT: \"noscript\",\n  SCRIPT: \"script\",\n  STYLE: \"style\",\n  TITLE: \"title\"\n};\nvar VALID_TAG_NAMES = Object.keys(TAG_NAMES).map(function (name) {\n  return TAG_NAMES[name];\n});\nvar TAG_PROPERTIES = {\n  CHARSET: \"charset\",\n  CSS_TEXT: \"cssText\",\n  HREF: \"href\",\n  HTTPEQUIV: \"http-equiv\",\n  INNER_HTML: \"innerHTML\",\n  ITEM_PROP: \"itemprop\",\n  NAME: \"name\",\n  PROPERTY: \"property\",\n  REL: \"rel\",\n  SRC: \"src\",\n  TARGET: \"target\"\n};\nvar REACT_TAG_MAP = {\n  accesskey: \"accessKey\",\n  charset: \"charSet\",\n  class: \"className\",\n  contenteditable: \"contentEditable\",\n  contextmenu: \"contextMenu\",\n  \"http-equiv\": \"httpEquiv\",\n  itemprop: \"itemProp\",\n  tabindex: \"tabIndex\"\n};\nvar HELMET_PROPS = {\n  DEFAULT_TITLE: \"defaultTitle\",\n  DEFER: \"defer\",\n  ENCODE_SPECIAL_CHARACTERS: \"encodeSpecialCharacters\",\n  ON_CHANGE_CLIENT_STATE: \"onChangeClientState\",\n  TITLE_TEMPLATE: \"titleTemplate\"\n};\nvar HTML_TAG_MAP = Object.keys(REACT_TAG_MAP).reduce(function (obj, key) {\n  obj[REACT_TAG_MAP[key]] = key;\n  return obj;\n}, {});\nvar SELF_CLOSING_TAGS = [TAG_NAMES.NOSCRIPT, TAG_NAMES.SCRIPT, TAG_NAMES.STYLE];\nvar HELMET_ATTRIBUTE = \"data-react-helmet\";\n\nvar _typeof = typeof Symbol === \"function\" && typeof Symbol.iterator === \"symbol\" ? function (obj) {\n  return typeof obj;\n} : function (obj) {\n  return obj && typeof Symbol === \"function\" && obj.constructor === Symbol && obj !== Symbol.prototype ? \"symbol\" : typeof obj;\n};\n\nvar classCallCheck = function classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) {\n  if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) {\n    throw new TypeError(\"Cannot call a class as a function\");\n  }\n};\n\nvar createClass = function () {\n  function defineProperties(target, props) {\n    for (var i = 0; i < props.length; i++) {\n      var descriptor = props[i];\n      descriptor.enumerable = descriptor.enumerable || false;\n      descriptor.configurable = true;\n      if (\"value\" in descriptor) descriptor.writable = true;\n      Object.defineProperty(target, descriptor.key, descriptor);\n    }\n  }\n\n  return function (Constructor, protoProps, staticProps) {\n    if (protoProps) defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps);\n    if (staticProps) defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps);\n    return Constructor;\n  };\n}();\n\nvar _extends = Object.assign || function (target) {\n  for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) {\n    var source = arguments[i];\n\n    for (var key in source) {\n      if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(source, key)) {\n        target[key] = source[key];\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  return target;\n};\n\nvar inherits = function inherits(subClass, superClass) {\n  if (typeof superClass !== \"function\" && superClass !== null) {\n    throw new TypeError(\"Super expression must either be null or a function, not \" + typeof superClass);\n  }\n\n  subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass && superClass.prototype, {\n    constructor: {\n      value: subClass,\n      enumerable: false,\n      writable: true,\n      configurable: true\n    }\n  });\n  if (superClass) Object.setPrototypeOf ? Object.setPrototypeOf(subClass, superClass) : subClass.__proto__ = superClass;\n};\n\nvar objectWithoutProperties = function objectWithoutProperties(obj, keys) {\n  var target = {};\n\n  for (var i in obj) {\n    if (keys.indexOf(i) >= 0) continue;\n    if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, i)) continue;\n    target[i] = obj[i];\n  }\n\n  return target;\n};\n\nvar possibleConstructorReturn = function possibleConstructorReturn(self, call) {\n  if (!self) {\n    throw new ReferenceError(\"this hasn't been initialised - super() hasn't been called\");\n  }\n\n  return call && (typeof call === \"object\" || typeof call === \"function\") ? call : self;\n};\n\nvar encodeSpecialCharacters = function encodeSpecialCharacters(str) {\n  var encode = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : true;\n\n  if (encode === false) {\n    return String(str);\n  }\n\n  return String(str).replace(/&/g, \"&amp;\").replace(/</g, \"&lt;\").replace(/>/g, \"&gt;\").replace(/\"/g, \"&quot;\").replace(/'/g, \"&#x27;\");\n};\n\nvar getTitleFromPropsList = function getTitleFromPropsList(propsList) {\n  var innermostTitle = getInnermostProperty(propsList, TAG_NAMES.TITLE);\n  var innermostTemplate = getInnermostProperty(propsList, HELMET_PROPS.TITLE_TEMPLATE);\n\n  if (innermostTemplate && innermostTitle) {\n    // use function arg to avoid need to escape $ characters\n    return innermostTemplate.replace(/%s/g, function () {\n      return Array.isArray(innermostTitle) ? innermostTitle.join(\"\") : innermostTitle;\n    });\n  }\n\n  var innermostDefaultTitle = getInnermostProperty(propsList, HELMET_PROPS.DEFAULT_TITLE);\n  return innermostTitle || innermostDefaultTitle || undefined;\n};\n\nvar getOnChangeClientState = function getOnChangeClientState(propsList) {\n  return getInnermostProperty(propsList, HELMET_PROPS.ON_CHANGE_CLIENT_STATE) || function () {};\n};\n\nvar getAttributesFromPropsList = function getAttributesFromPropsList(tagType, propsList) {\n  return propsList.filter(function (props) {\n    return typeof props[tagType] !== \"undefined\";\n  }).map(function (props) {\n    return props[tagType];\n  }).reduce(function (tagAttrs, current) {\n    return _extends({}, tagAttrs, current);\n  }, {});\n};\n\nvar getBaseTagFromPropsList = function getBaseTagFromPropsList(primaryAttributes, propsList) {\n  return propsList.filter(function (props) {\n    return typeof props[TAG_NAMES.BASE] !== \"undefined\";\n  }).map(function (props) {\n    return props[TAG_NAMES.BASE];\n  }).reverse().reduce(function (innermostBaseTag, tag) {\n    if (!innermostBaseTag.length) {\n      var keys = Object.keys(tag);\n\n      for (var i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {\n        var attributeKey = keys[i];\n        var lowerCaseAttributeKey = attributeKey.toLowerCase();\n\n        if (primaryAttributes.indexOf(lowerCaseAttributeKey) !== -1 && tag[lowerCaseAttributeKey]) {\n          return innermostBaseTag.concat(tag);\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    return innermostBaseTag;\n  }, []);\n};\n\nvar getTagsFromPropsList = function getTagsFromPropsList(tagName, primaryAttributes, propsList) {\n  // Calculate list of tags, giving priority innermost component (end of the propslist)\n  var approvedSeenTags = {};\n  return propsList.filter(function (props) {\n    if (Array.isArray(props[tagName])) {\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    if (typeof props[tagName] !== \"undefined\") {\n      warn(\"Helmet: \" + tagName + \" should be of type \\\"Array\\\". Instead found type \\\"\" + _typeof(props[tagName]) + \"\\\"\");\n    }\n\n    return false;\n  }).map(function (props) {\n    return props[tagName];\n  }).reverse().reduce(function (approvedTags, instanceTags) {\n    var instanceSeenTags = {};\n    instanceTags.filter(function (tag) {\n      var primaryAttributeKey = void 0;\n      var keys = Object.keys(tag);\n\n      for (var i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {\n        var attributeKey = keys[i];\n        var lowerCaseAttributeKey = attributeKey.toLowerCase(); // Special rule with link tags, since rel and href are both primary tags, rel takes priority\n\n        if (primaryAttributes.indexOf(lowerCaseAttributeKey) !== -1 && !(primaryAttributeKey === TAG_PROPERTIES.REL && tag[primaryAttributeKey].toLowerCase() === \"canonical\") && !(lowerCaseAttributeKey === TAG_PROPERTIES.REL && tag[lowerCaseAttributeKey].toLowerCase() === \"stylesheet\")) {\n          primaryAttributeKey = lowerCaseAttributeKey;\n        } // Special case for innerHTML which doesn't work lowercased\n\n\n        if (primaryAttributes.indexOf(attributeKey) !== -1 && (attributeKey === TAG_PROPERTIES.INNER_HTML || attributeKey === TAG_PROPERTIES.CSS_TEXT || attributeKey === TAG_PROPERTIES.ITEM_PROP)) {\n          primaryAttributeKey = attributeKey;\n        }\n      }\n\n      if (!primaryAttributeKey || !tag[primaryAttributeKey]) {\n        return false;\n      }\n\n      var value = tag[primaryAttributeKey].toLowerCase();\n\n      if (!approvedSeenTags[primaryAttributeKey]) {\n        approvedSeenTags[primaryAttributeKey] = {};\n      }\n\n      if (!instanceSeenTags[primaryAttributeKey]) {\n        instanceSeenTags[primaryAttributeKey] = {};\n      }\n\n      if (!approvedSeenTags[primaryAttributeKey][value]) {\n        instanceSeenTags[primaryAttributeKey][value] = true;\n        return true;\n      }\n\n      return false;\n    }).reverse().forEach(function (tag) {\n      return approvedTags.push(tag);\n    }); // Update seen tags with tags from this instance\n\n    var keys = Object.keys(instanceSeenTags);\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {\n      var attributeKey = keys[i];\n      var tagUnion = objectAssign({}, approvedSeenTags[attributeKey], instanceSeenTags[attributeKey]);\n      approvedSeenTags[attributeKey] = tagUnion;\n    }\n\n    return approvedTags;\n  }, []).reverse();\n};\n\nvar getInnermostProperty = function getInnermostProperty(propsList, property) {\n  for (var i = propsList.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {\n    var props = propsList[i];\n\n    if (props.hasOwnProperty(property)) {\n      return props[property];\n    }\n  }\n\n  return null;\n};\n\nvar reducePropsToState = function reducePropsToState(propsList) {\n  return {\n    baseTag: getBaseTagFromPropsList([TAG_PROPERTIES.HREF, TAG_PROPERTIES.TARGET], propsList),\n    bodyAttributes: getAttributesFromPropsList(ATTRIBUTE_NAMES.BODY, propsList),\n    defer: getInnermostProperty(propsList, HELMET_PROPS.DEFER),\n    encode: getInnermostProperty(propsList, HELMET_PROPS.ENCODE_SPECIAL_CHARACTERS),\n    htmlAttributes: getAttributesFromPropsList(ATTRIBUTE_NAMES.HTML, propsList),\n    linkTags: getTagsFromPropsList(TAG_NAMES.LINK, [TAG_PROPERTIES.REL, TAG_PROPERTIES.HREF], propsList),\n    metaTags: getTagsFromPropsList(TAG_NAMES.META, [TAG_PROPERTIES.NAME, TAG_PROPERTIES.CHARSET, TAG_PROPERTIES.HTTPEQUIV, TAG_PROPERTIES.PROPERTY, TAG_PROPERTIES.ITEM_PROP], propsList),\n    noscriptTags: getTagsFromPropsList(TAG_NAMES.NOSCRIPT, [TAG_PROPERTIES.INNER_HTML], propsList),\n    onChangeClientState: getOnChangeClientState(propsList),\n    scriptTags: getTagsFromPropsList(TAG_NAMES.SCRIPT, [TAG_PROPERTIES.SRC, TAG_PROPERTIES.INNER_HTML], propsList),\n    styleTags: getTagsFromPropsList(TAG_NAMES.STYLE, [TAG_PROPERTIES.CSS_TEXT], propsList),\n    title: getTitleFromPropsList(propsList),\n    titleAttributes: getAttributesFromPropsList(ATTRIBUTE_NAMES.TITLE, propsList)\n  };\n};\n\nvar rafPolyfill = function () {\n  var clock = Date.now();\n  return function (callback) {\n    var currentTime = Date.now();\n\n    if (currentTime - clock > 16) {\n      clock = currentTime;\n      callback(currentTime);\n    } else {\n      setTimeout(function () {\n        rafPolyfill(callback);\n      }, 0);\n    }\n  };\n}();\n\nvar cafPolyfill = function cafPolyfill(id) {\n  return clearTimeout(id);\n};\n\nvar requestAnimationFrame = typeof window !== \"undefined\" ? window.requestAnimationFrame && window.requestAnimationFrame.bind(window) || window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame || window.mozRequestAnimationFrame || rafPolyfill : global.requestAnimationFrame || rafPolyfill;\nvar cancelAnimationFrame = typeof window !== \"undefined\" ? window.cancelAnimationFrame || window.webkitCancelAnimationFrame || window.mozCancelAnimationFrame || cafPolyfill : global.cancelAnimationFrame || cafPolyfill;\n\nvar warn = function warn(msg) {\n  return console && typeof console.warn === \"function\" && console.warn(msg);\n};\n\nvar _helmetCallback = null;\n\nvar handleClientStateChange = function handleClientStateChange(newState) {\n  if (_helmetCallback) {\n    cancelAnimationFrame(_helmetCallback);\n  }\n\n  if (newState.defer) {\n    _helmetCallback = requestAnimationFrame(function () {\n      commitTagChanges(newState, function () {\n        _helmetCallback = null;\n      });\n    });\n  } else {\n    commitTagChanges(newState);\n    _helmetCallback = null;\n  }\n};\n\nvar commitTagChanges = function commitTagChanges(newState, cb) {\n  var baseTag = newState.baseTag,\n      bodyAttributes = newState.bodyAttributes,\n      htmlAttributes = newState.htmlAttributes,\n      linkTags = newState.linkTags,\n      metaTags = newState.metaTags,\n      noscriptTags = newState.noscriptTags,\n      onChangeClientState = newState.onChangeClientState,\n      scriptTags = newState.scriptTags,\n      styleTags = newState.styleTags,\n      title = newState.title,\n      titleAttributes = newState.titleAttributes;\n  updateAttributes(TAG_NAMES.BODY, bodyAttributes);\n  updateAttributes(TAG_NAMES.HTML, htmlAttributes);\n  updateTitle(title, titleAttributes);\n  var tagUpdates = {\n    baseTag: updateTags(TAG_NAMES.BASE, baseTag),\n    linkTags: updateTags(TAG_NAMES.LINK, linkTags),\n    metaTags: updateTags(TAG_NAMES.META, metaTags),\n    noscriptTags: updateTags(TAG_NAMES.NOSCRIPT, noscriptTags),\n    scriptTags: updateTags(TAG_NAMES.SCRIPT, scriptTags),\n    styleTags: updateTags(TAG_NAMES.STYLE, styleTags)\n  };\n  var addedTags = {};\n  var removedTags = {};\n  Object.keys(tagUpdates).forEach(function (tagType) {\n    var _tagUpdates$tagType = tagUpdates[tagType],\n        newTags = _tagUpdates$tagType.newTags,\n        oldTags = _tagUpdates$tagType.oldTags;\n\n    if (newTags.length) {\n      addedTags[tagType] = newTags;\n    }\n\n    if (oldTags.length) {\n      removedTags[tagType] = tagUpdates[tagType].oldTags;\n    }\n  });\n  cb && cb();\n  onChangeClientState(newState, addedTags, removedTags);\n};\n\nvar flattenArray = function flattenArray(possibleArray) {\n  return Array.isArray(possibleArray) ? possibleArray.join(\"\") : possibleArray;\n};\n\nvar updateTitle = function updateTitle(title, attributes) {\n  if (typeof title !== \"undefined\" && document.title !== title) {\n    document.title = flattenArray(title);\n  }\n\n  updateAttributes(TAG_NAMES.TITLE, attributes);\n};\n\nvar updateAttributes = function updateAttributes(tagName, attributes) {\n  var elementTag = document.getElementsByTagName(tagName)[0];\n\n  if (!elementTag) {\n    return;\n  }\n\n  var helmetAttributeString = elementTag.getAttribute(HELMET_ATTRIBUTE);\n  var helmetAttributes = helmetAttributeString ? helmetAttributeString.split(\",\") : [];\n  var attributesToRemove = [].concat(helmetAttributes);\n  var attributeKeys = Object.keys(attributes);\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < attributeKeys.length; i++) {\n    var attribute = attributeKeys[i];\n    var value = attributes[attribute] || \"\";\n\n    if (elementTag.getAttribute(attribute) !== value) {\n      elementTag.setAttribute(attribute, value);\n    }\n\n    if (helmetAttributes.indexOf(attribute) === -1) {\n      helmetAttributes.push(attribute);\n    }\n\n    var indexToSave = attributesToRemove.indexOf(attribute);\n\n    if (indexToSave !== -1) {\n      attributesToRemove.splice(indexToSave, 1);\n    }\n  }\n\n  for (var _i = attributesToRemove.length - 1; _i >= 0; _i--) {\n    elementTag.removeAttribute(attributesToRemove[_i]);\n  }\n\n  if (helmetAttributes.length === attributesToRemove.length) {\n    elementTag.removeAttribute(HELMET_ATTRIBUTE);\n  } else if (elementTag.getAttribute(HELMET_ATTRIBUTE) !== attributeKeys.join(\",\")) {\n    elementTag.setAttribute(HELMET_ATTRIBUTE, attributeKeys.join(\",\"));\n  }\n};\n\nvar updateTags = function updateTags(type, tags) {\n  var headElement = document.head || document.querySelector(TAG_NAMES.HEAD);\n  var tagNodes = headElement.querySelectorAll(type + \"[\" + HELMET_ATTRIBUTE + \"]\");\n  var oldTags = Array.prototype.slice.call(tagNodes);\n  var newTags = [];\n  var indexToDelete = void 0;\n\n  if (tags && tags.length) {\n    tags.forEach(function (tag) {\n      var newElement = document.createElement(type);\n\n      for (var attribute in tag) {\n        if (tag.hasOwnProperty(attribute)) {\n          if (attribute === TAG_PROPERTIES.INNER_HTML) {\n            newElement.innerHTML = tag.innerHTML;\n          } else if (attribute === TAG_PROPERTIES.CSS_TEXT) {\n            if (newElement.styleSheet) {\n              newElement.styleSheet.cssText = tag.cssText;\n            } else {\n              newElement.appendChild(document.createTextNode(tag.cssText));\n            }\n          } else {\n            var value = typeof tag[attribute] === \"undefined\" ? \"\" : tag[attribute];\n            newElement.setAttribute(attribute, value);\n          }\n        }\n      }\n\n      newElement.setAttribute(HELMET_ATTRIBUTE, \"true\"); // Remove a duplicate tag from domTagstoRemove, so it isn't cleared.\n\n      if (oldTags.some(function (existingTag, index) {\n        indexToDelete = index;\n        return newElement.isEqualNode(existingTag);\n      })) {\n        oldTags.splice(indexToDelete, 1);\n      } else {\n        newTags.push(newElement);\n      }\n    });\n  }\n\n  oldTags.forEach(function (tag) {\n    return tag.parentNode.removeChild(tag);\n  });\n  newTags.forEach(function (tag) {\n    return headElement.appendChild(tag);\n  });\n  return {\n    oldTags: oldTags,\n    newTags: newTags\n  };\n};\n\nvar generateElementAttributesAsString = function generateElementAttributesAsString(attributes) {\n  return Object.keys(attributes).reduce(function (str, key) {\n    var attr = typeof attributes[key] !== \"undefined\" ? key + \"=\\\"\" + attributes[key] + \"\\\"\" : \"\" + key;\n    return str ? str + \" \" + attr : attr;\n  }, \"\");\n};\n\nvar generateTitleAsString = function generateTitleAsString(type, title, attributes, encode) {\n  var attributeString = generateElementAttributesAsString(attributes);\n  var flattenedTitle = flattenArray(title);\n  return attributeString ? \"<\" + type + \" \" + HELMET_ATTRIBUTE + \"=\\\"true\\\" \" + attributeString + \">\" + encodeSpecialCharacters(flattenedTitle, encode) + \"</\" + type + \">\" : \"<\" + type + \" \" + HELMET_ATTRIBUTE + \"=\\\"true\\\">\" + encodeSpecialCharacters(flattenedTitle, encode) + \"</\" + type + \">\";\n};\n\nvar generateTagsAsString = function generateTagsAsString(type, tags, encode) {\n  return tags.reduce(function (str, tag) {\n    var attributeHtml = Object.keys(tag).filter(function (attribute) {\n      return !(attribute === TAG_PROPERTIES.INNER_HTML || attribute === TAG_PROPERTIES.CSS_TEXT);\n    }).reduce(function (string, attribute) {\n      var attr = typeof tag[attribute] === \"undefined\" ? attribute : attribute + \"=\\\"\" + encodeSpecialCharacters(tag[attribute], encode) + \"\\\"\";\n      return string ? string + \" \" + attr : attr;\n    }, \"\");\n    var tagContent = tag.innerHTML || tag.cssText || \"\";\n    var isSelfClosing = SELF_CLOSING_TAGS.indexOf(type) === -1;\n    return str + \"<\" + type + \" \" + HELMET_ATTRIBUTE + \"=\\\"true\\\" \" + attributeHtml + (isSelfClosing ? \"/>\" : \">\" + tagContent + \"</\" + type + \">\");\n  }, \"\");\n};\n\nvar convertElementAttributestoReactProps = function convertElementAttributestoReactProps(attributes) {\n  var initProps = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {};\n  return Object.keys(attributes).reduce(function (obj, key) {\n    obj[REACT_TAG_MAP[key] || key] = attributes[key];\n    return obj;\n  }, initProps);\n};\n\nvar convertReactPropstoHtmlAttributes = function convertReactPropstoHtmlAttributes(props) {\n  var initAttributes = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {};\n  return Object.keys(props).reduce(function (obj, key) {\n    obj[HTML_TAG_MAP[key] || key] = props[key];\n    return obj;\n  }, initAttributes);\n};\n\nvar generateTitleAsReactComponent = function generateTitleAsReactComponent(type, title, attributes) {\n  var _initProps; // assigning into an array to define toString function on it\n\n\n  var initProps = (_initProps = {\n    key: title\n  }, _initProps[HELMET_ATTRIBUTE] = true, _initProps);\n  var props = convertElementAttributestoReactProps(attributes, initProps);\n  return [React.createElement(TAG_NAMES.TITLE, props, title)];\n};\n\nvar generateTagsAsReactComponent = function generateTagsAsReactComponent(type, tags) {\n  return tags.map(function (tag, i) {\n    var _mappedTag;\n\n    var mappedTag = (_mappedTag = {\n      key: i\n    }, _mappedTag[HELMET_ATTRIBUTE] = true, _mappedTag);\n    Object.keys(tag).forEach(function (attribute) {\n      var mappedAttribute = REACT_TAG_MAP[attribute] || attribute;\n\n      if (mappedAttribute === TAG_PROPERTIES.INNER_HTML || mappedAttribute === TAG_PROPERTIES.CSS_TEXT) {\n        var content = tag.innerHTML || tag.cssText;\n        mappedTag.dangerouslySetInnerHTML = {\n          __html: content\n        };\n      } else {\n        mappedTag[mappedAttribute] = tag[attribute];\n      }\n    });\n    return React.createElement(type, mappedTag);\n  });\n};\n\nvar getMethodsForTag = function getMethodsForTag(type, tags, encode) {\n  switch (type) {\n    case TAG_NAMES.TITLE:\n      return {\n        toComponent: function toComponent() {\n          return generateTitleAsReactComponent(type, tags.title, tags.titleAttributes, encode);\n        },\n        toString: function toString() {\n          return generateTitleAsString(type, tags.title, tags.titleAttributes, encode);\n        }\n      };\n\n    case ATTRIBUTE_NAMES.BODY:\n    case ATTRIBUTE_NAMES.HTML:\n      return {\n        toComponent: function toComponent() {\n          return convertElementAttributestoReactProps(tags);\n        },\n        toString: function toString() {\n          return generateElementAttributesAsString(tags);\n        }\n      };\n\n    default:\n      return {\n        toComponent: function toComponent() {\n          return generateTagsAsReactComponent(type, tags);\n        },\n        toString: function toString() {\n          return generateTagsAsString(type, tags, encode);\n        }\n      };\n  }\n};\n\nvar mapStateOnServer = function mapStateOnServer(_ref) {\n  var baseTag = _ref.baseTag,\n      bodyAttributes = _ref.bodyAttributes,\n      encode = _ref.encode,\n      htmlAttributes = _ref.htmlAttributes,\n      linkTags = _ref.linkTags,\n      metaTags = _ref.metaTags,\n      noscriptTags = _ref.noscriptTags,\n      scriptTags = _ref.scriptTags,\n      styleTags = _ref.styleTags,\n      _ref$title = _ref.title,\n      title = _ref$title === undefined ? \"\" : _ref$title,\n      titleAttributes = _ref.titleAttributes;\n  return {\n    base: getMethodsForTag(TAG_NAMES.BASE, baseTag, encode),\n    bodyAttributes: getMethodsForTag(ATTRIBUTE_NAMES.BODY, bodyAttributes, encode),\n    htmlAttributes: getMethodsForTag(ATTRIBUTE_NAMES.HTML, htmlAttributes, encode),\n    link: getMethodsForTag(TAG_NAMES.LINK, linkTags, encode),\n    meta: getMethodsForTag(TAG_NAMES.META, metaTags, encode),\n    noscript: getMethodsForTag(TAG_NAMES.NOSCRIPT, noscriptTags, encode),\n    script: getMethodsForTag(TAG_NAMES.SCRIPT, scriptTags, encode),\n    style: getMethodsForTag(TAG_NAMES.STYLE, styleTags, encode),\n    title: getMethodsForTag(TAG_NAMES.TITLE, {\n      title: title,\n      titleAttributes: titleAttributes\n    }, encode)\n  };\n};\n\nvar Helmet = function Helmet(Component) {\n  var _class, _temp;\n\n  return _temp = _class = function (_React$Component) {\n    inherits(HelmetWrapper, _React$Component);\n\n    function HelmetWrapper() {\n      classCallCheck(this, HelmetWrapper);\n      return possibleConstructorReturn(this, _React$Component.apply(this, arguments));\n    }\n\n    HelmetWrapper.prototype.shouldComponentUpdate = function shouldComponentUpdate(nextProps) {\n      return !isEqual(this.props, nextProps);\n    };\n\n    HelmetWrapper.prototype.mapNestedChildrenToProps = function mapNestedChildrenToProps(child, nestedChildren) {\n      if (!nestedChildren) {\n        return null;\n      }\n\n      switch (child.type) {\n        case TAG_NAMES.SCRIPT:\n        case TAG_NAMES.NOSCRIPT:\n          return {\n            innerHTML: nestedChildren\n          };\n\n        case TAG_NAMES.STYLE:\n          return {\n            cssText: nestedChildren\n          };\n      }\n\n      throw new Error(\"<\" + child.type + \" /> elements are self-closing and can not contain children. Refer to our API for more information.\");\n    };\n\n    HelmetWrapper.prototype.flattenArrayTypeChildren = function flattenArrayTypeChildren(_ref) {\n      var _babelHelpers$extends;\n\n      var child = _ref.child,\n          arrayTypeChildren = _ref.arrayTypeChildren,\n          newChildProps = _ref.newChildProps,\n          nestedChildren = _ref.nestedChildren;\n      return _extends({}, arrayTypeChildren, (_babelHelpers$extends = {}, _babelHelpers$extends[child.type] = [].concat(arrayTypeChildren[child.type] || [], [_extends({}, newChildProps, this.mapNestedChildrenToProps(child, nestedChildren))]), _babelHelpers$extends));\n    };\n\n    HelmetWrapper.prototype.mapObjectTypeChildren = function mapObjectTypeChildren(_ref2) {\n      var _babelHelpers$extends2, _babelHelpers$extends3;\n\n      var child = _ref2.child,\n          newProps = _ref2.newProps,\n          newChildProps = _ref2.newChildProps,\n          nestedChildren = _ref2.nestedChildren;\n\n      switch (child.type) {\n        case TAG_NAMES.TITLE:\n          return _extends({}, newProps, (_babelHelpers$extends2 = {}, _babelHelpers$extends2[child.type] = nestedChildren, _babelHelpers$extends2.titleAttributes = _extends({}, newChildProps), _babelHelpers$extends2));\n\n        case TAG_NAMES.BODY:\n          return _extends({}, newProps, {\n            bodyAttributes: _extends({}, newChildProps)\n          });\n\n        case TAG_NAMES.HTML:\n          return _extends({}, newProps, {\n            htmlAttributes: _extends({}, newChildProps)\n          });\n      }\n\n      return _extends({}, newProps, (_babelHelpers$extends3 = {}, _babelHelpers$extends3[child.type] = _extends({}, newChildProps), _babelHelpers$extends3));\n    };\n\n    HelmetWrapper.prototype.mapArrayTypeChildrenToProps = function mapArrayTypeChildrenToProps(arrayTypeChildren, newProps) {\n      var newFlattenedProps = _extends({}, newProps);\n\n      Object.keys(arrayTypeChildren).forEach(function (arrayChildName) {\n        var _babelHelpers$extends4;\n\n        newFlattenedProps = _extends({}, newFlattenedProps, (_babelHelpers$extends4 = {}, _babelHelpers$extends4[arrayChildName] = arrayTypeChildren[arrayChildName], _babelHelpers$extends4));\n      });\n      return newFlattenedProps;\n    };\n\n    HelmetWrapper.prototype.warnOnInvalidChildren = function warnOnInvalidChildren(child, nestedChildren) {\n      if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== \"production\") {\n        if (!VALID_TAG_NAMES.some(function (name) {\n          return child.type === name;\n        })) {\n          if (typeof child.type === \"function\") {\n            return warn(\"You may be attempting to nest <Helmet> components within each other, which is not allowed. Refer to our API for more information.\");\n          }\n\n          return warn(\"Only elements types \" + VALID_TAG_NAMES.join(\", \") + \" are allowed. Helmet does not support rendering <\" + child.type + \"> elements. Refer to our API for more information.\");\n        }\n\n        if (nestedChildren && typeof nestedChildren !== \"string\" && (!Array.isArray(nestedChildren) || nestedChildren.some(function (nestedChild) {\n          return typeof nestedChild !== \"string\";\n        }))) {\n          throw new Error(\"Helmet expects a string as a child of <\" + child.type + \">. Did you forget to wrap your children in braces? ( <\" + child.type + \">{``}</\" + child.type + \"> ) Refer to our API for more information.\");\n        }\n      }\n\n      return true;\n    };\n\n    HelmetWrapper.prototype.mapChildrenToProps = function mapChildrenToProps(children, newProps) {\n      var _this2 = this;\n\n      var arrayTypeChildren = {};\n      React.Children.forEach(children, function (child) {\n        if (!child || !child.props) {\n          return;\n        }\n\n        var _child$props = child.props,\n            nestedChildren = _child$props.children,\n            childProps = objectWithoutProperties(_child$props, [\"children\"]);\n        var newChildProps = convertReactPropstoHtmlAttributes(childProps);\n\n        _this2.warnOnInvalidChildren(child, nestedChildren);\n\n        switch (child.type) {\n          case TAG_NAMES.LINK:\n          case TAG_NAMES.META:\n          case TAG_NAMES.NOSCRIPT:\n          case TAG_NAMES.SCRIPT:\n          case TAG_NAMES.STYLE:\n            arrayTypeChildren = _this2.flattenArrayTypeChildren({\n              child: child,\n              arrayTypeChildren: arrayTypeChildren,\n              newChildProps: newChildProps,\n              nestedChildren: nestedChildren\n            });\n            break;\n\n          default:\n            newProps = _this2.mapObjectTypeChildren({\n              child: child,\n              newProps: newProps,\n              newChildProps: newChildProps,\n              nestedChildren: nestedChildren\n            });\n            break;\n        }\n      });\n      newProps = this.mapArrayTypeChildrenToProps(arrayTypeChildren, newProps);\n      return newProps;\n    };\n\n    HelmetWrapper.prototype.render = function render() {\n      var _props = this.props,\n          children = _props.children,\n          props = objectWithoutProperties(_props, [\"children\"]);\n\n      var newProps = _extends({}, props);\n\n      if (children) {\n        newProps = this.mapChildrenToProps(children, newProps);\n      }\n\n      return React.createElement(Component, newProps);\n    };\n\n    createClass(HelmetWrapper, null, [{\n      key: \"canUseDOM\",\n      // Component.peek comes from react-side-effect:\n      // For testing, you may use a static peek() method available on the returned component.\n      // It lets you get the current state without resetting the mounted instance stack.\n      // Don’t use it for anything other than testing.\n\n      /**\n       * @param {Object} base: {\"target\": \"_blank\", \"href\": \"http://mysite.com/\"}\n       * @param {Object} bodyAttributes: {\"className\": \"root\"}\n       * @param {String} defaultTitle: \"Default Title\"\n       * @param {Boolean} defer: true\n       * @param {Boolean} encodeSpecialCharacters: true\n       * @param {Object} htmlAttributes: {\"lang\": \"en\", \"amp\": undefined}\n       * @param {Array} link: [{\"rel\": \"canonical\", \"href\": \"http://mysite.com/example\"}]\n       * @param {Array} meta: [{\"name\": \"description\", \"content\": \"Test description\"}]\n       * @param {Array} noscript: [{\"innerHTML\": \"<img src='http://mysite.com/js/test.js'\"}]\n       * @param {Function} onChangeClientState: \"(newState) => console.log(newState)\"\n       * @param {Array} script: [{\"type\": \"text/javascript\", \"src\": \"http://mysite.com/js/test.js\"}]\n       * @param {Array} style: [{\"type\": \"text/css\", \"cssText\": \"div { display: block; color: blue; }\"}]\n       * @param {String} title: \"Title\"\n       * @param {Object} titleAttributes: {\"itemprop\": \"name\"}\n       * @param {String} titleTemplate: \"MySite.com - %s\"\n       */\n      set: function set$$1(canUseDOM) {\n        Component.canUseDOM = canUseDOM;\n      }\n    }]);\n    return HelmetWrapper;\n  }(React.Component), _class.propTypes = {\n    base: PropTypes.object,\n    bodyAttributes: PropTypes.object,\n    children: PropTypes.oneOfType([PropTypes.arrayOf(PropTypes.node), PropTypes.node]),\n    defaultTitle: PropTypes.string,\n    defer: PropTypes.bool,\n    encodeSpecialCharacters: PropTypes.bool,\n    htmlAttributes: PropTypes.object,\n    link: PropTypes.arrayOf(PropTypes.object),\n    meta: PropTypes.arrayOf(PropTypes.object),\n    noscript: PropTypes.arrayOf(PropTypes.object),\n    onChangeClientState: PropTypes.func,\n    script: PropTypes.arrayOf(PropTypes.object),\n    style: PropTypes.arrayOf(PropTypes.object),\n    title: PropTypes.string,\n    titleAttributes: PropTypes.object,\n    titleTemplate: PropTypes.string\n  }, _class.defaultProps = {\n    defer: true,\n    encodeSpecialCharacters: true\n  }, _class.peek = Component.peek, _class.rewind = function () {\n    var mappedState = Component.rewind();\n\n    if (!mappedState) {\n      // provide fallback if mappedState is undefined\n      mappedState = mapStateOnServer({\n        baseTag: [],\n        bodyAttributes: {},\n        encodeSpecialCharacters: true,\n        htmlAttributes: {},\n        linkTags: [],\n        metaTags: [],\n        noscriptTags: [],\n        scriptTags: [],\n        styleTags: [],\n        title: \"\",\n        titleAttributes: {}\n      });\n    }\n\n    return mappedState;\n  }, _temp;\n};\n\nvar NullComponent = function NullComponent() {\n  return null;\n};\n\nvar HelmetSideEffects = withSideEffect(reducePropsToState, handleClientStateChange, mapStateOnServer)(NullComponent);\nvar HelmetExport = Helmet(HelmetSideEffects);\nHelmetExport.renderStatic = HelmetExport.rewind;\nexport default HelmetExport;\nexport { HelmetExport as Helmet };","import { __assign } from \"tslib\";\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport hoistNonReactStatics from 'hoist-non-react-statics';\nimport { invariantIntlContext } from '../utils';\n\nfunction getDisplayName(Component) {\n  return Component.displayName || Component.name || 'Component';\n} // TODO: We should provide initial value here\n\n\nvar IntlContext = React.createContext(null);\nvar IntlConsumer = IntlContext.Consumer,\n    IntlProvider = IntlContext.Provider;\nexport var Provider = IntlProvider;\nexport var Context = IntlContext;\nexport default function injectIntl(WrappedComponent, options) {\n  var _a = options || {},\n      _b = _a.intlPropName,\n      intlPropName = _b === void 0 ? 'intl' : _b,\n      _c = _a.forwardRef,\n      forwardRef = _c === void 0 ? false : _c,\n      _d = _a.enforceContext,\n      enforceContext = _d === void 0 ? true : _d;\n\n  var WithIntl = function WithIntl(props) {\n    return React.createElement(IntlConsumer, null, function (intl) {\n      var _a;\n\n      if (enforceContext) {\n        invariantIntlContext(intl);\n      }\n\n      var intlProp = (_a = {}, _a[intlPropName] = intl, _a);\n      return React.createElement(WrappedComponent, __assign({}, props, intlProp, {\n        ref: forwardRef ? props.forwardedRef : null\n      }));\n    });\n  };\n\n  WithIntl.displayName = \"injectIntl(\".concat(getDisplayName(WrappedComponent), \")\");\n  WithIntl.WrappedComponent = WrappedComponent;\n\n  if (forwardRef) {\n    return hoistNonReactStatics(React.forwardRef(function (props, ref) {\n      return React.createElement(WithIntl, __assign({}, props, {\n        forwardedRef: ref\n      }));\n    }), WrappedComponent);\n  }\n\n  return hoistNonReactStatics(WithIntl, WrappedComponent);\n}","import * as React from 'react';\nimport { Context } from './injectIntl';\nimport { invariantIntlContext } from '../utils';\nexport default function useIntl() {\n  var intl = React.useContext(Context);\n  invariantIntlContext(intl);\n  return intl;\n}","import { __assign } from \"tslib\";\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport { invariant } from '@formatjs/ecma402-abstract';\nimport { DEFAULT_INTL_CONFIG as CORE_DEFAULT_INTL_CONFIG } from '@formatjs/intl';\nexport function invariantIntlContext(intl) {\n  invariant(intl, '[React Intl] Could not find required `intl` object. ' + '<IntlProvider> needs to exist in the component ancestry.');\n}\nexport var DEFAULT_INTL_CONFIG = __assign(__assign({}, CORE_DEFAULT_INTL_CONFIG), {\n  textComponent: React.Fragment\n});\n/**\n * Takes a `formatXMLElementFn`, and composes it in function, which passes\n * argument `parts` through, assigning unique key to each part, to prevent\n * \"Each child in a list should have a unique \"key\"\" React error.\n * @param formatXMLElementFn\n */\n\nexport function assignUniqueKeysToParts(formatXMLElementFn) {\n  return function (parts) {\n    // eslint-disable-next-line prefer-rest-params\n    return formatXMLElementFn(React.Children.toArray(parts));\n  };\n}\nexport function shallowEqual(objA, objB) {\n  if (objA === objB) {\n    return true;\n  }\n\n  if (!objA || !objB) {\n    return false;\n  }\n\n  var aKeys = Object.keys(objA);\n  var bKeys = Object.keys(objB);\n  var len = aKeys.length;\n\n  if (bKeys.length !== len) {\n    return false;\n  }\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {\n    var key = aKeys[i];\n\n    if (objA[key] !== objB[key] || !Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(objB, key)) {\n      return false;\n    }\n  }\n\n  return true;\n}","/** @license React v16.13.1\n * react-is.production.min.js\n *\n * Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.\n *\n * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the\n * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.\n */\n'use strict';\n\nvar b = \"function\" === typeof Symbol && Symbol.for,\n    c = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.element\") : 60103,\n    d = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.portal\") : 60106,\n    e = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.fragment\") : 60107,\n    f = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.strict_mode\") : 60108,\n    g = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.profiler\") : 60114,\n    h = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.provider\") : 60109,\n    k = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.context\") : 60110,\n    l = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.async_mode\") : 60111,\n    m = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.concurrent_mode\") : 60111,\n    n = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.forward_ref\") : 60112,\n    p = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.suspense\") : 60113,\n    q = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.suspense_list\") : 60120,\n    r = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.memo\") : 60115,\n    t = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.lazy\") : 60116,\n    v = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.block\") : 60121,\n    w = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.fundamental\") : 60117,\n    x = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.responder\") : 60118,\n    y = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.scope\") : 60119;\n\nfunction z(a) {\n  if (\"object\" === typeof a && null !== a) {\n    var u = a.$$typeof;\n\n    switch (u) {\n      case c:\n        switch (a = a.type, a) {\n          case l:\n          case m:\n          case e:\n          case g:\n          case f:\n          case p:\n            return a;\n\n          default:\n            switch (a = a && a.$$typeof, a) {\n              case k:\n              case n:\n              case t:\n              case r:\n              case h:\n                return a;\n\n              default:\n                return u;\n            }\n\n        }\n\n      case d:\n        return u;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nfunction A(a) {\n  return z(a) === m;\n}\n\nexports.AsyncMode = l;\nexports.ConcurrentMode = m;\nexports.ContextConsumer = k;\nexports.ContextProvider = h;\nexports.Element = c;\nexports.ForwardRef = n;\nexports.Fragment = e;\nexports.Lazy = t;\nexports.Memo = r;\nexports.Portal = d;\nexports.Profiler = g;\nexports.StrictMode = f;\nexports.Suspense = p;\n\nexports.isAsyncMode = function (a) {\n  return A(a) || z(a) === l;\n};\n\nexports.isConcurrentMode = A;\n\nexports.isContextConsumer = function (a) {\n  return z(a) === k;\n};\n\nexports.isContextProvider = function (a) {\n  return z(a) === h;\n};\n\nexports.isElement = function (a) {\n  return \"object\" === typeof a && null !== a && a.$$typeof === c;\n};\n\nexports.isForwardRef = function (a) {\n  return z(a) === n;\n};\n\nexports.isFragment = function (a) {\n  return z(a) === e;\n};\n\nexports.isLazy = function (a) {\n  return z(a) === t;\n};\n\nexports.isMemo = function (a) {\n  return z(a) === r;\n};\n\nexports.isPortal = function (a) {\n  return z(a) === d;\n};\n\nexports.isProfiler = function (a) {\n  return z(a) === g;\n};\n\nexports.isStrictMode = function (a) {\n  return z(a) === f;\n};\n\nexports.isSuspense = function (a) {\n  return z(a) === p;\n};\n\nexports.isValidElementType = function (a) {\n  return \"string\" === typeof a || \"function\" === typeof a || a === e || a === m || a === g || a === f || a === p || a === q || \"object\" === typeof a && null !== a && (a.$$typeof === t || a.$$typeof === r || a.$$typeof === h || a.$$typeof === k || a.$$typeof === n || a.$$typeof === w || a.$$typeof === x || a.$$typeof === y || a.$$typeof === v);\n};\n\nexports.typeOf = z;","'use strict';\n\nif (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production') {\n  module.exports = require('./cjs/react-is.production.min.js');\n} else {\n  module.exports = require('./cjs/react-is.development.js');\n}","'use strict';\n\nfunction _interopDefault(ex) {\n  return ex && typeof ex === 'object' && 'default' in ex ? ex['default'] : ex;\n}\n\nvar React = require('react');\n\nvar React__default = _interopDefault(React);\n\nfunction _defineProperty(obj, key, value) {\n  if (key in obj) {\n    Object.defineProperty(obj, key, {\n      value: value,\n      enumerable: true,\n      configurable: true,\n      writable: true\n    });\n  } else {\n    obj[key] = value;\n  }\n\n  return obj;\n}\n\nfunction _inheritsLoose(subClass, superClass) {\n  subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass.prototype);\n  subClass.prototype.constructor = subClass;\n  subClass.__proto__ = superClass;\n}\n\nvar canUseDOM = !!(typeof window !== 'undefined' && window.document && window.document.createElement);\n\nfunction withSideEffect(reducePropsToState, handleStateChangeOnClient, mapStateOnServer) {\n  if (typeof reducePropsToState !== 'function') {\n    throw new Error('Expected reducePropsToState to be a function.');\n  }\n\n  if (typeof handleStateChangeOnClient !== 'function') {\n    throw new Error('Expected handleStateChangeOnClient to be a function.');\n  }\n\n  if (typeof mapStateOnServer !== 'undefined' && typeof mapStateOnServer !== 'function') {\n    throw new Error('Expected mapStateOnServer to either be undefined or a function.');\n  }\n\n  function getDisplayName(WrappedComponent) {\n    return WrappedComponent.displayName || WrappedComponent.name || 'Component';\n  }\n\n  return function wrap(WrappedComponent) {\n    if (typeof WrappedComponent !== 'function') {\n      throw new Error('Expected WrappedComponent to be a React component.');\n    }\n\n    var mountedInstances = [];\n    var state;\n\n    function emitChange() {\n      state = reducePropsToState(mountedInstances.map(function (instance) {\n        return instance.props;\n      }));\n\n      if (SideEffect.canUseDOM) {\n        handleStateChangeOnClient(state);\n      } else if (mapStateOnServer) {\n        state = mapStateOnServer(state);\n      }\n    }\n\n    var SideEffect = /*#__PURE__*/function (_PureComponent) {\n      _inheritsLoose(SideEffect, _PureComponent);\n\n      function SideEffect() {\n        return _PureComponent.apply(this, arguments) || this;\n      } // Try to use displayName of wrapped component\n      // Expose canUseDOM so tests can monkeypatch it\n\n\n      SideEffect.peek = function peek() {\n        return state;\n      };\n\n      SideEffect.rewind = function rewind() {\n        if (SideEffect.canUseDOM) {\n          throw new Error('You may only call rewind() on the server. Call peek() to read the current state.');\n        }\n\n        var recordedState = state;\n        state = undefined;\n        mountedInstances = [];\n        return recordedState;\n      };\n\n      var _proto = SideEffect.prototype;\n\n      _proto.UNSAFE_componentWillMount = function UNSAFE_componentWillMount() {\n        mountedInstances.push(this);\n        emitChange();\n      };\n\n      _proto.componentDidUpdate = function componentDidUpdate() {\n        emitChange();\n      };\n\n      _proto.componentWillUnmount = function componentWillUnmount() {\n        var index = mountedInstances.indexOf(this);\n        mountedInstances.splice(index, 1);\n        emitChange();\n      };\n\n      _proto.render = function render() {\n        return /*#__PURE__*/React__default.createElement(WrappedComponent, this.props);\n      };\n\n      return SideEffect;\n    }(React.PureComponent);\n\n    _defineProperty(SideEffect, \"displayName\", \"SideEffect(\" + getDisplayName(WrappedComponent) + \")\");\n\n    _defineProperty(SideEffect, \"canUseDOM\", canUseDOM);\n\n    return SideEffect;\n  };\n}\n\nmodule.exports = withSideEffect;","/*! *****************************************************************************\r\nCopyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.\r\n\r\nPermission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any\r\npurpose with or without fee is hereby granted.\r\n\r\nTHE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH\r\nREGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY\r\nAND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,\r\nINDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM\r\nLOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR\r\nOTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR\r\nPERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.\r\n***************************************************************************** */\n\n/* global Reflect, Promise */\nvar _extendStatics = function extendStatics(d, b) {\n  _extendStatics = Object.setPrototypeOf || {\n    __proto__: []\n  } instanceof Array && function (d, b) {\n    d.__proto__ = b;\n  } || function (d, b) {\n    for (var p in b) {\n      if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(b, p)) d[p] = b[p];\n    }\n  };\n\n  return _extendStatics(d, b);\n};\n\nexport function __extends(d, b) {\n  if (typeof b !== \"function\" && b !== null) throw new TypeError(\"Class extends value \" + String(b) + \" is not a constructor or null\");\n\n  _extendStatics(d, b);\n\n  function __() {\n    this.constructor = d;\n  }\n\n  d.prototype = b === null ? Object.create(b) : (__.prototype = b.prototype, new __());\n}\n\nvar _assign = function __assign() {\n  _assign = Object.assign || function __assign(t) {\n    for (var s, i = 1, n = arguments.length; i < n; i++) {\n      s = arguments[i];\n\n      for (var p in s) {\n        if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(s, p)) t[p] = s[p];\n      }\n    }\n\n    return t;\n  };\n\n  return _assign.apply(this, arguments);\n};\n\nexport { _assign as __assign };\nexport function __rest(s, e) {\n  var t = {};\n\n  for (var p in s) {\n    if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(s, p) && e.indexOf(p) < 0) t[p] = s[p];\n  }\n\n  if (s != null && typeof Object.getOwnPropertySymbols === \"function\") for (var i = 0, p = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(s); i < p.length; i++) {\n    if (e.indexOf(p[i]) < 0 && Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(s, p[i])) t[p[i]] = s[p[i]];\n  }\n  return t;\n}\nexport function __decorate(decorators, target, key, desc) {\n  var c = arguments.length,\n      r = c < 3 ? target : desc === null ? desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, key) : desc,\n      d;\n  if (typeof Reflect === \"object\" && typeof Reflect.decorate === \"function\") r = Reflect.decorate(decorators, target, key, desc);else for (var i = decorators.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {\n    if (d = decorators[i]) r = (c < 3 ? d(r) : c > 3 ? d(target, key, r) : d(target, key)) || r;\n  }\n  return c > 3 && r && Object.defineProperty(target, key, r), r;\n}\nexport function __param(paramIndex, decorator) {\n  return function (target, key) {\n    decorator(target, key, paramIndex);\n  };\n}\nexport function __metadata(metadataKey, metadataValue) {\n  if (typeof Reflect === \"object\" && typeof Reflect.metadata === \"function\") return Reflect.metadata(metadataKey, metadataValue);\n}\nexport function __awaiter(thisArg, _arguments, P, generator) {\n  function adopt(value) {\n    return value instanceof P ? value : new P(function (resolve) {\n      resolve(value);\n    });\n  }\n\n  return new (P || (P = Promise))(function (resolve, reject) {\n    function fulfilled(value) {\n      try {\n        step(generator.next(value));\n      } catch (e) {\n        reject(e);\n      }\n    }\n\n    function rejected(value) {\n      try {\n        step(generator[\"throw\"](value));\n      } catch (e) {\n        reject(e);\n      }\n    }\n\n    function step(result) {\n      result.done ? 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op[1] : void 0,\n      done: true\n    };\n  }\n}\nexport var __createBinding = Object.create ? function (o, m, k, k2) {\n  if (k2 === undefined) k2 = k;\n  Object.defineProperty(o, k2, {\n    enumerable: true,\n    get: function get() {\n      return m[k];\n    }\n  });\n} : function (o, m, k, k2) {\n  if (k2 === undefined) k2 = k;\n  o[k2] = m[k];\n};\nexport function __exportStar(m, o) {\n  for (var p in m) {\n    if (p !== \"default\" && !Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(o, p)) __createBinding(o, m, p);\n  }\n}\nexport function __values(o) {\n  var s = typeof Symbol === \"function\" && Symbol.iterator,\n      m = s && o[s],\n      i = 0;\n  if (m) return m.call(o);\n  if (o && typeof o.length === \"number\") return {\n    next: function next() {\n      if (o && i >= o.length) o = void 0;\n      return {\n        value: o && o[i++],\n        done: !o\n      };\n    }\n  };\n  throw new TypeError(s ? \"Object is not iterable.\" : \"Symbol.iterator is not defined.\");\n}\nexport function __read(o, n) {\n  var m = typeof Symbol === \"function\" && o[Symbol.iterator];\n  if (!m) return o;\n  var i = m.call(o),\n      r,\n      ar = [],\n      e;\n\n  try {\n    while ((n === void 0 || n-- > 0) && !(r = i.next()).done) {\n      ar.push(r.value);\n    }\n  } catch (error) {\n    e = {\n      error: error\n    };\n  } finally {\n    try {\n      if (r && !r.done && (m = i[\"return\"])) m.call(i);\n    } finally {\n      if (e) throw e.error;\n    }\n  }\n\n  return ar;\n}\n/** @deprecated */\n\nexport function __spread() {\n  for (var ar = [], i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {\n    ar = ar.concat(__read(arguments[i]));\n  }\n\n  return ar;\n}\n/** @deprecated */\n\nexport function __spreadArrays() {\n  for (var s = 0, i = 0, il = arguments.length; i < il; i++) {\n    s += arguments[i].length;\n  }\n\n  for (var r = Array(s), k = 0, i = 0; i < il; i++) {\n    for (var a = arguments[i], j = 0, jl = a.length; j < jl; j++, k++) {\n      r[k] = a[j];\n    }\n  }\n\n  return r;\n}\nexport function __spreadArray(to, from) {\n  for (var i = 0, il = from.length, j = to.length; i < il; i++, j++) {\n    to[j] = from[i];\n  }\n\n  return to;\n}\nexport function __await(v) {\n  return this instanceof __await ? 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sync ^\\.\\/.*$"],"sourcesContent":["'use strict';\nvar toPropertyKey = require('../internals/to-property-key');\nvar definePropertyModule = require('../internals/object-define-property');\nvar createPropertyDescriptor = require('../internals/create-property-descriptor');\n\nmodule.exports = function (object, key, value) {\n  var propertyKey = toPropertyKey(key);\n  if (propertyKey in object) definePropertyModule.f(object, propertyKey, createPropertyDescriptor(0, value));\n  else object[propertyKey] = value;\n};\n","'use strict';\nvar $trimEnd = require('../internals/string-trim').end;\nvar forcedStringTrimMethod = require('../internals/string-trim-forced');\n\n// `String.prototype.{ trimEnd, trimRight }` method\n// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.trimend\n// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#String.prototype.trimright\nmodule.exports = forcedStringTrimMethod('trimEnd') ? function trimEnd() {\n  return $trimEnd(this);\n// eslint-disable-next-line es/no-string-prototype-trimstart-trimend -- safe\n} : ''.trimEnd;\n","var PROPER_FUNCTION_NAME = require('../internals/function-name').PROPER;\nvar fails = require('../internals/fails');\nvar whitespaces = require('../internals/whitespaces');\n\nvar non = '\\u200B\\u0085\\u180E';\n\n// check that a method works with the correct list\n// of whitespaces and has a correct name\nmodule.exports = function (METHOD_NAME) {\n  return fails(function () {\n    return !!whitespaces[METHOD_NAME]()\n      || non[METHOD_NAME]() !== non\n      || (PROPER_FUNCTION_NAME && whitespaces[METHOD_NAME].name !== METHOD_NAME);\n  });\n};\n","'use strict';\nvar $trimStart = require('../internals/string-trim').start;\nvar forcedStringTrimMethod = require('../internals/string-trim-forced');\n\n// `String.prototype.{ trimStart, trimLeft }` method\n// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.trimstart\n// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#String.prototype.trimleft\nmodule.exports = forcedStringTrimMethod('trimStart') ? function trimStart() {\n  return $trimStart(this);\n// eslint-disable-next-line es/no-string-prototype-trimstart-trimend -- safe\n} : ''.trimStart;\n","var uncurryThis = require('../internals/function-uncurry-this');\nvar requireObjectCoercible = require('../internals/require-object-coercible');\nvar toString = require('../internals/to-string');\nvar whitespaces = require('../internals/whitespaces');\n\nvar replace = uncurryThis(''.replace);\nvar whitespace = '[' + whitespaces + ']';\nvar ltrim = RegExp('^' + whitespace + whitespace + '*');\nvar rtrim = RegExp(whitespace + whitespace + '*$');\n\n// `String.prototype.{ trim, trimStart, trimEnd, trimLeft, trimRight }` methods implementation\nvar createMethod = function (TYPE) {\n  return function ($this) {\n    var string = toString(requireObjectCoercible($this));\n    if (TYPE & 1) string = replace(string, ltrim, '');\n    if (TYPE & 2) string = replace(string, rtrim, '');\n    return string;\n  };\n};\n\nmodule.exports = {\n  // `String.prototype.{ trimLeft, trimStart }` methods\n  // https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.trimstart\n  start: createMethod(1),\n  // `String.prototype.{ trimRight, trimEnd }` methods\n  // https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.trimend\n  end: createMethod(2),\n  // `String.prototype.trim` method\n  // https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.trim\n  trim: createMethod(3)\n};\n","// a string of all valid unicode whitespaces\nmodule.exports = '\\u0009\\u000A\\u000B\\u000C\\u000D\\u0020\\u00A0\\u1680\\u2000\\u2001\\u2002' +\n  '\\u2003\\u2004\\u2005\\u2006\\u2007\\u2008\\u2009\\u200A\\u202F\\u205F\\u3000\\u2028\\u2029\\uFEFF';\n","var $ = require('../internals/export');\nvar iterate = require('../internals/iterate');\nvar createProperty = require('../internals/create-property');\n\n// `Object.fromEntries` method\n// https://github.com/tc39/proposal-object-from-entries\n$({ target: 'Object', stat: true }, {\n  fromEntries: function fromEntries(iterable) {\n    var obj = {};\n    iterate(iterable, function (k, v) {\n      createProperty(obj, k, v);\n    }, { AS_ENTRIES: true });\n    return obj;\n  }\n});\n","// TODO: Remove this line from `core-js@4`\nrequire('../modules/es.string.trim-right');\nvar $ = require('../internals/export');\nvar trimEnd = require('../internals/string-trim-end');\n\n// `String.prototype.trimEnd` method\n// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.trimend\n// eslint-disable-next-line es/no-string-prototype-trimstart-trimend -- safe\n$({ target: 'String', proto: true, name: 'trimEnd', forced: ''.trimEnd !== trimEnd }, {\n  trimEnd: trimEnd\n});\n","var $ = require('../internals/export');\nvar trimStart = require('../internals/string-trim-start');\n\n// `String.prototype.trimLeft` method\n// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.trimleft\n// eslint-disable-next-line es/no-string-prototype-trimleft-trimright -- safe\n$({ target: 'String', proto: true, name: 'trimStart', forced: ''.trimLeft !== trimStart }, {\n  trimLeft: trimStart\n});\n","var $ = require('../internals/export');\nvar trimEnd = require('../internals/string-trim-end');\n\n// `String.prototype.trimRight` method\n// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.trimend\n// eslint-disable-next-line es/no-string-prototype-trimleft-trimright -- safe\n$({ target: 'String', proto: true, name: 'trimEnd', forced: ''.trimRight !== trimEnd }, {\n  trimRight: trimEnd\n});\n","// TODO: Remove this line from `core-js@4`\nrequire('../modules/es.string.trim-left');\nvar $ = require('../internals/export');\nvar trimStart = require('../internals/string-trim-start');\n\n// `String.prototype.trimStart` method\n// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.trimstart\n// eslint-disable-next-line es/no-string-prototype-trimstart-trimend -- safe\n$({ target: 'String', proto: true, name: 'trimStart', forced: ''.trimStart !== trimStart }, {\n  trimStart: trimStart\n});\n","import { __assign } from \"tslib\";\nimport { invariant } from '@formatjs/ecma402-abstract';\nimport { IntlMessageFormat } from 'intl-messageformat';\nimport { MissingTranslationError, MessageFormatError } from './error';\nimport { TYPE } from '@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser';\n\nfunction setTimeZoneInOptions(opts, timeZone) {\n  return Object.keys(opts).reduce(function (all, k) {\n    all[k] = __assign({\n      timeZone: timeZone\n    }, opts[k]);\n    return all;\n  }, {});\n}\n\nfunction deepMergeOptions(opts1, opts2) {\n  var keys = Object.keys(__assign(__assign({}, opts1), opts2));\n  return keys.reduce(function (all, k) {\n    all[k] = __assign(__assign({}, opts1[k] || {}), opts2[k] || {});\n    return all;\n  }, {});\n}\n\nfunction deepMergeFormatsAndSetTimeZone(f1, timeZone) {\n  if (!timeZone) {\n    return f1;\n  }\n\n  var mfFormats = IntlMessageFormat.formats;\n  return __assign(__assign(__assign({}, mfFormats), f1), {\n    date: deepMergeOptions(setTimeZoneInOptions(mfFormats.date, timeZone), setTimeZoneInOptions(f1.date || {}, timeZone)),\n    time: deepMergeOptions(setTimeZoneInOptions(mfFormats.time, timeZone), setTimeZoneInOptions(f1.time || {}, timeZone))\n  });\n}\n\nexport var formatMessage = function formatMessage(_a, state, messageDescriptor, values, opts) {\n  var locale = _a.locale,\n      formats = _a.formats,\n      messages = _a.messages,\n      defaultLocale = _a.defaultLocale,\n      defaultFormats = _a.defaultFormats,\n      fallbackOnEmptyString = _a.fallbackOnEmptyString,\n      onError = _a.onError,\n      timeZone = _a.timeZone,\n      defaultRichTextElements = _a.defaultRichTextElements;\n\n  if (messageDescriptor === void 0) {\n    messageDescriptor = {\n      id: ''\n    };\n  }\n\n  var msgId = messageDescriptor.id,\n      defaultMessage = messageDescriptor.defaultMessage; // `id` is a required field of a Message Descriptor.\n\n  invariant(!!msgId, \"[@formatjs/intl] An `id` must be provided to format a message. You can either:\\n1. Configure your build toolchain with [babel-plugin-formatjs](https://formatjs.io/docs/tooling/babel-plugin)\\nor [@formatjs/ts-transformer](https://formatjs.io/docs/tooling/ts-transformer) OR\\n2. Configure your `eslint` config to include [eslint-plugin-formatjs](https://formatjs.io/docs/tooling/linter#enforce-id)\\nto autofix this issue\");\n  var id = String(msgId);\n  var message = // In case messages is Object.create(null)\n  // e.g import('foo.json') from webpack)\n  // See https://github.com/formatjs/formatjs/issues/1914\n  messages && Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(messages, id) && messages[id]; // IMPORTANT: Hot path if `message` is AST with a single literal node\n\n  if (Array.isArray(message) && message.length === 1 && message[0].type === TYPE.literal) {\n    return message[0].value;\n  } // IMPORTANT: Hot path straight lookup for performance\n\n\n  if (!values && message && typeof message === 'string' && !defaultRichTextElements) {\n    return message.replace(/'\\{(.*?)\\}'/gi, \"{$1}\");\n  }\n\n  values = __assign(__assign({}, defaultRichTextElements), values || {});\n  formats = deepMergeFormatsAndSetTimeZone(formats, timeZone);\n  defaultFormats = deepMergeFormatsAndSetTimeZone(defaultFormats, timeZone);\n\n  if (!message) {\n    if (fallbackOnEmptyString === false && message === '') {\n      return message;\n    }\n\n    if (!defaultMessage || locale && locale.toLowerCase() !== defaultLocale.toLowerCase()) {\n      // This prevents warnings from littering the console in development\n      // when no `messages` are passed into the <IntlProvider> for the\n      // default locale.\n      onError(new MissingTranslationError(messageDescriptor, locale));\n    }\n\n    if (defaultMessage) {\n      try {\n        var formatter = state.getMessageFormat(defaultMessage, defaultLocale, defaultFormats, opts);\n        return formatter.format(values);\n      } catch (e) {\n        onError(new MessageFormatError(\"Error formatting default message for: \\\"\".concat(id, \"\\\", rendering default message verbatim\"), locale, messageDescriptor, e));\n        return typeof defaultMessage === 'string' ? defaultMessage : id;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return id;\n  } // We have the translated message\n\n\n  try {\n    var formatter = state.getMessageFormat(message, locale, formats, __assign({\n      formatters: state\n    }, opts || {}));\n    return formatter.format(values);\n  } catch (e) {\n    onError(new MessageFormatError(\"Error formatting message: \\\"\".concat(id, \"\\\", using \").concat(defaultMessage ? 'default message' : 'id', \" as fallback.\"), locale, messageDescriptor, e));\n  }\n\n  if (defaultMessage) {\n    try {\n      var formatter = state.getMessageFormat(defaultMessage, defaultLocale, defaultFormats, opts);\n      return formatter.format(values);\n    } catch (e) {\n      onError(new MessageFormatError(\"Error formatting the default message for: \\\"\".concat(id, \"\\\", rendering message verbatim\"), locale, messageDescriptor, e));\n    }\n  }\n\n  if (typeof message === 'string') {\n    return message;\n  }\n\n  if (typeof defaultMessage === 'string') {\n    return defaultMessage;\n  }\n\n  return id;\n};","import { getNamedFormat, filterProps } from './utils';\nimport { IntlError, IntlErrorCode } from './error';\nvar NUMBER_FORMAT_OPTIONS = ['style', 'currency', 'currencyDisplay', 'unit', 'unitDisplay', 'useGrouping', 'minimumIntegerDigits', 'minimumFractionDigits', 'maximumFractionDigits', 'minimumSignificantDigits', 'maximumSignificantDigits', // ES2020 NumberFormat\n'compactDisplay', 'currencyDisplay', 'currencySign', 'notation', 'signDisplay', 'unit', 'unitDisplay', 'numberingSystem'];\nexport function getFormatter(_a, getNumberFormat, options) {\n  var locale = _a.locale,\n      formats = _a.formats,\n      onError = _a.onError;\n\n  if (options === void 0) {\n    options = {};\n  }\n\n  var format = options.format;\n  var defaults = format && getNamedFormat(formats, 'number', format, onError) || {};\n  var filteredOptions = filterProps(options, NUMBER_FORMAT_OPTIONS, defaults);\n  return getNumberFormat(locale, filteredOptions);\n}\nexport function formatNumber(config, getNumberFormat, value, options) {\n  if (options === void 0) {\n    options = {};\n  }\n\n  try {\n    return getFormatter(config, getNumberFormat, options).format(value);\n  } catch (e) {\n    config.onError(new IntlError(IntlErrorCode.FORMAT_ERROR, 'Error formatting number.', e));\n  }\n\n  return String(value);\n}\nexport function formatNumberToParts(config, getNumberFormat, value, options) {\n  if (options === void 0) {\n    options = {};\n  }\n\n  try {\n    return getFormatter(config, getNumberFormat, options).formatToParts(value);\n  } catch (e) {\n    config.onError(new IntlError(IntlErrorCode.FORMAT_ERROR, 'Error formatting number.', e));\n  }\n\n  return [];\n}","import { getNamedFormat, filterProps } from './utils';\nimport { FormatError, ErrorCode } from 'intl-messageformat';\nimport { IntlFormatError } from './error';\nvar RELATIVE_TIME_FORMAT_OPTIONS = ['numeric', 'style'];\n\nfunction getFormatter(_a, getRelativeTimeFormat, options) {\n  var locale = _a.locale,\n      formats = _a.formats,\n      onError = _a.onError;\n\n  if (options === void 0) {\n    options = {};\n  }\n\n  var format = options.format;\n  var defaults = !!format && getNamedFormat(formats, 'relative', format, onError) || {};\n  var filteredOptions = filterProps(options, RELATIVE_TIME_FORMAT_OPTIONS, defaults);\n  return getRelativeTimeFormat(locale, filteredOptions);\n}\n\nexport function formatRelativeTime(config, getRelativeTimeFormat, value, unit, options) {\n  if (options === void 0) {\n    options = {};\n  }\n\n  if (!unit) {\n    unit = 'second';\n  }\n\n  var RelativeTimeFormat = Intl.RelativeTimeFormat;\n\n  if (!RelativeTimeFormat) {\n    config.onError(new FormatError(\"Intl.RelativeTimeFormat is not available in this environment.\\nTry polyfilling it using \\\"@formatjs/intl-relativetimeformat\\\"\\n\", ErrorCode.MISSING_INTL_API));\n  }\n\n  try {\n    return getFormatter(config, getRelativeTimeFormat, options).format(value, unit);\n  } catch (e) {\n    config.onError(new IntlFormatError('Error formatting relative time.', config.locale, e));\n  }\n\n  return String(value);\n}","import { __assign } from \"tslib\";\nimport { filterProps, getNamedFormat } from './utils';\nimport { IntlError, IntlErrorCode } from './error';\nvar DATE_TIME_FORMAT_OPTIONS = ['formatMatcher', 'timeZone', 'hour12', 'weekday', 'era', 'year', 'month', 'day', 'hour', 'minute', 'second', 'timeZoneName', 'hourCycle', 'dateStyle', 'timeStyle', 'calendar', // 'dayPeriod',\n'numberingSystem', 'fractionalSecondDigits'];\nexport function getFormatter(_a, type, getDateTimeFormat, options) {\n  var locale = _a.locale,\n      formats = _a.formats,\n      onError = _a.onError,\n      timeZone = _a.timeZone;\n\n  if (options === void 0) {\n    options = {};\n  }\n\n  var format = options.format;\n\n  var defaults = __assign(__assign({}, timeZone && {\n    timeZone: timeZone\n  }), format && getNamedFormat(formats, type, format, onError));\n\n  var filteredOptions = filterProps(options, DATE_TIME_FORMAT_OPTIONS, defaults);\n\n  if (type === 'time' && !filteredOptions.hour && !filteredOptions.minute && !filteredOptions.second && !filteredOptions.timeStyle && !filteredOptions.dateStyle) {\n    // Add default formatting options if hour, minute, or second isn't defined.\n    filteredOptions = __assign(__assign({}, filteredOptions), {\n      hour: 'numeric',\n      minute: 'numeric'\n    });\n  }\n\n  return getDateTimeFormat(locale, filteredOptions);\n}\nexport function formatDate(config, getDateTimeFormat) {\n  var _a = [];\n\n  for (var _i = 2; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n    _a[_i - 2] = arguments[_i];\n  }\n\n  var value = _a[0],\n      _b = _a[1],\n      options = _b === void 0 ? {} : _b;\n  var date = typeof value === 'string' ? new Date(value || 0) : value;\n\n  try {\n    return getFormatter(config, 'date', getDateTimeFormat, options).format(date);\n  } catch (e) {\n    config.onError(new IntlError(IntlErrorCode.FORMAT_ERROR, 'Error formatting date.', e));\n  }\n\n  return String(date);\n}\nexport function formatTime(config, getDateTimeFormat) {\n  var _a = [];\n\n  for (var _i = 2; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n    _a[_i - 2] = arguments[_i];\n  }\n\n  var value = _a[0],\n      _b = _a[1],\n      options = _b === void 0 ? {} : _b;\n  var date = typeof value === 'string' ? new Date(value || 0) : value;\n\n  try {\n    return getFormatter(config, 'time', getDateTimeFormat, options).format(date);\n  } catch (e) {\n    config.onError(new IntlError(IntlErrorCode.FORMAT_ERROR, 'Error formatting time.', e));\n  }\n\n  return String(date);\n}\nexport function formatDateTimeRange(config, getDateTimeFormat) {\n  var _a = [];\n\n  for (var _i = 2; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n    _a[_i - 2] = arguments[_i];\n  }\n\n  var from = _a[0],\n      to = _a[1],\n      _b = _a[2],\n      options = _b === void 0 ? {} : _b;\n  var timeZone = config.timeZone,\n      locale = config.locale,\n      onError = config.onError;\n  var filteredOptions = filterProps(options, DATE_TIME_FORMAT_OPTIONS, timeZone ? {\n    timeZone: timeZone\n  } : {});\n\n  try {\n    return getDateTimeFormat(locale, filteredOptions).formatRange(from, to);\n  } catch (e) {\n    onError(new IntlError(IntlErrorCode.FORMAT_ERROR, 'Error formatting date time range.', e));\n  }\n\n  return String(from);\n}\nexport function formatDateToParts(config, getDateTimeFormat) {\n  var _a = [];\n\n  for (var _i = 2; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n    _a[_i - 2] = arguments[_i];\n  }\n\n  var value = _a[0],\n      _b = _a[1],\n      options = _b === void 0 ? {} : _b;\n  var date = typeof value === 'string' ? new Date(value || 0) : value;\n\n  try {\n    return getFormatter(config, 'date', getDateTimeFormat, options).formatToParts(date); // TODO: remove this when https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/pull/50402 is merged\n  } catch (e) {\n    config.onError(new IntlError(IntlErrorCode.FORMAT_ERROR, 'Error formatting date.', e));\n  }\n\n  return [];\n}\nexport function formatTimeToParts(config, getDateTimeFormat) {\n  var _a = [];\n\n  for (var _i = 2; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n    _a[_i - 2] = arguments[_i];\n  }\n\n  var value = _a[0],\n      _b = _a[1],\n      options = _b === void 0 ? {} : _b;\n  var date = typeof value === 'string' ? new Date(value || 0) : value;\n\n  try {\n    return getFormatter(config, 'time', getDateTimeFormat, options).formatToParts(date); // TODO: remove this when https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/pull/50402 is merged\n  } catch (e) {\n    config.onError(new IntlError(IntlErrorCode.FORMAT_ERROR, 'Error formatting time.', e));\n  }\n\n  return [];\n}","import { filterProps } from './utils';\nimport { IntlFormatError } from './error';\nimport { ErrorCode, FormatError } from 'intl-messageformat';\nvar PLURAL_FORMAT_OPTIONS = ['type'];\nexport function formatPlural(_a, getPluralRules, value, options) {\n  var locale = _a.locale,\n      onError = _a.onError;\n\n  if (options === void 0) {\n    options = {};\n  }\n\n  if (!Intl.PluralRules) {\n    onError(new FormatError(\"Intl.PluralRules is not available in this environment.\\nTry polyfilling it using \\\"@formatjs/intl-pluralrules\\\"\\n\", ErrorCode.MISSING_INTL_API));\n  }\n\n  var filteredOptions = filterProps(options, PLURAL_FORMAT_OPTIONS);\n\n  try {\n    return getPluralRules(locale, filteredOptions).select(value);\n  } catch (e) {\n    onError(new IntlFormatError('Error formatting plural.', locale, e));\n  }\n\n  return 'other';\n}","import { __assign } from \"tslib\";\nimport { filterProps } from './utils';\nimport { FormatError, ErrorCode } from 'intl-messageformat';\nimport { IntlError, IntlErrorCode } from './error';\nvar LIST_FORMAT_OPTIONS = ['type', 'style'];\nvar now = Date.now();\n\nfunction generateToken(i) {\n  return \"\".concat(now, \"_\").concat(i, \"_\").concat(now);\n}\n\nexport function formatList(opts, getListFormat, values, options) {\n  if (options === void 0) {\n    options = {};\n  }\n\n  var results = formatListToParts(opts, getListFormat, values, options).reduce(function (all, el) {\n    var val = el.value;\n\n    if (typeof val !== 'string') {\n      all.push(val);\n    } else if (typeof all[all.length - 1] === 'string') {\n      all[all.length - 1] += val;\n    } else {\n      all.push(val);\n    }\n\n    return all;\n  }, []);\n  return results.length === 1 ? results[0] : results.length === 0 ? '' : results;\n}\nexport function formatListToParts(_a, getListFormat, values, options) {\n  var locale = _a.locale,\n      onError = _a.onError;\n\n  if (options === void 0) {\n    options = {};\n  }\n\n  var ListFormat = Intl.ListFormat;\n\n  if (!ListFormat) {\n    onError(new FormatError(\"Intl.ListFormat is not available in this environment.\\nTry polyfilling it using \\\"@formatjs/intl-listformat\\\"\\n\", ErrorCode.MISSING_INTL_API));\n  }\n\n  var filteredOptions = filterProps(options, LIST_FORMAT_OPTIONS);\n\n  try {\n    var richValues_1 = {};\n    var serializedValues = values.map(function (v, i) {\n      if (typeof v === 'object') {\n        var id = generateToken(i);\n        richValues_1[id] = v;\n        return id;\n      }\n\n      return String(v);\n    });\n    return getListFormat(locale, filteredOptions).formatToParts(serializedValues).map(function (part) {\n      return part.type === 'literal' ? part : __assign(__assign({}, part), {\n        value: richValues_1[part.value] || part.value\n      });\n    });\n  } catch (e) {\n    onError(new IntlError(IntlErrorCode.FORMAT_ERROR, 'Error formatting list.', e));\n  } // @ts-ignore\n\n\n  return values;\n}","import { filterProps } from './utils';\nimport { FormatError, ErrorCode } from 'intl-messageformat';\nimport { IntlErrorCode, IntlError } from './error';\nvar DISPLAY_NAMES_OPTONS = ['style', 'type', 'fallback'];\nexport function formatDisplayName(_a, getDisplayNames, value, options) {\n  var locale = _a.locale,\n      onError = _a.onError;\n  var DisplayNames = Intl.DisplayNames;\n\n  if (!DisplayNames) {\n    onError(new FormatError(\"Intl.DisplayNames is not available in this environment.\\nTry polyfilling it using \\\"@formatjs/intl-displaynames\\\"\\n\", ErrorCode.MISSING_INTL_API));\n  }\n\n  var filteredOptions = filterProps(options, DISPLAY_NAMES_OPTONS);\n\n  try {\n    return getDisplayNames(locale, filteredOptions).of(value);\n  } catch (e) {\n    onError(new IntlError(IntlErrorCode.FORMAT_ERROR, 'Error formatting display name.', e));\n  }\n}","import { __assign } from \"tslib\";\nimport { createFormatters, DEFAULT_INTL_CONFIG } from './utils';\nimport { InvalidConfigError, MissingDataError } from './error';\nimport { formatNumber, formatNumberToParts } from './number';\nimport { formatRelativeTime } from './relativeTime';\nimport { formatDate, formatDateToParts, formatTime, formatTimeToParts, formatDateTimeRange } from './dateTime';\nimport { formatPlural } from './plural';\nimport { formatMessage } from './message';\nimport { formatList, formatListToParts } from './list';\nimport { formatDisplayName } from './displayName';\n\nfunction messagesContainString(messages) {\n  var firstMessage = messages ? messages[Object.keys(messages)[0]] : undefined;\n  return typeof firstMessage === 'string';\n}\n\nfunction verifyConfigMessages(config) {\n  if (config.onWarn && config.defaultRichTextElements && messagesContainString(config.messages || {})) {\n    config.onWarn(\"[@formatjs/intl] \\\"defaultRichTextElements\\\" was specified but \\\"message\\\" was not pre-compiled. \\nPlease consider using \\\"@formatjs/cli\\\" to pre-compile your messages for performance.\\nFor more details see https://formatjs.io/docs/getting-started/message-distribution\");\n  }\n}\n/**\n * Create intl object\n * @param config intl config\n * @param cache cache for formatter instances to prevent memory leak\n */\n\n\nexport function createIntl(config, cache) {\n  var formatters = createFormatters(cache);\n\n  var resolvedConfig = __assign(__assign({}, DEFAULT_INTL_CONFIG), config);\n\n  var locale = resolvedConfig.locale,\n      defaultLocale = resolvedConfig.defaultLocale,\n      onError = resolvedConfig.onError;\n\n  if (!locale) {\n    if (onError) {\n      onError(new InvalidConfigError(\"\\\"locale\\\" was not configured, using \\\"\".concat(defaultLocale, \"\\\" as fallback. See https://formatjs.io/docs/react-intl/api#intlshape for more details\")));\n    } // Since there's no registered locale data for `locale`, this will\n    // fallback to the `defaultLocale` to make sure things can render.\n    // The `messages` are overridden to the `defaultProps` empty object\n    // to maintain referential equality across re-renders. It's assumed\n    // each <FormattedMessage> contains a `defaultMessage` prop.\n\n\n    resolvedConfig.locale = resolvedConfig.defaultLocale || 'en';\n  } else if (!Intl.NumberFormat.supportedLocalesOf(locale).length && onError) {\n    onError(new MissingDataError(\"Missing locale data for locale: \\\"\".concat(locale, \"\\\" in Intl.NumberFormat. Using default locale: \\\"\").concat(defaultLocale, \"\\\" as fallback. See https://formatjs.io/docs/react-intl#runtime-requirements for more details\")));\n  } else if (!Intl.DateTimeFormat.supportedLocalesOf(locale).length && onError) {\n    onError(new MissingDataError(\"Missing locale data for locale: \\\"\".concat(locale, \"\\\" in Intl.DateTimeFormat. Using default locale: \\\"\").concat(defaultLocale, \"\\\" as fallback. See https://formatjs.io/docs/react-intl#runtime-requirements for more details\")));\n  }\n\n  verifyConfigMessages(resolvedConfig);\n  return __assign(__assign({}, resolvedConfig), {\n    formatters: formatters,\n    formatNumber: formatNumber.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getNumberFormat),\n    formatNumberToParts: formatNumberToParts.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getNumberFormat),\n    formatRelativeTime: formatRelativeTime.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getRelativeTimeFormat),\n    formatDate: formatDate.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getDateTimeFormat),\n    formatDateToParts: formatDateToParts.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getDateTimeFormat),\n    formatTime: formatTime.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getDateTimeFormat),\n    formatDateTimeRange: formatDateTimeRange.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getDateTimeFormat),\n    formatTimeToParts: formatTimeToParts.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getDateTimeFormat),\n    formatPlural: formatPlural.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getPluralRules),\n    // @ts-expect-error TODO: will get to this later\n    formatMessage: formatMessage.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters),\n    // @ts-expect-error TODO: will get to this later\n    $t: formatMessage.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters),\n    formatList: formatList.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getListFormat),\n    formatListToParts: formatListToParts.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getListFormat),\n    formatDisplayName: formatDisplayName.bind(null, resolvedConfig, formatters.getDisplayNames)\n  });\n}","/*\n * Copyright 2015, Yahoo Inc.\n * Copyrights licensed under the New BSD License.\n * See the accompanying LICENSE file for terms.\n */\nimport { __assign, __extends, __rest, __spreadArray } from \"tslib\";\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport { Provider } from './injectIntl';\nimport { DEFAULT_INTL_CONFIG, invariantIntlContext, assignUniqueKeysToParts, shallowEqual } from '../utils';\nimport { formatMessage as coreFormatMessage, createIntl as coreCreateIntl, createIntlCache } from '@formatjs/intl';\nimport { isFormatXMLElementFn } from 'intl-messageformat';\n\nfunction processIntlConfig(config) {\n  return {\n    locale: config.locale,\n    timeZone: config.timeZone,\n    fallbackOnEmptyString: config.fallbackOnEmptyString,\n    formats: config.formats,\n    textComponent: config.textComponent,\n    messages: config.messages,\n    defaultLocale: config.defaultLocale,\n    defaultFormats: config.defaultFormats,\n    onError: config.onError,\n    onWarn: config.onWarn,\n    wrapRichTextChunksInFragment: config.wrapRichTextChunksInFragment,\n    defaultRichTextElements: config.defaultRichTextElements\n  };\n}\n\nfunction assignUniqueKeysToFormatXMLElementFnArgument(values) {\n  if (!values) {\n    return values;\n  }\n\n  return Object.keys(values).reduce(function (acc, k) {\n    var v = values[k];\n    acc[k] = isFormatXMLElementFn(v) ? assignUniqueKeysToParts(v) : v;\n    return acc;\n  }, {});\n}\n\nvar formatMessage = function formatMessage(config, formatters, descriptor, rawValues) {\n  var rest = [];\n\n  for (var _i = 4; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n    rest[_i - 4] = arguments[_i];\n  }\n\n  var values = assignUniqueKeysToFormatXMLElementFnArgument(rawValues);\n  var chunks = coreFormatMessage.apply(void 0, __spreadArray([config, formatters, descriptor, values], rest, false));\n\n  if (Array.isArray(chunks)) {\n    return React.Children.toArray(chunks);\n  }\n\n  return chunks;\n};\n/**\n * Create intl object\n * @param config intl config\n * @param cache cache for formatter instances to prevent memory leak\n */\n\n\nexport var createIntl = function createIntl(_a, cache) {\n  var rawDefaultRichTextElements = _a.defaultRichTextElements,\n      config = __rest(_a, [\"defaultRichTextElements\"]);\n\n  var defaultRichTextElements = assignUniqueKeysToFormatXMLElementFnArgument(rawDefaultRichTextElements);\n  var coreIntl = coreCreateIntl(__assign(__assign(__assign({}, DEFAULT_INTL_CONFIG), config), {\n    defaultRichTextElements: defaultRichTextElements\n  }), cache);\n  var resolvedConfig = {\n    locale: coreIntl.locale,\n    timeZone: coreIntl.timeZone,\n    fallbackOnEmptyString: coreIntl.fallbackOnEmptyString,\n    formats: coreIntl.formats,\n    defaultLocale: coreIntl.defaultLocale,\n    defaultFormats: coreIntl.defaultFormats,\n    messages: coreIntl.messages,\n    onError: coreIntl.onError,\n    defaultRichTextElements: defaultRichTextElements\n  };\n  return __assign(__assign({}, coreIntl), {\n    // @ts-expect-error fix this\n    formatMessage: formatMessage.bind(null, resolvedConfig, coreIntl.formatters),\n    // @ts-expect-error fix this\n    $t: formatMessage.bind(null, resolvedConfig, coreIntl.formatters)\n  });\n};\n\nvar IntlProvider =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(IntlProvider, _super);\n\n  function IntlProvider() {\n    var _this = _super !== null && _super.apply(this, arguments) || this;\n\n    _this.cache = createIntlCache();\n    _this.state = {\n      cache: _this.cache,\n      intl: createIntl(processIntlConfig(_this.props), _this.cache),\n      prevConfig: processIntlConfig(_this.props)\n    };\n    return _this;\n  }\n\n  IntlProvider.getDerivedStateFromProps = function (props, _a) {\n    var prevConfig = _a.prevConfig,\n        cache = _a.cache;\n    var config = processIntlConfig(props);\n\n    if (!shallowEqual(prevConfig, config)) {\n      return {\n        intl: createIntl(config, cache),\n        prevConfig: config\n      };\n    }\n\n    return null;\n  };\n\n  IntlProvider.prototype.render = function () {\n    invariantIntlContext(this.state.intl);\n    return React.createElement(Provider, {\n      value: this.state.intl\n    }, this.props.children);\n  };\n\n  IntlProvider.displayName = 'IntlProvider';\n  IntlProvider.defaultProps = DEFAULT_INTL_CONFIG;\n  return IntlProvider;\n}(React.PureComponent);\n\nexport default IntlProvider;","import * as React from \"react\"\nimport { IntlProvider } from 'react-intl';\n\ntype IntlProps = {\n  locale: string\n  children: any\n}\n\nexport const Intl = (props: IntlProps) => {\n  const { children, locale } = props\n  let messages = require(\"../copy/en/en\").lang\n  try {\n    messages = require(\"../copy/\" + locale + \"/\" + locale).lang\n  } catch (error) {\n    // NOOP\n  }\n  return (\n    <IntlProvider locale={locale || \"en\"} messages={messages} >\n      {children}\n    </IntlProvider>\n  )\n}\n","\n// Generated during bootstapping via pathsOnSiteTracker.ts\n  \nexport const allFiles = [\"/docs/handbook/contributing\",\n\"/docs/handbook/eclipse-oomph\",\n\"/docs/handbook/intellij\",\n\"/docs/handbook/running-benchmarks\",\n\"/docs/handbook/website-development\",\n\"/docs/handbook/arduino\",\n\"/docs/handbook/proof-import\",\n\"/docs/handbook/logical-execution-time\",\n\"/docs/handbook/related-work\",\n\"/docs/handbook/timing-analysis\",\n\"/docs/handbook/tools\",\n\"/docs/handbook/language-specification\",\n\"/docs/handbook/generic-types-interfaces-inheritance\",\n\"/docs/handbook/import-system\",\n\"/docs/handbook/reactors-on-patmos\",\n\"/docs/handbook/features\",\n\"/docs/handbook/containerized-execution\",\n\"/docs/handbook/expressions\",\n\"/docs/handbook/security\",\n\"/docs/handbook/developer-setup\",\n\"/docs/handbook/zephyr\",\n\"/docs/handbook/regression-tests\",\n\"/docs/handbook/tracing\",\n\"/docs/handbook/code-extension\",\n\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration\",\n\"/docs/handbook/epoch-ide\",\n\"/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor\",\n\"/docs/handbook/actions\",\n\"/docs/handbook/causality-loops\",\n\"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors\",\n\"/docs/handbook/deadlines\",\n\"/docs/handbook/distributed-execution\",\n\"/docs/handbook/extending-reactors\",\n\"/docs/handbook/generics\",\n\"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs\",\n\"/docs/handbook/methods\",\n\"/docs/handbook/modal-models\",\n\"/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks\",\n\"/docs/handbook/overview\",\n\"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables\",\n\"/docs/handbook/preambles\",\n\"/docs/handbook/reaction-declarations\",\n\"/docs/handbook/reactions\",\n\"/docs/handbook/superdense-time\",\n\"/docs/handbook/termination\",\n\"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers\",\n\"/docs/handbook/tutorial-video\",\n\"/docs/handbook/command-line-tools\",\n\"/docs/handbook/troubleshooting\",\n\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\",\n\"/community\",\n\"/download\",\n\"/empty\",\n\"/\",\n\"/publications-and-presentations\",\n\"/docs/\",\n\"/docs/handbook/\",]","import * as React from \"react\"\nimport { GatsbyLinkProps, Link } from \"gatsby\"\nimport { allFiles } from \"../__generated__/allPages\"\n\n/** \n * Creates a <Link> which supports gradual migration, you provide a link to the english page and\n * if the page supports the same version but in your language, it opts for that.\n */\nexport const createIntlLink = (currentLocale: string) => {\n  const paths = allFiles\n\n  return (linkProps: GatsbyLinkProps<{}>) => {\n    let to = linkProps.to\n\n    // /thing -> /ja/thing\n    // This occurs when we want URL compat with old site\n\n    const localeVersion = \"/\" + currentLocale + to\n    if (currentLocale !== \"en\" && paths.includes(localeVersion)) {\n      to = localeVersion\n    }\n\n    // This effectively needs to be duplicated in gatsby-config.js too\n    const blocklistIncludes = [\"/play\", \"sandbox\", \"/dev\"]\n    const blocklisted = blocklistIncludes.find(blocked => to.includes(blocked))\n\n    if (blocklisted) {\n      // @ts-ignore\n      return <a {...linkProps} href={to} />\n    } else {\n      // @ts-ignore\n      return <Link {...linkProps} to={to} />\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n\n","import React, { useEffect } from \"react\"\nimport { withPrefix } from \"gatsby\"\n\nimport \"./TopNav.scss\"\nimport { useIntl } from \"react-intl\";\nimport { createIntlLink } from \"../IntlLink\";\nimport { setupStickyNavigation } from \"./stickyNavigation\";\n\nexport type Props = {\n  lang: string\n}\n\nimport { navCopy } from \"../../copy/en/nav\"\nimport { createInternational } from \"../../lib/createInternational\"\n\nexport const SiteNav = (props: Props) => {\n  const i = createInternational<typeof navCopy>(useIntl())\n  const IntlLink = createIntlLink(props.lang)\n  const loadDocSearch = () => {\n    const isDev = document.location.host.includes('localhost')\n    let customHandleSelected;\n\n    if (isDev) {\n      customHandleSelected = (input, event, suggestion, datasetNumber, context) => {\n        const urlToOpen = suggestion.url.replace(\"www.lf-lang.org\", \"localhost:8000\").replace(\"https\", \"http\")\n        window.open(urlToOpen)\n      }\n    }\n\n    // @ts-ignore - this comes from the script above\n    docsearch({\n      appId: \"U5IWIJW31Z\",\n      apiKey: '0e594ee25f8bd7d73ae16a1af7076554',\n      indexName: 'lf-lang',\n      inputSelector: '.search input',\n      handleSelected: customHandleSelected,\n    });\n  }\n  // This extra bit of mis-direction ensures that non-essential code runs after\n  // the page is loaded\n  useEffect(() => {\n    setupStickyNavigation()\n\n    // @ts-ignore - this comes from the script above\n    if (window.docsearch) {\n      loadDocSearch();\n    }\n    if (document.getElementById(\"algolia-search\")) return\n\n    const searchScript = document.createElement('script');\n    searchScript.id = \"algolia-search\"\n    const searchCSS = document.createElement('link');\n\n    searchScript.src = withPrefix(\"/js/docsearch.js\");\n    searchScript.async = true;\n    searchScript.onload = () => {\n      // @ts-ignore - this comes from the script above\n      if (window.docsearch) {\n        loadDocSearch();\n\n        searchCSS.rel = 'stylesheet';\n        searchCSS.href = withPrefix('/css/docsearch.css');\n        searchCSS.type = 'text/css';\n        document.body.appendChild(searchCSS);\n\n        document.getElementById(\"search-form\")?.classList.add(\"search-enabled\")\n      }\n    }\n\n    document.body.appendChild(searchScript);\n  }, []);\n  return (\n    <header dir=\"ltr\">\n      <a className=\"skip-to-main\" href=\"#site-content\" tabIndex={0}>{i(\"skip_to_content\")}</a>\n\n      <div id=\"top-menu\" className=\"up\">\n        <div className=\"left below-small\">\n\n          <IntlLink id=\"home-page-logo\" to=\"/\" aria-label=\"Lingua Franca Home Page\">\n          <picture>\n            <source\n              media=\"(min-width: 600px)\"\n              srcSet={require(\"../../../../../img/header_logo.svg\").default}\n            />\n            <img\n              src={require(\"../../../../../img/small_logo.svg\").default}\n            />\n          </picture>\n          </IntlLink>\n\n          <nav role=\"navigation\">\n            <ul>\n              <li className=\"nav-item\"><IntlLink to=\"/download\">{i(\"nav_download\")}</IntlLink></li>\n              <li className=\"nav-item\"><IntlLink to=\"/docs/\">{i(\"nav_documentation_short\")}</IntlLink></li>\n              <li className=\"nav-item\"><IntlLink to=\"/docs/handbook/overview\">{i(\"nav_handbook\")}</IntlLink></li>\n              <li className=\"nav-item\"><IntlLink to=\"/community\">{i(\"nav_community\")}</IntlLink></li>\n            </ul>\n          </nav>\n\n        </div>\n        <div className=\"right above-small\">\n          <div className=\"search-section\">\n            <div className=\"nav-item\">\n              <form id=\"search-form\" className=\"search top-nav\" role=\"search\">\n                <svg fill=\"none\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 6\" width=\"20\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path d=\"m10.5 0c.5052 0 .9922.0651042 1.4609.195312.4688.130209.9063.315105 1.3125.554688.4063.239583.7761.52865 1.1094.86719.3386.33333.6276.70312.8672 1.10937s.4245.84375.5547 1.3125.1953.95573.1953 1.46094-.0651.99219-.1953 1.46094-.3151.90625-.5547 1.3125-.5286.77864-.8672 1.11718c-.3333.33334-.7031.61978-1.1094.85938-.4062.2396-.8437.4245-1.3125.5547-.4687.1302-.9557.1953-1.4609.1953-.65104 0-1.27604-.1094-1.875-.3281-.59375-.2188-1.14062-.5339-1.64062-.94534l-6.132818 6.12504c-.098958.0989-.216145.1484-.351562.1484s-.252604-.0495-.351562-.1484c-.0989588-.099-.148438-.2162-.148438-.3516s.0494792-.2526.148438-.3516l6.125002-6.13278c-.41146-.5-.72656-1.04687-.94532-1.64062-.21874-.59896-.32812-1.22396-.32812-1.875 0-.50521.0651-.99219.19531-1.46094s.31511-.90625.55469-1.3125.52604-.77604.85938-1.10937c.33854-.33854.71093-.627607 1.11718-.86719s.84375-.424479 1.3125-.554688c.46875-.1302078.95573-.195312 1.46094-.195312zm0 10c.6198 0 1.2031-.11719 1.75-.35156.5469-.23959 1.0234-.5625 1.4297-.96875.4062-.40625.7265-.88281.9609-1.42969.2396-.54688.3594-1.13021.3594-1.75s-.1198-1.20312-.3594-1.75c-.2344-.54688-.5547-1.02344-.9609-1.42969-.4063-.40625-.8828-.72656-1.4297-.96093-.5469-.23959-1.1302-.35938-1.75-.35938-.61979 0-1.20312.11979-1.75.35938-.54688.23437-1.02344.55468-1.42969.96093s-.72916.88281-.96875 1.42969c-.23437.54688-.35156 1.13021-.35156 1.75s.11719 1.20312.35156 1.75c.23959.54688.5625 1.02344.96875 1.42969s.88281.72916 1.42969.96875c.54688.23437 1.13021.35156 1.75.35156z\" fill=\"#fff\" /></svg>\n                <span><input id='search-box-top' type=\"search\" placeholder={i(\"nav_search_placeholder\")} aria-label={i(\"nav_search_aria\")} /></span>\n                <input type=\"submit\" style={{ display: \"none\" }} />\n              </form>\n            </div>\n          </div>\n        </div>\n      </div>\n\n      <div id=\"site-content\" />\n    </header >\n  )\n}\n","export function setupStickyNavigation() {\n  const nav = document.getElementById(\"top-menu\")\n  if (!nav) throw new Error(\"Didn't find a nav\")\n\n  const sideButton = document.getElementById(\"small-device-button-sidebar\")\n  let previousY = 9999\n\n  const updateNav = () => {\n    // iOS scrolls to make sure the viewport fits, don't hide the input then\n    const hasKeyboardFocus =\n      document.activeElement &&\n      (document.activeElement.nodeName === \"INPUT\" ||\n        document.activeElement.nodeName === \"TEXTAREA\")\n\n    if (hasKeyboardFocus) {\n      return\n    }\n\n    const showNav = () => {\n      nav.classList.add(\"down\")\n      nav.classList.remove(\"up\")\n      sideButton?.classList.add(\"hidden\")\n    }\n\n    const hideNav = () => {\n      nav.classList.add(\"up\")\n      nav.classList.remove(\"down\")\n      sideButton?.classList.remove(\"hidden\")\n    }\n\n    const goingUp = window.pageYOffset > 1 && window.pageYOffset > previousY\n    previousY = window.pageYOffset\n\n    if (goingUp) {\n      showNav()\n    } else {\n      hideNav()\n    }\n  }\n\n  // Non-blocking nav change\n  document.removeEventListener(\"scroll\", updateNav, {\n    capture: true,\n    passive: true,\n  } as any)\n\n  document.addEventListener(\"scroll\", updateNav, {\n    capture: true,\n    passive: true,\n  })\n}\n","import * as React from \"react\"\nimport { useState } from \"react\"\nimport { hasLocalStorage } from \"../../lib/hasLocalStorage\"\n\nimport { useIntl } from \"react-intl\";\n\nimport { footerCopy } from \"../../copy/en/footer\"\nimport { createInternational } from \"../../lib/createInternational\"\n\nconst makeDark = () => {\n  document.documentElement.classList.remove(\"light-theme\")\n  document.documentElement.classList.add(\"dark-theme\")\n}\n\nconst makeLight = () => {\n  document.documentElement.classList.remove(\"dark-theme\")\n  document.documentElement.classList.add(\"light-theme\")\n}\n\nconst switchFont = (newStyle: string, old?: string) => {\n  if (old) document.documentElement.classList.remove(\"font-\" + old)\n  document.documentElement.classList.add(\"font-\" + newStyle)\n}\n\nexport const Customize = () => {\n  const i = createInternational<typeof footerCopy>(useIntl())\n  const systemIsDark = typeof window !== 'undefined' && window.matchMedia && window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches\n  const customThemeOverride = hasLocalStorage && localStorage.getItem(\"force-color-theme\") || \"system\"\n  const [darkModeValue, setDarkMode] = useState(customThemeOverride)\n\n  const customFontOverride = hasLocalStorage && localStorage.getItem(\"force-font\") || \"cascadia\"\n  const [fontValue, setFont] = useState(customFontOverride)\n\n  // Localstorage: force-dark, force-light, undefined \n  // ->\n  // CSS Body class: theme-dark, theme-light, theme-dark | theme-light \n\n  const handleThemeChange = (event: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLSelectElement>) => {\n    if (event.target.value === \"system\") {\n      systemIsDark ? makeDark() : makeLight()\n      hasLocalStorage && localStorage.removeItem(\"force-color-theme\")\n    } else if (event.target.value === \"force-light\") {\n      makeLight()\n      hasLocalStorage && localStorage.setItem(\"force-color-theme\", \"force-light\")\n    } else if (event.target.value === \"force-dark\") {\n      makeDark()\n      hasLocalStorage && localStorage.setItem(\"force-color-theme\", \"force-dark\")\n    }\n\n    setDarkMode(event.target.value)\n  }\n\n\n  // Localstorage: undefined, cascadia, cascadia-ligatures, consolas, ...\n  // ->\n  // CSS Body class: font-cascadia, font-cascadia, font-cascadia-ligatures | font-consolas, ...\n\n  const handleFontChange = (event: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLSelectElement>) => {\n    localStorage.setItem(\"force-font\", event.target.value)\n    switchFont(event.target.value, customFontOverride)\n    setFont(event.target.value)\n\n  }\n\n\n  return (\n    <section id=\"customize\">\n      <article>\n        <h3>{i(\"footer_customize\")}</h3>\n        <label>\n          <p>{i(\"footer_site_colours\")}:</p>\n          <div className=\"switch-wrap\">\n            <select name=\"colours\" value={darkModeValue} onChange={handleThemeChange}>\n              <option value=\"system\">{i(\"footer_site_colours_options_system\")}</option>\n              <option value=\"force-light\">{i(\"footer_site_colours_options_always_light\")}</option>\n              <option value=\"force-dark\">{i(\"footer_site_colours_options_always_dark\")}</option>\n            </select>\n          </div>\n        </label>\n\n        <label>\n          <p>{i(\"footer_code_font\")}:</p>\n          <div className=\"switch-wrap\">\n            <select name=\"font\" value={fontValue} onChange={handleFontChange}>\n              <option value=\"cascadia\">Cascadia</option>\n              <option value=\"cascadia-ligatures\">Cascadia (ligatures)</option>\n              <option value=\"consolas\">Consolas</option>\n              <option value=\"dank-mono\">Dank Mono</option>\n              <option value=\"fira-code\">Fira Code</option>\n              <option value=\"jetbrains-mono\">JetBrains Mono</option>\n              <option value=\"open-dyslexic\">OpenDyslexic</option>\n              <option value=\"sf-mono\">SF Mono</option>\n              <option value=\"source-code-pro\">Source Code Pro</option>\n            </select>\n          </div>\n        </label>\n      </article>\n    </section>\n  )\n}\n","import * as React from \"react\"\nimport { useEffect } from \"react\"\n\nimport \"./SiteFooter.scss\"\nimport { createIntlLink } from \"../IntlLink\"\nimport { whenEscape } from \"../../lib/whenEscape\"\nimport { Customize } from \"./SiteFooter-Customize\"\n\nexport type Props = {\n  lang: string\n  suppressCustomization?: true\n  suppressDocRecommendations?: true\n}\n\nconst useLinguaFrancaLinks = [\n  {\n    title: \"Get Started\",\n    url: \"/docs/handbook/overview\",\n  },\n  {\n    title: \"Download\",\n    url: \"/download\",\n  },\n  {\n    title: \"Why Lingua Franca\",\n    url: \"/\",\n  },\n  {\n    title: \"Publications\",\n    url: \"/publications-and-presentations\",\n  },\n]\n\nconst communityLinks = [\n  {\n    title: \"Get Help\",\n    url: \"/community\",\n  },\n  {\n    title: \"GitHub Repo\",\n    url: \"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca\",\n  },\n  {\n    title: \"@thelflang\",\n    url: \"https://twitter.com/thelflang\",\n  },\n  {\n    title: \"Web Repo\",\n    url: \"https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca\",\n  },\n  {\n    title: \"Zulip\",\n    url: \"https://zulip.lf-lang.org\",\n  },\n]\n\nconst faviconForURL = (url: string) => {\n  switch (url) {\n    case \"https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca\":\n    case \"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca\":\n      return (\n        <svg\n          fill=\"none\"\n          height=\"12\"\n          viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\"\n          width=\"12\"\n          xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"\n        >\n          <path\n            clipRule=\"evenodd\"\n            d=\"m6.03927.165405c-3.27055 0-5.922909 2.652005-5.922909 5.923645 0 2.61709 1.697089 4.83705 4.050909 5.62035.29636.0546.40436-.1284.40436-.2854 0-.1408-.00509-.5131-.008-1.0073-1.64763.3578-1.99527-.7942-1.99527-.7942-.26946-.68436-.65782-.86654-.65782-.86654-.53782-.36727.04073-.36001.04073-.36001.59454.04182.90727.61055.90727.61055.52836.90509 1.38655.64364 1.724.492.05382-.38254.20691-.64363.376-.79163-1.31527-.14946-2.69818-.65782-2.69818-2.92764 0-.64654.23091-1.17564.60982-1.58946-.06109-.14981-.26437-.75236.05818-1.56763 0 0 .49709-.15927 1.62872.60727.47237-.13163.97928-.19709 1.48291-.19964.50328.00255 1.00982.06801 1.48291.19964 1.13091-.76654 1.62727-.60727 1.62727-.60727.32328.81527.12001 1.41782.05928 1.56763.37964.41382.60873.94292.60873 1.58946 0 2.27564-1.38509 2.77636-2.70437 2.92291.21237.18291.40182.54436.40182 1.09672 0 .79204-.00727 1.43094-.00727 1.62514 0 .1585.10691.3429.40727.2851 2.35197-.7851 4.04767-3.00369 4.04767-5.62005 0-3.27164-2.6524-5.923645-5.92403-5.923645z\"\n            fill=\"#ffffff\"\n            fillRule=\"evenodd\"\n          />\n        </svg>\n      )\n    case \"https://twitter.com/thelflang\":\n      return (\n        <svg\n          fill=\"none\"\n          height=\"10\"\n          viewBox=\"0 0 13 10\"\n          width=\"13\"\n          xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"\n        >\n          <path\n            d=\"m4.58519 10c4.62962 0 7.16291-3.83919 7.16291-7.16289 0-.10801 0-.21602-.0049-.32403.4909-.35348.918-.80024 1.2568-1.30591-.4517.20128-.9377.33384-1.4483.39766.5204-.30929.9181-.805148 1.1095-1.394284-.486.289658-1.026.495856-1.6004.608773-.4615-.490946-1.11448-.7953322-1.83617-.7953322-1.38938 0-2.51856 1.1291732-2.51856 2.5185532 0 .19638.02455.38785.06383.57441-2.09143-.1031-3.94721-1.10954-5.1893-2.631474-.21602.373119-.33876.805154-.33876 1.266644 0 .87388.44677 1.64467 1.11936 2.09634-.41239-.01473-.80024-.12765-1.13899-.31421v.03437c0 1.21754.86897 2.23871 2.01778 2.46946-.2111.05891-.43203.08837-.66277.08837-.16202 0-.31912-.01473-.47131-.04419.31911 1.00153 1.25191 1.72813 2.35163 1.74777-.86406.67751-1.94906 1.08008-3.12733 1.08008-.20128 0-.402571-.00982-.59895-.03436 1.10954.70696 2.43509 1.12425 3.85393 1.12425z\"\n            fill=\"#ffffff\"\n          />\n        </svg>\n      )\n    case \"https://zulip.lf-lang.org\":\n      return (\n        <svg\n          fill=\"none\"\n          viewBox=\"-30 -10 55 55\"\n          xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"\n        >\n          <path\n            d=\"M22.767 3.589c0 1.209-.543 2.283-1.37 2.934l-8.034 7.174c-.149.128-.343-.078-.235-.25l2.946-5.9c.083-.165-.024-.368-.194-.368H4.452c-1.77 0-3.219-1.615-3.219-3.59C1.233 1.616 2.682 0 4.452 0h15.096c1.77-.001 3.219 1.614 3.219 3.589zM4.452 24h15.096c1.77 0 3.219-1.616 3.219-3.59 0-1.974-1.449-3.59-3.219-3.59H8.12c-.17 0-.277-.202-.194-.367l2.946-5.9c.108-.172-.086-.378-.235-.25l-8.033 7.173c-.828.65-1.37 1.725-1.37 2.934 0 1.974 1.448 3.59 3.218 3.59z\"\n            fill=\"#ffffff\">\n           </path>\n        </svg>\n      )\n  }\n}\n\nexport const SiteFooter = (props: Props) => {\n  const normalLinks = useLinguaFrancaLinks.filter(\n    l => !l.url.includes(\"#show-examples\")\n  )\n\n  const Link = createIntlLink(props.lang)\n\n  const hideDocs = props.suppressDocRecommendations\n  return (\n    <footer id=\"site-footer\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n      {props.suppressCustomization ? null : <Customize />}\n\n      <section id=\"community\">\n        <article id=\"logos\">\n\n          <a href=\"\">\n            <img\n              id=\"lf-logo\"\n              width={195}\n              height={75}\n              src={require(\"../../../../../img/footer_logo.svg\").default}\n              alt=\"Lingua Franca Logo\"\n            />\n          </a>\n          <p>Made with &#9829; in Berkeley, Dallas, Dresden, Kiel, and Seoul\n          </p>\n          <p>\n            © 2019-{new Date().getFullYear()} The Lingua Franca Team\n            <br />\n          </p>\n        </article>\n\n        <article id=\"using-lf\">\n          <h3>Using Lingua Franca</h3>\n          <ul>\n            {normalLinks.map(page => (\n              <li key={page.url}>\n                <Link to={page.url}>{page.title}</Link>\n              </li>\n            ))}\n          </ul>\n        </article>\n\n        <article id=\"community-links\">\n          <h3>Community</h3>\n          <ul>\n            {communityLinks.map(page => {\n              const favicon = faviconForURL(page.url)\n              const favSpan = favicon ? (<span className=\"link-prefix\">{favicon}</span>) : null\n              return (\n                <li key={page.url}>\n                  <a style={{ position: \"relative\" }} href={page.url}>\n                    {favSpan}\n                    {page.title}\n                  </a>\n                </li>\n              )\n            })}\n          </ul>\n        </article>\n      </section>\n\n    </footer >\n  )\n}\n","import * as React from \"react\"\nimport { Helmet } from \"react-helmet\";\n\nexport type SeoProps = {\n  title: string\n  description: string\n  ogTags?: { [key: string]: string }\n}\n\nexport const HeadSEO = (props: SeoProps) => {\n\n  const ogTags = {\n    ...props.ogTags,\n    \"og:title\": props.title,\n    \"og:description\": props.description,\n    \"twitter:site\": \"thelflang\",\n  }\n\n  // Skip search engine indexing on the staging site, this is changed by running:\n  // yarn workspace lingua-franca setup-staging\n  const staging = false;\n\n  if (staging) {\n    ogTags[\"robots\"] = \"noindex\"\n  }\n\n  // do we want localized pages to be the english version?\n  //{seo.url && <meta property=\"og:url\" content={seo.url} />}\n\n  // TODO: a lot of pages should have this\n  // <meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" />\n\n  // TODO: Maybe on prod we can generate an image for each file\n  // <meta name=\"image\" content={seo.image} />\n\n  return (\n    <>\n      <Helmet title={props.title} titleTemplate={\"%s\"}>\n        <meta name=\"description\" key=\"description\" content={props.description} />\n        {\n          Object.keys(ogTags).map(k => <meta key={k} property={k} content={ogTags[k]} />)\n        }\n      </Helmet>\n    </>\n  )\n}\n","import * as React from \"react\"\nimport { SiteNav, Props } from \"./layout/TopNav\"\nimport { SiteFooter } from \"./layout/SiteFooter\"\nimport { SeoProps, HeadSEO } from \"./HeadSEO\";\nimport \"./layout/main.scss\"\nimport { Helmet } from \"react-helmet\";\nimport { withPrefix } from \"gatsby\";\n\ntype LayoutProps = SeoProps & Props & {\n  lang: string,\n  children: any\n  suppressCustomization?: true\n  suppressDocRecommendations?: true\n}\nexport const Layout = (props: LayoutProps) => {\n  return (\n    <>\n      <Helmet htmlAttributes={{ lang: props.lang }}>\n        {/* Should be a NOOP for anything but edge, and much older browsers */}\n        <script src=\"https://polyfill.io/v3/polyfill.min.js?features=es2015%2CArray.prototype.forEach%2CNodeList.prototype.forEach\" />\n        <link rel=\"preload\" href={withPrefix('/css/docsearch.css')} as=\"style\" />\n        <style>{`\npre data-err {\n  background:url(\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%206%203'%20enable-background%3D'new%200%200%206%203'%20height%3D'3'%20width%3D'6'%3E%3Cg%20fill%3D'%23c94824'%3E%3Cpolygon%20points%3D'5.5%2C0%202.5%2C3%201.1%2C3%204.1%2C0'%2F%3E%3Cpolygon%20points%3D'4%2C0%206%2C2%206%2C0.6%205.4%2C0'%2F%3E%3Cpolygon%20points%3D'0%2C2%201%2C3%202.4%2C3%200%2C0.6'%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\") repeat-x 0 100%;\n  padding-bottom: 3px;\n}`}</style>\n      </Helmet>\n      <HeadSEO {...props} />\n      <div className=\"ms-Fabric\">\n        <SiteNav {...props} />\n        <main role=\"main\">{props.children}</main>\n        <SiteFooter {...props} />\n      </div>\n    </>\n  )\n}\n","export const comCopy = {\n  com_layout_title: \"Lingua Franca Community\",\n  com_layout_description:\n    \"Connect with other LF Programmers online and offline.\",\n  com_connect_online: \"Online\",\n  com_connect_online_description:\n    \"Tap into our online resources to learn more about Lingua Franca, provide feedback, connect with our developers, and find out about new updates.\",\n  com_online_publications_desc:\n    \"View our publications and presentations.\",\n  com_online_publications_tag: \"\",\n  com_online_github_desc:\n    \"Found a bug, or want to provide feedback?\",\n  com_online_github_href: \"Tell us on GitHub.\",\n  com_online_zulip_href: \"Join the conversation on Zulip.\",\n  com_online_zulip_desc: \"Have questions, or want to chat with other users?\",\n  com_online_twitter_href: \"@thelflang\",\n  com_online_twitter_desc: \"Stay up to date. Follow us on Twitter\",\n}\n","export const docCopy = {\n  doc_layout_title: \"Lingua Franca Documentation\",\n  doc_layout_description:\n    \"Find Lingua Franca starter projects: from Python to C to C++ to TypeScript.\",\n  doc_headline: \"Learning Resources\",\n  doc_headline_handbook_blurb: \"The Lingua Franca language reference\",\n}\n","export const dtCopy = {\n  dt_s_page_title: \"Search for typed packages\",\n  dt_s_title: \"Type Search\",\n  dt_s_subtitle:\n    \"Find npm packages that have type declarations, either bundled or on Definitely Typed.\",\n  dt_s_match: \"match\",\n  dt_s_matchs: \"matches\",\n  dt_s_match_exact: \"Exact Match\",\n  dt_s_popular_on_dt: \"Popular on Definitely Typed\",\n  dt_s_downloads_short: \"DLs\",\n  dt_s_downloads_via: \"Via\",\n  dt_s_module: \"Module\",\n  dt_s_last_update: \"Last Updated\",\n  dt_s_install: \"Install\",\n  dt_s_no_results: \"No results found for\",\n  dt_s_no_results_try: \"Try another search?\",\n  dt_s_copy: \"copy\",\n  dt_s_copied: \"copied\",\n}\n","import { __rest } from \"tslib\";\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport useIntl from './useIntl';\nvar DisplayName;\n\n(function (DisplayName) {\n  DisplayName[\"formatDate\"] = \"FormattedDate\";\n  DisplayName[\"formatTime\"] = \"FormattedTime\";\n  DisplayName[\"formatNumber\"] = \"FormattedNumber\";\n  DisplayName[\"formatList\"] = \"FormattedList\"; // Note that this DisplayName is the locale display name, not to be confused with\n  // the name of the enum, which is for React component display name in dev tools.\n\n  DisplayName[\"formatDisplayName\"] = \"FormattedDisplayName\";\n})(DisplayName || (DisplayName = {}));\n\nvar DisplayNameParts;\n\n(function (DisplayNameParts) {\n  DisplayNameParts[\"formatDate\"] = \"FormattedDateParts\";\n  DisplayNameParts[\"formatTime\"] = \"FormattedTimeParts\";\n  DisplayNameParts[\"formatNumber\"] = \"FormattedNumberParts\";\n  DisplayNameParts[\"formatList\"] = \"FormattedListParts\";\n})(DisplayNameParts || (DisplayNameParts = {}));\n\nexport var FormattedNumberParts = function FormattedNumberParts(props) {\n  var intl = useIntl();\n\n  var value = props.value,\n      children = props.children,\n      formatProps = __rest(props, [\"value\", \"children\"]);\n\n  return children(intl.formatNumberToParts(value, formatProps));\n};\nFormattedNumberParts.displayName = 'FormattedNumberParts';\nexport var FormattedListParts = function FormattedListParts(props) {\n  var intl = useIntl();\n\n  var value = props.value,\n      children = props.children,\n      formatProps = __rest(props, [\"value\", \"children\"]);\n\n  return children(intl.formatListToParts(value, formatProps));\n};\nFormattedNumberParts.displayName = 'FormattedNumberParts';\nexport function createFormattedDateTimePartsComponent(name) {\n  var ComponentParts = function ComponentParts(props) {\n    var intl = useIntl();\n\n    var value = props.value,\n        children = props.children,\n        formatProps = __rest(props, [\"value\", \"children\"]);\n\n    var date = typeof value === 'string' ? new Date(value || 0) : value;\n    var formattedParts = name === 'formatDate' ? intl.formatDateToParts(date, formatProps) : intl.formatTimeToParts(date, formatProps);\n    return children(formattedParts);\n  };\n\n  ComponentParts.displayName = DisplayNameParts[name];\n  return ComponentParts;\n}\nexport function createFormattedComponent(name) {\n  var Component = function Component(props) {\n    var intl = useIntl();\n\n    var value = props.value,\n        children = props.children,\n        formatProps = __rest(props // TODO: fix TS type definition for localeMatcher upstream\n    , [\"value\", \"children\"]); // TODO: fix TS type definition for localeMatcher upstream\n\n\n    var formattedValue = intl[name](value, formatProps);\n\n    if (typeof children === 'function') {\n      return children(formattedValue);\n    }\n\n    var Text = intl.textComponent || React.Fragment;\n    return React.createElement(Text, null, formattedValue);\n  };\n\n  Component.displayName = DisplayName[name];\n  return Component;\n}","import { createFormattedComponent, createFormattedDateTimePartsComponent } from './src/components/createFormattedComponent';\nimport injectIntl, { Provider as RawIntlProvider, Context as IntlContext } from './src/components/injectIntl';\nimport useIntl from './src/components/useIntl';\nimport IntlProvider, { createIntl } from './src/components/provider';\nimport FormattedRelativeTime from './src/components/relative';\nimport FormattedPlural from './src/components/plural';\nimport FormattedMessage from './src/components/message';\nimport FormattedDateTimeRange from './src/components/dateTimeRange';\nexport { FormattedDateTimeRange, FormattedMessage, FormattedPlural, FormattedRelativeTime, IntlContext, IntlProvider, RawIntlProvider, createIntl, injectIntl, useIntl };\nexport { createIntlCache, UnsupportedFormatterError, InvalidConfigError, MissingDataError, MessageFormatError, MissingTranslationError, IntlErrorCode as ReactIntlErrorCode, IntlError as ReactIntlError } from '@formatjs/intl';\nexport function defineMessages(msgs) {\n  return msgs;\n}\nexport function defineMessage(msg) {\n  return msg;\n} // IMPORTANT: Explicit here to prevent api-extractor from outputing `import('./src/types').CustomFormatConfig`\n\nexport var FormattedDate = createFormattedComponent('formatDate');\nexport var FormattedTime = createFormattedComponent('formatTime');\nexport var FormattedNumber = createFormattedComponent('formatNumber');\nexport var FormattedList = createFormattedComponent('formatList');\nexport var FormattedDisplayName = createFormattedComponent('formatDisplayName');\nexport var FormattedDateParts = createFormattedDateTimePartsComponent('formatDate');\nexport var FormattedTimeParts = createFormattedDateTimePartsComponent('formatTime');\nexport { FormattedNumberParts, FormattedListParts } from './src/components/createFormattedComponent';","import { defineMessages } from \"react-intl\"\nimport { navCopy } from \"./nav\"\nimport { docCopy } from \"./documentation\"\nimport { indexCopy as index2Copy } from \"./index2\"\nimport { comCopy } from \"./community\"\nimport { handbookCopy } from \"./handbook\"\nimport { footerCopy } from \"./footer\"\n\nexport const messages = {\n  ...navCopy,\n  ...docCopy,\n  ...comCopy,\n  ...handbookCopy,\n  ...index2Copy,\n  ...footerCopy\n}\n\nexport const lang = defineMessages(messages)\n\nexport type Copy = typeof lang\n","export const footerCopy = {\n  footer_customize: \"Customize\",\n  footer_site_colours: \"Color Mode\",\n  footer_code_font: \"Code Font\",\n  footer_site_colours_options_system: \"System\",\n  footer_site_colours_options_always_light: \"Always Light\",\n  footer_site_colours_options_always_dark: \"Always Dark\",\n}","export const handbookCopy = {\n  handb_prev: \"Previous\",\n  handb_next: \"Next\",\n  handb_on_this_page: \"On this page\",\n  handb_like_dislike_title: \"Is this page helpful?\",\n  handb_like_desc: \"Yes\",\n  handb_dislike_desc: \"No\",\n  handb_thanks: \"Thanks for the feedback\",\n  handb_deprecated_title: \"This page has been deprecated\",\n  handb_deprecated_subtitle: \"This handbook page has been replaced, \",\n  handb_deprecated_subtitle_link: \"go to the new page\",\n  handb_deprecated_subtitle_action: \"Go to new page\",\n  handb_experimental_title: \"This page contains experimental documentation\",\n  handb_experimental_subtitle: \"The contents are about a work in progress topic.\",\n}\n","export const indexCopy = {\n  index_2_headline:\n    \"Lingua Franca is a polyglot coordination language for <bold>reactive</bold>, <bold>concurrent</bold>, and <bold>time-sensitive</bold> applications.\",\n  index_2_byline: \"Lingua Franca\",\n  index_2_summary:\n    \"Lingua Franca (LF) is a polyglot coordination language built to bring deterministic reactive concurrency and time to mainstream target programming languages (currently C, C++, Python, TypeScript, and Rust). LF is supported by a runtime system that is capable of concurrent and distributed execution of reactive programs that are deployable on the Cloud, the Edge, and even on bare-iron embedded platforms.\",\n  index_2_detail:\n    \"A Lingua Franca program specifies the interactions between components called reactors. The logic of each reactor is written in plain target code. A code generator synthesizes one or more programs in the target language, which are then compiled using standard tool chains. If the application has exploitable parallelism, then it executes transparently on multiple cores without compromising determinacy. A distributed application translates into multiple programs and scripts to launch those programs on distributed machines. The communication fabric connecting components is synthesized as part of the programs.\",\n\n  // Above the fold\n  index_2_cta_install: \"Download Lingua Franca\",\n  index_2_cta_install_subtitle: \"Version\",\n  index_2_cta_install_fallback: \"Latest stable release\",\n\n  index_2_cta_download: \"On your computer\",\n  index_2_cta_download_subtitle: \"via Github\",\n\n  // Quick pitch\n  index_2_what_is: \"What is Lingua Franca?\",\n\n  index_2_what_is_lf: \"Reactor-oriented\",\n  index_2_what_is_lf_copy: `Reactors are reactive and composable concurrent software components with inputs, outputs, and local state.`,\n\n  index_2_trust: \"Concurrent\",\n  index_2_trust_copy: `Reactions to events are concurrent unless there is an explicit dependency between them.`,\n\n  index_2_scale: \"Deterministic\",\n  index_2_scale_copy: `Lingua Franca programs are deterministic by default and therefore easy to test.`,\n\n  // Links for getting started (this shows up twice)\n  index_2_started_title: \"Get Started\",\n  index_2_started_handbook: \"Handbook\",\n  index_2_started_handbook_blurb: \"Learn the language\",\n  index_2_install: \"Install Lingua Franca\",\n}\n","export const navCopy = {\n  skip_to_content: \"Skip to main content\",\n  nav_documentation: \"Documentation\",\n  nav_documentation_short: \"Docs\",\n  nav_download: \"Download\",\n  nav_community: \"Community\",\n  nav_handbook: \"Handbook\",\n  nav_tools: \"Tools\",\n  nav_search_placeholder: \"Search Docs\",\n  nav_search_aria: \"Search the Lingua Franca site\",\n  nav_this_page_in_your_lang: \"This page is available in your language\",\n  nav_this_page_in_your_lang_open: \"Open\",\n  nav_this_page_in_your_lang_no_more: \"Don't show again\",\n}\n","export const inYourLanguage: Record<\n  string,\n  { body: string; open: string; cancel: string; shorthand: string }\n> = {\n  en: {\n    shorthand: \"In En\",\n    body: \"This page is available in English\",\n    open: \"Go\",\n    cancel: \"Don't ask again\",\n  },\n}\n","import { IntlShape } from \"react-intl\"\n\n/**\n * This will let you define an area for your localization and have typescript\n * keep the keys in check\n *\n * @param intlUseEffect the result of `useIntl()`\n */\nexport function createInternational<NavSection>(\n  intlUseEffect: IntlShape\n): (intlKey: keyof NavSection, obj?: any) => string {\n  return (k, obj) => intlUseEffect.formatMessage({ id: k as string }, obj)\n}\n","/**\n * Cannot do Math.log(x) / Math.log(10) bc if IEEE floating point issue\n * @param x number\n */\nexport function getMagnitude(x) {\n  // Cannot count string length via Number.toString because it may use scientific notation\n  // for very small or very large numbers.\n  return Math.floor(Math.log(x) * Math.LOG10E);\n}\nexport function repeat(s, times) {\n  if (typeof s.repeat === 'function') {\n    return s.repeat(times);\n  }\n\n  var arr = new Array(times);\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {\n    arr[i] = s;\n  }\n\n  return arr.join('');\n}\nexport function setInternalSlot(map, pl, field, value) {\n  if (!map.get(pl)) {\n    map.set(pl, Object.create(null));\n  }\n\n  var slots = map.get(pl);\n  slots[field] = value;\n}\nexport function setMultiInternalSlots(map, pl, props) {\n  for (var _i = 0, _a = Object.keys(props); _i < _a.length; _i++) {\n    var k = _a[_i];\n    setInternalSlot(map, pl, k, props[k]);\n  }\n}\nexport function getInternalSlot(map, pl, field) {\n  return getMultiInternalSlots(map, pl, field)[field];\n}\nexport function getMultiInternalSlots(map, pl) {\n  var fields = [];\n\n  for (var _i = 2; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n    fields[_i - 2] = arguments[_i];\n  }\n\n  var slots = map.get(pl);\n\n  if (!slots) {\n    throw new TypeError(\"\".concat(pl, \" InternalSlot has not been initialized\"));\n  }\n\n  return fields.reduce(function (all, f) {\n    all[f] = slots[f];\n    return all;\n  }, Object.create(null));\n}\nexport function isLiteralPart(patternPart) {\n  return patternPart.type === 'literal';\n}\n/*\n  17 ECMAScript Standard Built-in Objects:\n    Every built-in Function object, including constructors, that is not\n    identified as an anonymous function has a name property whose value\n    is a String.\n\n    Unless otherwise specified, the name property of a built-in Function\n    object, if it exists, has the attributes { [[Writable]]: false,\n    [[Enumerable]]: false, [[Configurable]]: true }.\n*/\n\nexport function defineProperty(target, name, _a) {\n  var value = _a.value;\n  Object.defineProperty(target, name, {\n    configurable: true,\n    enumerable: false,\n    writable: true,\n    value: value\n  });\n}\nexport var UNICODE_EXTENSION_SEQUENCE_REGEX = /-u(?:-[0-9a-z]{2,8})+/gi;\nexport function invariant(condition, message, Err) {\n  if (Err === void 0) {\n    Err = Error;\n  }\n\n  if (!condition) {\n    throw new Err(message);\n  }\n}","//\n// Main\n//\nexport default function memoize(fn, options) {\n  var cache = options && options.cache ? options.cache : cacheDefault;\n  var serializer = options && options.serializer ? options.serializer : serializerDefault;\n  var strategy = options && options.strategy ? options.strategy : strategyDefault;\n  return strategy(fn, {\n    cache: cache,\n    serializer: serializer\n  });\n} //\n// Strategy\n//\n\nfunction isPrimitive(value) {\n  return value == null || typeof value === 'number' || typeof value === 'boolean'; // || typeof value === \"string\" 'unsafe' primitive for our needs\n}\n\nfunction monadic(fn, cache, serializer, arg) {\n  var cacheKey = isPrimitive(arg) ? arg : serializer(arg);\n  var computedValue = cache.get(cacheKey);\n\n  if (typeof computedValue === 'undefined') {\n    computedValue = fn.call(this, arg);\n    cache.set(cacheKey, computedValue);\n  }\n\n  return computedValue;\n}\n\nfunction variadic(fn, cache, serializer) {\n  var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 3);\n  var cacheKey = serializer(args);\n  var computedValue = cache.get(cacheKey);\n\n  if (typeof computedValue === 'undefined') {\n    computedValue = fn.apply(this, args);\n    cache.set(cacheKey, computedValue);\n  }\n\n  return computedValue;\n}\n\nfunction assemble(fn, context, strategy, cache, serialize) {\n  return strategy.bind(context, fn, cache, serialize);\n}\n\nfunction strategyDefault(fn, options) {\n  var strategy = fn.length === 1 ? monadic : variadic;\n  return assemble(fn, this, strategy, options.cache.create(), options.serializer);\n}\n\nfunction strategyVariadic(fn, options) {\n  return assemble(fn, this, variadic, options.cache.create(), options.serializer);\n}\n\nfunction strategyMonadic(fn, options) {\n  return assemble(fn, this, monadic, options.cache.create(), options.serializer);\n} //\n// Serializer\n//\n\n\nvar serializerDefault = function serializerDefault() {\n  return JSON.stringify(arguments);\n}; //\n// Cache\n//\n\n\nfunction ObjectWithoutPrototypeCache() {\n  this.cache = Object.create(null);\n}\n\nObjectWithoutPrototypeCache.prototype.get = function (key) {\n  return this.cache[key];\n};\n\nObjectWithoutPrototypeCache.prototype.set = function (key, value) {\n  this.cache[key] = value;\n};\n\nvar cacheDefault = {\n  create: function create() {\n    // @ts-ignore\n    return new ObjectWithoutPrototypeCache();\n  }\n};\nexport var strategies = {\n  variadic: strategyVariadic,\n  monadic: strategyMonadic\n};","export var ErrorKind;\n\n(function (ErrorKind) {\n  /** Argument is unclosed (e.g. `{0`) */\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EXPECT_ARGUMENT_CLOSING_BRACE\"] = 1] = \"EXPECT_ARGUMENT_CLOSING_BRACE\";\n  /** Argument is empty (e.g. `{}`). */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EMPTY_ARGUMENT\"] = 2] = \"EMPTY_ARGUMENT\";\n  /** Argument is malformed (e.g. `{foo!}``) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"MALFORMED_ARGUMENT\"] = 3] = \"MALFORMED_ARGUMENT\";\n  /** Expect an argument type (e.g. `{foo,}`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EXPECT_ARGUMENT_TYPE\"] = 4] = \"EXPECT_ARGUMENT_TYPE\";\n  /** Unsupported argument type (e.g. `{foo,foo}`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"INVALID_ARGUMENT_TYPE\"] = 5] = \"INVALID_ARGUMENT_TYPE\";\n  /** Expect an argument style (e.g. `{foo, number, }`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EXPECT_ARGUMENT_STYLE\"] = 6] = \"EXPECT_ARGUMENT_STYLE\";\n  /** The number skeleton is invalid. */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"INVALID_NUMBER_SKELETON\"] = 7] = \"INVALID_NUMBER_SKELETON\";\n  /** The date time skeleton is invalid. */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"INVALID_DATE_TIME_SKELETON\"] = 8] = \"INVALID_DATE_TIME_SKELETON\";\n  /** Exepct a number skeleton following the `::` (e.g. `{foo, number, ::}`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EXPECT_NUMBER_SKELETON\"] = 9] = \"EXPECT_NUMBER_SKELETON\";\n  /** Exepct a date time skeleton following the `::` (e.g. `{foo, date, ::}`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EXPECT_DATE_TIME_SKELETON\"] = 10] = \"EXPECT_DATE_TIME_SKELETON\";\n  /** Unmatched apostrophes in the argument style (e.g. `{foo, number, 'test`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"UNCLOSED_QUOTE_IN_ARGUMENT_STYLE\"] = 11] = \"UNCLOSED_QUOTE_IN_ARGUMENT_STYLE\";\n  /** Missing select argument options (e.g. `{foo, select}`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EXPECT_SELECT_ARGUMENT_OPTIONS\"] = 12] = \"EXPECT_SELECT_ARGUMENT_OPTIONS\";\n  /** Expecting an offset value in `plural` or `selectordinal` argument (e.g `{foo, plural, offset}`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EXPECT_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_OFFSET_VALUE\"] = 13] = \"EXPECT_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_OFFSET_VALUE\";\n  /** Offset value in `plural` or `selectordinal` is invalid (e.g. `{foo, plural, offset: x}`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"INVALID_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_OFFSET_VALUE\"] = 14] = \"INVALID_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_OFFSET_VALUE\";\n  /** Expecting a selector in `select` argument (e.g `{foo, select}`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EXPECT_SELECT_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR\"] = 15] = \"EXPECT_SELECT_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR\";\n  /** Expecting a selector in `plural` or `selectordinal` argument (e.g `{foo, plural}`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EXPECT_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR\"] = 16] = \"EXPECT_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR\";\n  /** Expecting a message fragment after the `select` selector (e.g. `{foo, select, apple}`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EXPECT_SELECT_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR_FRAGMENT\"] = 17] = \"EXPECT_SELECT_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR_FRAGMENT\";\n  /**\n   * Expecting a message fragment after the `plural` or `selectordinal` selector\n   * (e.g. `{foo, plural, one}`)\n   */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"EXPECT_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR_FRAGMENT\"] = 18] = \"EXPECT_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR_FRAGMENT\";\n  /** Selector in `plural` or `selectordinal` is malformed (e.g. `{foo, plural, =x {#}}`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"INVALID_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR\"] = 19] = \"INVALID_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR\";\n  /**\n   * Duplicate selectors in `plural` or `selectordinal` argument.\n   * (e.g. {foo, plural, one {#} one {#}})\n   */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"DUPLICATE_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR\"] = 20] = \"DUPLICATE_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR\";\n  /** Duplicate selectors in `select` argument.\n   * (e.g. {foo, select, apple {apple} apple {apple}})\n   */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"DUPLICATE_SELECT_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR\"] = 21] = \"DUPLICATE_SELECT_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR\";\n  /** Plural or select argument option must have `other` clause. */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"MISSING_OTHER_CLAUSE\"] = 22] = \"MISSING_OTHER_CLAUSE\";\n  /** The tag is malformed. (e.g. `<bold!>foo</bold!>) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"INVALID_TAG\"] = 23] = \"INVALID_TAG\";\n  /** The tag name is invalid. (e.g. `<123>foo</123>`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"INVALID_TAG_NAME\"] = 25] = \"INVALID_TAG_NAME\";\n  /** The closing tag does not match the opening tag. (e.g. `<bold>foo</italic>`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"UNMATCHED_CLOSING_TAG\"] = 26] = \"UNMATCHED_CLOSING_TAG\";\n  /** The opening tag has unmatched closing tag. (e.g. `<bold>foo`) */\n\n  ErrorKind[ErrorKind[\"UNCLOSED_TAG\"] = 27] = \"UNCLOSED_TAG\";\n})(ErrorKind || (ErrorKind = {}));","export var TYPE;\n\n(function (TYPE) {\n  /**\n   * Raw text\n   */\n  TYPE[TYPE[\"literal\"] = 0] = \"literal\";\n  /**\n   * Variable w/o any format, e.g `var` in `this is a {var}`\n   */\n\n  TYPE[TYPE[\"argument\"] = 1] = \"argument\";\n  /**\n   * Variable w/ number format\n   */\n\n  TYPE[TYPE[\"number\"] = 2] = \"number\";\n  /**\n   * Variable w/ date format\n   */\n\n  TYPE[TYPE[\"date\"] = 3] = \"date\";\n  /**\n   * Variable w/ time format\n   */\n\n  TYPE[TYPE[\"time\"] = 4] = \"time\";\n  /**\n   * Variable w/ select format\n   */\n\n  TYPE[TYPE[\"select\"] = 5] = \"select\";\n  /**\n   * Variable w/ plural format\n   */\n\n  TYPE[TYPE[\"plural\"] = 6] = \"plural\";\n  /**\n   * Only possible within plural argument.\n   * This is the `#` symbol that will be substituted with the count.\n   */\n\n  TYPE[TYPE[\"pound\"] = 7] = \"pound\";\n  /**\n   * XML-like tag\n   */\n\n  TYPE[TYPE[\"tag\"] = 8] = \"tag\";\n})(TYPE || (TYPE = {}));\n\nexport var SKELETON_TYPE;\n\n(function (SKELETON_TYPE) {\n  SKELETON_TYPE[SKELETON_TYPE[\"number\"] = 0] = \"number\";\n  SKELETON_TYPE[SKELETON_TYPE[\"dateTime\"] = 1] = \"dateTime\";\n})(SKELETON_TYPE || (SKELETON_TYPE = {}));\n/**\n * Type Guards\n */\n\n\nexport function isLiteralElement(el) {\n  return el.type === TYPE.literal;\n}\nexport function isArgumentElement(el) {\n  return el.type === TYPE.argument;\n}\nexport function isNumberElement(el) {\n  return el.type === TYPE.number;\n}\nexport function isDateElement(el) {\n  return el.type === TYPE.date;\n}\nexport function isTimeElement(el) {\n  return el.type === TYPE.time;\n}\nexport function isSelectElement(el) {\n  return el.type === TYPE.select;\n}\nexport function isPluralElement(el) {\n  return el.type === TYPE.plural;\n}\nexport function isPoundElement(el) {\n  return el.type === TYPE.pound;\n}\nexport function isTagElement(el) {\n  return el.type === TYPE.tag;\n}\nexport function isNumberSkeleton(el) {\n  return !!(el && typeof el === 'object' && el.type === SKELETON_TYPE.number);\n}\nexport function isDateTimeSkeleton(el) {\n  return !!(el && typeof el === 'object' && el.type === SKELETON_TYPE.dateTime);\n}\nexport function createLiteralElement(value) {\n  return {\n    type: TYPE.literal,\n    value: value\n  };\n}\nexport function createNumberElement(value, style) {\n  return {\n    type: TYPE.number,\n    value: value,\n    style: style\n  };\n}","// @generated from regex-gen.ts\nexport var SPACE_SEPARATOR_REGEX = /[ \\xA0\\u1680\\u2000-\\u200A\\u202F\\u205F\\u3000]/;\nexport var WHITE_SPACE_REGEX = /[\\t-\\r \\x85\\u200E\\u200F\\u2028\\u2029]/;","/**\n * https://unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-dates.html#Date_Field_Symbol_Table\n * Credit: https://github.com/caridy/intl-datetimeformat-pattern/blob/master/index.js\n * with some tweaks\n */\nvar DATE_TIME_REGEX = /(?:[Eec]{1,6}|G{1,5}|[Qq]{1,5}|(?:[yYur]+|U{1,5})|[ML]{1,5}|d{1,2}|D{1,3}|F{1}|[abB]{1,5}|[hkHK]{1,2}|w{1,2}|W{1}|m{1,2}|s{1,2}|[zZOvVxX]{1,4})(?=([^']*'[^']*')*[^']*$)/g;\n/**\n * Parse Date time skeleton into Intl.DateTimeFormatOptions\n * Ref: https://unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-dates.html#Date_Field_Symbol_Table\n * @public\n * @param skeleton skeleton string\n */\n\nexport function parseDateTimeSkeleton(skeleton) {\n  var result = {};\n  skeleton.replace(DATE_TIME_REGEX, function (match) {\n    var len = match.length;\n\n    switch (match[0]) {\n      // Era\n      case 'G':\n        result.era = len === 4 ? 'long' : len === 5 ? 'narrow' : 'short';\n        break;\n      // Year\n\n      case 'y':\n        result.year = len === 2 ? '2-digit' : 'numeric';\n        break;\n\n      case 'Y':\n      case 'u':\n      case 'U':\n      case 'r':\n        throw new RangeError('`Y/u/U/r` (year) patterns are not supported, use `y` instead');\n      // Quarter\n\n      case 'q':\n      case 'Q':\n        throw new RangeError('`q/Q` (quarter) patterns are not supported');\n      // Month\n\n      case 'M':\n      case 'L':\n        result.month = ['numeric', '2-digit', 'short', 'long', 'narrow'][len - 1];\n        break;\n      // Week\n\n      case 'w':\n      case 'W':\n        throw new RangeError('`w/W` (week) patterns are not supported');\n\n      case 'd':\n        result.day = ['numeric', '2-digit'][len - 1];\n        break;\n\n      case 'D':\n      case 'F':\n      case 'g':\n        throw new RangeError('`D/F/g` (day) patterns are not supported, use `d` instead');\n      // Weekday\n\n      case 'E':\n        result.weekday = len === 4 ? 'short' : len === 5 ? 'narrow' : 'short';\n        break;\n\n      case 'e':\n        if (len < 4) {\n          throw new RangeError('`e..eee` (weekday) patterns are not supported');\n        }\n\n        result.weekday = ['short', 'long', 'narrow', 'short'][len - 4];\n        break;\n\n      case 'c':\n        if (len < 4) {\n          throw new RangeError('`c..ccc` (weekday) patterns are not supported');\n        }\n\n        result.weekday = ['short', 'long', 'narrow', 'short'][len - 4];\n        break;\n      // Period\n\n      case 'a':\n        // AM, PM\n        result.hour12 = true;\n        break;\n\n      case 'b': // am, pm, noon, midnight\n\n      case 'B':\n        // flexible day periods\n        throw new RangeError('`b/B` (period) patterns are not supported, use `a` instead');\n      // Hour\n\n      case 'h':\n        result.hourCycle = 'h12';\n        result.hour = ['numeric', '2-digit'][len - 1];\n        break;\n\n      case 'H':\n        result.hourCycle = 'h23';\n        result.hour = ['numeric', '2-digit'][len - 1];\n        break;\n\n      case 'K':\n        result.hourCycle = 'h11';\n        result.hour = ['numeric', '2-digit'][len - 1];\n        break;\n\n      case 'k':\n        result.hourCycle = 'h24';\n        result.hour = ['numeric', '2-digit'][len - 1];\n        break;\n\n      case 'j':\n      case 'J':\n      case 'C':\n        throw new RangeError('`j/J/C` (hour) patterns are not supported, use `h/H/K/k` instead');\n      // Minute\n\n      case 'm':\n        result.minute = ['numeric', '2-digit'][len - 1];\n        break;\n      // Second\n\n      case 's':\n        result.second = ['numeric', '2-digit'][len - 1];\n        break;\n\n      case 'S':\n      case 'A':\n        throw new RangeError('`S/A` (second) patterns are not supported, use `s` instead');\n      // Zone\n\n      case 'z':\n        // 1..3, 4: specific non-location format\n        result.timeZoneName = len < 4 ? 'short' : 'long';\n        break;\n\n      case 'Z': // 1..3, 4, 5: The ISO8601 varios formats\n\n      case 'O': // 1, 4: miliseconds in day short, long\n\n      case 'v': // 1, 4: generic non-location format\n\n      case 'V': // 1, 2, 3, 4: time zone ID or city\n\n      case 'X': // 1, 2, 3, 4: The ISO8601 varios formats\n\n      case 'x':\n        // 1, 2, 3, 4: The ISO8601 varios formats\n        throw new RangeError('`Z/O/v/V/X/x` (timeZone) patterns are not supported, use `z` instead');\n    }\n\n    return '';\n  });\n  return result;\n}","// @generated from regex-gen.ts\nexport var WHITE_SPACE_REGEX = /[\\t-\\r \\x85\\u200E\\u200F\\u2028\\u2029]/i;","import { __assign } from \"tslib\";\nimport { WHITE_SPACE_REGEX } from './regex.generated';\nexport function parseNumberSkeletonFromString(skeleton) {\n  if (skeleton.length === 0) {\n    throw new Error('Number skeleton cannot be empty');\n  } // Parse the skeleton\n\n\n  var stringTokens = skeleton.split(WHITE_SPACE_REGEX).filter(function (x) {\n    return x.length > 0;\n  });\n  var tokens = [];\n\n  for (var _i = 0, stringTokens_1 = stringTokens; _i < stringTokens_1.length; _i++) {\n    var stringToken = stringTokens_1[_i];\n    var stemAndOptions = stringToken.split('/');\n\n    if (stemAndOptions.length === 0) {\n      throw new Error('Invalid number skeleton');\n    }\n\n    var stem = stemAndOptions[0],\n        options = stemAndOptions.slice(1);\n\n    for (var _a = 0, options_1 = options; _a < options_1.length; _a++) {\n      var option = options_1[_a];\n\n      if (option.length === 0) {\n        throw new Error('Invalid number skeleton');\n      }\n    }\n\n    tokens.push({\n      stem: stem,\n      options: options\n    });\n  }\n\n  return tokens;\n}\n\nfunction icuUnitToEcma(unit) {\n  return unit.replace(/^(.*?)-/, '');\n}\n\nvar FRACTION_PRECISION_REGEX = /^\\.(?:(0+)(\\*)?|(#+)|(0+)(#+))$/g;\nvar SIGNIFICANT_PRECISION_REGEX = /^(@+)?(\\+|#+)?[rs]?$/g;\nvar INTEGER_WIDTH_REGEX = /(\\*)(0+)|(#+)(0+)|(0+)/g;\nvar CONCISE_INTEGER_WIDTH_REGEX = /^(0+)$/;\n\nfunction parseSignificantPrecision(str) {\n  var result = {};\n\n  if (str[str.length - 1] === 'r') {\n    result.roundingPriority = 'morePrecision';\n  } else if (str[str.length - 1] === 's') {\n    result.roundingPriority = 'lessPrecision';\n  }\n\n  str.replace(SIGNIFICANT_PRECISION_REGEX, function (_, g1, g2) {\n    // @@@ case\n    if (typeof g2 !== 'string') {\n      result.minimumSignificantDigits = g1.length;\n      result.maximumSignificantDigits = g1.length;\n    } // @@@+ case\n    else if (g2 === '+') {\n      result.minimumSignificantDigits = g1.length;\n    } // .### case\n    else if (g1[0] === '#') {\n      result.maximumSignificantDigits = g1.length;\n    } // .@@## or .@@@ case\n    else {\n      result.minimumSignificantDigits = g1.length;\n      result.maximumSignificantDigits = g1.length + (typeof g2 === 'string' ? g2.length : 0);\n    }\n\n    return '';\n  });\n  return result;\n}\n\nfunction parseSign(str) {\n  switch (str) {\n    case 'sign-auto':\n      return {\n        signDisplay: 'auto'\n      };\n\n    case 'sign-accounting':\n    case '()':\n      return {\n        currencySign: 'accounting'\n      };\n\n    case 'sign-always':\n    case '+!':\n      return {\n        signDisplay: 'always'\n      };\n\n    case 'sign-accounting-always':\n    case '()!':\n      return {\n        signDisplay: 'always',\n        currencySign: 'accounting'\n      };\n\n    case 'sign-except-zero':\n    case '+?':\n      return {\n        signDisplay: 'exceptZero'\n      };\n\n    case 'sign-accounting-except-zero':\n    case '()?':\n      return {\n        signDisplay: 'exceptZero',\n        currencySign: 'accounting'\n      };\n\n    case 'sign-never':\n    case '+_':\n      return {\n        signDisplay: 'never'\n      };\n  }\n}\n\nfunction parseConciseScientificAndEngineeringStem(stem) {\n  // Engineering\n  var result;\n\n  if (stem[0] === 'E' && stem[1] === 'E') {\n    result = {\n      notation: 'engineering'\n    };\n    stem = stem.slice(2);\n  } else if (stem[0] === 'E') {\n    result = {\n      notation: 'scientific'\n    };\n    stem = stem.slice(1);\n  }\n\n  if (result) {\n    var signDisplay = stem.slice(0, 2);\n\n    if (signDisplay === '+!') {\n      result.signDisplay = 'always';\n      stem = stem.slice(2);\n    } else if (signDisplay === '+?') {\n      result.signDisplay = 'exceptZero';\n      stem = stem.slice(2);\n    }\n\n    if (!CONCISE_INTEGER_WIDTH_REGEX.test(stem)) {\n      throw new Error('Malformed concise eng/scientific notation');\n    }\n\n    result.minimumIntegerDigits = stem.length;\n  }\n\n  return result;\n}\n\nfunction parseNotationOptions(opt) {\n  var result = {};\n  var signOpts = parseSign(opt);\n\n  if (signOpts) {\n    return signOpts;\n  }\n\n  return result;\n}\n/**\n * https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/master/docs/userguide/format_parse/numbers/skeletons.md#skeleton-stems-and-options\n */\n\n\nexport function parseNumberSkeleton(tokens) {\n  var result = {};\n\n  for (var _i = 0, tokens_1 = tokens; _i < tokens_1.length; _i++) {\n    var token = tokens_1[_i];\n\n    switch (token.stem) {\n      case 'percent':\n      case '%':\n        result.style = 'percent';\n        continue;\n\n      case '%x100':\n        result.style = 'percent';\n        result.scale = 100;\n        continue;\n\n      case 'currency':\n        result.style = 'currency';\n        result.currency = token.options[0];\n        continue;\n\n      case 'group-off':\n      case ',_':\n        result.useGrouping = false;\n        continue;\n\n      case 'precision-integer':\n      case '.':\n        result.maximumFractionDigits = 0;\n        continue;\n\n      case 'measure-unit':\n      case 'unit':\n        result.style = 'unit';\n        result.unit = icuUnitToEcma(token.options[0]);\n        continue;\n\n      case 'compact-short':\n      case 'K':\n        result.notation = 'compact';\n        result.compactDisplay = 'short';\n        continue;\n\n      case 'compact-long':\n      case 'KK':\n        result.notation = 'compact';\n        result.compactDisplay = 'long';\n        continue;\n\n      case 'scientific':\n        result = __assign(__assign(__assign({}, result), {\n          notation: 'scientific'\n        }), token.options.reduce(function (all, opt) {\n          return __assign(__assign({}, all), parseNotationOptions(opt));\n        }, {}));\n        continue;\n\n      case 'engineering':\n        result = __assign(__assign(__assign({}, result), {\n          notation: 'engineering'\n        }), token.options.reduce(function (all, opt) {\n          return __assign(__assign({}, all), parseNotationOptions(opt));\n        }, {}));\n        continue;\n\n      case 'notation-simple':\n        result.notation = 'standard';\n        continue;\n      // https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/master/icu4c/source/i18n/unicode/unumberformatter.h\n\n      case 'unit-width-narrow':\n        result.currencyDisplay = 'narrowSymbol';\n        result.unitDisplay = 'narrow';\n        continue;\n\n      case 'unit-width-short':\n        result.currencyDisplay = 'code';\n        result.unitDisplay = 'short';\n        continue;\n\n      case 'unit-width-full-name':\n        result.currencyDisplay = 'name';\n        result.unitDisplay = 'long';\n        continue;\n\n      case 'unit-width-iso-code':\n        result.currencyDisplay = 'symbol';\n        continue;\n\n      case 'scale':\n        result.scale = parseFloat(token.options[0]);\n        continue;\n      // https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/format_parse/numbers/skeletons.html#integer-width\n\n      case 'integer-width':\n        if (token.options.length > 1) {\n          throw new RangeError('integer-width stems only accept a single optional option');\n        }\n\n        token.options[0].replace(INTEGER_WIDTH_REGEX, function (_, g1, g2, g3, g4, g5) {\n          if (g1) {\n            result.minimumIntegerDigits = g2.length;\n          } else if (g3 && g4) {\n            throw new Error('We currently do not support maximum integer digits');\n          } else if (g5) {\n            throw new Error('We currently do not support exact integer digits');\n          }\n\n          return '';\n        });\n        continue;\n    } // https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/format_parse/numbers/skeletons.html#integer-width\n\n\n    if (CONCISE_INTEGER_WIDTH_REGEX.test(token.stem)) {\n      result.minimumIntegerDigits = token.stem.length;\n      continue;\n    }\n\n    if (FRACTION_PRECISION_REGEX.test(token.stem)) {\n      // Precision\n      // https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/format_parse/numbers/skeletons.html#fraction-precision\n      // precision-integer case\n      if (token.options.length > 1) {\n        throw new RangeError('Fraction-precision stems only accept a single optional option');\n      }\n\n      token.stem.replace(FRACTION_PRECISION_REGEX, function (_, g1, g2, g3, g4, g5) {\n        // .000* case (before ICU67 it was .000+)\n        if (g2 === '*') {\n          result.minimumFractionDigits = g1.length;\n        } // .### case\n        else if (g3 && g3[0] === '#') {\n          result.maximumFractionDigits = g3.length;\n        } // .00## case\n        else if (g4 && g5) {\n          result.minimumFractionDigits = g4.length;\n          result.maximumFractionDigits = g4.length + g5.length;\n        } else {\n          result.minimumFractionDigits = g1.length;\n          result.maximumFractionDigits = g1.length;\n        }\n\n        return '';\n      });\n      var opt = token.options[0]; // https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/format_parse/numbers/skeletons.html#trailing-zero-display\n\n      if (opt === 'w') {\n        result = __assign(__assign({}, result), {\n          trailingZeroDisplay: 'stripIfInteger'\n        });\n      } else if (opt) {\n        result = __assign(__assign({}, result), parseSignificantPrecision(opt));\n      }\n\n      continue;\n    } // https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/format_parse/numbers/skeletons.html#significant-digits-precision\n\n\n    if (SIGNIFICANT_PRECISION_REGEX.test(token.stem)) {\n      result = __assign(__assign({}, result), parseSignificantPrecision(token.stem));\n      continue;\n    }\n\n    var signOpts = parseSign(token.stem);\n\n    if (signOpts) {\n      result = __assign(__assign({}, result), signOpts);\n    }\n\n    var conciseScientificAndEngineeringOpts = parseConciseScientificAndEngineeringStem(token.stem);\n\n    if (conciseScientificAndEngineeringOpts) {\n      result = __assign(__assign({}, result), conciseScientificAndEngineeringOpts);\n    }\n  }\n\n  return result;\n}","// @generated from time-data-gen.ts\n// prettier-ignore  \nexport var timeData = {\n  \"AX\": [\"H\"],\n  \"BQ\": [\"H\"],\n  \"CP\": [\"H\"],\n  \"CZ\": [\"H\"],\n  \"DK\": [\"H\"],\n  \"FI\": [\"H\"],\n  \"ID\": [\"H\"],\n  \"IS\": [\"H\"],\n  \"ML\": [\"H\"],\n  \"NE\": [\"H\"],\n  \"RU\": [\"H\"],\n  \"SE\": [\"H\"],\n  \"SJ\": [\"H\"],\n  \"SK\": [\"H\"],\n  \"AS\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"BT\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"DJ\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"ER\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"GH\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"IN\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"LS\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"PG\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"PW\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"SO\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"TO\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"VU\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"WS\": [\"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"001\": [\"H\", \"h\"],\n  \"AL\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"TD\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"ca-ES\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"CF\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"CM\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"fr-CA\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"gl-ES\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"it-CH\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"it-IT\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"LU\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"NP\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"PF\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SC\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SM\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SN\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"TF\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"VA\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\"],\n  \"CY\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GR\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"CO\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"DO\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"KP\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"KR\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"NA\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"PA\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"PR\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"VE\": [\"h\", \"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"AC\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"AI\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BW\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BZ\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"CC\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"CK\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"CX\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"DG\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"FK\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GB\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GG\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GI\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"IE\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"IM\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"IO\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"JE\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"LT\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"MK\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"MN\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"MS\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"NF\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"NG\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"NR\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"NU\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"PN\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SH\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SX\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"TA\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"ZA\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"hB\"],\n  \"af-ZA\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"AR\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"CL\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"CR\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"CU\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"EA\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"es-BO\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"es-BR\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"es-EC\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"es-ES\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"es-GQ\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"es-PE\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"GT\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"HN\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"IC\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"KG\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"KM\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"LK\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"MA\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"MX\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"NI\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"PY\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"SV\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"UY\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\"],\n  \"JP\": [\"H\", \"h\", \"K\"],\n  \"AD\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"AM\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"AO\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"AT\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"AW\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BE\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BF\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BJ\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BL\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BR\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"CG\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"CI\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"CV\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"DE\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"EE\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"FR\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GA\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GF\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GN\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GP\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GW\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"HR\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"IL\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"IT\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"KZ\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"MC\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"MD\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"MF\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"MQ\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"MZ\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"NC\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"NL\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"PM\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"PT\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"RE\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"RO\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SI\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SR\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"ST\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"TG\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"TR\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"WF\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"YT\": [\"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BD\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"H\"],\n  \"PK\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"H\"],\n  \"AZ\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"BA\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"BG\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"CH\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"GE\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"LI\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"ME\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"RS\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"UA\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"UZ\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"XK\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"AG\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"AU\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BB\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BM\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BS\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"CA\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"DM\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"en-001\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"FJ\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"FM\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GD\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GM\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GU\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"GY\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"JM\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"KI\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"KN\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"KY\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"LC\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"LR\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"MH\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"MP\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"MW\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"NZ\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SB\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SG\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SL\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SS\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"SZ\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"TC\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"TT\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"UM\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"US\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"VC\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"VG\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"VI\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"ZM\": [\"h\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"hB\"],\n  \"BO\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\", \"hb\"],\n  \"EC\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\", \"hb\"],\n  \"ES\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\", \"hb\"],\n  \"GQ\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\", \"hb\"],\n  \"PE\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"h\", \"hb\"],\n  \"AE\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"ar-001\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"BH\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"DZ\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"EG\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"EH\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"HK\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"IQ\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"JO\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"KW\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"LB\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"LY\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"MO\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"MR\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"OM\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"PH\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"PS\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"QA\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"SA\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"SD\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"SY\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"TN\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"YE\": [\"h\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"AF\": [\"H\", \"hb\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"LA\": [\"H\", \"hb\", \"hB\", \"h\"],\n  \"CN\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"h\"],\n  \"LV\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"h\"],\n  \"TL\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"h\"],\n  \"zu-ZA\": [\"H\", \"hB\", \"hb\", \"h\"],\n  \"CD\": [\"hB\", \"H\"],\n  \"IR\": [\"hB\", \"H\"],\n  \"hi-IN\": [\"hB\", \"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"kn-IN\": [\"hB\", \"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"ml-IN\": [\"hB\", \"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"te-IN\": [\"hB\", \"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"KH\": [\"hB\", \"h\", \"H\", \"hb\"],\n  \"ta-IN\": [\"hB\", \"h\", \"hb\", \"H\"],\n  \"BN\": [\"hb\", \"hB\", \"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"MY\": [\"hb\", \"hB\", \"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"ET\": [\"hB\", \"hb\", \"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"gu-IN\": [\"hB\", \"hb\", \"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"mr-IN\": [\"hB\", \"hb\", \"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"pa-IN\": [\"hB\", \"hb\", \"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"TW\": [\"hB\", \"hb\", \"h\", \"H\"],\n  \"KE\": [\"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"h\"],\n  \"MM\": [\"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"h\"],\n  \"TZ\": [\"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"h\"],\n  \"UG\": [\"hB\", \"hb\", \"H\", \"h\"]\n};","import \"core-js/modules/es.object.from-entries.js\";\nimport \"core-js/modules/es.string.trim-start.js\";\nimport \"core-js/modules/es.string.trim-end.js\";\n\nvar _a;\n\nimport { __assign } from \"tslib\";\nimport { ErrorKind } from './error';\nimport { SKELETON_TYPE, TYPE } from './types';\nimport { SPACE_SEPARATOR_REGEX } from './regex.generated';\nimport { parseNumberSkeleton, parseNumberSkeletonFromString, parseDateTimeSkeleton } from '@formatjs/icu-skeleton-parser';\nimport { getBestPattern } from './date-time-pattern-generator';\nvar SPACE_SEPARATOR_START_REGEX = new RegExp(\"^\".concat(SPACE_SEPARATOR_REGEX.source, \"*\"));\nvar SPACE_SEPARATOR_END_REGEX = new RegExp(\"\".concat(SPACE_SEPARATOR_REGEX.source, \"*$\"));\n\nfunction createLocation(start, end) {\n  return {\n    start: start,\n    end: end\n  };\n} // #region Ponyfills\n// Consolidate these variables up top for easier toggling during debugging\n\n\nvar hasNativeStartsWith = !!String.prototype.startsWith;\nvar hasNativeFromCodePoint = !!String.fromCodePoint;\nvar hasNativeFromEntries = !!Object.fromEntries;\nvar hasNativeCodePointAt = !!String.prototype.codePointAt;\nvar hasTrimStart = !!String.prototype.trimStart;\nvar hasTrimEnd = !!String.prototype.trimEnd;\nvar hasNativeIsSafeInteger = !!Number.isSafeInteger;\nvar isSafeInteger = hasNativeIsSafeInteger ? Number.isSafeInteger : function (n) {\n  return typeof n === 'number' && isFinite(n) && Math.floor(n) === n && Math.abs(n) <= 0x1fffffffffffff;\n}; // IE11 does not support y and u.\n\nvar REGEX_SUPPORTS_U_AND_Y = true;\n\ntry {\n  var re = RE('([^\\\\p{White_Space}\\\\p{Pattern_Syntax}]*)', 'yu');\n  /**\n   * legacy Edge or Xbox One browser\n   * Unicode flag support: supported\n   * Pattern_Syntax support: not supported\n   * See https://github.com/formatjs/formatjs/issues/2822\n   */\n\n  REGEX_SUPPORTS_U_AND_Y = ((_a = re.exec('a')) === null || _a === void 0 ? void 0 : _a[0]) === 'a';\n} catch (_) {\n  REGEX_SUPPORTS_U_AND_Y = false;\n}\n\nvar startsWith = hasNativeStartsWith ? // Native\nfunction startsWith(s, search, position) {\n  return s.startsWith(search, position);\n} : // For IE11\nfunction startsWith(s, search, position) {\n  return s.slice(position, position + search.length) === search;\n};\nvar fromCodePoint = hasNativeFromCodePoint ? String.fromCodePoint : // IE11\nfunction fromCodePoint() {\n  var codePoints = [];\n\n  for (var _i = 0; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n    codePoints[_i] = arguments[_i];\n  }\n\n  var elements = '';\n  var length = codePoints.length;\n  var i = 0;\n  var code;\n\n  while (length > i) {\n    code = codePoints[i++];\n    if (code > 0x10ffff) throw RangeError(code + ' is not a valid code point');\n    elements += code < 0x10000 ? String.fromCharCode(code) : String.fromCharCode(((code -= 0x10000) >> 10) + 0xd800, code % 0x400 + 0xdc00);\n  }\n\n  return elements;\n};\nvar fromEntries = // native\nhasNativeFromEntries ? Object.fromEntries : // Ponyfill\nfunction fromEntries(entries) {\n  var obj = {};\n\n  for (var _i = 0, entries_1 = entries; _i < entries_1.length; _i++) {\n    var _a = entries_1[_i],\n        k = _a[0],\n        v = _a[1];\n    obj[k] = v;\n  }\n\n  return obj;\n};\nvar codePointAt = hasNativeCodePointAt ? // Native\nfunction codePointAt(s, index) {\n  return s.codePointAt(index);\n} : // IE 11\nfunction codePointAt(s, index) {\n  var size = s.length;\n\n  if (index < 0 || index >= size) {\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  var first = s.charCodeAt(index);\n  var second;\n  return first < 0xd800 || first > 0xdbff || index + 1 === size || (second = s.charCodeAt(index + 1)) < 0xdc00 || second > 0xdfff ? first : (first - 0xd800 << 10) + (second - 0xdc00) + 0x10000;\n};\nvar trimStart = hasTrimStart ? // Native\nfunction trimStart(s) {\n  return s.trimStart();\n} : // Ponyfill\nfunction trimStart(s) {\n  return s.replace(SPACE_SEPARATOR_START_REGEX, '');\n};\nvar trimEnd = hasTrimEnd ? // Native\nfunction trimEnd(s) {\n  return s.trimEnd();\n} : // Ponyfill\nfunction trimEnd(s) {\n  return s.replace(SPACE_SEPARATOR_END_REGEX, '');\n}; // Prevent minifier to translate new RegExp to literal form that might cause syntax error on IE11.\n\nfunction RE(s, flag) {\n  return new RegExp(s, flag);\n} // #endregion\n\n\nvar matchIdentifierAtIndex;\n\nif (REGEX_SUPPORTS_U_AND_Y) {\n  // Native\n  var IDENTIFIER_PREFIX_RE_1 = RE('([^\\\\p{White_Space}\\\\p{Pattern_Syntax}]*)', 'yu');\n\n  matchIdentifierAtIndex = function matchIdentifierAtIndex(s, index) {\n    var _a;\n\n    IDENTIFIER_PREFIX_RE_1.lastIndex = index;\n    var match = IDENTIFIER_PREFIX_RE_1.exec(s);\n    return (_a = match[1]) !== null && _a !== void 0 ? _a : '';\n  };\n} else {\n  // IE11\n  matchIdentifierAtIndex = function matchIdentifierAtIndex(s, index) {\n    var match = [];\n\n    while (true) {\n      var c = codePointAt(s, index);\n\n      if (c === undefined || _isWhiteSpace(c) || _isPatternSyntax(c)) {\n        break;\n      }\n\n      match.push(c);\n      index += c >= 0x10000 ? 2 : 1;\n    }\n\n    return fromCodePoint.apply(void 0, match);\n  };\n}\n\nvar Parser =\n/** @class */\nfunction () {\n  function Parser(message, options) {\n    if (options === void 0) {\n      options = {};\n    }\n\n    this.message = message;\n    this.position = {\n      offset: 0,\n      line: 1,\n      column: 1\n    };\n    this.ignoreTag = !!options.ignoreTag;\n    this.locale = options.locale;\n    this.requiresOtherClause = !!options.requiresOtherClause;\n    this.shouldParseSkeletons = !!options.shouldParseSkeletons;\n  }\n\n  Parser.prototype.parse = function () {\n    if (this.offset() !== 0) {\n      throw Error('parser can only be used once');\n    }\n\n    return this.parseMessage(0, '', false);\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.parseMessage = function (nestingLevel, parentArgType, expectingCloseTag) {\n    var elements = [];\n\n    while (!this.isEOF()) {\n      var char = this.char();\n\n      if (char === 123\n      /* `{` */\n      ) {\n        var result = this.parseArgument(nestingLevel, expectingCloseTag);\n\n        if (result.err) {\n          return result;\n        }\n\n        elements.push(result.val);\n      } else if (char === 125\n      /* `}` */\n      && nestingLevel > 0) {\n        break;\n      } else if (char === 35\n      /* `#` */\n      && (parentArgType === 'plural' || parentArgType === 'selectordinal')) {\n        var position = this.clonePosition();\n        this.bump();\n        elements.push({\n          type: TYPE.pound,\n          location: createLocation(position, this.clonePosition())\n        });\n      } else if (char === 60\n      /* `<` */\n      && !this.ignoreTag && this.peek() === 47 // char code for '/'\n      ) {\n        if (expectingCloseTag) {\n          break;\n        } else {\n          return this.error(ErrorKind.UNMATCHED_CLOSING_TAG, createLocation(this.clonePosition(), this.clonePosition()));\n        }\n      } else if (char === 60\n      /* `<` */\n      && !this.ignoreTag && _isAlpha(this.peek() || 0)) {\n        var result = this.parseTag(nestingLevel, parentArgType);\n\n        if (result.err) {\n          return result;\n        }\n\n        elements.push(result.val);\n      } else {\n        var result = this.parseLiteral(nestingLevel, parentArgType);\n\n        if (result.err) {\n          return result;\n        }\n\n        elements.push(result.val);\n      }\n    }\n\n    return {\n      val: elements,\n      err: null\n    };\n  };\n  /**\n   * A tag name must start with an ASCII lower/upper case letter. The grammar is based on the\n   * [custom element name][] except that a dash is NOT always mandatory and uppercase letters\n   * are accepted:\n   *\n   * ```\n   * tag ::= \"<\" tagName (whitespace)* \"/>\" | \"<\" tagName (whitespace)* \">\" message \"</\" tagName (whitespace)* \">\"\n   * tagName ::= [a-z] (PENChar)*\n   * PENChar ::=\n   *     \"-\" | \".\" | [0-9] | \"_\" | [a-z] | [A-Z] | #xB7 | [#xC0-#xD6] | [#xD8-#xF6] | [#xF8-#x37D] |\n   *     [#x37F-#x1FFF] | [#x200C-#x200D] | [#x203F-#x2040] | [#x2070-#x218F] | [#x2C00-#x2FEF] |\n   *     [#x3001-#xD7FF] | [#xF900-#xFDCF] | [#xFDF0-#xFFFD] | [#x10000-#xEFFFF]\n   * ```\n   *\n   * [custom element name]: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/custom-elements.html#valid-custom-element-name\n   * NOTE: We're a bit more lax here since HTML technically does not allow uppercase HTML element but we do\n   * since other tag-based engines like React allow it\n   */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.parseTag = function (nestingLevel, parentArgType) {\n    var startPosition = this.clonePosition();\n    this.bump(); // `<`\n\n    var tagName = this.parseTagName();\n    this.bumpSpace();\n\n    if (this.bumpIf('/>')) {\n      // Self closing tag\n      return {\n        val: {\n          type: TYPE.literal,\n          value: \"<\".concat(tagName, \"/>\"),\n          location: createLocation(startPosition, this.clonePosition())\n        },\n        err: null\n      };\n    } else if (this.bumpIf('>')) {\n      var childrenResult = this.parseMessage(nestingLevel + 1, parentArgType, true);\n\n      if (childrenResult.err) {\n        return childrenResult;\n      }\n\n      var children = childrenResult.val; // Expecting a close tag\n\n      var endTagStartPosition = this.clonePosition();\n\n      if (this.bumpIf('</')) {\n        if (this.isEOF() || !_isAlpha(this.char())) {\n          return this.error(ErrorKind.INVALID_TAG, createLocation(endTagStartPosition, this.clonePosition()));\n        }\n\n        var closingTagNameStartPosition = this.clonePosition();\n        var closingTagName = this.parseTagName();\n\n        if (tagName !== closingTagName) {\n          return this.error(ErrorKind.UNMATCHED_CLOSING_TAG, createLocation(closingTagNameStartPosition, this.clonePosition()));\n        }\n\n        this.bumpSpace();\n\n        if (!this.bumpIf('>')) {\n          return this.error(ErrorKind.INVALID_TAG, createLocation(endTagStartPosition, this.clonePosition()));\n        }\n\n        return {\n          val: {\n            type: TYPE.tag,\n            value: tagName,\n            children: children,\n            location: createLocation(startPosition, this.clonePosition())\n          },\n          err: null\n        };\n      } else {\n        return this.error(ErrorKind.UNCLOSED_TAG, createLocation(startPosition, this.clonePosition()));\n      }\n    } else {\n      return this.error(ErrorKind.INVALID_TAG, createLocation(startPosition, this.clonePosition()));\n    }\n  };\n  /**\n   * This method assumes that the caller has peeked ahead for the first tag character.\n   */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.parseTagName = function () {\n    var startOffset = this.offset();\n    this.bump(); // the first tag name character\n\n    while (!this.isEOF() && _isPotentialElementNameChar(this.char())) {\n      this.bump();\n    }\n\n    return this.message.slice(startOffset, this.offset());\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.parseLiteral = function (nestingLevel, parentArgType) {\n    var start = this.clonePosition();\n    var value = '';\n\n    while (true) {\n      var parseQuoteResult = this.tryParseQuote(parentArgType);\n\n      if (parseQuoteResult) {\n        value += parseQuoteResult;\n        continue;\n      }\n\n      var parseUnquotedResult = this.tryParseUnquoted(nestingLevel, parentArgType);\n\n      if (parseUnquotedResult) {\n        value += parseUnquotedResult;\n        continue;\n      }\n\n      var parseLeftAngleResult = this.tryParseLeftAngleBracket();\n\n      if (parseLeftAngleResult) {\n        value += parseLeftAngleResult;\n        continue;\n      }\n\n      break;\n    }\n\n    var location = createLocation(start, this.clonePosition());\n    return {\n      val: {\n        type: TYPE.literal,\n        value: value,\n        location: location\n      },\n      err: null\n    };\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.tryParseLeftAngleBracket = function () {\n    if (!this.isEOF() && this.char() === 60\n    /* `<` */\n    && (this.ignoreTag || // If at the opening tag or closing tag position, bail.\n    !_isAlphaOrSlash(this.peek() || 0))) {\n      this.bump(); // `<`\n\n      return '<';\n    }\n\n    return null;\n  };\n  /**\n   * Starting with ICU 4.8, an ASCII apostrophe only starts quoted text if it immediately precedes\n   * a character that requires quoting (that is, \"only where needed\"), and works the same in\n   * nested messages as on the top level of the pattern. The new behavior is otherwise compatible.\n   */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.tryParseQuote = function (parentArgType) {\n    if (this.isEOF() || this.char() !== 39\n    /* `'` */\n    ) {\n      return null;\n    } // Parse escaped char following the apostrophe, or early return if there is no escaped char.\n    // Check if is valid escaped character\n\n\n    switch (this.peek()) {\n      case 39\n      /* `'` */\n      :\n        // double quote, should return as a single quote.\n        this.bump();\n        this.bump();\n        return \"'\";\n      // '{', '<', '>', '}'\n\n      case 123:\n      case 60:\n      case 62:\n      case 125:\n        break;\n\n      case 35:\n        // '#'\n        if (parentArgType === 'plural' || parentArgType === 'selectordinal') {\n          break;\n        }\n\n        return null;\n\n      default:\n        return null;\n    }\n\n    this.bump(); // apostrophe\n\n    var codePoints = [this.char()]; // escaped char\n\n    this.bump(); // read chars until the optional closing apostrophe is found\n\n    while (!this.isEOF()) {\n      var ch = this.char();\n\n      if (ch === 39\n      /* `'` */\n      ) {\n        if (this.peek() === 39\n        /* `'` */\n        ) {\n          codePoints.push(39); // Bump one more time because we need to skip 2 characters.\n\n          this.bump();\n        } else {\n          // Optional closing apostrophe.\n          this.bump();\n          break;\n        }\n      } else {\n        codePoints.push(ch);\n      }\n\n      this.bump();\n    }\n\n    return fromCodePoint.apply(void 0, codePoints);\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.tryParseUnquoted = function (nestingLevel, parentArgType) {\n    if (this.isEOF()) {\n      return null;\n    }\n\n    var ch = this.char();\n\n    if (ch === 60\n    /* `<` */\n    || ch === 123\n    /* `{` */\n    || ch === 35\n    /* `#` */\n    && (parentArgType === 'plural' || parentArgType === 'selectordinal') || ch === 125\n    /* `}` */\n    && nestingLevel > 0) {\n      return null;\n    } else {\n      this.bump();\n      return fromCodePoint(ch);\n    }\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.parseArgument = function (nestingLevel, expectingCloseTag) {\n    var openingBracePosition = this.clonePosition();\n    this.bump(); // `{`\n\n    this.bumpSpace();\n\n    if (this.isEOF()) {\n      return this.error(ErrorKind.EXPECT_ARGUMENT_CLOSING_BRACE, createLocation(openingBracePosition, this.clonePosition()));\n    }\n\n    if (this.char() === 125\n    /* `}` */\n    ) {\n      this.bump();\n      return this.error(ErrorKind.EMPTY_ARGUMENT, createLocation(openingBracePosition, this.clonePosition()));\n    } // argument name\n\n\n    var value = this.parseIdentifierIfPossible().value;\n\n    if (!value) {\n      return this.error(ErrorKind.MALFORMED_ARGUMENT, createLocation(openingBracePosition, this.clonePosition()));\n    }\n\n    this.bumpSpace();\n\n    if (this.isEOF()) {\n      return this.error(ErrorKind.EXPECT_ARGUMENT_CLOSING_BRACE, createLocation(openingBracePosition, this.clonePosition()));\n    }\n\n    switch (this.char()) {\n      // Simple argument: `{name}`\n      case 125\n      /* `}` */\n      :\n        {\n          this.bump(); // `}`\n\n          return {\n            val: {\n              type: TYPE.argument,\n              // value does not include the opening and closing braces.\n              value: value,\n              location: createLocation(openingBracePosition, this.clonePosition())\n            },\n            err: null\n          };\n        }\n      // Argument with options: `{name, format, ...}`\n\n      case 44\n      /* `,` */\n      :\n        {\n          this.bump(); // `,`\n\n          this.bumpSpace();\n\n          if (this.isEOF()) {\n            return this.error(ErrorKind.EXPECT_ARGUMENT_CLOSING_BRACE, createLocation(openingBracePosition, this.clonePosition()));\n          }\n\n          return this.parseArgumentOptions(nestingLevel, expectingCloseTag, value, openingBracePosition);\n        }\n\n      default:\n        return this.error(ErrorKind.MALFORMED_ARGUMENT, createLocation(openingBracePosition, this.clonePosition()));\n    }\n  };\n  /**\n   * Advance the parser until the end of the identifier, if it is currently on\n   * an identifier character. Return an empty string otherwise.\n   */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.parseIdentifierIfPossible = function () {\n    var startingPosition = this.clonePosition();\n    var startOffset = this.offset();\n    var value = matchIdentifierAtIndex(this.message, startOffset);\n    var endOffset = startOffset + value.length;\n    this.bumpTo(endOffset);\n    var endPosition = this.clonePosition();\n    var location = createLocation(startingPosition, endPosition);\n    return {\n      value: value,\n      location: location\n    };\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.parseArgumentOptions = function (nestingLevel, expectingCloseTag, value, openingBracePosition) {\n    var _a; // Parse this range:\n    // {name, type, style}\n    //        ^---^\n\n\n    var typeStartPosition = this.clonePosition();\n    var argType = this.parseIdentifierIfPossible().value;\n    var typeEndPosition = this.clonePosition();\n\n    switch (argType) {\n      case '':\n        // Expecting a style string number, date, time, plural, selectordinal, or select.\n        return this.error(ErrorKind.EXPECT_ARGUMENT_TYPE, createLocation(typeStartPosition, typeEndPosition));\n\n      case 'number':\n      case 'date':\n      case 'time':\n        {\n          // Parse this range:\n          // {name, number, style}\n          //              ^-------^\n          this.bumpSpace();\n          var styleAndLocation = null;\n\n          if (this.bumpIf(',')) {\n            this.bumpSpace();\n            var styleStartPosition = this.clonePosition();\n            var result = this.parseSimpleArgStyleIfPossible();\n\n            if (result.err) {\n              return result;\n            }\n\n            var style = trimEnd(result.val);\n\n            if (style.length === 0) {\n              return this.error(ErrorKind.EXPECT_ARGUMENT_STYLE, createLocation(this.clonePosition(), this.clonePosition()));\n            }\n\n            var styleLocation = createLocation(styleStartPosition, this.clonePosition());\n            styleAndLocation = {\n              style: style,\n              styleLocation: styleLocation\n            };\n          }\n\n          var argCloseResult = this.tryParseArgumentClose(openingBracePosition);\n\n          if (argCloseResult.err) {\n            return argCloseResult;\n          }\n\n          var location_1 = createLocation(openingBracePosition, this.clonePosition()); // Extract style or skeleton\n\n          if (styleAndLocation && startsWith(styleAndLocation === null || styleAndLocation === void 0 ? void 0 : styleAndLocation.style, '::', 0)) {\n            // Skeleton starts with `::`.\n            var skeleton = trimStart(styleAndLocation.style.slice(2));\n\n            if (argType === 'number') {\n              var result = this.parseNumberSkeletonFromString(skeleton, styleAndLocation.styleLocation);\n\n              if (result.err) {\n                return result;\n              }\n\n              return {\n                val: {\n                  type: TYPE.number,\n                  value: value,\n                  location: location_1,\n                  style: result.val\n                },\n                err: null\n              };\n            } else {\n              if (skeleton.length === 0) {\n                return this.error(ErrorKind.EXPECT_DATE_TIME_SKELETON, location_1);\n              }\n\n              var dateTimePattern = skeleton; // Get \"best match\" pattern only if locale is passed, if not, let it\n              // pass as-is where `parseDateTimeSkeleton()` will throw an error\n              // for unsupported patterns.\n\n              if (this.locale) {\n                dateTimePattern = getBestPattern(skeleton, this.locale);\n              }\n\n              var style = {\n                type: SKELETON_TYPE.dateTime,\n                pattern: dateTimePattern,\n                location: styleAndLocation.styleLocation,\n                parsedOptions: this.shouldParseSkeletons ? parseDateTimeSkeleton(dateTimePattern) : {}\n              };\n              var type = argType === 'date' ? TYPE.date : TYPE.time;\n              return {\n                val: {\n                  type: type,\n                  value: value,\n                  location: location_1,\n                  style: style\n                },\n                err: null\n              };\n            }\n          } // Regular style or no style.\n\n\n          return {\n            val: {\n              type: argType === 'number' ? TYPE.number : argType === 'date' ? TYPE.date : TYPE.time,\n              value: value,\n              location: location_1,\n              style: (_a = styleAndLocation === null || styleAndLocation === void 0 ? void 0 : styleAndLocation.style) !== null && _a !== void 0 ? _a : null\n            },\n            err: null\n          };\n        }\n\n      case 'plural':\n      case 'selectordinal':\n      case 'select':\n        {\n          // Parse this range:\n          // {name, plural, options}\n          //              ^---------^\n          var typeEndPosition_1 = this.clonePosition();\n          this.bumpSpace();\n\n          if (!this.bumpIf(',')) {\n            return this.error(ErrorKind.EXPECT_SELECT_ARGUMENT_OPTIONS, createLocation(typeEndPosition_1, __assign({}, typeEndPosition_1)));\n          }\n\n          this.bumpSpace(); // Parse offset:\n          // {name, plural, offset:1, options}\n          //                ^-----^\n          //\n          // or the first option:\n          //\n          // {name, plural, one {...} other {...}}\n          //                ^--^\n\n          var identifierAndLocation = this.parseIdentifierIfPossible();\n          var pluralOffset = 0;\n\n          if (argType !== 'select' && identifierAndLocation.value === 'offset') {\n            if (!this.bumpIf(':')) {\n              return this.error(ErrorKind.EXPECT_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_OFFSET_VALUE, createLocation(this.clonePosition(), this.clonePosition()));\n            }\n\n            this.bumpSpace();\n            var result = this.tryParseDecimalInteger(ErrorKind.EXPECT_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_OFFSET_VALUE, ErrorKind.INVALID_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_OFFSET_VALUE);\n\n            if (result.err) {\n              return result;\n            } // Parse another identifier for option parsing\n\n\n            this.bumpSpace();\n            identifierAndLocation = this.parseIdentifierIfPossible();\n            pluralOffset = result.val;\n          }\n\n          var optionsResult = this.tryParsePluralOrSelectOptions(nestingLevel, argType, expectingCloseTag, identifierAndLocation);\n\n          if (optionsResult.err) {\n            return optionsResult;\n          }\n\n          var argCloseResult = this.tryParseArgumentClose(openingBracePosition);\n\n          if (argCloseResult.err) {\n            return argCloseResult;\n          }\n\n          var location_2 = createLocation(openingBracePosition, this.clonePosition());\n\n          if (argType === 'select') {\n            return {\n              val: {\n                type: TYPE.select,\n                value: value,\n                options: fromEntries(optionsResult.val),\n                location: location_2\n              },\n              err: null\n            };\n          } else {\n            return {\n              val: {\n                type: TYPE.plural,\n                value: value,\n                options: fromEntries(optionsResult.val),\n                offset: pluralOffset,\n                pluralType: argType === 'plural' ? 'cardinal' : 'ordinal',\n                location: location_2\n              },\n              err: null\n            };\n          }\n        }\n\n      default:\n        return this.error(ErrorKind.INVALID_ARGUMENT_TYPE, createLocation(typeStartPosition, typeEndPosition));\n    }\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.tryParseArgumentClose = function (openingBracePosition) {\n    // Parse: {value, number, ::currency/GBP }\n    //\n    if (this.isEOF() || this.char() !== 125\n    /* `}` */\n    ) {\n      return this.error(ErrorKind.EXPECT_ARGUMENT_CLOSING_BRACE, createLocation(openingBracePosition, this.clonePosition()));\n    }\n\n    this.bump(); // `}`\n\n    return {\n      val: true,\n      err: null\n    };\n  };\n  /**\n   * See: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/af7ed1f6d2298013dc303628438ec4abe1f16479/icu4c/source/common/messagepattern.cpp#L659\n   */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.parseSimpleArgStyleIfPossible = function () {\n    var nestedBraces = 0;\n    var startPosition = this.clonePosition();\n\n    while (!this.isEOF()) {\n      var ch = this.char();\n\n      switch (ch) {\n        case 39\n        /* `'` */\n        :\n          {\n            // Treat apostrophe as quoting but include it in the style part.\n            // Find the end of the quoted literal text.\n            this.bump();\n            var apostrophePosition = this.clonePosition();\n\n            if (!this.bumpUntil(\"'\")) {\n              return this.error(ErrorKind.UNCLOSED_QUOTE_IN_ARGUMENT_STYLE, createLocation(apostrophePosition, this.clonePosition()));\n            }\n\n            this.bump();\n            break;\n          }\n\n        case 123\n        /* `{` */\n        :\n          {\n            nestedBraces += 1;\n            this.bump();\n            break;\n          }\n\n        case 125\n        /* `}` */\n        :\n          {\n            if (nestedBraces > 0) {\n              nestedBraces -= 1;\n            } else {\n              return {\n                val: this.message.slice(startPosition.offset, this.offset()),\n                err: null\n              };\n            }\n\n            break;\n          }\n\n        default:\n          this.bump();\n          break;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return {\n      val: this.message.slice(startPosition.offset, this.offset()),\n      err: null\n    };\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.parseNumberSkeletonFromString = function (skeleton, location) {\n    var tokens = [];\n\n    try {\n      tokens = parseNumberSkeletonFromString(skeleton);\n    } catch (e) {\n      return this.error(ErrorKind.INVALID_NUMBER_SKELETON, location);\n    }\n\n    return {\n      val: {\n        type: SKELETON_TYPE.number,\n        tokens: tokens,\n        location: location,\n        parsedOptions: this.shouldParseSkeletons ? parseNumberSkeleton(tokens) : {}\n      },\n      err: null\n    };\n  };\n  /**\n   * @param nesting_level The current nesting level of messages.\n   *     This can be positive when parsing message fragment in select or plural argument options.\n   * @param parent_arg_type The parent argument's type.\n   * @param parsed_first_identifier If provided, this is the first identifier-like selector of\n   *     the argument. It is a by-product of a previous parsing attempt.\n   * @param expecting_close_tag If true, this message is directly or indirectly nested inside\n   *     between a pair of opening and closing tags. The nested message will not parse beyond\n   *     the closing tag boundary.\n   */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.tryParsePluralOrSelectOptions = function (nestingLevel, parentArgType, expectCloseTag, parsedFirstIdentifier) {\n    var _a;\n\n    var hasOtherClause = false;\n    var options = [];\n    var parsedSelectors = new Set();\n    var selector = parsedFirstIdentifier.value,\n        selectorLocation = parsedFirstIdentifier.location; // Parse:\n    // one {one apple}\n    // ^--^\n\n    while (true) {\n      if (selector.length === 0) {\n        var startPosition = this.clonePosition();\n\n        if (parentArgType !== 'select' && this.bumpIf('=')) {\n          // Try parse `={number}` selector\n          var result = this.tryParseDecimalInteger(ErrorKind.EXPECT_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR, ErrorKind.INVALID_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR);\n\n          if (result.err) {\n            return result;\n          }\n\n          selectorLocation = createLocation(startPosition, this.clonePosition());\n          selector = this.message.slice(startPosition.offset, this.offset());\n        } else {\n          break;\n        }\n      } // Duplicate selector clauses\n\n\n      if (parsedSelectors.has(selector)) {\n        return this.error(parentArgType === 'select' ? ErrorKind.DUPLICATE_SELECT_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR : ErrorKind.DUPLICATE_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR, selectorLocation);\n      }\n\n      if (selector === 'other') {\n        hasOtherClause = true;\n      } // Parse:\n      // one {one apple}\n      //     ^----------^\n\n\n      this.bumpSpace();\n      var openingBracePosition = this.clonePosition();\n\n      if (!this.bumpIf('{')) {\n        return this.error(parentArgType === 'select' ? ErrorKind.EXPECT_SELECT_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR_FRAGMENT : ErrorKind.EXPECT_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR_FRAGMENT, createLocation(this.clonePosition(), this.clonePosition()));\n      }\n\n      var fragmentResult = this.parseMessage(nestingLevel + 1, parentArgType, expectCloseTag);\n\n      if (fragmentResult.err) {\n        return fragmentResult;\n      }\n\n      var argCloseResult = this.tryParseArgumentClose(openingBracePosition);\n\n      if (argCloseResult.err) {\n        return argCloseResult;\n      }\n\n      options.push([selector, {\n        value: fragmentResult.val,\n        location: createLocation(openingBracePosition, this.clonePosition())\n      }]); // Keep track of the existing selectors\n\n      parsedSelectors.add(selector); // Prep next selector clause.\n\n      this.bumpSpace();\n      _a = this.parseIdentifierIfPossible(), selector = _a.value, selectorLocation = _a.location;\n    }\n\n    if (options.length === 0) {\n      return this.error(parentArgType === 'select' ? ErrorKind.EXPECT_SELECT_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR : ErrorKind.EXPECT_PLURAL_ARGUMENT_SELECTOR, createLocation(this.clonePosition(), this.clonePosition()));\n    }\n\n    if (this.requiresOtherClause && !hasOtherClause) {\n      return this.error(ErrorKind.MISSING_OTHER_CLAUSE, createLocation(this.clonePosition(), this.clonePosition()));\n    }\n\n    return {\n      val: options,\n      err: null\n    };\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.tryParseDecimalInteger = function (expectNumberError, invalidNumberError) {\n    var sign = 1;\n    var startingPosition = this.clonePosition();\n\n    if (this.bumpIf('+')) {} else if (this.bumpIf('-')) {\n      sign = -1;\n    }\n\n    var hasDigits = false;\n    var decimal = 0;\n\n    while (!this.isEOF()) {\n      var ch = this.char();\n\n      if (ch >= 48\n      /* `0` */\n      && ch <= 57\n      /* `9` */\n      ) {\n        hasDigits = true;\n        decimal = decimal * 10 + (ch - 48);\n        this.bump();\n      } else {\n        break;\n      }\n    }\n\n    var location = createLocation(startingPosition, this.clonePosition());\n\n    if (!hasDigits) {\n      return this.error(expectNumberError, location);\n    }\n\n    decimal *= sign;\n\n    if (!isSafeInteger(decimal)) {\n      return this.error(invalidNumberError, location);\n    }\n\n    return {\n      val: decimal,\n      err: null\n    };\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.offset = function () {\n    return this.position.offset;\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.isEOF = function () {\n    return this.offset() === this.message.length;\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.clonePosition = function () {\n    // This is much faster than `Object.assign` or spread.\n    return {\n      offset: this.position.offset,\n      line: this.position.line,\n      column: this.position.column\n    };\n  };\n  /**\n   * Return the code point at the current position of the parser.\n   * Throws if the index is out of bound.\n   */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.char = function () {\n    var offset = this.position.offset;\n\n    if (offset >= this.message.length) {\n      throw Error('out of bound');\n    }\n\n    var code = codePointAt(this.message, offset);\n\n    if (code === undefined) {\n      throw Error(\"Offset \".concat(offset, \" is at invalid UTF-16 code unit boundary\"));\n    }\n\n    return code;\n  };\n\n  Parser.prototype.error = function (kind, location) {\n    return {\n      val: null,\n      err: {\n        kind: kind,\n        message: this.message,\n        location: location\n      }\n    };\n  };\n  /** Bump the parser to the next UTF-16 code unit. */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.bump = function () {\n    if (this.isEOF()) {\n      return;\n    }\n\n    var code = this.char();\n\n    if (code === 10\n    /* '\\n' */\n    ) {\n      this.position.line += 1;\n      this.position.column = 1;\n      this.position.offset += 1;\n    } else {\n      this.position.column += 1; // 0 ~ 0x10000 -> unicode BMP, otherwise skip the surrogate pair.\n\n      this.position.offset += code < 0x10000 ? 1 : 2;\n    }\n  };\n  /**\n   * If the substring starting at the current position of the parser has\n   * the given prefix, then bump the parser to the character immediately\n   * following the prefix and return true. Otherwise, don't bump the parser\n   * and return false.\n   */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.bumpIf = function (prefix) {\n    if (startsWith(this.message, prefix, this.offset())) {\n      for (var i = 0; i < prefix.length; i++) {\n        this.bump();\n      }\n\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    return false;\n  };\n  /**\n   * Bump the parser until the pattern character is found and return `true`.\n   * Otherwise bump to the end of the file and return `false`.\n   */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.bumpUntil = function (pattern) {\n    var currentOffset = this.offset();\n    var index = this.message.indexOf(pattern, currentOffset);\n\n    if (index >= 0) {\n      this.bumpTo(index);\n      return true;\n    } else {\n      this.bumpTo(this.message.length);\n      return false;\n    }\n  };\n  /**\n   * Bump the parser to the target offset.\n   * If target offset is beyond the end of the input, bump the parser to the end of the input.\n   */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.bumpTo = function (targetOffset) {\n    if (this.offset() > targetOffset) {\n      throw Error(\"targetOffset \".concat(targetOffset, \" must be greater than or equal to the current offset \").concat(this.offset()));\n    }\n\n    targetOffset = Math.min(targetOffset, this.message.length);\n\n    while (true) {\n      var offset = this.offset();\n\n      if (offset === targetOffset) {\n        break;\n      }\n\n      if (offset > targetOffset) {\n        throw Error(\"targetOffset \".concat(targetOffset, \" is at invalid UTF-16 code unit boundary\"));\n      }\n\n      this.bump();\n\n      if (this.isEOF()) {\n        break;\n      }\n    }\n  };\n  /** advance the parser through all whitespace to the next non-whitespace code unit. */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.bumpSpace = function () {\n    while (!this.isEOF() && _isWhiteSpace(this.char())) {\n      this.bump();\n    }\n  };\n  /**\n   * Peek at the *next* Unicode codepoint in the input without advancing the parser.\n   * If the input has been exhausted, then this returns null.\n   */\n\n\n  Parser.prototype.peek = function () {\n    if (this.isEOF()) {\n      return null;\n    }\n\n    var code = this.char();\n    var offset = this.offset();\n    var nextCode = this.message.charCodeAt(offset + (code >= 0x10000 ? 2 : 1));\n    return nextCode !== null && nextCode !== void 0 ? nextCode : null;\n  };\n\n  return Parser;\n}();\n\nexport { Parser };\n/**\n * This check if codepoint is alphabet (lower & uppercase)\n * @param codepoint\n * @returns\n */\n\nfunction _isAlpha(codepoint) {\n  return codepoint >= 97 && codepoint <= 122 || codepoint >= 65 && codepoint <= 90;\n}\n\nfunction _isAlphaOrSlash(codepoint) {\n  return _isAlpha(codepoint) || codepoint === 47;\n  /* '/' */\n}\n/** See `parseTag` function docs. */\n\n\nfunction _isPotentialElementNameChar(c) {\n  return c === 45\n  /* '-' */\n  || c === 46\n  /* '.' */\n  || c >= 48 && c <= 57\n  /* 0..9 */\n  || c === 95\n  /* '_' */\n  || c >= 97 && c <= 122\n  /** a..z */\n  || c >= 65 && c <= 90\n  /* A..Z */\n  || c == 0xb7 || c >= 0xc0 && c <= 0xd6 || c >= 0xd8 && c <= 0xf6 || c >= 0xf8 && c <= 0x37d || c >= 0x37f && c <= 0x1fff || c >= 0x200c && c <= 0x200d || c >= 0x203f && c <= 0x2040 || c >= 0x2070 && c <= 0x218f || c >= 0x2c00 && c <= 0x2fef || c >= 0x3001 && c <= 0xd7ff || c >= 0xf900 && c <= 0xfdcf || c >= 0xfdf0 && c <= 0xfffd || c >= 0x10000 && c <= 0xeffff;\n}\n/**\n * Code point equivalent of regex `\\p{White_Space}`.\n * From: https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/PropList.txt\n */\n\n\nfunction _isWhiteSpace(c) {\n  return c >= 0x0009 && c <= 0x000d || c === 0x0020 || c === 0x0085 || c >= 0x200e && c <= 0x200f || c === 0x2028 || c === 0x2029;\n}\n/**\n * Code point equivalent of regex `\\p{Pattern_Syntax}`.\n * See https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/PropList.txt\n */\n\n\nfunction _isPatternSyntax(c) {\n  return c >= 0x0021 && c <= 0x0023 || c === 0x0024 || c >= 0x0025 && c <= 0x0027 || c === 0x0028 || c === 0x0029 || c === 0x002a || c === 0x002b || c === 0x002c || c === 0x002d || c >= 0x002e && c <= 0x002f || c >= 0x003a && c <= 0x003b || c >= 0x003c && c <= 0x003e || c >= 0x003f && c <= 0x0040 || c === 0x005b || c === 0x005c || c === 0x005d || c === 0x005e || c === 0x0060 || c === 0x007b || c === 0x007c || c === 0x007d || c === 0x007e || c === 0x00a1 || c >= 0x00a2 && c <= 0x00a5 || c === 0x00a6 || c === 0x00a7 || c === 0x00a9 || c === 0x00ab || c === 0x00ac || c === 0x00ae || c === 0x00b0 || c === 0x00b1 || c === 0x00b6 || c === 0x00bb || c === 0x00bf || c === 0x00d7 || c === 0x00f7 || c >= 0x2010 && c <= 0x2015 || c >= 0x2016 && c <= 0x2017 || c === 0x2018 || c === 0x2019 || c === 0x201a || c >= 0x201b && c <= 0x201c || c === 0x201d || c === 0x201e || c === 0x201f || c >= 0x2020 && c <= 0x2027 || c >= 0x2030 && c <= 0x2038 || c === 0x2039 || c === 0x203a || c >= 0x203b && c <= 0x203e || c >= 0x2041 && c <= 0x2043 || c === 0x2044 || c === 0x2045 || c === 0x2046 || c >= 0x2047 && c <= 0x2051 || c === 0x2052 || c === 0x2053 || c >= 0x2055 && c <= 0x205e || c >= 0x2190 && c <= 0x2194 || c >= 0x2195 && c <= 0x2199 || c >= 0x219a && c <= 0x219b || c >= 0x219c && c <= 0x219f || c === 0x21a0 || c >= 0x21a1 && c <= 0x21a2 || c === 0x21a3 || c >= 0x21a4 && c <= 0x21a5 || c === 0x21a6 || c >= 0x21a7 && c <= 0x21ad || c === 0x21ae || c >= 0x21af && c <= 0x21cd || c >= 0x21ce && c <= 0x21cf || c >= 0x21d0 && c <= 0x21d1 || c === 0x21d2 || c === 0x21d3 || c === 0x21d4 || c >= 0x21d5 && c <= 0x21f3 || c >= 0x21f4 && c <= 0x22ff || c >= 0x2300 && c <= 0x2307 || c === 0x2308 || c === 0x2309 || c === 0x230a || c === 0x230b || c >= 0x230c && c <= 0x231f || c >= 0x2320 && c <= 0x2321 || c >= 0x2322 && c <= 0x2328 || c === 0x2329 || c === 0x232a || c >= 0x232b && c <= 0x237b || c === 0x237c || c >= 0x237d && c <= 0x239a || c >= 0x239b && c <= 0x23b3 || c >= 0x23b4 && c <= 0x23db || c >= 0x23dc && c <= 0x23e1 || c >= 0x23e2 && c <= 0x2426 || c >= 0x2427 && c <= 0x243f || c >= 0x2440 && c <= 0x244a || c >= 0x244b && c <= 0x245f || c >= 0x2500 && c <= 0x25b6 || c === 0x25b7 || c >= 0x25b8 && c <= 0x25c0 || c === 0x25c1 || c >= 0x25c2 && c <= 0x25f7 || c >= 0x25f8 && c <= 0x25ff || c >= 0x2600 && c <= 0x266e || c === 0x266f || c >= 0x2670 && c <= 0x2767 || c === 0x2768 || c === 0x2769 || c === 0x276a || c === 0x276b || c === 0x276c || c === 0x276d || c === 0x276e || c === 0x276f || c === 0x2770 || c === 0x2771 || c === 0x2772 || c === 0x2773 || c === 0x2774 || c === 0x2775 || c >= 0x2794 && c <= 0x27bf || c >= 0x27c0 && c <= 0x27c4 || c === 0x27c5 || c === 0x27c6 || c >= 0x27c7 && c <= 0x27e5 || c === 0x27e6 || c === 0x27e7 || c === 0x27e8 || c === 0x27e9 || c === 0x27ea || c === 0x27eb || c === 0x27ec || c === 0x27ed || c === 0x27ee || c === 0x27ef || c >= 0x27f0 && c <= 0x27ff || c >= 0x2800 && c <= 0x28ff || c >= 0x2900 && c <= 0x2982 || c === 0x2983 || c === 0x2984 || c === 0x2985 || c === 0x2986 || c === 0x2987 || c === 0x2988 || c === 0x2989 || c === 0x298a || c === 0x298b || c === 0x298c || c === 0x298d || c === 0x298e || c === 0x298f || c === 0x2990 || c === 0x2991 || c === 0x2992 || c === 0x2993 || c === 0x2994 || c === 0x2995 || c === 0x2996 || c === 0x2997 || c === 0x2998 || c >= 0x2999 && c <= 0x29d7 || c === 0x29d8 || c === 0x29d9 || c === 0x29da || c === 0x29db || c >= 0x29dc && c <= 0x29fb || c === 0x29fc || c === 0x29fd || c >= 0x29fe && c <= 0x2aff || c >= 0x2b00 && c <= 0x2b2f || c >= 0x2b30 && c <= 0x2b44 || c >= 0x2b45 && c <= 0x2b46 || c >= 0x2b47 && c <= 0x2b4c || c >= 0x2b4d && c <= 0x2b73 || c >= 0x2b74 && c <= 0x2b75 || c >= 0x2b76 && c <= 0x2b95 || c === 0x2b96 || c >= 0x2b97 && c <= 0x2bff || c >= 0x2e00 && c <= 0x2e01 || c === 0x2e02 || c === 0x2e03 || c === 0x2e04 || c === 0x2e05 || c >= 0x2e06 && c <= 0x2e08 || c === 0x2e09 || c === 0x2e0a || c === 0x2e0b || c === 0x2e0c || c === 0x2e0d || c >= 0x2e0e && c <= 0x2e16 || c === 0x2e17 || c >= 0x2e18 && c <= 0x2e19 || c === 0x2e1a || c === 0x2e1b || c === 0x2e1c || c === 0x2e1d || c >= 0x2e1e && c <= 0x2e1f || c === 0x2e20 || c === 0x2e21 || c === 0x2e22 || c === 0x2e23 || c === 0x2e24 || c === 0x2e25 || c === 0x2e26 || c === 0x2e27 || c === 0x2e28 || c === 0x2e29 || c >= 0x2e2a && c <= 0x2e2e || c === 0x2e2f || c >= 0x2e30 && c <= 0x2e39 || c >= 0x2e3a && c <= 0x2e3b || c >= 0x2e3c && c <= 0x2e3f || c === 0x2e40 || c === 0x2e41 || c === 0x2e42 || c >= 0x2e43 && c <= 0x2e4f || c >= 0x2e50 && c <= 0x2e51 || c === 0x2e52 || c >= 0x2e53 && c <= 0x2e7f || c >= 0x3001 && c <= 0x3003 || c === 0x3008 || c === 0x3009 || c === 0x300a || c === 0x300b || c === 0x300c || c === 0x300d || c === 0x300e || c === 0x300f || c === 0x3010 || c === 0x3011 || c >= 0x3012 && c <= 0x3013 || c === 0x3014 || c === 0x3015 || c === 0x3016 || c === 0x3017 || c === 0x3018 || c === 0x3019 || c === 0x301a || c === 0x301b || c === 0x301c || c === 0x301d || c >= 0x301e && c <= 0x301f || c === 0x3020 || c === 0x3030 || c === 0xfd3e || c === 0xfd3f || c >= 0xfe45 && c <= 0xfe46;\n}","import { timeData } from './time-data.generated';\n/**\n * Returns the best matching date time pattern if a date time skeleton\n * pattern is provided with a locale. Follows the Unicode specification:\n * https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-dates.html#table-mapping-requested-time-skeletons-to-patterns\n * @param skeleton date time skeleton pattern that possibly includes j, J or C\n * @param locale\n */\n\nexport function getBestPattern(skeleton, locale) {\n  var skeletonCopy = '';\n\n  for (var patternPos = 0; patternPos < skeleton.length; patternPos++) {\n    var patternChar = skeleton.charAt(patternPos);\n\n    if (patternChar === 'j') {\n      var extraLength = 0;\n\n      while (patternPos + 1 < skeleton.length && skeleton.charAt(patternPos + 1) === patternChar) {\n        extraLength++;\n        patternPos++;\n      }\n\n      var hourLen = 1 + (extraLength & 1);\n      var dayPeriodLen = extraLength < 2 ? 1 : 3 + (extraLength >> 1);\n      var dayPeriodChar = 'a';\n      var hourChar = getDefaultHourSymbolFromLocale(locale);\n\n      if (hourChar == 'H' || hourChar == 'k') {\n        dayPeriodLen = 0;\n      }\n\n      while (dayPeriodLen-- > 0) {\n        skeletonCopy += dayPeriodChar;\n      }\n\n      while (hourLen-- > 0) {\n        skeletonCopy = hourChar + skeletonCopy;\n      }\n    } else if (patternChar === 'J') {\n      skeletonCopy += 'H';\n    } else {\n      skeletonCopy += patternChar;\n    }\n  }\n\n  return skeletonCopy;\n}\n/**\n * Maps the [hour cycle type](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl/Locale/hourCycle)\n * of the given `locale` to the corresponding time pattern.\n * @param locale\n */\n\nfunction getDefaultHourSymbolFromLocale(locale) {\n  var hourCycle = locale.hourCycle;\n\n  if (hourCycle === undefined && // @ts-ignore hourCycle(s) is not identified yet\n  locale.hourCycles && // @ts-ignore\n  locale.hourCycles.length) {\n    // @ts-ignore\n    hourCycle = locale.hourCycles[0];\n  }\n\n  if (hourCycle) {\n    switch (hourCycle) {\n      case 'h24':\n        return 'k';\n\n      case 'h23':\n        return 'H';\n\n      case 'h12':\n        return 'h';\n\n      case 'h11':\n        return 'K';\n\n      default:\n        throw new Error('Invalid hourCycle');\n    }\n  } // TODO: Once hourCycle is fully supported remove the following with data generation\n\n\n  var languageTag = locale.language;\n  var regionTag;\n\n  if (languageTag !== 'root') {\n    regionTag = locale.maximize().region;\n  }\n\n  var hourCycles = timeData[regionTag || ''] || timeData[languageTag || ''] || timeData[\"\".concat(languageTag, \"-001\")] || timeData['001'];\n  return hourCycles[0];\n}","import { __assign } from \"tslib\";\nimport { ErrorKind } from './error';\nimport { Parser } from './parser';\nimport { isDateElement, isDateTimeSkeleton, isNumberElement, isNumberSkeleton, isPluralElement, isSelectElement, isTagElement, isTimeElement } from './types';\n\nfunction pruneLocation(els) {\n  els.forEach(function (el) {\n    delete el.location;\n\n    if (isSelectElement(el) || isPluralElement(el)) {\n      for (var k in el.options) {\n        delete el.options[k].location;\n        pruneLocation(el.options[k].value);\n      }\n    } else if (isNumberElement(el) && isNumberSkeleton(el.style)) {\n      delete el.style.location;\n    } else if ((isDateElement(el) || isTimeElement(el)) && isDateTimeSkeleton(el.style)) {\n      delete el.style.location;\n    } else if (isTagElement(el)) {\n      pruneLocation(el.children);\n    }\n  });\n}\n\nexport function parse(message, opts) {\n  if (opts === void 0) {\n    opts = {};\n  }\n\n  opts = __assign({\n    shouldParseSkeletons: true,\n    requiresOtherClause: true\n  }, opts);\n  var result = new Parser(message, opts).parse();\n\n  if (result.err) {\n    var error = SyntaxError(ErrorKind[result.err.kind]); // @ts-expect-error Assign to error object\n\n    error.location = result.err.location; // @ts-expect-error Assign to error object\n\n    error.originalMessage = result.err.message;\n    throw error;\n  }\n\n  if (!(opts === null || opts === void 0 ? void 0 : opts.captureLocation)) {\n    pruneLocation(result.val);\n  }\n\n  return result.val;\n}\nexport * from './types'; // only for testing\n\nexport var _Parser = Parser;","import { __extends } from \"tslib\";\nexport var IntlErrorCode;\n\n(function (IntlErrorCode) {\n  IntlErrorCode[\"FORMAT_ERROR\"] = \"FORMAT_ERROR\";\n  IntlErrorCode[\"UNSUPPORTED_FORMATTER\"] = \"UNSUPPORTED_FORMATTER\";\n  IntlErrorCode[\"INVALID_CONFIG\"] = \"INVALID_CONFIG\";\n  IntlErrorCode[\"MISSING_DATA\"] = \"MISSING_DATA\";\n  IntlErrorCode[\"MISSING_TRANSLATION\"] = \"MISSING_TRANSLATION\";\n})(IntlErrorCode || (IntlErrorCode = {}));\n\nvar IntlError =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(IntlError, _super);\n\n  function IntlError(code, message, exception) {\n    var _this = this;\n\n    var err = exception ? exception instanceof Error ? exception : new Error(String(exception)) : undefined;\n    _this = _super.call(this, \"[@formatjs/intl Error \".concat(code, \"] \").concat(message, \"\\n\").concat(err ? \"\\n\".concat(err.message, \"\\n\").concat(err.stack) : '')) || this;\n    _this.code = code; // @ts-ignore just so we don't need to declare dep on @types/node\n\n    if (typeof Error.captureStackTrace === 'function') {\n      // @ts-ignore just so we don't need to declare dep on @types/node\n      Error.captureStackTrace(_this, IntlError);\n    }\n\n    return _this;\n  }\n\n  return IntlError;\n}(Error);\n\nexport { IntlError };\n\nvar UnsupportedFormatterError =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(UnsupportedFormatterError, _super);\n\n  function UnsupportedFormatterError(message, exception) {\n    return _super.call(this, IntlErrorCode.UNSUPPORTED_FORMATTER, message, exception) || this;\n  }\n\n  return UnsupportedFormatterError;\n}(IntlError);\n\nexport { UnsupportedFormatterError };\n\nvar InvalidConfigError =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(InvalidConfigError, _super);\n\n  function InvalidConfigError(message, exception) {\n    return _super.call(this, IntlErrorCode.INVALID_CONFIG, message, exception) || this;\n  }\n\n  return InvalidConfigError;\n}(IntlError);\n\nexport { InvalidConfigError };\n\nvar MissingDataError =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(MissingDataError, _super);\n\n  function MissingDataError(message, exception) {\n    return _super.call(this, IntlErrorCode.MISSING_DATA, message, exception) || this;\n  }\n\n  return MissingDataError;\n}(IntlError);\n\nexport { MissingDataError };\n\nvar IntlFormatError =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(IntlFormatError, _super);\n\n  function IntlFormatError(message, locale, exception) {\n    return _super.call(this, IntlErrorCode.FORMAT_ERROR, \"\".concat(message, \"\\nLocale: \").concat(locale, \"\\n\"), exception) || this;\n  }\n\n  return IntlFormatError;\n}(IntlError);\n\nexport { IntlFormatError };\n\nvar MessageFormatError =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(MessageFormatError, _super);\n\n  function MessageFormatError(message, locale, descriptor, exception) {\n    var _this = _super.call(this, \"\".concat(message, \"\\nMessageID: \").concat(descriptor === null || descriptor === void 0 ? void 0 : descriptor.id, \"\\nDefault Message: \").concat(descriptor === null || descriptor === void 0 ? void 0 : descriptor.defaultMessage, \"\\nDescription: \").concat(descriptor === null || descriptor === void 0 ? void 0 : descriptor.description, \"\\n\"), locale, exception) || this;\n\n    _this.descriptor = descriptor;\n    return _this;\n  }\n\n  return MessageFormatError;\n}(IntlFormatError);\n\nexport { MessageFormatError };\n\nvar MissingTranslationError =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(MissingTranslationError, _super);\n\n  function MissingTranslationError(descriptor, locale) {\n    var _this = _super.call(this, IntlErrorCode.MISSING_TRANSLATION, \"Missing message: \\\"\".concat(descriptor.id, \"\\\" for locale \\\"\").concat(locale, \"\\\", using \").concat(descriptor.defaultMessage ? \"default message (\".concat(typeof descriptor.defaultMessage === 'string' ? descriptor.defaultMessage : descriptor.defaultMessage.map(function (e) {\n      var _a;\n\n      return (_a = e.value) !== null && _a !== void 0 ? _a : JSON.stringify(e);\n    }).join(), \")\") : 'id', \" as fallback.\")) || this;\n\n    _this.descriptor = descriptor;\n    return _this;\n  }\n\n  return MissingTranslationError;\n}(IntlError);\n\nexport { MissingTranslationError };","import { __assign, __spreadArray } from \"tslib\";\nimport { IntlMessageFormat } from 'intl-messageformat';\nimport memoize, { strategies } from '@formatjs/fast-memoize';\nimport { UnsupportedFormatterError } from './error';\nexport function filterProps(props, allowlist, defaults) {\n  if (defaults === void 0) {\n    defaults = {};\n  }\n\n  return allowlist.reduce(function (filtered, name) {\n    if (name in props) {\n      filtered[name] = props[name];\n    } else if (name in defaults) {\n      filtered[name] = defaults[name];\n    }\n\n    return filtered;\n  }, {});\n}\n\nvar defaultErrorHandler = function defaultErrorHandler(error) {\n  // @ts-ignore just so we don't need to declare dep on @types/node\n  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {\n    console.error(error);\n  }\n};\n\nvar defaultWarnHandler = function defaultWarnHandler(warning) {\n  // @ts-ignore just so we don't need to declare dep on @types/node\n  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {\n    console.warn(warning);\n  }\n};\n\nexport var DEFAULT_INTL_CONFIG = {\n  formats: {},\n  messages: {},\n  timeZone: undefined,\n  defaultLocale: 'en',\n  defaultFormats: {},\n  fallbackOnEmptyString: true,\n  onError: defaultErrorHandler,\n  onWarn: defaultWarnHandler\n};\nexport function createIntlCache() {\n  return {\n    dateTime: {},\n    number: {},\n    message: {},\n    relativeTime: {},\n    pluralRules: {},\n    list: {},\n    displayNames: {}\n  };\n}\n\nfunction createFastMemoizeCache(store) {\n  return {\n    create: function create() {\n      return {\n        get: function get(key) {\n          return store[key];\n        },\n        set: function set(key, value) {\n          store[key] = value;\n        }\n      };\n    }\n  };\n}\n/**\n * Create intl formatters and populate cache\n * @param cache explicit cache to prevent leaking memory\n */\n\n\nexport function createFormatters(cache) {\n  if (cache === void 0) {\n    cache = createIntlCache();\n  }\n\n  var RelativeTimeFormat = Intl.RelativeTimeFormat;\n  var ListFormat = Intl.ListFormat;\n  var DisplayNames = Intl.DisplayNames;\n  var getDateTimeFormat = memoize(function () {\n    var _a;\n\n    var args = [];\n\n    for (var _i = 0; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n      args[_i] = arguments[_i];\n    }\n\n    return new ((_a = Intl.DateTimeFormat).bind.apply(_a, __spreadArray([void 0], args, false)))();\n  }, {\n    cache: createFastMemoizeCache(cache.dateTime),\n    strategy: strategies.variadic\n  });\n  var getNumberFormat = memoize(function () {\n    var _a;\n\n    var args = [];\n\n    for (var _i = 0; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n      args[_i] = arguments[_i];\n    }\n\n    return new ((_a = Intl.NumberFormat).bind.apply(_a, __spreadArray([void 0], args, false)))();\n  }, {\n    cache: createFastMemoizeCache(cache.number),\n    strategy: strategies.variadic\n  });\n  var getPluralRules = memoize(function () {\n    var _a;\n\n    var args = [];\n\n    for (var _i = 0; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n      args[_i] = arguments[_i];\n    }\n\n    return new ((_a = Intl.PluralRules).bind.apply(_a, __spreadArray([void 0], args, false)))();\n  }, {\n    cache: createFastMemoizeCache(cache.pluralRules),\n    strategy: strategies.variadic\n  });\n  return {\n    getDateTimeFormat: getDateTimeFormat,\n    getNumberFormat: getNumberFormat,\n    getMessageFormat: memoize(function (message, locales, overrideFormats, opts) {\n      return new IntlMessageFormat(message, locales, overrideFormats, __assign({\n        formatters: {\n          getNumberFormat: getNumberFormat,\n          getDateTimeFormat: getDateTimeFormat,\n          getPluralRules: getPluralRules\n        }\n      }, opts || {}));\n    }, {\n      cache: createFastMemoizeCache(cache.message),\n      strategy: strategies.variadic\n    }),\n    getRelativeTimeFormat: memoize(function () {\n      var args = [];\n\n      for (var _i = 0; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n        args[_i] = arguments[_i];\n      }\n\n      return new (RelativeTimeFormat.bind.apply(RelativeTimeFormat, __spreadArray([void 0], args, false)))();\n    }, {\n      cache: createFastMemoizeCache(cache.relativeTime),\n      strategy: strategies.variadic\n    }),\n    getPluralRules: getPluralRules,\n    getListFormat: memoize(function () {\n      var args = [];\n\n      for (var _i = 0; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n        args[_i] = arguments[_i];\n      }\n\n      return new (ListFormat.bind.apply(ListFormat, __spreadArray([void 0], args, false)))();\n    }, {\n      cache: createFastMemoizeCache(cache.list),\n      strategy: strategies.variadic\n    }),\n    getDisplayNames: memoize(function () {\n      var args = [];\n\n      for (var _i = 0; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n        args[_i] = arguments[_i];\n      }\n\n      return new (DisplayNames.bind.apply(DisplayNames, __spreadArray([void 0], args, false)))();\n    }, {\n      cache: createFastMemoizeCache(cache.displayNames),\n      strategy: strategies.variadic\n    })\n  };\n}\nexport function getNamedFormat(formats, type, name, onError) {\n  var formatType = formats && formats[type];\n  var format;\n\n  if (formatType) {\n    format = formatType[name];\n  }\n\n  if (format) {\n    return format;\n  }\n\n  onError(new UnsupportedFormatterError(\"No \".concat(type, \" format named: \").concat(name)));\n}","\"use strict\";\n\nmodule.exports = Object.assign;","'use strict';\n\nvar reactIs = require('react-is');\n/**\n * Copyright 2015, Yahoo! Inc.\n * Copyrights licensed under the New BSD License. See the accompanying LICENSE file for terms.\n */\n\n\nvar REACT_STATICS = {\n  childContextTypes: true,\n  contextType: true,\n  contextTypes: true,\n  defaultProps: true,\n  displayName: true,\n  getDefaultProps: true,\n  getDerivedStateFromError: true,\n  getDerivedStateFromProps: true,\n  mixins: true,\n  propTypes: true,\n  type: true\n};\nvar KNOWN_STATICS = {\n  name: true,\n  length: true,\n  prototype: true,\n  caller: true,\n  callee: true,\n  arguments: true,\n  arity: true\n};\nvar FORWARD_REF_STATICS = {\n  '$$typeof': true,\n  render: true,\n  defaultProps: true,\n  displayName: true,\n  propTypes: true\n};\nvar MEMO_STATICS = {\n  '$$typeof': true,\n  compare: true,\n  defaultProps: true,\n  displayName: true,\n  propTypes: true,\n  type: true\n};\nvar TYPE_STATICS = {};\nTYPE_STATICS[reactIs.ForwardRef] = FORWARD_REF_STATICS;\nTYPE_STATICS[reactIs.Memo] = MEMO_STATICS;\n\nfunction getStatics(component) {\n  // React v16.11 and below\n  if (reactIs.isMemo(component)) {\n    return MEMO_STATICS;\n  } // React v16.12 and above\n\n\n  return TYPE_STATICS[component['$$typeof']] || REACT_STATICS;\n}\n\nvar defineProperty = Object.defineProperty;\nvar getOwnPropertyNames = Object.getOwnPropertyNames;\nvar getOwnPropertySymbols = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols;\nvar getOwnPropertyDescriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor;\nvar getPrototypeOf = Object.getPrototypeOf;\nvar objectPrototype = Object.prototype;\n\nfunction hoistNonReactStatics(targetComponent, sourceComponent, blacklist) {\n  if (typeof sourceComponent !== 'string') {\n    // don't hoist over string (html) components\n    if (objectPrototype) {\n      var inheritedComponent = getPrototypeOf(sourceComponent);\n\n      if (inheritedComponent && inheritedComponent !== objectPrototype) {\n        hoistNonReactStatics(targetComponent, inheritedComponent, blacklist);\n      }\n    }\n\n    var keys = getOwnPropertyNames(sourceComponent);\n\n    if (getOwnPropertySymbols) {\n      keys = keys.concat(getOwnPropertySymbols(sourceComponent));\n    }\n\n    var targetStatics = getStatics(targetComponent);\n    var sourceStatics = getStatics(sourceComponent);\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < keys.length; ++i) {\n      var key = keys[i];\n\n      if (!KNOWN_STATICS[key] && !(blacklist && blacklist[key]) && !(sourceStatics && sourceStatics[key]) && !(targetStatics && targetStatics[key])) {\n        var descriptor = getOwnPropertyDescriptor(sourceComponent, key);\n\n        try {\n          // Avoid failures from read-only properties\n          defineProperty(targetComponent, key, descriptor);\n        } catch (e) {}\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  return targetComponent;\n}\n\nmodule.exports = hoistNonReactStatics;","/*\nCopyright (c) 2014, Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved.\nCopyrights licensed under the New BSD License.\nSee the accompanying LICENSE file for terms.\n*/\nimport { __assign, __spreadArray } from \"tslib\";\nimport { parse } from '@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser';\nimport memoize, { strategies } from '@formatjs/fast-memoize';\nimport { formatToParts, PART_TYPE } from './formatters'; // -- MessageFormat --------------------------------------------------------\n\nfunction mergeConfig(c1, c2) {\n  if (!c2) {\n    return c1;\n  }\n\n  return __assign(__assign(__assign({}, c1 || {}), c2 || {}), Object.keys(c1).reduce(function (all, k) {\n    all[k] = __assign(__assign({}, c1[k]), c2[k] || {});\n    return all;\n  }, {}));\n}\n\nfunction mergeConfigs(defaultConfig, configs) {\n  if (!configs) {\n    return defaultConfig;\n  }\n\n  return Object.keys(defaultConfig).reduce(function (all, k) {\n    all[k] = mergeConfig(defaultConfig[k], configs[k]);\n    return all;\n  }, __assign({}, defaultConfig));\n}\n\nfunction createFastMemoizeCache(store) {\n  return {\n    create: function create() {\n      return {\n        get: function get(key) {\n          return store[key];\n        },\n        set: function set(key, value) {\n          store[key] = value;\n        }\n      };\n    }\n  };\n}\n\nfunction createDefaultFormatters(cache) {\n  if (cache === void 0) {\n    cache = {\n      number: {},\n      dateTime: {},\n      pluralRules: {}\n    };\n  }\n\n  return {\n    getNumberFormat: memoize(function () {\n      var _a;\n\n      var args = [];\n\n      for (var _i = 0; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n        args[_i] = arguments[_i];\n      }\n\n      return new ((_a = Intl.NumberFormat).bind.apply(_a, __spreadArray([void 0], args, false)))();\n    }, {\n      cache: createFastMemoizeCache(cache.number),\n      strategy: strategies.variadic\n    }),\n    getDateTimeFormat: memoize(function () {\n      var _a;\n\n      var args = [];\n\n      for (var _i = 0; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n        args[_i] = arguments[_i];\n      }\n\n      return new ((_a = Intl.DateTimeFormat).bind.apply(_a, __spreadArray([void 0], args, false)))();\n    }, {\n      cache: createFastMemoizeCache(cache.dateTime),\n      strategy: strategies.variadic\n    }),\n    getPluralRules: memoize(function () {\n      var _a;\n\n      var args = [];\n\n      for (var _i = 0; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {\n        args[_i] = arguments[_i];\n      }\n\n      return new ((_a = Intl.PluralRules).bind.apply(_a, __spreadArray([void 0], args, false)))();\n    }, {\n      cache: createFastMemoizeCache(cache.pluralRules),\n      strategy: strategies.variadic\n    })\n  };\n}\n\nvar IntlMessageFormat =\n/** @class */\nfunction () {\n  function IntlMessageFormat(message, locales, overrideFormats, opts) {\n    if (locales === void 0) {\n      locales = IntlMessageFormat.defaultLocale;\n    }\n\n    var _this = this;\n\n    this.formatterCache = {\n      number: {},\n      dateTime: {},\n      pluralRules: {}\n    };\n\n    this.format = function (values) {\n      var parts = _this.formatToParts(values); // Hot path for straight simple msg translations\n\n\n      if (parts.length === 1) {\n        return parts[0].value;\n      }\n\n      var result = parts.reduce(function (all, part) {\n        if (!all.length || part.type !== PART_TYPE.literal || typeof all[all.length - 1] !== 'string') {\n          all.push(part.value);\n        } else {\n          all[all.length - 1] += part.value;\n        }\n\n        return all;\n      }, []);\n\n      if (result.length <= 1) {\n        return result[0] || '';\n      }\n\n      return result;\n    };\n\n    this.formatToParts = function (values) {\n      return formatToParts(_this.ast, _this.locales, _this.formatters, _this.formats, values, undefined, _this.message);\n    };\n\n    this.resolvedOptions = function () {\n      var _a;\n\n      return {\n        locale: ((_a = _this.resolvedLocale) === null || _a === void 0 ? void 0 : _a.toString()) || Intl.NumberFormat.supportedLocalesOf(_this.locales)[0]\n      };\n    };\n\n    this.getAst = function () {\n      return _this.ast;\n    }; // Defined first because it's used to build the format pattern.\n\n\n    this.locales = locales;\n    this.resolvedLocale = IntlMessageFormat.resolveLocale(locales);\n\n    if (typeof message === 'string') {\n      this.message = message;\n\n      if (!IntlMessageFormat.__parse) {\n        throw new TypeError('IntlMessageFormat.__parse must be set to process `message` of type `string`');\n      } // Parse string messages into an AST.\n\n\n      this.ast = IntlMessageFormat.__parse(message, {\n        ignoreTag: opts === null || opts === void 0 ? void 0 : opts.ignoreTag,\n        locale: this.resolvedLocale\n      });\n    } else {\n      this.ast = message;\n    }\n\n    if (!Array.isArray(this.ast)) {\n      throw new TypeError('A message must be provided as a String or AST.');\n    } // Creates a new object with the specified `formats` merged with the default\n    // formats.\n\n\n    this.formats = mergeConfigs(IntlMessageFormat.formats, overrideFormats);\n    this.formatters = opts && opts.formatters || createDefaultFormatters(this.formatterCache);\n  }\n\n  Object.defineProperty(IntlMessageFormat, \"defaultLocale\", {\n    get: function get() {\n      if (!IntlMessageFormat.memoizedDefaultLocale) {\n        IntlMessageFormat.memoizedDefaultLocale = new Intl.NumberFormat().resolvedOptions().locale;\n      }\n\n      return IntlMessageFormat.memoizedDefaultLocale;\n    },\n    enumerable: false,\n    configurable: true\n  });\n  IntlMessageFormat.memoizedDefaultLocale = null;\n\n  IntlMessageFormat.resolveLocale = function (locales) {\n    if (typeof Intl.Locale === 'undefined') {\n      return;\n    }\n\n    var supportedLocales = Intl.NumberFormat.supportedLocalesOf(locales);\n\n    if (supportedLocales.length > 0) {\n      return new Intl.Locale(supportedLocales[0]);\n    }\n\n    return new Intl.Locale(typeof locales === 'string' ? locales : locales[0]);\n  };\n\n  IntlMessageFormat.__parse = parse; // Default format options used as the prototype of the `formats` provided to the\n  // constructor. These are used when constructing the internal Intl.NumberFormat\n  // and Intl.DateTimeFormat instances.\n\n  IntlMessageFormat.formats = {\n    number: {\n      integer: {\n        maximumFractionDigits: 0\n      },\n      currency: {\n        style: 'currency'\n      },\n      percent: {\n        style: 'percent'\n      }\n    },\n    date: {\n      short: {\n        month: 'numeric',\n        day: 'numeric',\n        year: '2-digit'\n      },\n      medium: {\n        month: 'short',\n        day: 'numeric',\n        year: 'numeric'\n      },\n      long: {\n        month: 'long',\n        day: 'numeric',\n        year: 'numeric'\n      },\n      full: {\n        weekday: 'long',\n        month: 'long',\n        day: 'numeric',\n        year: 'numeric'\n      }\n    },\n    time: {\n      short: {\n        hour: 'numeric',\n        minute: 'numeric'\n      },\n      medium: {\n        hour: 'numeric',\n        minute: 'numeric',\n        second: 'numeric'\n      },\n      long: {\n        hour: 'numeric',\n        minute: 'numeric',\n        second: 'numeric',\n        timeZoneName: 'short'\n      },\n      full: {\n        hour: 'numeric',\n        minute: 'numeric',\n        second: 'numeric',\n        timeZoneName: 'short'\n      }\n    }\n  };\n  return IntlMessageFormat;\n}();\n\nexport { IntlMessageFormat };","import { __extends } from \"tslib\";\nexport var ErrorCode;\n\n(function (ErrorCode) {\n  // When we have a placeholder but no value to format\n  ErrorCode[\"MISSING_VALUE\"] = \"MISSING_VALUE\"; // When value supplied is invalid\n\n  ErrorCode[\"INVALID_VALUE\"] = \"INVALID_VALUE\"; // When we need specific Intl API but it's not available\n\n  ErrorCode[\"MISSING_INTL_API\"] = \"MISSING_INTL_API\";\n})(ErrorCode || (ErrorCode = {}));\n\nvar FormatError =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(FormatError, _super);\n\n  function FormatError(msg, code, originalMessage) {\n    var _this = _super.call(this, msg) || this;\n\n    _this.code = code;\n    _this.originalMessage = originalMessage;\n    return _this;\n  }\n\n  FormatError.prototype.toString = function () {\n    return \"[formatjs Error: \".concat(this.code, \"] \").concat(this.message);\n  };\n\n  return FormatError;\n}(Error);\n\nexport { FormatError };\n\nvar InvalidValueError =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(InvalidValueError, _super);\n\n  function InvalidValueError(variableId, value, options, originalMessage) {\n    return _super.call(this, \"Invalid values for \\\"\".concat(variableId, \"\\\": \\\"\").concat(value, \"\\\". Options are \\\"\").concat(Object.keys(options).join('\", \"'), \"\\\"\"), ErrorCode.INVALID_VALUE, originalMessage) || this;\n  }\n\n  return InvalidValueError;\n}(FormatError);\n\nexport { InvalidValueError };\n\nvar InvalidValueTypeError =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(InvalidValueTypeError, _super);\n\n  function InvalidValueTypeError(value, type, originalMessage) {\n    return _super.call(this, \"Value for \\\"\".concat(value, \"\\\" must be of type \").concat(type), ErrorCode.INVALID_VALUE, originalMessage) || this;\n  }\n\n  return InvalidValueTypeError;\n}(FormatError);\n\nexport { InvalidValueTypeError };\n\nvar MissingValueError =\n/** @class */\nfunction (_super) {\n  __extends(MissingValueError, _super);\n\n  function MissingValueError(variableId, originalMessage) {\n    return _super.call(this, \"The intl string context variable \\\"\".concat(variableId, \"\\\" was not provided to the string \\\"\").concat(originalMessage, \"\\\"\"), ErrorCode.MISSING_VALUE, originalMessage) || this;\n  }\n\n  return MissingValueError;\n}(FormatError);\n\nexport { MissingValueError };","import { isArgumentElement, isDateElement, isDateTimeSkeleton, isLiteralElement, isNumberElement, isNumberSkeleton, isPluralElement, isPoundElement, isSelectElement, isTimeElement, isTagElement } from '@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser';\nimport { MissingValueError, InvalidValueError, ErrorCode, FormatError, InvalidValueTypeError } from './error';\nexport var PART_TYPE;\n\n(function (PART_TYPE) {\n  PART_TYPE[PART_TYPE[\"literal\"] = 0] = \"literal\";\n  PART_TYPE[PART_TYPE[\"object\"] = 1] = \"object\";\n})(PART_TYPE || (PART_TYPE = {}));\n\nfunction mergeLiteral(parts) {\n  if (parts.length < 2) {\n    return parts;\n  }\n\n  return parts.reduce(function (all, part) {\n    var lastPart = all[all.length - 1];\n\n    if (!lastPart || lastPart.type !== PART_TYPE.literal || part.type !== PART_TYPE.literal) {\n      all.push(part);\n    } else {\n      lastPart.value += part.value;\n    }\n\n    return all;\n  }, []);\n}\n\nexport function isFormatXMLElementFn(el) {\n  return typeof el === 'function';\n} // TODO(skeleton): add skeleton support\n\nexport function formatToParts(els, locales, formatters, formats, values, currentPluralValue, // For debugging\noriginalMessage) {\n  // Hot path for straight simple msg translations\n  if (els.length === 1 && isLiteralElement(els[0])) {\n    return [{\n      type: PART_TYPE.literal,\n      value: els[0].value\n    }];\n  }\n\n  var result = [];\n\n  for (var _i = 0, els_1 = els; _i < els_1.length; _i++) {\n    var el = els_1[_i]; // Exit early for string parts.\n\n    if (isLiteralElement(el)) {\n      result.push({\n        type: PART_TYPE.literal,\n        value: el.value\n      });\n      continue;\n    } // TODO: should this part be literal type?\n    // Replace `#` in plural rules with the actual numeric value.\n\n\n    if (isPoundElement(el)) {\n      if (typeof currentPluralValue === 'number') {\n        result.push({\n          type: PART_TYPE.literal,\n          value: formatters.getNumberFormat(locales).format(currentPluralValue)\n        });\n      }\n\n      continue;\n    }\n\n    var varName = el.value; // Enforce that all required values are provided by the caller.\n\n    if (!(values && varName in values)) {\n      throw new MissingValueError(varName, originalMessage);\n    }\n\n    var value = values[varName];\n\n    if (isArgumentElement(el)) {\n      if (!value || typeof value === 'string' || typeof value === 'number') {\n        value = typeof value === 'string' || typeof value === 'number' ? String(value) : '';\n      }\n\n      result.push({\n        type: typeof value === 'string' ? PART_TYPE.literal : PART_TYPE.object,\n        value: value\n      });\n      continue;\n    } // Recursively format plural and select parts' option — which can be a\n    // nested pattern structure. The choosing of the option to use is\n    // abstracted-by and delegated-to the part helper object.\n\n\n    if (isDateElement(el)) {\n      var style = typeof el.style === 'string' ? formats.date[el.style] : isDateTimeSkeleton(el.style) ? el.style.parsedOptions : undefined;\n      result.push({\n        type: PART_TYPE.literal,\n        value: formatters.getDateTimeFormat(locales, style).format(value)\n      });\n      continue;\n    }\n\n    if (isTimeElement(el)) {\n      var style = typeof el.style === 'string' ? formats.time[el.style] : isDateTimeSkeleton(el.style) ? el.style.parsedOptions : formats.time.medium;\n      result.push({\n        type: PART_TYPE.literal,\n        value: formatters.getDateTimeFormat(locales, style).format(value)\n      });\n      continue;\n    }\n\n    if (isNumberElement(el)) {\n      var style = typeof el.style === 'string' ? formats.number[el.style] : isNumberSkeleton(el.style) ? el.style.parsedOptions : undefined;\n\n      if (style && style.scale) {\n        value = value * (style.scale || 1);\n      }\n\n      result.push({\n        type: PART_TYPE.literal,\n        value: formatters.getNumberFormat(locales, style).format(value)\n      });\n      continue;\n    }\n\n    if (isTagElement(el)) {\n      var children = el.children,\n          value_1 = el.value;\n      var formatFn = values[value_1];\n\n      if (!isFormatXMLElementFn(formatFn)) {\n        throw new InvalidValueTypeError(value_1, 'function', originalMessage);\n      }\n\n      var parts = formatToParts(children, locales, formatters, formats, values, currentPluralValue);\n      var chunks = formatFn(parts.map(function (p) {\n        return p.value;\n      }));\n\n      if (!Array.isArray(chunks)) {\n        chunks = [chunks];\n      }\n\n      result.push.apply(result, chunks.map(function (c) {\n        return {\n          type: typeof c === 'string' ? PART_TYPE.literal : PART_TYPE.object,\n          value: c\n        };\n      }));\n    }\n\n    if (isSelectElement(el)) {\n      var opt = el.options[value] || el.options.other;\n\n      if (!opt) {\n        throw new InvalidValueError(el.value, value, Object.keys(el.options), originalMessage);\n      }\n\n      result.push.apply(result, formatToParts(opt.value, locales, formatters, formats, values));\n      continue;\n    }\n\n    if (isPluralElement(el)) {\n      var opt = el.options[\"=\".concat(value)];\n\n      if (!opt) {\n        if (!Intl.PluralRules) {\n          throw new FormatError(\"Intl.PluralRules is not available in this environment.\\nTry polyfilling it using \\\"@formatjs/intl-pluralrules\\\"\\n\", ErrorCode.MISSING_INTL_API, originalMessage);\n        }\n\n        var rule = formatters.getPluralRules(locales, {\n          type: el.pluralType\n        }).select(value - (el.offset || 0));\n        opt = el.options[rule] || el.options.other;\n      }\n\n      if (!opt) {\n        throw new InvalidValueError(el.value, value, Object.keys(el.options), originalMessage);\n      }\n\n      result.push.apply(result, formatToParts(opt.value, locales, formatters, formats, values, value - (el.offset || 0)));\n      continue;\n    }\n  }\n\n  return mergeLiteral(result);\n}","/* global Map:readonly, Set:readonly, ArrayBuffer:readonly */\nvar hasElementType = typeof Element !== 'undefined';\nvar hasMap = typeof Map === 'function';\nvar hasSet = typeof Set === 'function';\nvar hasArrayBuffer = typeof ArrayBuffer === 'function' && !!ArrayBuffer.isView; // Note: We **don't** need `envHasBigInt64Array` in fde es6/index.js\n\nfunction equal(a, b) {\n  // START: fast-deep-equal es6/index.js 3.1.1\n  if (a === b) return true;\n\n  if (a && b && typeof a == 'object' && typeof b == 'object') {\n    if (a.constructor !== b.constructor) return false;\n    var length, i, keys;\n\n    if (Array.isArray(a)) {\n      length = a.length;\n      if (length != b.length) return false;\n\n      for (i = length; i-- !== 0;) {\n        if (!equal(a[i], b[i])) return false;\n      }\n\n      return true;\n    } // START: Modifications:\n    // 1. Extra `has<Type> &&` helpers in initial condition allow es6 code\n    //    to co-exist with es5.\n    // 2. Replace `for of` with es5 compliant iteration using `for`.\n    //    Basically, take:\n    //\n    //    ```js\n    //    for (i of a.entries())\n    //      if (!b.has(i[0])) return false;\n    //    ```\n    //\n    //    ... and convert to:\n    //\n    //    ```js\n    //    it = a.entries();\n    //    while (!(i = it.next()).done)\n    //      if (!b.has(i.value[0])) return false;\n    //    ```\n    //\n    //    **Note**: `i` access switches to `i.value`.\n\n\n    var it;\n\n    if (hasMap && a instanceof Map && b instanceof Map) {\n      if (a.size !== b.size) return false;\n      it = a.entries();\n\n      while (!(i = it.next()).done) {\n        if (!b.has(i.value[0])) return false;\n      }\n\n      it = a.entries();\n\n      while (!(i = it.next()).done) {\n        if (!equal(i.value[1], b.get(i.value[0]))) return false;\n      }\n\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    if (hasSet && a instanceof Set && b instanceof Set) {\n      if (a.size !== b.size) return false;\n      it = a.entries();\n\n      while (!(i = it.next()).done) {\n        if (!b.has(i.value[0])) return false;\n      }\n\n      return true;\n    } // END: Modifications\n\n\n    if (hasArrayBuffer && ArrayBuffer.isView(a) && ArrayBuffer.isView(b)) {\n      length = a.length;\n      if (length != b.length) return false;\n\n      for (i = length; i-- !== 0;) {\n        if (a[i] !== b[i]) return false;\n      }\n\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    if (a.constructor === RegExp) return a.source === b.source && a.flags === b.flags;\n    if (a.valueOf !== Object.prototype.valueOf) return a.valueOf() === b.valueOf();\n    if (a.toString !== Object.prototype.toString) return a.toString() === b.toString();\n    keys = Object.keys(a);\n    length = keys.length;\n    if (length !== Object.keys(b).length) return false;\n\n    for (i = length; i-- !== 0;) {\n      if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(b, keys[i])) return false;\n    } // END: fast-deep-equal\n    // START: react-fast-compare\n    // custom handling for DOM elements\n\n\n    if (hasElementType && a instanceof Element) return false; // custom handling for React/Preact\n\n    for (i = length; i-- !== 0;) {\n      if ((keys[i] === '_owner' || keys[i] === '__v' || keys[i] === '__o') && a.$$typeof) {\n        // React-specific: avoid traversing React elements' _owner\n        // Preact-specific: avoid traversing Preact elements' __v and __o\n        //    __v = $_original / $_vnode\n        //    __o = $_owner\n        // These properties contain circular references and are not needed when\n        // comparing the actual elements (and not their owners)\n        // .$$typeof and ._store on just reasonable markers of elements\n        continue;\n      } // all other properties should be traversed as usual\n\n\n      if (!equal(a[keys[i]], b[keys[i]])) return false;\n    } // END: react-fast-compare\n    // START: fast-deep-equal\n\n\n    return true;\n  }\n\n  return a !== a && b !== b;\n} // end fast-deep-equal\n\n\nmodule.exports = function isEqual(a, b) {\n  try {\n    return equal(a, b);\n  } catch (error) {\n    if ((error.message || '').match(/stack|recursion/i)) {\n      // warn on circular references, don't crash\n      // browsers give this different errors name and messages:\n      // chrome/safari: \"RangeError\", \"Maximum call stack size exceeded\"\n      // firefox: \"InternalError\", too much recursion\"\n      // edge: \"Error\", \"Out of stack space\"\n      console.warn('react-fast-compare cannot handle circular refs');\n      return false;\n    } // some other error. we should definitely know about these\n\n\n    throw error;\n  }\n};","import PropTypes from 'prop-types';\nimport withSideEffect from 'react-side-effect';\nimport isEqual from 'react-fast-compare';\nimport React from 'react';\nimport objectAssign from 'object-assign';\nvar ATTRIBUTE_NAMES = {\n  BODY: \"bodyAttributes\",\n  HTML: \"htmlAttributes\",\n  TITLE: \"titleAttributes\"\n};\nvar TAG_NAMES = {\n  BASE: \"base\",\n  BODY: \"body\",\n  HEAD: \"head\",\n  HTML: \"html\",\n  LINK: \"link\",\n  META: \"meta\",\n  NOSCRIPT: \"noscript\",\n  SCRIPT: \"script\",\n  STYLE: \"style\",\n  TITLE: \"title\"\n};\nvar VALID_TAG_NAMES = Object.keys(TAG_NAMES).map(function (name) {\n  return TAG_NAMES[name];\n});\nvar TAG_PROPERTIES = {\n  CHARSET: \"charset\",\n  CSS_TEXT: \"cssText\",\n  HREF: \"href\",\n  HTTPEQUIV: \"http-equiv\",\n  INNER_HTML: \"innerHTML\",\n  ITEM_PROP: \"itemprop\",\n  NAME: \"name\",\n  PROPERTY: \"property\",\n  REL: \"rel\",\n  SRC: \"src\",\n  TARGET: \"target\"\n};\nvar REACT_TAG_MAP = {\n  accesskey: \"accessKey\",\n  charset: \"charSet\",\n  class: \"className\",\n  contenteditable: \"contentEditable\",\n  contextmenu: \"contextMenu\",\n  \"http-equiv\": \"httpEquiv\",\n  itemprop: \"itemProp\",\n  tabindex: \"tabIndex\"\n};\nvar HELMET_PROPS = {\n  DEFAULT_TITLE: \"defaultTitle\",\n  DEFER: \"defer\",\n  ENCODE_SPECIAL_CHARACTERS: \"encodeSpecialCharacters\",\n  ON_CHANGE_CLIENT_STATE: \"onChangeClientState\",\n  TITLE_TEMPLATE: \"titleTemplate\"\n};\nvar HTML_TAG_MAP = Object.keys(REACT_TAG_MAP).reduce(function (obj, key) {\n  obj[REACT_TAG_MAP[key]] = key;\n  return obj;\n}, {});\nvar SELF_CLOSING_TAGS = [TAG_NAMES.NOSCRIPT, TAG_NAMES.SCRIPT, TAG_NAMES.STYLE];\nvar HELMET_ATTRIBUTE = \"data-react-helmet\";\n\nvar _typeof = typeof Symbol === \"function\" && typeof Symbol.iterator === \"symbol\" ? function (obj) {\n  return typeof obj;\n} : function (obj) {\n  return obj && typeof Symbol === \"function\" && obj.constructor === Symbol && obj !== Symbol.prototype ? \"symbol\" : typeof obj;\n};\n\nvar classCallCheck = function classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) {\n  if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) {\n    throw new TypeError(\"Cannot call a class as a function\");\n  }\n};\n\nvar createClass = function () {\n  function defineProperties(target, props) {\n    for (var i = 0; i < props.length; i++) {\n      var descriptor = props[i];\n      descriptor.enumerable = descriptor.enumerable || false;\n      descriptor.configurable = true;\n      if (\"value\" in descriptor) descriptor.writable = true;\n      Object.defineProperty(target, descriptor.key, descriptor);\n    }\n  }\n\n  return function (Constructor, protoProps, staticProps) {\n    if (protoProps) defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps);\n    if (staticProps) defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps);\n    return Constructor;\n  };\n}();\n\nvar _extends = Object.assign || function (target) {\n  for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) {\n    var source = arguments[i];\n\n    for (var key in source) {\n      if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(source, key)) {\n        target[key] = source[key];\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  return target;\n};\n\nvar inherits = function inherits(subClass, superClass) {\n  if (typeof superClass !== \"function\" && superClass !== null) {\n    throw new TypeError(\"Super expression must either be null or a function, not \" + typeof superClass);\n  }\n\n  subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass && superClass.prototype, {\n    constructor: {\n      value: subClass,\n      enumerable: false,\n      writable: true,\n      configurable: true\n    }\n  });\n  if (superClass) Object.setPrototypeOf ? Object.setPrototypeOf(subClass, superClass) : subClass.__proto__ = superClass;\n};\n\nvar objectWithoutProperties = function objectWithoutProperties(obj, keys) {\n  var target = {};\n\n  for (var i in obj) {\n    if (keys.indexOf(i) >= 0) continue;\n    if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, i)) continue;\n    target[i] = obj[i];\n  }\n\n  return target;\n};\n\nvar possibleConstructorReturn = function possibleConstructorReturn(self, call) {\n  if (!self) {\n    throw new ReferenceError(\"this hasn't been initialised - super() hasn't been called\");\n  }\n\n  return call && (typeof call === \"object\" || typeof call === \"function\") ? call : self;\n};\n\nvar encodeSpecialCharacters = function encodeSpecialCharacters(str) {\n  var encode = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : true;\n\n  if (encode === false) {\n    return String(str);\n  }\n\n  return String(str).replace(/&/g, \"&amp;\").replace(/</g, \"&lt;\").replace(/>/g, \"&gt;\").replace(/\"/g, \"&quot;\").replace(/'/g, \"&#x27;\");\n};\n\nvar getTitleFromPropsList = function getTitleFromPropsList(propsList) {\n  var innermostTitle = getInnermostProperty(propsList, TAG_NAMES.TITLE);\n  var innermostTemplate = getInnermostProperty(propsList, HELMET_PROPS.TITLE_TEMPLATE);\n\n  if (innermostTemplate && innermostTitle) {\n    // use function arg to avoid need to escape $ characters\n    return innermostTemplate.replace(/%s/g, function () {\n      return Array.isArray(innermostTitle) ? innermostTitle.join(\"\") : innermostTitle;\n    });\n  }\n\n  var innermostDefaultTitle = getInnermostProperty(propsList, HELMET_PROPS.DEFAULT_TITLE);\n  return innermostTitle || innermostDefaultTitle || undefined;\n};\n\nvar getOnChangeClientState = function getOnChangeClientState(propsList) {\n  return getInnermostProperty(propsList, HELMET_PROPS.ON_CHANGE_CLIENT_STATE) || function () {};\n};\n\nvar getAttributesFromPropsList = function getAttributesFromPropsList(tagType, propsList) {\n  return propsList.filter(function (props) {\n    return typeof props[tagType] !== \"undefined\";\n  }).map(function (props) {\n    return props[tagType];\n  }).reduce(function (tagAttrs, current) {\n    return _extends({}, tagAttrs, current);\n  }, {});\n};\n\nvar getBaseTagFromPropsList = function getBaseTagFromPropsList(primaryAttributes, propsList) {\n  return propsList.filter(function (props) {\n    return typeof props[TAG_NAMES.BASE] !== \"undefined\";\n  }).map(function (props) {\n    return props[TAG_NAMES.BASE];\n  }).reverse().reduce(function (innermostBaseTag, tag) {\n    if (!innermostBaseTag.length) {\n      var keys = Object.keys(tag);\n\n      for (var i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {\n        var attributeKey = keys[i];\n        var lowerCaseAttributeKey = attributeKey.toLowerCase();\n\n        if (primaryAttributes.indexOf(lowerCaseAttributeKey) !== -1 && tag[lowerCaseAttributeKey]) {\n          return innermostBaseTag.concat(tag);\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    return innermostBaseTag;\n  }, []);\n};\n\nvar getTagsFromPropsList = function getTagsFromPropsList(tagName, primaryAttributes, propsList) {\n  // Calculate list of tags, giving priority innermost component (end of the propslist)\n  var approvedSeenTags = {};\n  return propsList.filter(function (props) {\n    if (Array.isArray(props[tagName])) {\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    if (typeof props[tagName] !== \"undefined\") {\n      warn(\"Helmet: \" + tagName + \" should be of type \\\"Array\\\". Instead found type \\\"\" + _typeof(props[tagName]) + \"\\\"\");\n    }\n\n    return false;\n  }).map(function (props) {\n    return props[tagName];\n  }).reverse().reduce(function (approvedTags, instanceTags) {\n    var instanceSeenTags = {};\n    instanceTags.filter(function (tag) {\n      var primaryAttributeKey = void 0;\n      var keys = Object.keys(tag);\n\n      for (var i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {\n        var attributeKey = keys[i];\n        var lowerCaseAttributeKey = attributeKey.toLowerCase(); // Special rule with link tags, since rel and href are both primary tags, rel takes priority\n\n        if (primaryAttributes.indexOf(lowerCaseAttributeKey) !== -1 && !(primaryAttributeKey === TAG_PROPERTIES.REL && tag[primaryAttributeKey].toLowerCase() === \"canonical\") && !(lowerCaseAttributeKey === TAG_PROPERTIES.REL && tag[lowerCaseAttributeKey].toLowerCase() === \"stylesheet\")) {\n          primaryAttributeKey = lowerCaseAttributeKey;\n        } // Special case for innerHTML which doesn't work lowercased\n\n\n        if (primaryAttributes.indexOf(attributeKey) !== -1 && (attributeKey === TAG_PROPERTIES.INNER_HTML || attributeKey === TAG_PROPERTIES.CSS_TEXT || attributeKey === TAG_PROPERTIES.ITEM_PROP)) {\n          primaryAttributeKey = attributeKey;\n        }\n      }\n\n      if (!primaryAttributeKey || !tag[primaryAttributeKey]) {\n        return false;\n      }\n\n      var value = tag[primaryAttributeKey].toLowerCase();\n\n      if (!approvedSeenTags[primaryAttributeKey]) {\n        approvedSeenTags[primaryAttributeKey] = {};\n      }\n\n      if (!instanceSeenTags[primaryAttributeKey]) {\n        instanceSeenTags[primaryAttributeKey] = {};\n      }\n\n      if (!approvedSeenTags[primaryAttributeKey][value]) {\n        instanceSeenTags[primaryAttributeKey][value] = true;\n        return true;\n      }\n\n      return false;\n    }).reverse().forEach(function (tag) {\n      return approvedTags.push(tag);\n    }); // Update seen tags with tags from this instance\n\n    var keys = Object.keys(instanceSeenTags);\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {\n      var attributeKey = keys[i];\n      var tagUnion = objectAssign({}, approvedSeenTags[attributeKey], instanceSeenTags[attributeKey]);\n      approvedSeenTags[attributeKey] = tagUnion;\n    }\n\n    return approvedTags;\n  }, []).reverse();\n};\n\nvar getInnermostProperty = function getInnermostProperty(propsList, property) {\n  for (var i = propsList.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {\n    var props = propsList[i];\n\n    if (props.hasOwnProperty(property)) {\n      return props[property];\n    }\n  }\n\n  return null;\n};\n\nvar reducePropsToState = function reducePropsToState(propsList) {\n  return {\n    baseTag: getBaseTagFromPropsList([TAG_PROPERTIES.HREF, TAG_PROPERTIES.TARGET], propsList),\n    bodyAttributes: getAttributesFromPropsList(ATTRIBUTE_NAMES.BODY, propsList),\n    defer: getInnermostProperty(propsList, HELMET_PROPS.DEFER),\n    encode: getInnermostProperty(propsList, HELMET_PROPS.ENCODE_SPECIAL_CHARACTERS),\n    htmlAttributes: getAttributesFromPropsList(ATTRIBUTE_NAMES.HTML, propsList),\n    linkTags: getTagsFromPropsList(TAG_NAMES.LINK, [TAG_PROPERTIES.REL, TAG_PROPERTIES.HREF], propsList),\n    metaTags: getTagsFromPropsList(TAG_NAMES.META, [TAG_PROPERTIES.NAME, TAG_PROPERTIES.CHARSET, TAG_PROPERTIES.HTTPEQUIV, TAG_PROPERTIES.PROPERTY, TAG_PROPERTIES.ITEM_PROP], propsList),\n    noscriptTags: getTagsFromPropsList(TAG_NAMES.NOSCRIPT, [TAG_PROPERTIES.INNER_HTML], propsList),\n    onChangeClientState: getOnChangeClientState(propsList),\n    scriptTags: getTagsFromPropsList(TAG_NAMES.SCRIPT, [TAG_PROPERTIES.SRC, TAG_PROPERTIES.INNER_HTML], propsList),\n    styleTags: getTagsFromPropsList(TAG_NAMES.STYLE, [TAG_PROPERTIES.CSS_TEXT], propsList),\n    title: getTitleFromPropsList(propsList),\n    titleAttributes: getAttributesFromPropsList(ATTRIBUTE_NAMES.TITLE, propsList)\n  };\n};\n\nvar rafPolyfill = function () {\n  var clock = Date.now();\n  return function (callback) {\n    var currentTime = Date.now();\n\n    if (currentTime - clock > 16) {\n      clock = currentTime;\n      callback(currentTime);\n    } else {\n      setTimeout(function () {\n        rafPolyfill(callback);\n      }, 0);\n    }\n  };\n}();\n\nvar cafPolyfill = function cafPolyfill(id) {\n  return clearTimeout(id);\n};\n\nvar requestAnimationFrame = typeof window !== \"undefined\" ? window.requestAnimationFrame && window.requestAnimationFrame.bind(window) || window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame || window.mozRequestAnimationFrame || rafPolyfill : global.requestAnimationFrame || rafPolyfill;\nvar cancelAnimationFrame = typeof window !== \"undefined\" ? window.cancelAnimationFrame || window.webkitCancelAnimationFrame || window.mozCancelAnimationFrame || cafPolyfill : global.cancelAnimationFrame || cafPolyfill;\n\nvar warn = function warn(msg) {\n  return console && typeof console.warn === \"function\" && console.warn(msg);\n};\n\nvar _helmetCallback = null;\n\nvar handleClientStateChange = function handleClientStateChange(newState) {\n  if (_helmetCallback) {\n    cancelAnimationFrame(_helmetCallback);\n  }\n\n  if (newState.defer) {\n    _helmetCallback = requestAnimationFrame(function () {\n      commitTagChanges(newState, function () {\n        _helmetCallback = null;\n      });\n    });\n  } else {\n    commitTagChanges(newState);\n    _helmetCallback = null;\n  }\n};\n\nvar commitTagChanges = function commitTagChanges(newState, cb) {\n  var baseTag = newState.baseTag,\n      bodyAttributes = newState.bodyAttributes,\n      htmlAttributes = newState.htmlAttributes,\n      linkTags = newState.linkTags,\n      metaTags = newState.metaTags,\n      noscriptTags = newState.noscriptTags,\n      onChangeClientState = newState.onChangeClientState,\n      scriptTags = newState.scriptTags,\n      styleTags = newState.styleTags,\n      title = newState.title,\n      titleAttributes = newState.titleAttributes;\n  updateAttributes(TAG_NAMES.BODY, bodyAttributes);\n  updateAttributes(TAG_NAMES.HTML, htmlAttributes);\n  updateTitle(title, titleAttributes);\n  var tagUpdates = {\n    baseTag: updateTags(TAG_NAMES.BASE, baseTag),\n    linkTags: updateTags(TAG_NAMES.LINK, linkTags),\n    metaTags: updateTags(TAG_NAMES.META, metaTags),\n    noscriptTags: updateTags(TAG_NAMES.NOSCRIPT, noscriptTags),\n    scriptTags: updateTags(TAG_NAMES.SCRIPT, scriptTags),\n    styleTags: updateTags(TAG_NAMES.STYLE, styleTags)\n  };\n  var addedTags = {};\n  var removedTags = {};\n  Object.keys(tagUpdates).forEach(function (tagType) {\n    var _tagUpdates$tagType = tagUpdates[tagType],\n        newTags = _tagUpdates$tagType.newTags,\n        oldTags = _tagUpdates$tagType.oldTags;\n\n    if (newTags.length) {\n      addedTags[tagType] = newTags;\n    }\n\n    if (oldTags.length) {\n      removedTags[tagType] = tagUpdates[tagType].oldTags;\n    }\n  });\n  cb && cb();\n  onChangeClientState(newState, addedTags, removedTags);\n};\n\nvar flattenArray = function flattenArray(possibleArray) {\n  return Array.isArray(possibleArray) ? possibleArray.join(\"\") : possibleArray;\n};\n\nvar updateTitle = function updateTitle(title, attributes) {\n  if (typeof title !== \"undefined\" && document.title !== title) {\n    document.title = flattenArray(title);\n  }\n\n  updateAttributes(TAG_NAMES.TITLE, attributes);\n};\n\nvar updateAttributes = function updateAttributes(tagName, attributes) {\n  var elementTag = document.getElementsByTagName(tagName)[0];\n\n  if (!elementTag) {\n    return;\n  }\n\n  var helmetAttributeString = elementTag.getAttribute(HELMET_ATTRIBUTE);\n  var helmetAttributes = helmetAttributeString ? helmetAttributeString.split(\",\") : [];\n  var attributesToRemove = [].concat(helmetAttributes);\n  var attributeKeys = Object.keys(attributes);\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < attributeKeys.length; i++) {\n    var attribute = attributeKeys[i];\n    var value = attributes[attribute] || \"\";\n\n    if (elementTag.getAttribute(attribute) !== value) {\n      elementTag.setAttribute(attribute, value);\n    }\n\n    if (helmetAttributes.indexOf(attribute) === -1) {\n      helmetAttributes.push(attribute);\n    }\n\n    var indexToSave = attributesToRemove.indexOf(attribute);\n\n    if (indexToSave !== -1) {\n      attributesToRemove.splice(indexToSave, 1);\n    }\n  }\n\n  for (var _i = attributesToRemove.length - 1; _i >= 0; _i--) {\n    elementTag.removeAttribute(attributesToRemove[_i]);\n  }\n\n  if (helmetAttributes.length === attributesToRemove.length) {\n    elementTag.removeAttribute(HELMET_ATTRIBUTE);\n  } else if (elementTag.getAttribute(HELMET_ATTRIBUTE) !== attributeKeys.join(\",\")) {\n    elementTag.setAttribute(HELMET_ATTRIBUTE, attributeKeys.join(\",\"));\n  }\n};\n\nvar updateTags = function updateTags(type, tags) {\n  var headElement = document.head || document.querySelector(TAG_NAMES.HEAD);\n  var tagNodes = headElement.querySelectorAll(type + \"[\" + HELMET_ATTRIBUTE + \"]\");\n  var oldTags = Array.prototype.slice.call(tagNodes);\n  var newTags = [];\n  var indexToDelete = void 0;\n\n  if (tags && tags.length) {\n    tags.forEach(function (tag) {\n      var newElement = document.createElement(type);\n\n      for (var attribute in tag) {\n        if (tag.hasOwnProperty(attribute)) {\n          if (attribute === TAG_PROPERTIES.INNER_HTML) {\n            newElement.innerHTML = tag.innerHTML;\n          } else if (attribute === TAG_PROPERTIES.CSS_TEXT) {\n            if (newElement.styleSheet) {\n              newElement.styleSheet.cssText = tag.cssText;\n            } else {\n              newElement.appendChild(document.createTextNode(tag.cssText));\n            }\n          } else {\n            var value = typeof tag[attribute] === \"undefined\" ? \"\" : tag[attribute];\n            newElement.setAttribute(attribute, value);\n          }\n        }\n      }\n\n      newElement.setAttribute(HELMET_ATTRIBUTE, \"true\"); // Remove a duplicate tag from domTagstoRemove, so it isn't cleared.\n\n      if (oldTags.some(function (existingTag, index) {\n        indexToDelete = index;\n        return newElement.isEqualNode(existingTag);\n      })) {\n        oldTags.splice(indexToDelete, 1);\n      } else {\n        newTags.push(newElement);\n      }\n    });\n  }\n\n  oldTags.forEach(function (tag) {\n    return tag.parentNode.removeChild(tag);\n  });\n  newTags.forEach(function (tag) {\n    return headElement.appendChild(tag);\n  });\n  return {\n    oldTags: oldTags,\n    newTags: newTags\n  };\n};\n\nvar generateElementAttributesAsString = function generateElementAttributesAsString(attributes) {\n  return Object.keys(attributes).reduce(function (str, key) {\n    var attr = typeof attributes[key] !== \"undefined\" ? key + \"=\\\"\" + attributes[key] + \"\\\"\" : \"\" + key;\n    return str ? str + \" \" + attr : attr;\n  }, \"\");\n};\n\nvar generateTitleAsString = function generateTitleAsString(type, title, attributes, encode) {\n  var attributeString = generateElementAttributesAsString(attributes);\n  var flattenedTitle = flattenArray(title);\n  return attributeString ? \"<\" + type + \" \" + HELMET_ATTRIBUTE + \"=\\\"true\\\" \" + attributeString + \">\" + encodeSpecialCharacters(flattenedTitle, encode) + \"</\" + type + \">\" : \"<\" + type + \" \" + HELMET_ATTRIBUTE + \"=\\\"true\\\">\" + encodeSpecialCharacters(flattenedTitle, encode) + \"</\" + type + \">\";\n};\n\nvar generateTagsAsString = function generateTagsAsString(type, tags, encode) {\n  return tags.reduce(function (str, tag) {\n    var attributeHtml = Object.keys(tag).filter(function (attribute) {\n      return !(attribute === TAG_PROPERTIES.INNER_HTML || attribute === TAG_PROPERTIES.CSS_TEXT);\n    }).reduce(function (string, attribute) {\n      var attr = typeof tag[attribute] === \"undefined\" ? attribute : attribute + \"=\\\"\" + encodeSpecialCharacters(tag[attribute], encode) + \"\\\"\";\n      return string ? string + \" \" + attr : attr;\n    }, \"\");\n    var tagContent = tag.innerHTML || tag.cssText || \"\";\n    var isSelfClosing = SELF_CLOSING_TAGS.indexOf(type) === -1;\n    return str + \"<\" + type + \" \" + HELMET_ATTRIBUTE + \"=\\\"true\\\" \" + attributeHtml + (isSelfClosing ? \"/>\" : \">\" + tagContent + \"</\" + type + \">\");\n  }, \"\");\n};\n\nvar convertElementAttributestoReactProps = function convertElementAttributestoReactProps(attributes) {\n  var initProps = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {};\n  return Object.keys(attributes).reduce(function (obj, key) {\n    obj[REACT_TAG_MAP[key] || key] = attributes[key];\n    return obj;\n  }, initProps);\n};\n\nvar convertReactPropstoHtmlAttributes = function convertReactPropstoHtmlAttributes(props) {\n  var initAttributes = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {};\n  return Object.keys(props).reduce(function (obj, key) {\n    obj[HTML_TAG_MAP[key] || key] = props[key];\n    return obj;\n  }, initAttributes);\n};\n\nvar generateTitleAsReactComponent = function generateTitleAsReactComponent(type, title, attributes) {\n  var _initProps; // assigning into an array to define toString function on it\n\n\n  var initProps = (_initProps = {\n    key: title\n  }, _initProps[HELMET_ATTRIBUTE] = true, _initProps);\n  var props = convertElementAttributestoReactProps(attributes, initProps);\n  return [React.createElement(TAG_NAMES.TITLE, props, title)];\n};\n\nvar generateTagsAsReactComponent = function generateTagsAsReactComponent(type, tags) {\n  return tags.map(function (tag, i) {\n    var _mappedTag;\n\n    var mappedTag = (_mappedTag = {\n      key: i\n    }, _mappedTag[HELMET_ATTRIBUTE] = true, _mappedTag);\n    Object.keys(tag).forEach(function (attribute) {\n      var mappedAttribute = REACT_TAG_MAP[attribute] || attribute;\n\n      if (mappedAttribute === TAG_PROPERTIES.INNER_HTML || mappedAttribute === TAG_PROPERTIES.CSS_TEXT) {\n        var content = tag.innerHTML || tag.cssText;\n        mappedTag.dangerouslySetInnerHTML = {\n          __html: content\n        };\n      } else {\n        mappedTag[mappedAttribute] = tag[attribute];\n      }\n    });\n    return React.createElement(type, mappedTag);\n  });\n};\n\nvar getMethodsForTag = function getMethodsForTag(type, tags, encode) {\n  switch (type) {\n    case TAG_NAMES.TITLE:\n      return {\n        toComponent: function toComponent() {\n          return generateTitleAsReactComponent(type, tags.title, tags.titleAttributes, encode);\n        },\n        toString: function toString() {\n          return generateTitleAsString(type, tags.title, tags.titleAttributes, encode);\n        }\n      };\n\n    case ATTRIBUTE_NAMES.BODY:\n    case ATTRIBUTE_NAMES.HTML:\n      return {\n        toComponent: function toComponent() {\n          return convertElementAttributestoReactProps(tags);\n        },\n        toString: function toString() {\n          return generateElementAttributesAsString(tags);\n        }\n      };\n\n    default:\n      return {\n        toComponent: function toComponent() {\n          return generateTagsAsReactComponent(type, tags);\n        },\n        toString: function toString() {\n          return generateTagsAsString(type, tags, encode);\n        }\n      };\n  }\n};\n\nvar mapStateOnServer = function mapStateOnServer(_ref) {\n  var baseTag = _ref.baseTag,\n      bodyAttributes = _ref.bodyAttributes,\n      encode = _ref.encode,\n      htmlAttributes = _ref.htmlAttributes,\n      linkTags = _ref.linkTags,\n      metaTags = _ref.metaTags,\n      noscriptTags = _ref.noscriptTags,\n      scriptTags = _ref.scriptTags,\n      styleTags = _ref.styleTags,\n      _ref$title = _ref.title,\n      title = _ref$title === undefined ? \"\" : _ref$title,\n      titleAttributes = _ref.titleAttributes;\n  return {\n    base: getMethodsForTag(TAG_NAMES.BASE, baseTag, encode),\n    bodyAttributes: getMethodsForTag(ATTRIBUTE_NAMES.BODY, bodyAttributes, encode),\n    htmlAttributes: getMethodsForTag(ATTRIBUTE_NAMES.HTML, htmlAttributes, encode),\n    link: getMethodsForTag(TAG_NAMES.LINK, linkTags, encode),\n    meta: getMethodsForTag(TAG_NAMES.META, metaTags, encode),\n    noscript: getMethodsForTag(TAG_NAMES.NOSCRIPT, noscriptTags, encode),\n    script: getMethodsForTag(TAG_NAMES.SCRIPT, scriptTags, encode),\n    style: getMethodsForTag(TAG_NAMES.STYLE, styleTags, encode),\n    title: getMethodsForTag(TAG_NAMES.TITLE, {\n      title: title,\n      titleAttributes: titleAttributes\n    }, encode)\n  };\n};\n\nvar Helmet = function Helmet(Component) {\n  var _class, _temp;\n\n  return _temp = _class = function (_React$Component) {\n    inherits(HelmetWrapper, _React$Component);\n\n    function HelmetWrapper() {\n      classCallCheck(this, HelmetWrapper);\n      return possibleConstructorReturn(this, _React$Component.apply(this, arguments));\n    }\n\n    HelmetWrapper.prototype.shouldComponentUpdate = function shouldComponentUpdate(nextProps) {\n      return !isEqual(this.props, nextProps);\n    };\n\n    HelmetWrapper.prototype.mapNestedChildrenToProps = function mapNestedChildrenToProps(child, nestedChildren) {\n      if (!nestedChildren) {\n        return null;\n      }\n\n      switch (child.type) {\n        case TAG_NAMES.SCRIPT:\n        case TAG_NAMES.NOSCRIPT:\n          return {\n            innerHTML: nestedChildren\n          };\n\n        case TAG_NAMES.STYLE:\n          return {\n            cssText: nestedChildren\n          };\n      }\n\n      throw new Error(\"<\" + child.type + \" /> elements are self-closing and can not contain children. Refer to our API for more information.\");\n    };\n\n    HelmetWrapper.prototype.flattenArrayTypeChildren = function flattenArrayTypeChildren(_ref) {\n      var _babelHelpers$extends;\n\n      var child = _ref.child,\n          arrayTypeChildren = _ref.arrayTypeChildren,\n          newChildProps = _ref.newChildProps,\n          nestedChildren = _ref.nestedChildren;\n      return _extends({}, arrayTypeChildren, (_babelHelpers$extends = {}, _babelHelpers$extends[child.type] = [].concat(arrayTypeChildren[child.type] || [], [_extends({}, newChildProps, this.mapNestedChildrenToProps(child, nestedChildren))]), _babelHelpers$extends));\n    };\n\n    HelmetWrapper.prototype.mapObjectTypeChildren = function mapObjectTypeChildren(_ref2) {\n      var _babelHelpers$extends2, _babelHelpers$extends3;\n\n      var child = _ref2.child,\n          newProps = _ref2.newProps,\n          newChildProps = _ref2.newChildProps,\n          nestedChildren = _ref2.nestedChildren;\n\n      switch (child.type) {\n        case TAG_NAMES.TITLE:\n          return _extends({}, newProps, (_babelHelpers$extends2 = {}, _babelHelpers$extends2[child.type] = nestedChildren, _babelHelpers$extends2.titleAttributes = _extends({}, newChildProps), _babelHelpers$extends2));\n\n        case TAG_NAMES.BODY:\n          return _extends({}, newProps, {\n            bodyAttributes: _extends({}, newChildProps)\n          });\n\n        case TAG_NAMES.HTML:\n          return _extends({}, newProps, {\n            htmlAttributes: _extends({}, newChildProps)\n          });\n      }\n\n      return _extends({}, newProps, (_babelHelpers$extends3 = {}, _babelHelpers$extends3[child.type] = _extends({}, newChildProps), _babelHelpers$extends3));\n    };\n\n    HelmetWrapper.prototype.mapArrayTypeChildrenToProps = function mapArrayTypeChildrenToProps(arrayTypeChildren, newProps) {\n      var newFlattenedProps = _extends({}, newProps);\n\n      Object.keys(arrayTypeChildren).forEach(function (arrayChildName) {\n        var _babelHelpers$extends4;\n\n        newFlattenedProps = _extends({}, newFlattenedProps, (_babelHelpers$extends4 = {}, _babelHelpers$extends4[arrayChildName] = arrayTypeChildren[arrayChildName], _babelHelpers$extends4));\n      });\n      return newFlattenedProps;\n    };\n\n    HelmetWrapper.prototype.warnOnInvalidChildren = function warnOnInvalidChildren(child, nestedChildren) {\n      if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== \"production\") {\n        if (!VALID_TAG_NAMES.some(function (name) {\n          return child.type === name;\n        })) {\n          if (typeof child.type === \"function\") {\n            return warn(\"You may be attempting to nest <Helmet> components within each other, which is not allowed. Refer to our API for more information.\");\n          }\n\n          return warn(\"Only elements types \" + VALID_TAG_NAMES.join(\", \") + \" are allowed. Helmet does not support rendering <\" + child.type + \"> elements. Refer to our API for more information.\");\n        }\n\n        if (nestedChildren && typeof nestedChildren !== \"string\" && (!Array.isArray(nestedChildren) || nestedChildren.some(function (nestedChild) {\n          return typeof nestedChild !== \"string\";\n        }))) {\n          throw new Error(\"Helmet expects a string as a child of <\" + child.type + \">. Did you forget to wrap your children in braces? ( <\" + child.type + \">{``}</\" + child.type + \"> ) Refer to our API for more information.\");\n        }\n      }\n\n      return true;\n    };\n\n    HelmetWrapper.prototype.mapChildrenToProps = function mapChildrenToProps(children, newProps) {\n      var _this2 = this;\n\n      var arrayTypeChildren = {};\n      React.Children.forEach(children, function (child) {\n        if (!child || !child.props) {\n          return;\n        }\n\n        var _child$props = child.props,\n            nestedChildren = _child$props.children,\n            childProps = objectWithoutProperties(_child$props, [\"children\"]);\n        var newChildProps = convertReactPropstoHtmlAttributes(childProps);\n\n        _this2.warnOnInvalidChildren(child, nestedChildren);\n\n        switch (child.type) {\n          case TAG_NAMES.LINK:\n          case TAG_NAMES.META:\n          case TAG_NAMES.NOSCRIPT:\n          case TAG_NAMES.SCRIPT:\n          case TAG_NAMES.STYLE:\n            arrayTypeChildren = _this2.flattenArrayTypeChildren({\n              child: child,\n              arrayTypeChildren: arrayTypeChildren,\n              newChildProps: newChildProps,\n              nestedChildren: nestedChildren\n            });\n            break;\n\n          default:\n            newProps = _this2.mapObjectTypeChildren({\n              child: child,\n              newProps: newProps,\n              newChildProps: newChildProps,\n              nestedChildren: nestedChildren\n            });\n            break;\n        }\n      });\n      newProps = this.mapArrayTypeChildrenToProps(arrayTypeChildren, newProps);\n      return newProps;\n    };\n\n    HelmetWrapper.prototype.render = function render() {\n      var _props = this.props,\n          children = _props.children,\n          props = objectWithoutProperties(_props, [\"children\"]);\n\n      var newProps = _extends({}, props);\n\n      if (children) {\n        newProps = this.mapChildrenToProps(children, newProps);\n      }\n\n      return React.createElement(Component, newProps);\n    };\n\n    createClass(HelmetWrapper, null, [{\n      key: \"canUseDOM\",\n      // Component.peek comes from react-side-effect:\n      // For testing, you may use a static peek() method available on the returned component.\n      // It lets you get the current state without resetting the mounted instance stack.\n      // Don’t use it for anything other than testing.\n\n      /**\n       * @param {Object} base: {\"target\": \"_blank\", \"href\": \"http://mysite.com/\"}\n       * @param {Object} bodyAttributes: {\"className\": \"root\"}\n       * @param {String} defaultTitle: \"Default Title\"\n       * @param {Boolean} defer: true\n       * @param {Boolean} encodeSpecialCharacters: true\n       * @param {Object} htmlAttributes: {\"lang\": \"en\", \"amp\": undefined}\n       * @param {Array} link: [{\"rel\": \"canonical\", \"href\": \"http://mysite.com/example\"}]\n       * @param {Array} meta: [{\"name\": \"description\", \"content\": \"Test description\"}]\n       * @param {Array} noscript: [{\"innerHTML\": \"<img src='http://mysite.com/js/test.js'\"}]\n       * @param {Function} onChangeClientState: \"(newState) => console.log(newState)\"\n       * @param {Array} script: [{\"type\": \"text/javascript\", \"src\": \"http://mysite.com/js/test.js\"}]\n       * @param {Array} style: [{\"type\": \"text/css\", \"cssText\": \"div { display: block; color: blue; }\"}]\n       * @param {String} title: \"Title\"\n       * @param {Object} titleAttributes: {\"itemprop\": \"name\"}\n       * @param {String} titleTemplate: \"MySite.com - %s\"\n       */\n      set: function set$$1(canUseDOM) {\n        Component.canUseDOM = canUseDOM;\n      }\n    }]);\n    return HelmetWrapper;\n  }(React.Component), _class.propTypes = {\n    base: PropTypes.object,\n    bodyAttributes: PropTypes.object,\n    children: PropTypes.oneOfType([PropTypes.arrayOf(PropTypes.node), PropTypes.node]),\n    defaultTitle: PropTypes.string,\n    defer: PropTypes.bool,\n    encodeSpecialCharacters: PropTypes.bool,\n    htmlAttributes: PropTypes.object,\n    link: PropTypes.arrayOf(PropTypes.object),\n    meta: PropTypes.arrayOf(PropTypes.object),\n    noscript: PropTypes.arrayOf(PropTypes.object),\n    onChangeClientState: PropTypes.func,\n    script: PropTypes.arrayOf(PropTypes.object),\n    style: PropTypes.arrayOf(PropTypes.object),\n    title: PropTypes.string,\n    titleAttributes: PropTypes.object,\n    titleTemplate: PropTypes.string\n  }, _class.defaultProps = {\n    defer: true,\n    encodeSpecialCharacters: true\n  }, _class.peek = Component.peek, _class.rewind = function () {\n    var mappedState = Component.rewind();\n\n    if (!mappedState) {\n      // provide fallback if mappedState is undefined\n      mappedState = mapStateOnServer({\n        baseTag: [],\n        bodyAttributes: {},\n        encodeSpecialCharacters: true,\n        htmlAttributes: {},\n        linkTags: [],\n        metaTags: [],\n        noscriptTags: [],\n        scriptTags: [],\n        styleTags: [],\n        title: \"\",\n        titleAttributes: {}\n      });\n    }\n\n    return mappedState;\n  }, _temp;\n};\n\nvar NullComponent = function NullComponent() {\n  return null;\n};\n\nvar HelmetSideEffects = withSideEffect(reducePropsToState, handleClientStateChange, mapStateOnServer)(NullComponent);\nvar HelmetExport = Helmet(HelmetSideEffects);\nHelmetExport.renderStatic = HelmetExport.rewind;\nexport default HelmetExport;\nexport { HelmetExport as Helmet };","import { __assign } from \"tslib\";\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport hoistNonReactStatics from 'hoist-non-react-statics';\nimport { invariantIntlContext } from '../utils';\n\nfunction getDisplayName(Component) {\n  return Component.displayName || Component.name || 'Component';\n} // TODO: We should provide initial value here\n\n\nvar IntlContext = React.createContext(null);\nvar IntlConsumer = IntlContext.Consumer,\n    IntlProvider = IntlContext.Provider;\nexport var Provider = IntlProvider;\nexport var Context = IntlContext;\nexport default function injectIntl(WrappedComponent, options) {\n  var _a = options || {},\n      _b = _a.intlPropName,\n      intlPropName = _b === void 0 ? 'intl' : _b,\n      _c = _a.forwardRef,\n      forwardRef = _c === void 0 ? false : _c,\n      _d = _a.enforceContext,\n      enforceContext = _d === void 0 ? true : _d;\n\n  var WithIntl = function WithIntl(props) {\n    return React.createElement(IntlConsumer, null, function (intl) {\n      var _a;\n\n      if (enforceContext) {\n        invariantIntlContext(intl);\n      }\n\n      var intlProp = (_a = {}, _a[intlPropName] = intl, _a);\n      return React.createElement(WrappedComponent, __assign({}, props, intlProp, {\n        ref: forwardRef ? props.forwardedRef : null\n      }));\n    });\n  };\n\n  WithIntl.displayName = \"injectIntl(\".concat(getDisplayName(WrappedComponent), \")\");\n  WithIntl.WrappedComponent = WrappedComponent;\n\n  if (forwardRef) {\n    return hoistNonReactStatics(React.forwardRef(function (props, ref) {\n      return React.createElement(WithIntl, __assign({}, props, {\n        forwardedRef: ref\n      }));\n    }), WrappedComponent);\n  }\n\n  return hoistNonReactStatics(WithIntl, WrappedComponent);\n}","import * as React from 'react';\nimport { Context } from './injectIntl';\nimport { invariantIntlContext } from '../utils';\nexport default function useIntl() {\n  var intl = React.useContext(Context);\n  invariantIntlContext(intl);\n  return intl;\n}","import { __assign } from \"tslib\";\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport { invariant } from '@formatjs/ecma402-abstract';\nimport { DEFAULT_INTL_CONFIG as CORE_DEFAULT_INTL_CONFIG } from '@formatjs/intl';\nexport function invariantIntlContext(intl) {\n  invariant(intl, '[React Intl] Could not find required `intl` object. ' + '<IntlProvider> needs to exist in the component ancestry.');\n}\nexport var DEFAULT_INTL_CONFIG = __assign(__assign({}, CORE_DEFAULT_INTL_CONFIG), {\n  textComponent: React.Fragment\n});\n/**\n * Takes a `formatXMLElementFn`, and composes it in function, which passes\n * argument `parts` through, assigning unique key to each part, to prevent\n * \"Each child in a list should have a unique \"key\"\" React error.\n * @param formatXMLElementFn\n */\n\nexport function assignUniqueKeysToParts(formatXMLElementFn) {\n  return function (parts) {\n    // eslint-disable-next-line prefer-rest-params\n    return formatXMLElementFn(React.Children.toArray(parts));\n  };\n}\nexport function shallowEqual(objA, objB) {\n  if (objA === objB) {\n    return true;\n  }\n\n  if (!objA || !objB) {\n    return false;\n  }\n\n  var aKeys = Object.keys(objA);\n  var bKeys = Object.keys(objB);\n  var len = aKeys.length;\n\n  if (bKeys.length !== len) {\n    return false;\n  }\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {\n    var key = aKeys[i];\n\n    if (objA[key] !== objB[key] || !Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(objB, key)) {\n      return false;\n    }\n  }\n\n  return true;\n}","/** @license React v16.13.1\n * react-is.production.min.js\n *\n * Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.\n *\n * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the\n * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.\n */\n'use strict';\n\nvar b = \"function\" === typeof Symbol && Symbol.for,\n    c = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.element\") : 60103,\n    d = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.portal\") : 60106,\n    e = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.fragment\") : 60107,\n    f = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.strict_mode\") : 60108,\n    g = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.profiler\") : 60114,\n    h = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.provider\") : 60109,\n    k = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.context\") : 60110,\n    l = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.async_mode\") : 60111,\n    m = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.concurrent_mode\") : 60111,\n    n = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.forward_ref\") : 60112,\n    p = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.suspense\") : 60113,\n    q = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.suspense_list\") : 60120,\n    r = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.memo\") : 60115,\n    t = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.lazy\") : 60116,\n    v = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.block\") : 60121,\n    w = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.fundamental\") : 60117,\n    x = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.responder\") : 60118,\n    y = b ? Symbol.for(\"react.scope\") : 60119;\n\nfunction z(a) {\n  if (\"object\" === typeof a && null !== a) {\n    var u = a.$$typeof;\n\n    switch (u) {\n      case c:\n        switch (a = a.type, a) {\n          case l:\n          case m:\n          case e:\n          case g:\n          case f:\n          case p:\n            return a;\n\n          default:\n            switch (a = a && a.$$typeof, a) {\n              case k:\n              case n:\n              case t:\n              case r:\n              case h:\n                return a;\n\n              default:\n                return u;\n            }\n\n        }\n\n      case d:\n        return u;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nfunction A(a) {\n  return z(a) === m;\n}\n\nexports.AsyncMode = l;\nexports.ConcurrentMode = m;\nexports.ContextConsumer = k;\nexports.ContextProvider = h;\nexports.Element = c;\nexports.ForwardRef = n;\nexports.Fragment = e;\nexports.Lazy = t;\nexports.Memo = r;\nexports.Portal = d;\nexports.Profiler = g;\nexports.StrictMode = f;\nexports.Suspense = p;\n\nexports.isAsyncMode = function (a) {\n  return A(a) || z(a) === l;\n};\n\nexports.isConcurrentMode = A;\n\nexports.isContextConsumer = function (a) {\n  return z(a) === k;\n};\n\nexports.isContextProvider = function (a) {\n  return z(a) === h;\n};\n\nexports.isElement = function (a) {\n  return \"object\" === typeof a && null !== a && a.$$typeof === c;\n};\n\nexports.isForwardRef = function (a) {\n  return z(a) === n;\n};\n\nexports.isFragment = function (a) {\n  return z(a) === e;\n};\n\nexports.isLazy = function (a) {\n  return z(a) === t;\n};\n\nexports.isMemo = function (a) {\n  return z(a) === r;\n};\n\nexports.isPortal = function (a) {\n  return z(a) === d;\n};\n\nexports.isProfiler = function (a) {\n  return z(a) === g;\n};\n\nexports.isStrictMode = function (a) {\n  return z(a) === f;\n};\n\nexports.isSuspense = function (a) {\n  return z(a) === p;\n};\n\nexports.isValidElementType = function (a) {\n  return \"string\" === typeof a || \"function\" === typeof a || a === e || a === m || a === g || a === f || a === p || a === q || \"object\" === typeof a && null !== a && (a.$$typeof === t || a.$$typeof === r || a.$$typeof === h || a.$$typeof === k || a.$$typeof === n || a.$$typeof === w || a.$$typeof === x || a.$$typeof === y || a.$$typeof === v);\n};\n\nexports.typeOf = z;","'use strict';\n\nif (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production') {\n  module.exports = require('./cjs/react-is.production.min.js');\n} else {\n  module.exports = require('./cjs/react-is.development.js');\n}","'use strict';\n\nfunction _interopDefault(ex) {\n  return ex && typeof ex === 'object' && 'default' in ex ? ex['default'] : ex;\n}\n\nvar React = require('react');\n\nvar React__default = _interopDefault(React);\n\nfunction _defineProperty(obj, key, value) {\n  if (key in obj) {\n    Object.defineProperty(obj, key, {\n      value: value,\n      enumerable: true,\n      configurable: true,\n      writable: true\n    });\n  } else {\n    obj[key] = value;\n  }\n\n  return obj;\n}\n\nfunction _inheritsLoose(subClass, superClass) {\n  subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass.prototype);\n  subClass.prototype.constructor = subClass;\n  subClass.__proto__ = superClass;\n}\n\nvar canUseDOM = !!(typeof window !== 'undefined' && window.document && window.document.createElement);\n\nfunction withSideEffect(reducePropsToState, handleStateChangeOnClient, mapStateOnServer) {\n  if (typeof reducePropsToState !== 'function') {\n    throw new Error('Expected reducePropsToState to be a function.');\n  }\n\n  if (typeof handleStateChangeOnClient !== 'function') {\n    throw new Error('Expected handleStateChangeOnClient to be a function.');\n  }\n\n  if (typeof mapStateOnServer !== 'undefined' && typeof mapStateOnServer !== 'function') {\n    throw new Error('Expected mapStateOnServer to either be undefined or a function.');\n  }\n\n  function getDisplayName(WrappedComponent) {\n    return WrappedComponent.displayName || WrappedComponent.name || 'Component';\n  }\n\n  return function wrap(WrappedComponent) {\n    if (typeof WrappedComponent !== 'function') {\n      throw new Error('Expected WrappedComponent to be a React component.');\n    }\n\n    var mountedInstances = [];\n    var state;\n\n    function emitChange() {\n      state = reducePropsToState(mountedInstances.map(function (instance) {\n        return instance.props;\n      }));\n\n      if (SideEffect.canUseDOM) {\n        handleStateChangeOnClient(state);\n      } else if (mapStateOnServer) {\n        state = mapStateOnServer(state);\n      }\n    }\n\n    var SideEffect = /*#__PURE__*/function (_PureComponent) {\n      _inheritsLoose(SideEffect, _PureComponent);\n\n      function SideEffect() {\n        return _PureComponent.apply(this, arguments) || this;\n      } // Try to use displayName of wrapped component\n      // Expose canUseDOM so tests can monkeypatch it\n\n\n      SideEffect.peek = function peek() {\n        return state;\n      };\n\n      SideEffect.rewind = function rewind() {\n        if (SideEffect.canUseDOM) {\n          throw new Error('You may only call rewind() on the server. Call peek() to read the current state.');\n        }\n\n        var recordedState = state;\n        state = undefined;\n        mountedInstances = [];\n        return recordedState;\n      };\n\n      var _proto = SideEffect.prototype;\n\n      _proto.UNSAFE_componentWillMount = function UNSAFE_componentWillMount() {\n        mountedInstances.push(this);\n        emitChange();\n      };\n\n      _proto.componentDidUpdate = function componentDidUpdate() {\n        emitChange();\n      };\n\n      _proto.componentWillUnmount = function componentWillUnmount() {\n        var index = mountedInstances.indexOf(this);\n        mountedInstances.splice(index, 1);\n        emitChange();\n      };\n\n      _proto.render = function render() {\n        return /*#__PURE__*/React__default.createElement(WrappedComponent, this.props);\n      };\n\n      return SideEffect;\n    }(React.PureComponent);\n\n    _defineProperty(SideEffect, \"displayName\", \"SideEffect(\" + getDisplayName(WrappedComponent) + \")\");\n\n    _defineProperty(SideEffect, \"canUseDOM\", canUseDOM);\n\n    return SideEffect;\n  };\n}\n\nmodule.exports = withSideEffect;","/*! *****************************************************************************\r\nCopyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.\r\n\r\nPermission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any\r\npurpose with or without fee is hereby granted.\r\n\r\nTHE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH\r\nREGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY\r\nAND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,\r\nINDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM\r\nLOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR\r\nOTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR\r\nPERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.\r\n***************************************************************************** */\n\n/* global Reflect, Promise */\nvar _extendStatics = function extendStatics(d, b) {\n  _extendStatics = Object.setPrototypeOf || {\n    __proto__: []\n  } instanceof Array && function (d, b) {\n    d.__proto__ = b;\n  } || function (d, b) {\n    for (var p in b) {\n      if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(b, p)) d[p] = b[p];\n    }\n  };\n\n  return _extendStatics(d, b);\n};\n\nexport function __extends(d, b) {\n  if (typeof b !== \"function\" && b !== null) throw new TypeError(\"Class extends value \" + String(b) + \" is not a constructor or null\");\n\n  _extendStatics(d, b);\n\n  function __() {\n    this.constructor = d;\n  }\n\n  d.prototype = b === null ? Object.create(b) : (__.prototype = b.prototype, new __());\n}\n\nvar _assign = function __assign() {\n  _assign = Object.assign || function __assign(t) {\n    for (var s, i = 1, n = arguments.length; i < n; i++) {\n      s = arguments[i];\n\n      for (var p in s) {\n        if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(s, p)) t[p] = s[p];\n      }\n    }\n\n    return t;\n  };\n\n  return _assign.apply(this, arguments);\n};\n\nexport { _assign as __assign };\nexport function __rest(s, e) {\n  var t = {};\n\n  for (var p in s) {\n    if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(s, p) && e.indexOf(p) < 0) t[p] = s[p];\n  }\n\n  if (s != null && typeof Object.getOwnPropertySymbols === \"function\") for (var i = 0, p = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(s); i < p.length; i++) {\n    if (e.indexOf(p[i]) < 0 && Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(s, p[i])) t[p[i]] = s[p[i]];\n  }\n  return t;\n}\nexport function __decorate(decorators, target, key, desc) {\n  var c = arguments.length,\n      r = c < 3 ? target : desc === null ? desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, key) : desc,\n      d;\n  if (typeof Reflect === \"object\" && typeof Reflect.decorate === \"function\") r = Reflect.decorate(decorators, target, key, desc);else for (var i = decorators.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {\n    if (d = decorators[i]) r = (c < 3 ? d(r) : c > 3 ? d(target, key, r) : d(target, key)) || r;\n  }\n  return c > 3 && r && Object.defineProperty(target, key, r), r;\n}\nexport function __param(paramIndex, decorator) {\n  return function (target, key) {\n    decorator(target, key, paramIndex);\n  };\n}\nexport function __metadata(metadataKey, metadataValue) {\n  if (typeof Reflect === \"object\" && typeof Reflect.metadata === \"function\") return Reflect.metadata(metadataKey, metadataValue);\n}\nexport function __awaiter(thisArg, _arguments, P, generator) {\n  function adopt(value) {\n    return value instanceof P ? value : new P(function (resolve) {\n      resolve(value);\n    });\n  }\n\n  return new (P || (P = Promise))(function (resolve, reject) {\n    function fulfilled(value) {\n      try {\n        step(generator.next(value));\n      } catch (e) {\n        reject(e);\n      }\n    }\n\n    function rejected(value) {\n      try {\n        step(generator[\"throw\"](value));\n      } catch (e) {\n        reject(e);\n      }\n    }\n\n    function step(result) {\n      result.done ? 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op[1] : void 0,\n      done: true\n    };\n  }\n}\nexport var __createBinding = Object.create ? function (o, m, k, k2) {\n  if (k2 === undefined) k2 = k;\n  Object.defineProperty(o, k2, {\n    enumerable: true,\n    get: function get() {\n      return m[k];\n    }\n  });\n} : function (o, m, k, k2) {\n  if (k2 === undefined) k2 = k;\n  o[k2] = m[k];\n};\nexport function __exportStar(m, o) {\n  for (var p in m) {\n    if (p !== \"default\" && !Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(o, p)) __createBinding(o, m, p);\n  }\n}\nexport function __values(o) {\n  var s = typeof Symbol === \"function\" && Symbol.iterator,\n      m = s && o[s],\n      i = 0;\n  if (m) return m.call(o);\n  if (o && typeof o.length === \"number\") return {\n    next: function next() {\n      if (o && i >= o.length) o = void 0;\n      return {\n        value: o && o[i++],\n        done: !o\n      };\n    }\n  };\n  throw new TypeError(s ? \"Object is not iterable.\" : \"Symbol.iterator is not defined.\");\n}\nexport function __read(o, n) {\n  var m = typeof Symbol === \"function\" && o[Symbol.iterator];\n  if (!m) return o;\n  var i = m.call(o),\n      r,\n      ar = [],\n      e;\n\n  try {\n    while ((n === void 0 || n-- > 0) && !(r = i.next()).done) {\n      ar.push(r.value);\n    }\n  } catch (error) {\n    e = {\n      error: error\n    };\n  } finally {\n    try {\n      if (r && !r.done && (m = i[\"return\"])) m.call(i);\n    } finally {\n      if (e) throw e.error;\n    }\n  }\n\n  return ar;\n}\n/** @deprecated */\n\nexport function __spread() {\n  for (var ar = [], i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {\n    ar = ar.concat(__read(arguments[i]));\n  }\n\n  return ar;\n}\n/** @deprecated */\n\nexport function __spreadArrays() {\n  for (var s = 0, i = 0, il = arguments.length; i < il; i++) {\n    s += arguments[i].length;\n  }\n\n  for (var r = Array(s), k = 0, i = 0; i < il; i++) {\n    for (var a = arguments[i], j = 0, jl = a.length; j < jl; j++, k++) {\n      r[k] = a[j];\n    }\n  }\n\n  return r;\n}\nexport function __spreadArray(to, from) {\n  for (var i = 0, il = from.length, j = to.length; i < il; i++, j++) {\n    to[j] = from[i];\n  }\n\n  return to;\n}\nexport function __await(v) {\n  return this instanceof __await ? 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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/community/index.html b/community/index.html
index c39adad35..91e734fde 100644
--- a/community/index.html
+++ b/community/index.html
@@ -73,4 +73,4 @@
   const customFontOverride = hasLocalStorage && localStorage.getItem("force-font") || "cascadia"
   document.documentElement.classList.add('font-' + customFontOverride)
 })()
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title="Twitter page for Marten Lohstroh">Twitter</a></div></div></div><div class="callout col1"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/7195008?v=4" class="icon img-square" alt="logo of Johannes Hayeß"/><div><h5 class="community-callout-headline">Johannes Hayeß</h5><h6 class="blurb">Master&#x27;s Student at TU Dresden.</h6><div class="text">🇩🇪<!-- --><br/> <!-- --> <!-- --></div></div></div><div class="callout col1"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/6460123?v=4" class="icon img-square" alt="logo of Christian Menard"/><div><h5 class="community-callout-headline">Christian Menard</h5><h6 class="blurb">Graduate Student at TU Dresden.</h6><div class="text">🇩🇪<!-- --><br/> <!-- --><a rel="noopener" target="blank" href="https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/investigators-institutions/compiler-construction/ccc-staff/christian-menard" title="Website for Christian Menard">Website</a> <!-- --></div></div></div><div class="callout col1"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/25612037?v=4" class="icon img-square" alt="logo of Alexander Schulz-Rosengarten"/><div><h5 class="community-callout-headline">Alexander Schulz-Rosengarten</h5><h6 class="blurb">Graduate student at Kiel University.</h6><div class="text">🇩🇪<!-- --><br/> <!-- --> <!-- --></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="raised main-content-block container community"><h3 class="centered-highlight">Past Contributors</h3><div class="events"><div class="callouts"><div class="callout col1"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/4221770?v=4" class="icon img-square" alt="logo of Soroush Bateni"/><div><h5 class="community-callout-headline">Soroush Bateni</h5><h6 class="blurb">Software Engineer at Apple.</h6><div class="text">🇺🇸<!-- --><br/> <!-- --><a rel="noopener" target="blank" href="https://personal.utdallas.edu/~soroush/" title="Website for Soroush Bateni">Website</a> <!-- --></div></div></div><div class="callout col1"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/70343891?v=4" class="icon img-square" alt="logo of Matt Chorlian"/><div><h5 class="community-callout-headline">Matt Chorlian</h5><h6 class="blurb">Applied Math and CS student at UC Berkeley.</h6><div class="text">🇺🇸<!-- --><br/> <!-- --> <!-- --></div></div></div><div class="callout col1"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/44007330?v=4" class="icon img-square" alt="logo of Anirudh Rengarajan"/><div><h5 class="community-callout-headline">Anirudh Rengarajan</h5><h6 class="blurb">Software Engineer at Bloomberg.</h6><div class="text">🇺🇸<!-- --><br/> <!-- --> <!-- --></div></div></div><div class="callout col1"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/650648?v=4" class="icon img-square" alt="logo of Martin Schoeberl"/><div><h5 class="community-callout-headline">Martin Schoeberl</h5><h6 class="blurb">Professor at TU Denmark.</h6><div class="text">🇩🇰<!-- --><br/> <!-- --> <!-- --></div></div></div><div class="callout col1"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3513451?v=4" class="icon img-square" alt="logo of Matt Weber"/><div><h5 class="community-callout-headline">Matt Weber</h5><h6 class="blurb">Software Engineer at Anyscale.</h6><div class="text">🇺🇸<!-- --><br/> <!-- --> <!-- --></div></div></div><div class="callout col1"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/46389172?v=4" class="icon img-square" alt="logo of Hou Seng (Steven) Wong"/><div><h5 class="community-callout-headline">Hou Seng (Steven) Wong</h5><h6 class="blurb">Software Development Engineer at Amazon AWS.</h6><div class="text">🇺🇸<!-- --><br/> <!-- --> <!-- --></div></div></div></div></div></div></main><footer id="site-footer" role="contentinfo"><section id="customize"><article><h3>Customize</h3><label><p>Color Mode<!-- -->:<!-- --></p><div class="switch-wrap"><select name="colours"><option value="system" selected="">System<!-- --></option><option value="force-light">Always Light<!-- --></option><option value="force-dark">Always Dark<!-- --></option></select></div></label><label><p>Code Font<!-- -->:<!-- --></p><div class="switch-wrap"><select name="font"><option value="cascadia" selected="">Cascadia<!-- --></option><option value="cascadia-ligatures">Cascadia (ligatures)<!-- --></option><option value="consolas">Consolas<!-- --></option><option value="dank-mono">Dank Mono<!-- --></option><option value="fira-code">Fira Code<!-- --></option><option value="jetbrains-mono">JetBrains Mono<!-- --></option><option value="open-dyslexic">OpenDyslexic<!-- --></option><option value="sf-mono">SF Mono<!-- --></option><option value="source-code-pro">Source Code Pro<!-- --></option></select></div></label></article></section><section id="community"><article id="logos"><a href=""><img id="lf-logo" width="195" height="75" src="/static/footer_logo-6712b352b6972d49da8ef6e29aefc4ae.svg" alt="Lingua Franca Logo"/></a><p>Made with ♥ in Berkeley, Dallas, Dresden, Kiel, and Seoul</p><p>© 2019-<!-- -->2023<!-- 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+//# sourceMappingURL=component---src-templates-documentation-tsx-b5d67be0887eb73cf7b6.js.map
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/component---src-templates-documentation-tsx-41177441136cc2b1cb14.js.map b/component---src-templates-documentation-tsx-b5d67be0887eb73cf7b6.js.map
similarity index 99%
rename from component---src-templates-documentation-tsx-41177441136cc2b1cb14.js.map
rename to component---src-templates-documentation-tsx-b5d67be0887eb73cf7b6.js.map
index bd041eb6b..4e53c3713 100644
--- a/component---src-templates-documentation-tsx-41177441136cc2b1cb14.js.map
+++ b/component---src-templates-documentation-tsx-b5d67be0887eb73cf7b6.js.map
@@ -1 +1 @@
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id: \"1-methods\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/methods\",\n          oneline: \"Methods in Lingua Franca.\",\n        },\n        {\n          title: \"Causality Loops\",\n          id: \"1-causality-loops\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/causality-loops\",\n          oneline: \"Causality loops in Lingua Franca.\",\n        },\n        {\n          title: \"Extending Reactors\",\n          id: \"1-extending-reactors\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/extending-reactors\",\n          oneline: \"Extending reactors in Lingua Franca.\",\n        },\n        {\n          title: \"Actions\",\n          id: \"1-actions\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/actions\",\n          oneline: \"Actions in Lingua Franca.\",\n        },\n        {\n          title: \"Superdense Time\",\n          id: \"1-superdense-time\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/superdense-time\",\n          oneline: \"Superdense time in Lingua Franca.\",\n        },\n        {\n         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    oneline: \"Secure Federated Execution\",\n        },\n      ],\n    },\n    {\n      title: \"Embedded Platforms\",\n      oneline:\n        \"Documentation for developing Lingua Franca on Embedded Platforms.\",\n      id: \"embedded-platforms\",\n      chronological: true,\n\n      items: [\n        {\n          title: \"Arduino\",\n          id: \"4-arduino\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/arduino\",\n          oneline: \"Developing LF Programs on Arduino.\",\n        },\n        {\n          title: \"Zephyr\",\n          id: \"4-zephyr\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/zephyr\",\n          oneline: \"Developing LF Programs for Zephyr RTOS.\",\n        },\n      ],\n    },\n    {\n      title: \"Developer\",\n      oneline:\n        \"Information for developers of the Lingua Franca language and tools.\",\n      id: \"developer\",\n      chronological: true,\n\n      items: [\n        {\n          title: \"Contributing\",\n          id: \"5-contributing\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/contributing\",\n          oneline: \"Contribute to Lingua Franca.\",\n        },\n        {\n          title: \"Developer Setup\",\n          id: \"5-developer-setup\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/developer-setup\",\n          oneline: \"Setting up Lingua Franca for developers.\",\n        },\n        {\n          title: \"Developer IntelliJ Setup\",\n          id: \"5-developer-intellij-setup\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/intellij\",\n          oneline: \"Developer IntelliJ Setup.\",\n        },\n        {\n          title: \"Regression Tests\",\n          id: \"5-regression-tests\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/regression-tests\",\n          oneline: \"Regression Tests for Lingua Franca.\",\n        },\n        {\n          title: \"Running Benchmarks\",\n          id: \"5-running-benchmarks\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/running-benchmarks\",\n          oneline: \"Running Benchmarks.\",\n        },\n        {\n          title: \"Website Development\",\n          id: \"5-website-development\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/website-development\",\n          oneline: \"Development of the Lingua Franca website.\",\n        },\n      ],\n    },\n  ];\n\n  return navigations[lang];\n}\n\n/** ---INSERT-END--- */\n\nconst findInNav = (\n  item: SidebarNavItem | SidebarNavItem[],\n  fun: (item: SidebarNavItem) => boolean\n): SidebarNavItem | undefined => {\n  if (Array.isArray(item)) {\n    for (const subItem of item) {\n      const sub = findInNav(subItem, fun);\n      if (sub) return sub;\n    }\n  } else {\n    if (fun(item)) return item;\n    if (!item.items) return undefined;\n    for (const subItem of item.items) {\n      const sub = findInNav(subItem, fun);\n      if (sub) return sub;\n    }\n    return undefined;\n  }\n};\n\nexport function getNextPageID(navs: SidebarNavItem[], currentID: string) {\n  // prettier-ignore\n  const section = findInNav(navs, (i) => i && !!i.items && !!i.items.find(i => i.id === currentID)) || false\n  if (!section) return undefined;\n  if (!section.chronological) return undefined;\n  if (!section.items) return;\n\n  const currentIndex = section.items.findIndex((i) => i.id === currentID);\n  const next = section.items[currentIndex + 1];\n  if (next) {\n    if (next.items) {\n      return {\n        path: next.items[0].permalink,\n        ...section.items[currentIndex + 1],\n      };\n    } else {\n      return {\n        path: next.permalink,\n        ...section.items[currentIndex + 1],\n      };\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nexport function getPreviousPageID(navs: SidebarNavItem[], currentID: string) {\n  // prettier-ignore\n  const section = findInNav(navs, (i) => i && !!i.items && !!i.items.find(i => i.id === currentID)) || false\n\n  if (!section) return undefined;\n  if (!section.chronological) return undefined;\n  if (!section.items) return;\n\n  const currentIndex = section.items.findIndex((i) => i.id === currentID);\n  const prev = section.items[currentIndex - 1];\n\n  if (prev) {\n    return {\n      path: prev.permalink,\n      ...section.items[currentIndex - 1],\n    };\n  }\n}\n","import { KeyboardEventHandler } from \"react\"\nimport { getTagFromParents } from \"./Sidebar\"\n\nconst UpArrow = 38\nconst DownArrow = 40\n\nconst childOfType = (tag: string, element: any) => {\n  let found: HTMLElement | undefined\n  for (const e of element.children) {\n    if (e.nodeName === tag.toUpperCase()) found = e\n  }\n  return found\n}\n\n/**\n * Handles moving up and down through the navigation hierarchy\n * selecting leaf nodes and jumping up into section categories\n */\nexport const onAnchorKeyDown: KeyboardEventHandler = event => {\n  const li = getTagFromParents(\"li\", event.target as any)\n\n  // Up, and jump into section headers\n  if (event.keyCode == UpArrow) {\n    const aboveLI = li.previousElementSibling\n    const a = aboveLI && childOfType(\"a\", aboveLI)\n    const button = aboveLI && childOfType(\"button\", aboveLI)\n\n    if (a) {\n      // next link\n      a.focus()\n    } else if (aboveLI && button) {\n      // Jump to the subnav above, either at the bottom item if open or\n      // the main button otherwise\n      const open = aboveLI.classList.contains(\"open\")\n      if (open) {\n        const listOfLinks = childOfType(\"ul\", aboveLI)!\n        const lastLI = listOfLinks.lastElementChild\n        childOfType(\"a\", lastLI)!.focus()\n      } else {\n        button.focus()\n      }\n    } else {\n      // at the top\n      const sectionHostingLI = getTagFromParents(\"li\", li)\n      childOfType(\"button\", sectionHostingLI)!.focus()\n    }\n\n    event.preventDefault()\n  }\n\n  // Down, and jump into section header belows\n  if (event.keyCode === DownArrow) {\n    const belowLI = li.nextElementSibling\n    const a = belowLI && childOfType(\"a\", belowLI)\n    const button = belowLI && childOfType(\"button\", belowLI)\n\n    if (a) {\n      // next link\n      a.focus()\n    } else if (button) {\n      // potential subnav above\n      button.focus()\n    } else {\n      // at the bottom\n      const sectionHostingLI = getTagFromParents(\"li\", li)\n      const nextLI = sectionHostingLI.nextElementSibling\n      const a = nextLI && childOfType(\"a\", nextLI)\n      const button = nextLI && childOfType(\"button\", nextLI)\n\n      if (a) {\n        // next link\n        a.focus()\n      } else if (button) {\n        // potential subnav above\n        button.focus()\n      }\n    }\n\n    event.preventDefault()\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Handles moving up and down through the navigation hierarchy\n * when it's at a section category, which has different semantics\n * from the a's above\n */\nexport const onButtonKeydown: KeyboardEventHandler = event => {\n  const li = getTagFromParents(\"li\", event.target as any)\n  // Up, either go to the bottom of the a's in the section above\n  // if it's open or jump to the previous sibling button\n  if (event.keyCode == UpArrow) {\n    const aboveLI = li.previousElementSibling\n    if (!aboveLI) return // Hit the top\n\n    const a = aboveLI && childOfType(\"a\", aboveLI)\n    const button = aboveLI && childOfType(\"button\", aboveLI)\n\n    if (a) {\n      // next link\n      a.focus()\n    } else if (button) {\n      // potential subnav above\n      const open = aboveLI.classList.contains(\"open\")\n      if (open) {\n        const listOfLinks = childOfType(\"ul\", aboveLI)!\n        const lastLI = listOfLinks.lastElementChild\n        childOfType(\"a\", lastLI)!.focus()\n      } else {\n        button.focus()\n      }\n    } else {\n      // at the top\n      const sectionHostingLI = getTagFromParents(\"li\", li)\n      childOfType(\"button\", sectionHostingLI)!.focus()\n    }\n\n    event.preventDefault()\n  }\n\n  // Down, and jump into section header belows\n  if (event.keyCode == DownArrow) {\n    const open = li.classList.contains(\"open\")\n    if (open) {\n      // Need to jump to first in the section\n      const listOfLinks = childOfType(\"ul\", li)!\n      const lastLI = listOfLinks.firstElementChild\n      childOfType(\"a\", lastLI)!.focus()\n    } else {\n      const belowLI = li.nextElementSibling\n      if (belowLI) {\n        const a = belowLI && childOfType(\"a\", belowLI)\n        const button = belowLI && childOfType(\"button\", belowLI)\n\n        if (a) {\n          // next link\n          a.focus()\n        } else if (button) {\n          // potential subnav above\n          button.focus()\n        }\n      }\n    }\n    event.preventDefault()\n  }\n\n  // Right, open\n  if (event.key === \"ArrowRight\") {\n    li.classList.remove(\"closed\")\n    li.classList.add(\"open\")\n\n    event.preventDefault()\n  }\n\n  // Right, close\n  if (event.key === \"ArrowLeft\") {\n    li.classList.remove(\"open\")\n    li.classList.add(\"closed\")\n\n    event.preventDefault()\n  }\n}\n","import React, { MouseEventHandler, useEffect } from \"react\"\nimport { Link } from \"gatsby\"\n\nimport \"./Sidebar.scss\"\nimport { onAnchorKeyDown, onButtonKeydown } from \"./Sidebar-keyboard\"\nimport { SidebarNavItem } from \"../../lib/documentationNavigation\"\nimport { setInitialTargetLanguage } from \"../../lib/setInitialTargetLanguage\"\nimport { getTargetLanguage, setTargetLanguage } from \"../../lib/setTargetLanguage\"\nimport { globalHistory } from '@reach/router'\n\nexport type Props = {\n  navItems: SidebarNavItem[]\n  selectedID: string\n  openAllSectionsExceptWhatsNew?: true\n}\nconst closedChevron = <svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 9 14\" width=\"9\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path d=\"m1 13 6-6-6-6\" stroke=\"#000\" strokeWidth=\"2\" /></svg>\nconst openChevron = <svg fill=\"none\" height=\"9\" viewBox=\"0 0 14 9\" width=\"14\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path d=\"m1 1 6 6 6-6\" stroke=\"#000\" strokeWidth=\"2\" /></svg>\n\nexport const getTagFromParents = (tag: string, root: { nodeName: string, parentElement: any }) => {\n  let parent = root.parentElement\n  while (parent.nodeName !== tag.toUpperCase()) {\n    parent = parent.parentElement\n    if (parent.nodeName === \"BODY\") throw new Error(\"Could not find parent LI for toggle \")\n  }\n  return parent as HTMLElement\n}\n\nconst toggleNavigationSection: MouseEventHandler = (event) => {\n  const li = getTagFromParents(\"li\", event.target as any)\n  const isOpen = li.classList.contains(\"open\")\n  if (isOpen) {\n    li.classList.remove(\"open\")\n    li.classList.add(\"closed\")\n\n  } else {\n    li.classList.remove(\"closed\")\n    li.classList.add(\"open\")\n  }\n}\n\nexport const SidebarToggleButton = () => {\n  const toggleClick = () => {\n    const navSidebar = document.getElementById(\"sidebar\")\n    const isOpen = navSidebar?.classList.contains(\"show\")\n    if (isOpen) {\n      navSidebar?.classList.remove(\"show\")\n    } else {\n      navSidebar?.classList.add(\"show\")\n    }\n  }\n\n\n  return (\n    <button id=\"small-device-button-sidebar\" onClick={toggleClick}>\n      <svg fill=\"none\" height=\"26\" viewBox=\"0 0 26 26\" width=\"26\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><g fill=\"#fff\"><path d=\"m0 1c0-.552285.447715-1 1-1h24c.5523 0 1 .447715 1 1v3h-26z\" /><path d=\"m0 11h13 13v4h-26z\" /><path d=\"m0 22h26v3c0 .5523-.4477 1-1 1h-24c-.552284 0-1-.4477-1-1z\" /></g></svg>\n    </button>\n  )\n}\n\nexport const Sidebar = (props: Props) => {\n  useEffect(() => {\n    // Keep all of the sidebar open at launch, then use JS to close the ones after\n    // because otherwise you can't jump between sections\n    document.querySelectorAll(\".closed-at-launch\").forEach(f => {\n      f.classList.remove(\"closed-at-launch\")\n      f.classList.remove(\"open\")\n      f.classList.add(\"closed\")\n    })\n  }, [])\n\n  const RenderItem = (props: { item: SidebarNavItem, selectedID: string, openAllSectionsExceptWhatsNew?: boolean }) => {\n    const item = props.item\n    if (!item.items) {\n      // Is it the leaf in the nav?\n      const isSelected = item.id === props.selectedID\n      const aria: any = {}\n      if (isSelected) {\n        aria[\"aria-current\"] = \"page\"\n        aria.className = \"highlight\"\n      }\n\n      const href = item.permalink!\n      return <li key={item.id} {...aria}>\n        <Link to={href} onKeyDown={onAnchorKeyDown}>{item.title}</Link>\n      </li>\n    } else {\n      // Has children\n      const findSelected = (item: SidebarNavItem) => {\n        if (item.id === props.selectedID) return true\n        if (!item.items) return false\n        for (const subItem of item.items) {\n          if (findSelected(subItem)) return true\n        }\n        return false\n      }\n\n      const hostsSelected = findSelected(item)\n      const classes = [] as string[]\n\n      const forceOpen = props.openAllSectionsExceptWhatsNew && item.id !== \"whats-new\"\n      if (hostsSelected || forceOpen) {\n        classes.push(\"open\")\n        classes.push(\"highlighted\")\n      } else {\n        classes.push(\"closed\")\n      }\n\n      const opened = { \"aria-expanded\": \"true\", \"aria-label\": item.title + \" close\" }\n      const closed = { \"aria-label\": item.title + \" expand\" }\n      const aria = hostsSelected ? opened : closed\n\n      return (\n        <li className={classes.join(\" \")} key={item.id}>\n          <button {...aria} onClick={toggleNavigationSection} onKeyDown={onButtonKeydown}>\n            {item.title}\n            <span key=\"open\" className=\"open\">{openChevron}</span>\n            <span key=\"closed\" className=\"closed\">{closedChevron}</span>\n          </button>\n          <ul>\n            {item.items.map(item => <RenderItem key={item.id} item={item} openAllSectionsExceptWhatsNew={props.openAllSectionsExceptWhatsNew} selectedID={props.selectedID} />)}\n          </ul>\n        </li>\n      )\n    }\n  }\n\n  const TargetLanguageLink = (props: {target: string, children: string}) => {\n    return <li\n      className={getTargetLanguage() === props.target ? \"highlight\" : \"\"}\n      id={`lf-target-button-${props.target}`}\n    >\n      <a onClick={() => setTargetLanguage(props.target)}>\n        {props.children}\n      </a>\n    </li>\n  }\n\n  const CurrentTarget = (props: {target: string, children: string}) => {\n    const id = `lf-current-target-${props.target}`\n    const ret = <div\n      id={id}\n      className={`language-lf-${props.target} current-target`}\n      style={{display: \"none\"}}\n    >\n      {props.children}\n    </div>\n    return ret;\n  }\n\n  function toggleOpen() {\n    const selector = document.getElementById(\"targetChooser\");\n    if (selector === null) return;\n    selector.className = selector.className === \"open\" ? \"closed\" : \"open\";\n  }\n\n  /* Target language chooser */\n  const RenderTargetChooser = () => {\n    return (\n      <li id=\"targetChooser\" className=\"closed\" onClick={toggleOpen}>\n        <button id=\"targetSelector\">\n        Target<CurrentTarget target=\"c\">&#58; C</CurrentTarget>\n          <CurrentTarget target=\"cpp\">&#58; C++</CurrentTarget>\n          <CurrentTarget target=\"py\">&#58; Python</CurrentTarget>\n          <CurrentTarget target=\"rs\">&#58; Rust</CurrentTarget>\n          <CurrentTarget target=\"ts\">&#58; TypeScript</CurrentTarget>\n          <span className=\"open\">\n            <svg fill=\"none\" height=\"9\" viewBox=\"0 0 14 9\" width=\"14\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\">\n              <path d=\"m1 1 6 6 6-6\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-width=\"2\"></path>\n            </svg>\n          </span>\n          <span className=\"closed\">\n            <svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 9 14\" width=\"9\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\">\n              <path d=\"m1 13 6-6-6-6\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-width=\"2\"></path>\n            </svg>\n          </span>\n        </button>\n        <ul>\n          <TargetLanguageLink target=\"c\">C</TargetLanguageLink>\n          <TargetLanguageLink target=\"cpp\">C++</TargetLanguageLink>\n          <TargetLanguageLink target=\"py\">Python</TargetLanguageLink>\n          <TargetLanguageLink target=\"ts\">TypeScript</TargetLanguageLink>\n          <TargetLanguageLink target=\"rs\">Rust</TargetLanguageLink>\n        </ul>\n      </li>\n    )\n  }\n\n  return (\n    <nav id=\"sidebar\">\n      <ul>\n        <RenderTargetChooser/>\n        {props.navItems.map(item => <RenderItem key={item.id} item={item} openAllSectionsExceptWhatsNew={props.openAllSectionsExceptWhatsNew} selectedID={props.selectedID} />)}\n      </ul>\n    </nav>\n  )\n}\n","import * as React from \"react\"\nimport { Link } from \"gatsby\"\n\ninterface NextPrevProps {\n  prev: { childMarkdownRemark: { frontmatter: { title: string, oneline: string, permalink: string } } } | undefined\n  next: { childMarkdownRemark: { frontmatter: { title: string, oneline: string, permalink: string } } } | undefined,\n  i: (string) => string,\n  IntlLink: typeof Link\n}\n\nconst Row = (props: { children: any, className?: string }) => <div className={[props.className, \"row\"].join(\" \")}>{props.children}</div>\n\n\nexport const NextPrev = (props: NextPrevProps) => {\n  if (!props.prev && !props.next) return null\n  const prev = props.prev && props.prev.childMarkdownRemark?.frontmatter\n  const next = props.next && props.next.childMarkdownRemark?.frontmatter\n\n  return (\n    <div className=\"whitespace-tight raised\">\n      <Row className=\"justify-between\">\n        {!prev ? <EmptyLink /> : <LinkSection i={props.i} data={prev} InltLink={props.IntlLink} type=\"prev\" />}\n        <div className=\"hide-small vertical-line\" />\n        {!next ? <EmptyLink /> : <LinkSection i={props.i} data={next} InltLink={props.IntlLink} type=\"next\" />}\n      </Row>\n    </div >\n  )\n}\n\nconst EmptyLink = () => <div className=\"prev-next\"></div>\n\ninterface Section {\n  data: { title: string, oneline: string, permalink: string }\n  i: (string) => string,\n  InltLink: typeof Link\n  type: string\n}\n\nconst LinkSection = (props: Section) =>\n  <Link className=\"navigation-link\" rel=\"prev\" to={props.data.permalink}>\n    <Row className={\"prev-next \" + props.type}>\n      <div className=\"arrow\">\n        <svg width=\"11\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 11 14\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\">\n          <path d=\"M10.5 0V14L0 7.5L10.5 0Z\" fill=\"var(--link-color)\" />\n        </svg>\n      </div>\n\n      <div className=\"nav-content\">\n        <header>{props.i(\"handb_\" + props.type)}</header>\n        <h3>{props.data.title}</h3>\n        <p>{props.data.oneline}</p>\n      </div>\n    </Row>\n  </Link >\n","import React, { useEffect } from \"react\";\nimport attribution from \"../../../../documentation/output/attribution.json\";\n\ninterface ContributorsProps {\n  i: (string) => string;\n  path: string;\n  lastEdited: string;\n  lang: string;\n}\n\nconst Row = (props: { children: any; className?: string }) =>\n  <div className={[\"row\", props.className].join(\" \")}>{props.children}</div>;\n\nconst Section = (props: { children: any; className?: string; sKey: string }) =>\n  <div key={props.sKey} className=\"bottom-section-content\">\n    {props.children}\n  </div>;\n\nexport const Contributors = (props: ContributorsProps) => {\n  const attrPath = props.path.replace(\"/packages/documentation/\", \"\");\n  const page = attribution[attrPath];\n\n  const reposRootURL =\n    \"https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca\";\n  const repoPageURL = reposRootURL + \"/tree/main\" + props.path;\n\n  const d = new Date(props.lastEdited);\n  const dtf = new Intl.DateTimeFormat(\n    props.lang,\n    { year: \"numeric\", month: \"short\", day: \"2-digit\" },\n  );\n  const lastEdited = dtf.format(d);\n\n  useEffect(() => {\n    // @ts-ignore\n    const perf = window.performance || window.mozPerformance ||\n      // @ts-ignore\n      window.msPerformance || window.webkitPerformance || {};\n    const t = perf.timing;\n    if (!t) return;\n\n    const pageLoadIndicator = document.querySelector(\"#page-loaded-time\");\n    if (pageLoadIndicator?.innerHTML.includes(\"This page\")) return;\n\n    const start = t.navigationStart;\n    const end = t.domInteractive;\n    const loadTime = (end - start) / 1000;\n\n    // No idea how this is happening, likely from React re-rendering\n    if (loadTime < 0) return;\n\n    if (pageLoadIndicator) {\n      pageLoadIndicator.innerHTML = \"This page loaded in \" + loadTime +\n        \" seconds.</p>\";\n    }\n  }, []);\n\n  return (\n    <div className=\"whitespace-tight raised\" style={{ padding: 0 }}>\n      <Row className=\"justify-between small-columns\">\n        <Section sKey=\"pr\">\n          <p>\n            Lingua Franca is an open source project. Help us improve\n            these pages <a href={repoPageURL}>by sending a Pull Request</a> ❤\n          </p>\n        </Section>\n        <div\n          key=\"line1\"\n          className=\"hide-small vertical-line\"\n          style={{ marginTop: \"1.5rem\" }}\n        />\n        <Section sKey=\"contribs\">\n          Contributors to this page:<br />\n          <Avatars data={page} />\n        </Section>\n        <div\n          key=\"line2\"\n          className=\"hide-small vertical-line\"\n          style={{ marginTop: \"1.5rem\" }}\n        />\n        <Section sKey=\"updated\">\n          <p>\n            {`Last updated: ${lastEdited}`}\n            <br />\n            <br />\n            <span id=\"page-loaded-time\">&nbsp;</span>\n          </p>\n        </Section>\n      </Row>\n    </div>\n  );\n};\n\nconst Avatars = (\n  props: {\n    data: typeof attribution[\"copy/en/topics/Contributing.md\"];\n  },\n) => {\n  const showRest = props.data && props.data.total > props.data.top.length;\n  return <div>\n    {props.data && props.data.top.map((t) => {\n      const grav = t.gravatar.startsWith(\"http\") ? t.gravatar : `https://gravatar.com/avatar/${t.gravatar}?s=32&&d=blank`;\n      const alt = `${t.name}  (${t.count})`;\n      const chars = t.name.split(\" \").map((dp) => dp.substr(0, 1)).join(\"\")\n        .toUpperCase();\n      return <div key={t.gravatar} className=\"circle-bg\">\n        {chars}\n        <img id={t.gravatar} src={grav} alt={alt} />\n      </div>;\n    })}\n    {showRest &&\n      <div className=\"circle-bg\">\n        {props.data.total - props.data.top.length}+\n      </div>}\n  </div>;\n};\n","export const overrideSubNavLinksWithSmoothScroll = () => {\n  // Overrides the anchor behavior to smooth scroll instead\n  // Came from https://css-tricks.com/sticky-smooth-active-nav/\n  const subnavLinks = document.querySelectorAll<HTMLAnchorElement>(\n    \"#handbook-content nav ul li a\"\n  )\n  subnavLinks.forEach(link => {\n    link.addEventListener(\"click\", event => {\n      event.preventDefault()\n\n      let target = document.querySelector(\n        decodeURIComponent(event.target![\"hash\"])\n      )\n      target!.scrollIntoView({ behavior: \"smooth\", block: \"start\" })\n      document.location.hash = event.target![\"hash\"]\n    })\n  })\n}\n\n// Sets the current selection\nexport const updateSidebarOnScroll = () => {\n  const subnavLinks = document.querySelectorAll<HTMLAnchorElement>(\n    \"#handbook-content nav ul li a\"\n  )\n\n  const fromTop = window.scrollY\n  let currentPossibleAnchor: HTMLAnchorElement | undefined\n  const offset = 100\n\n  // Scroll down to find the highest anchor on the screen\n  subnavLinks.forEach(link => {\n    try {\n      const section = document.querySelector<HTMLDivElement>(\n        decodeURIComponent(link.hash)\n      )\n      if (!section) {\n        return\n      }\n      const isBelow = section.offsetTop - offset <= fromTop\n      if (isBelow) currentPossibleAnchor = link\n    } catch (error) {\n      return\n    }\n  })\n\n  // Then set the active tag\n  subnavLinks.forEach(link => {\n    if (link === currentPossibleAnchor) {\n      link.classList.add(\"current\")\n    } else {\n      link.classList.remove(\"current\")\n    }\n  })\n}\n","import React from \"react\"\n\n// Taken from https://github.com/microsoft/fluentui-system-icons\n// They don't have a web pipeline, so I just C&P'd directly\n// It's licensed MIT\n// https://github.com/microsoft/fluentui-system-icons/blob/master/LICENSE\n\nexport const LikeFilledSVG = () => <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\">\n  <path d=\"M12.4829 1.70386C11.6841 0.866733 10.3913 1.317 10.052 2.2943C9.77205 3.10056 9.4084 4.06607 9.05406 4.77696C7.99442 6.90288 7.37583 8.11247 5.66974 9.62598C5.44337 9.8268 5.15163 9.98862 4.82905 10.1161C3.69991 10.5625 2.63809 11.7322 2.91581 13.1208L3.26885 14.886C3.45455 15.8145 4.14894 16.5585 5.06251 16.8076L10.6622 18.3348C13.2078 19.0291 15.8017 17.3943 16.2737 14.7984L16.9576 11.0367C17.2924 9.19515 15.8777 7.50001 14.006 7.50001H13.1225L13.1328 7.44778C13.2129 7.0396 13.3093 6.47747 13.3738 5.86485C13.438 5.25459 13.4721 4.58046 13.4218 3.95233C13.3725 3.33596 13.2379 2.70317 12.9176 2.22266C12.8081 2.05844 12.6455 1.87428 12.4829 1.70386Z\"  />\n</svg>\n\nexport const LikeUnfilledSVG = () => <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\">\n  <path d=\"M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 16.9576 11.0367L16.2737 14.7984C15.8017 17.3943 13.2078 19.0291 10.6622 18.3348L5.06251 16.8076C4.14894 16.5585 3.45455 15.8145 3.26885 14.886L2.91581 13.1208C2.63809 11.7322 3.69991 10.5624 4.82905 10.1161C5.15163 9.98861 5.44337 9.82679 5.66974 9.62597C7.37583 8.11245 7.99442 6.90287 9.05406 4.77695C9.4084 4.06605 9.77205 3.10054 10.052 2.29429ZM12.0165 7.87862L12.0169 7.87707L12.0187 7.86973L12.0262 7.83863C12.0328 7.81079 12.0426 7.76903 12.0549 7.71494C12.0793 7.60669 12.1135 7.4493 12.1515 7.25536C12.2277 6.86666 12.3188 6.33504 12.3793 5.76016C12.4401 5.18293 12.4685 4.5758 12.425 4.03206C12.3806 3.47655 12.2652 3.04684 12.0855 2.77735C12.0264 2.6887 11.9138 2.55604 11.7594 2.39421C11.5605 2.18576 11.1314 2.23428 10.9967 2.62228C10.7141 3.43609 10.3334 4.45194 9.94904 5.22305C8.88216 7.36349 8.19326 8.72408 6.33336 10.374C5.99304 10.6759 5.58878 10.8911 5.19665 11.0461C4.31631 11.3941 3.75035 12.1945 3.89639 12.9247L4.24943 14.6899C4.36085 15.247 4.77748 15.6934 5.32562 15.8428L10.9254 17.3701C12.9052 17.91 14.9227 16.6385 15.2898 14.6195L15.9738 10.8578C16.197 9.63009 15.2538 8.5 14.006 8.5H12.5015C12.3476 8.5 12.2022 8.42906 12.1074 8.30771C12.0127 8.18638 11.9792 8.02796 12.0165 7.87862C12.0165 7.87858 12.0165 7.87866 12.0165 7.87862Z\"  />\n</svg>\n\nexport const DislikeFilledSVG = () => <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\">\n  <path d=\"M12.4829 18.2961C11.6841 19.1333 10.3913 18.683 10.052 17.7057C9.77205 16.8994 9.4084 15.9339 9.05406 15.223C7.99442 13.0971 7.37583 11.8875 5.66974 10.374C5.44337 10.1732 5.15163 10.0114 4.82905 9.88387C3.69991 9.43755 2.63809 8.26778 2.91581 6.87917L3.26885 5.114C3.45455 4.18545 4.14894 3.44153 5.06251 3.19238L10.6622 1.66517C13.2078 0.970938 15.8017 2.60568 16.2737 5.20163L16.9576 8.96333C17.2924 10.8048 15.8777 12.5 14.006 12.5H13.1225L13.1328 12.5522C13.2129 12.9604 13.3093 13.5225 13.3738 14.1351C13.438 14.7454 13.4721 15.4195 13.4218 16.0477C13.3725 16.664 13.2379 17.2968 12.9176 17.7773C12.8081 17.9416 12.6455 18.1257 12.4829 18.2961Z\"  />\n</svg>\n\nexport const DislikeUnfilledSVG = () => <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\">\n  <path d=\"M10.052 17.7057C10.3913 18.683 11.6841 19.1333 12.4829 18.2962C12.6455 18.1257 12.8081 17.9416 12.9176 17.7773C13.2379 17.2968 13.3725 16.664 13.4218 16.0477C13.4721 15.4195 13.438 14.7454 13.3738 14.1352C13.3093 13.5225 13.2129 12.9604 13.1328 12.5522C13.1294 12.5345 13.1259 12.5171 13.1225 12.5H14.006C15.8777 12.5 17.2924 10.8049 16.9576 8.96334L16.2737 5.20164C15.8017 2.60569 13.2078 0.970948 10.6622 1.66518L5.06251 3.19238C4.14894 3.44154 3.45455 4.18546 3.26885 5.11401L2.91581 6.87918C2.63809 8.26779 3.69991 9.43756 4.82905 9.88388C5.15163 10.0114 5.44337 10.1732 5.66974 10.374C7.37583 11.8875 7.99442 13.0971 9.05406 15.223C9.4084 15.9339 9.77205 16.8995 10.052 17.7057ZM12.0165 12.1214L12.0169 12.1229L12.0187 12.1303L12.0262 12.1614C12.0328 12.1892 12.0426 12.231 12.0549 12.2851C12.0793 12.3933 12.1135 12.5507 12.1515 12.7446C12.2277 13.1333 12.3188 13.665 12.3793 14.2398C12.4401 14.8171 12.4685 15.4242 12.425 15.9679C12.3806 16.5234 12.2652 16.9532 12.0855 17.2226C12.0264 17.3113 11.9138 17.444 11.7594 17.6058C11.5605 17.8142 11.1314 17.7657 10.9967 17.3777C10.7141 16.5639 10.3334 15.5481 9.94904 14.777C8.88216 12.6365 8.19326 11.2759 6.33336 9.62597C5.99304 9.32406 5.58878 9.1089 5.19665 8.9539C4.31631 8.60592 3.75035 7.80549 3.89639 7.0753L4.24943 5.31012C4.36085 4.753 4.77748 4.30664 5.32562 4.15715L10.9254 2.62995C12.9052 2.08999 14.9227 3.36145 15.2898 5.38052L15.9738 9.14222C16.197 10.3699 15.2538 11.5 14.006 11.5H12.5015C12.3476 11.5 12.2022 11.5709 12.1074 11.6923C12.0127 11.8136 11.9792 11.972 12.0165 12.1214C12.0165 12.1214 12.0165 12.1213 12.0165 12.1214Z\"  />\n</svg>\n\n","import React, { useEffect, useState } from \"react\"\n\nexport interface PopupProps {\n\tshow: boolean\n\thtml?: string\n\turl?: string\n\t// These are absolute to the page\n\tposition?: {left: number, top: number} | null\n}\n\nexport const Popup = (props: PopupProps) => (\n\t<div id=\"quickTipPopup\" className=\"inline-popup popup-fade-in\" style={{left: props.position?.left, top: props.position?.top, opacity: props.show ? 100 : 0}}>\n\t\t<div className=\"inline-popup-container\">\n\t\t\t<a className=\"inline-popup-extract\" href={props.url}>\n\t\t\t\t<div dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{__html: props.html as string}}/>\t\t\n\t\t\t</a>\t\n\t\t</div>\n\t</div>\n)\n\n\nexport const useQuickInfoPopup = (lang: string) => {\n\tconst [showPopup, setShowPopup] = useState<PopupProps>({ show: false });\n\n  // Add event listeners for individual links and the popup itself on pageload\n  useEffect(() => {\n    const aTags = document.getElementsByTagName(\"a\")\n    const links: HTMLAnchorElement[] = []\n\n    for (let i = 0; i < aTags.length; i++) {\n      const href = aTags[i].getAttribute(\"href\") || \"\";\n      if (/\\/tsconfig\\/?#\\w+$/.test(href)) {\n        aTags[i].addEventListener(\"mouseenter\", handleLinkMouseEnter)\n        aTags[i].addEventListener(\"mouseleave\", handleLinkMouseLeave)\n        links.push(aTags[i])\n      }\n    }\n\n    const popupEl = document.getElementById(\"quickTipPopup\")\n    popupEl?.addEventListener(\"mouseenter\", handlePopupMouseEnter)\n    popupEl?.addEventListener(\"mouseleave\", handlePopupMouseLeave)\n\n    // don't forget to clear them on leave\n     return () => {\n      for (const el of links) {\n        el.removeEventListener(\"mouseenter\", handleLinkMouseEnter)\n        el.removeEventListener(\"mouseleave\", handleLinkMouseLeave)\n      }\n\n      popupEl?.removeEventListener(\"mouseenter\", handlePopupMouseEnter)\n      popupEl?.removeEventListener(\"mouseleave\", handlePopupMouseLeave)\n     }\n  }, [])\n\n  // Keep track of how long user is hovering\n  // or how long they have left the link.\n  var enterTimeoutId, leaveTimeoutId\n  function handleLinkMouseEnter(e) {\n    clearTimeout(leaveTimeoutId); \n    const target = e.target as HTMLElement\n    const url = target.getAttribute(\"href\") || \"\";\n\tconst rect = target.getBoundingClientRect()\n\n\tenterTimeoutId = setTimeout((args) => {\n      setShowPopup(prevProps => {\n      \treturn { ...prevProps, show: true, url: args[0], position: args[1] } })\n    }, 500, [url, { left: rect.x, top: rect.bottom + window.scrollY }])\n  }\n\n  function handleLinkMouseLeave(e) {\n    clearTimeout(enterTimeoutId)\n    leaveTimeoutId = setTimeout(() => {\n      setShowPopup({\n        show: false,\n        html: \"\",\n        url: \"\",\n        position: null,\n      })\n    }, 300);\n  }\n\n  // Fetch content from the JSON based on url and set inner HTML\n  useEffect(() => {\n    async function fetchHTML() {\n\t  if (!showPopup.url) return\n\n      const response = await fetch(`/js/json/${lang}-tsconfig-popup.json`);\n      const json = await response.json();\n      const url = showPopup.url\n      const configType = url.substr(url.indexOf(\"#\") + 1)\n\t    const html =  `<h5>TSConfig Reference: <code>${configType}</code></h5>${json[configType]}`\n\n      setShowPopup(prevProps => ({ ...prevProps, html }))\n    }\n    if (showPopup.show) fetchHTML();\n\n  }, [showPopup.show, showPopup.url, showPopup.html])\n\n  // In order to keep the popups when user leaves link\n  // but still hovers over the popup itself\n  function handlePopupMouseEnter(e) {\n    clearTimeout(leaveTimeoutId)\n  }\n\n  function handlePopupMouseLeave(e) {\n    clearTimeout(enterTimeoutId)\n    leaveTimeoutId = setTimeout(() => {\n    setShowPopup({\n        show: false,\n        html: \"\",\n        url: \"\",\n        position: null,\n      })\n    }, 300);\n  }\n\n  return showPopup\n}","import React, { useEffect, useState } from \"react\"\nimport { graphql } from \"gatsby\"\nimport { Layout } from \"../components/layout\"\nimport { Sidebar, SidebarToggleButton } from \"../components/layout/Sidebar\"\nimport { getDocumentationNavForLanguage } from \"../lib/documentationNavigation\"\nimport { Intl } from \"../components/Intl\"\nimport * as lf from \"../../../documentation/scripts/linguaFrancaUtils\";\n\n// This dependency is used in gatsby-remark-autolink-headers to generate the slugs\nimport slugger from \"github-slugger\"\n\nimport \"./documentation.scss\"\nimport \"./markdown.scss\"\n\nimport { NextPrev } from \"../components/handbook/NextPrev\"\nimport { createInternational } from \"../lib/createInternational\"\nimport { useIntl } from \"react-intl\"\nimport { createIntlLink } from \"../components/IntlLink\"\nimport { handbookCopy } from \"../copy/en/handbook\"\nimport { Contributors } from \"../components/handbook/Contributors\"\nimport { overrideSubNavLinksWithSmoothScroll, updateSidebarOnScroll } from \"./scripts/setupSubNavigationSidebar\"\nimport { setupLikeDislikeButtons } from \"./scripts/setupLikeDislikeButtons\"\nimport { DislikeUnfilledSVG, LikeUnfilledSVG } from \"../components/svgs/documentation\"\nimport { Popup, useQuickInfoPopup } from \"../components/Popup\"\nimport Helmet from \"react-helmet\"\nimport { setInitialTargetLanguage } from \"../lib/setInitialTargetLanguage\"\n\ntype Props = {\n  pageContext: {\n    // This is only set up if it's in the handbook nav\n    id: string | undefined\n    nextID: string\n    previousID: string\n    repoPath: string\n    slug: string\n    lang: string\n    modifiedTime: string\n  }\n  data: GatsbyTypes.GetDocumentBySlugQuery\n  path: string\n}\n\nconst HandbookTemplate: React.FC<Props> = (props) => {\n  const post = props.data.markdownRemark\n  if (!post) {\n    console.log(\"Could not render:\", JSON.stringify(props))\n    return <div></div>\n  }\n\n  // Note: This can, and does, change triggering re-renders\n  const showPopup = useQuickInfoPopup(props.pageContext.lang)\n\n  const [deprecationURL, setDeprecationURL] = useState(post.frontmatter!.deprecated_by)\n\n  const i = createInternational<typeof handbookCopy>(useIntl())\n  const IntlLink = createIntlLink(props.pageContext.lang)\n\n  useEffect(() => {\n    if (document.location.hash) {\n      const redirects = post.frontmatter?.deprecation_redirects || []\n      const indexOfHash = redirects.indexOf(document.location.hash.slice(1))\n      if (indexOfHash !== -1) {\n        setDeprecationURL(redirects[indexOfHash + 1])\n      }\n    }\n\n    overrideSubNavLinksWithSmoothScroll()\n\n    // Handles setting the scroll \n    window.addEventListener(\"scroll\", updateSidebarOnScroll, { passive: true, capture: true });\n    // Sets current selection\n    updateSidebarOnScroll()\n\n    setupLikeDislikeButtons(props.pageContext.slug, i)\n\n    return () => {\n      window.removeEventListener(\"scroll\", updateSidebarOnScroll)\n    }\n  }, [])\n\n\n  if (!post.frontmatter) throw new Error(`No front-matter found for the file with props: ${props}`)\n  if (!post.html) throw new Error(`No html found for the file with props: ${props}`)\n\n  const selectedID = props.pageContext.id || \"NO-ID\"\n  const sidebarHeaders = post.headings?.filter(h => (h?.depth || 0) <= 2) || []\n  const showSidebar = !post.frontmatter.disable_toc\n  const showExperimental = post.frontmatter.experimental\n  const showSidebarHeadings = post.headings && sidebarHeaders.length <= 30 && sidebarHeaders.length > 0\n  const navigation = getDocumentationNavForLanguage(props.pageContext.lang)\n  const isHandbook = post.frontmatter.handbook\n  const prefix = isHandbook ? \"Handbook\" : \"Documentation\"\n\n  const slug = slugger()\n  return (\n    <Layout title={`${prefix} - ${post.frontmatter.title}`} description={post.frontmatter.oneline || \"\"} lang={props.pageContext.lang}>\n      <section id=\"doc-layout\">\n        <SidebarToggleButton />\n\n        <div className=\"page-popup\" id=\"page-helpful-popup\" style={{ opacity: 0 }}>\n          <p>Was this page helpful?</p>\n          <div>\n            <button className=\"first\" id=\"like-button-popup\" title=\"Like this page\"><LikeUnfilledSVG /></button>\n            <button id=\"dislike-button-popup\" title=\"Dislike this page\"><DislikeUnfilledSVG /></button>\n          </div>\n        </div>\n\n        <noscript>\n          {/* Open by default so that folks without JS get a fully open sidebar */}\n          <style dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{\n            __html: `\n          nav#sidebar > ul > li.closed ul {\n            display: block !important;\n           }\n        ` }} />\n        </noscript>\n\n        <Sidebar navItems={navigation} selectedID={selectedID} />\n        <div id=\"handbook-content\" role=\"article\">\n          {deprecationURL &&\n            <>\n              <Helmet>\n                <link rel=\"canonical\" href={`https://www.lf-lang.org${post.frontmatter.deprecated_by}`} />\n              </Helmet>\n              <div id=\"deprecated-header\">\n                <div id=\"deprecated-content\">\n                  <div id=\"deprecated-icon\">\n                    <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"7.5\" stroke=\"black\" /><path d=\"M8 3V9\" stroke=\"black\" /><path d=\"M8 11L8 13\" stroke=\"black\" /></svg>\n                  </div>\n                  <div>\n                    <h3>{i(\"handb_deprecated_title\")}</h3>\n                    <p>{i(\"handb_deprecated_subtitle\")}<IntlLink className=\"deprecation-redirect-link\" to={deprecationURL}>{i(\"handb_deprecated_subtitle_link\")}</IntlLink></p>\n                  </div>\n                </div>\n                <div id=\"deprecated-action\">\n                  <IntlLink className=\"deprecation-redirect-link\" to={deprecationURL}>{i(\"handb_deprecated_subtitle_action\")}</IntlLink>\n                </div>\n              </div>\n            </>\n          }\n\n          {showExperimental && \n           <div id=\"deprecated-header\">\n                <div id=\"deprecated-content\">\n                  <div id=\"deprecated-icon\">\n                    <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"7.5\" stroke=\"black\" /><path d=\"M8 3V9\" stroke=\"black\" /><path d=\"M8 11L8 13\" stroke=\"black\" /></svg>\n                  </div>\n                  <div>\n                    <h3>{i(\"handb_experimental_title\")}</h3>\n                    <p>{i(\"handb_experimental_subtitle\")}</p>\n                  </div>\n                </div>\n            </div>\n          }\n\n          <h2>{post.frontmatter.title}</h2>\n          {post.frontmatter.preamble && <div className=\"preamble\" dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: post.frontmatter.preamble }} />}\n          <article>\n            <div className=\"whitespace raised\">\n              <div className=\"markdown\" dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: lf.postProcessHTML(post.html)}} />\n            </div>\n            {showSidebar &&\n              <aside className=\"handbook-toc\">\n                <nav className={deprecationURL ? \"deprecated\" : \"\"}>\n                  {showSidebarHeadings && <>\n                    <h5>{i(\"handb_on_this_page\")}</h5>\n                    <ul>\n                      {\n                        sidebarHeaders.map(heading => {\n                          const id = slug.slug(heading!.value, false)\n                          return <li key={id}><a href={'#' + id}>{heading!.value}</a></li>\n                        })\n                      }\n                    </ul>\n                  </>\n                  }\n                  <div id=\"like-dislike-subnav\">\n                    <h5>{i(\"handb_like_dislike_title\")}</h5>\n                    <div>\n                      <button title=\"Like this page\" id=\"like-button\"><LikeUnfilledSVG /> {i(\"handb_like_desc\")}</button>\n                      <button title=\"Dislike this page\" id=\"dislike-button\"><DislikeUnfilledSVG /> {i(\"handb_dislike_desc\")}</button>\n                    </div>\n                  </div>\n\n                </nav>\n              </aside>\n            }\n          </article>\n\n          <NextPrev next={props.data.next as any} prev={props.data.prev as any} i={i} IntlLink={IntlLink as any} />\n          <Contributors lang={props.pageContext.lang} i={i} path={props.pageContext.repoPath} lastEdited={props.pageContext.modifiedTime} />\n        </div>\n      </section>\n    <Popup {...showPopup}/>\n    </Layout>\n  )\n}\n\nexport default (props: Props) => <Intl locale={props.pageContext.lang}><HandbookTemplate {...props} /></Intl>\n\nexport const pageQuery = graphql`\n  query GetDocumentBySlug($slug: String!, $previousID: String, $nextID: String) {    \n    markdownRemark(frontmatter: { permalink: {eq: $slug}}) {\n      id\n      excerpt(pruneLength: 160)\n      html\n      headings {\n        value\n        depth\n      }\n      frontmatter {\n        permalink\n        title\n        oneline\n        preamble\n      }\n    }\n\n    prev: file(id: { eq: $previousID } ) {\n      childMarkdownRemark  {\n        frontmatter {\n          title\n          oneline\n          permalink\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    next: file(id: { eq: $nextID } ) {\n      childMarkdownRemark  {\n        frontmatter {\n          title\n          oneline\n          permalink\n        }\n      }\n    }\n  }\n`\n","export const setupLikeDislikeButtons = (slug: string, i: any) => {\n  const likeButton = document.getElementById(\"like-button\")!\n  const dislikeButton = document.getElementById(\"dislike-button\")!\n  if (!likeButton || !dislikeButton) return\n\n  const clicked = (eventName: string) => () => {\n    // @ts-ignore\n    window.appInsights &&\n      // @ts-ignore\n      window.appInsights.trackEvent({\n        name: eventName,\n        properties: { slug: slug, ab: \"b\" },\n      })\n\n    const newContent: string = i(\"handb_thanks\")\n\n    const textSectionNav = document.getElementById(\"like-dislike-subnav\")!\n    const popoverPopup = document.getElementById(\"page-helpful-popup\")!\n\n    textSectionNav.innerHTML = `<h5>${newContent}</h5>`\n    popoverPopup.innerHTML = `<p>${newContent}</p>`\n  }\n\n  likeButton.onclick = clicked(\"Liked Page\")\n  dislikeButton.onclick = clicked(\"Disliked Page\")\n\n  const likeButtonPopup = document.getElementById(\"like-button-popup\")!\n  const dislikeButtonPopup = document.getElementById(\"dislike-button-popup\")!\n  likeButtonPopup.onclick = clicked(\"Liked Page\")\n  dislikeButtonPopup.onclick = clicked(\"Disliked Page\")\n\n  // Handles showing the \"is this page helpful\" when you've hit the end\n  window.addEventListener(\n    \"scroll\",\n    () => {\n      const body = document.body,\n        html = document.documentElement\n\n      const height = Math.max(\n        body.scrollHeight,\n        body.offsetHeight,\n        html.clientHeight,\n        html.scrollHeight,\n        html.offsetHeight\n      )\n\n      const y = Math.max(window.pageYOffset) + window.innerHeight\n      const footerH = document.getElementById(\"site-footer\")!.clientHeight\n      const bottomOfWindow = y > height - footerH + 150\n\n      const popup = document.getElementById(\"page-helpful-popup\")\n      const nav = document.getElementById(\"like-dislike-subnav\")\n      if (!popup) return\n      if (!nav) return\n\n      const popupOpacity = bottomOfWindow ? \"1\" : \"0\"\n      if (popup.style.opacity != popupOpacity) {\n        // popup.style.display = bottomOfWindow ? \"block\" : \"none\"\n        popup.style.opacity = popupOpacity\n      }\n\n      const navOpacity = bottomOfWindow ? \"0\" : \"1\"\n      if (nav.style.opacity != navOpacity) {\n        nav.style.opacity = navOpacity\n      }\n    },\n    { passive: true, capture: true }\n  )\n}\n","/**\n * This file contains Lingua Franca definitions and utility functions used in generating\n * documentation pages by the gatsby infrastructure.\n * \n * @author Edward A. Lee\n */\n\n/******** Constants defining policies and language features. */\n\n/** Lingua Franca keywords in alphabetical order. */\nconst keywords = [\n  \"action\", \"after\", \"as\", \"at\",\n  \"const\", \n  \"deadline\",\n  \"extends\",\n  \"federated\", \"from\", \n  \"import\", \"initial\", \"input\", \"interleaved\", \n  \"logical\", \n  \"main\", \"method\", \"mode\", \"msec\", \"msecs\", \"mutable\", \"mutation\", \n  \"new\", \n  \"output\", \n  \"physical\", \"preamble\", \"private\", \"public\",\n  \"reaction\", \"reactor\", \"realtime\", \"reset\",\n  \"sec\", \"secs\", \"shutdown\", \"startup\", \"state\",\n  \"target\", \"timer\", \"time\", \n  \"usec\", \"usecs\", \n  \"widthof\",\n]\n\n/** \n * Preprocessor functions that may be included markdown files.\n * These will be removed from the HTML by postProcessHTML().\n */\nconst functions = [ \"start\", \"end\" ];\n\n/** Dictionary of features with a list of targets that support the feature. */\nconst supportingTargets = {\n  \"federated\": [\"lf-c\", \"lf-py\", \"lf-ts\"],\n}\n\n/** Text used on multiple web pages. */\n\nconst textSubstitutions = {\n  \"target-language\" : `[C]{lf-c}[Cpp]{lf-cpp}[Python]{lf-py}[TypeScript]{lf-ts}[Rust]{lf-rs}`,\n  \"page-showing-target\" : `\n<span class=\"not-in-pdf\">This page is showing examples in the target language [C]{lf-c}[C++]{lf-cpp}[Python]{lf-py}[TypeScript]{lf-ts}[Rust]{lf-rs}.\nYou can change the target language in the left sidebar.</span>`,\n}\n\n/******** Regex patterns. */\n\n/** Regular expression that matches LF keywords that are whole words. */\nconst keywordMatcher = new RegExp('\\\\b(?:' + keywords.join('|') + ')\\\\b');\n// NOTE: The ?: means that the pattern is not captured, even though it is parentheses.\n\n/** Regular expression that matches LF keywords surrounded by a delimitter $. */\nconst delimitedKeywordMatcher = new RegExp('\\\\$(' + keywords.join('|') + ')\\\\$', 'gm');\n\n/**\n * Regular expression that matches preprocessor functions surrounded by a delimitter $.\n * These get removed in the final HTML.\n */\nconst delimitedFunctionMatcher = new RegExp('\\\\$(' + functions.join('|') + ')\\\\((.*)\\\\)\\\\$', 'gm');\n\n/** Regular expression that matches text substitution name surrounded by a delimitter $. */\nconst textSubstitutionsMatcher = new RegExp('\\\\$(' + Object.keys(textSubstitutions).join('|') + ')\\\\$', 'gm');\n\n/** Regular expression that matches \"[ p1 ]{ p2 }\", where p1 and p2 are arbitrary strings. */\nconst spanMatcher = /\\[([^\\]]*)\\]\\{([^\\}]*)\\}/gm\n\n/******** Functions used internally and not exported. */\n\n/**\n * Return an HTML <span> with classes given by p2 and body given by p1.\n * If any class given in p2 has an entry in supportingTargets, then that class name\n * is replaced with the list of class names given by supportingTargets.\n * @param {*} match The matching string, including delimitters.\n * @param {*} p1 The substring containing the body.\n * @param {*} p2 The substring containing the class list (separated by spaces).\n */\n function spanClassifier(match, p1, p2) {\n   var classes = p2.split(' ');\n   var newClasses = [];\n   for (c of classes) {\n    if (supportingTargets[c]) {\n      Array.prototype.push.apply(newClasses, supportingTargets[c]);\n    } else {\n      newClasses.push(c);\n    }\n   }\n  const result = \"<span class=\\\"\" + newClasses.join(\" \") + \"\\\">\" + p1 + \"</span>\"\n  return result;\n}\n\n/**\n * Return an HTML span of class \"lf_keywords\" with the body given by p1.\n * @param {*} match The matching string, including delimitters.\n * @param {*} p1 The substring containing the keyword.\n */\nfunction delimitedKeywordReplacer(match, p1) {\n  return \"<span class=\\\"lf_keywords\\\">\" + p1 + \"</span>\"\n}\n\n/**\n * Return the text defined by the name given by p1.\n * @param {*} match The matching string, including delimitters.\n * @param {*} p1 The name of the textSubstitutions key.\n */\n function textSubstitutionsReplacer(match, p1) {\n   if (textSubstitutions[p1]) {\n    return textSubstitutions[p1];\n   } else {\n     return '<span class=\"web-page-error\">ERROR: textSubstitutions key not found.</span>';\n   }\n}\n\n/******** Functions exported. */\n\n/**\n * Given HTML to render, process it with any specific Lingua Franca modifications.\n * These include:\n * - Replacing $k$ with a span of class \"lf_keyword\" when k is an LF keyword.\n * - Replacing [ p1 ]{ p2 } with a span of class(es) p2 and body p1.\n * \n * @param {*} html The HTML to process.\n * @returns Possibly modified HTML.\n */\nconst postProcessHTML = (html) => {\n  var result = html.replace(textSubstitutionsMatcher, textSubstitutionsReplacer);\n  result = result.replace(spanMatcher, spanClassifier);\n  result = result.replace(delimitedKeywordMatcher, delimitedKeywordReplacer);\n  result = result.replace(delimitedFunctionMatcher, \"\");\n\n  return result;\n}\n\n\n/********* Module exports. */\nmodule.exports = {\n  postProcessHTML: postProcessHTML,\n  keywordMatcher: keywordMatcher,\n}\n","var regex = require('./regex.js');\n\nmodule.exports = BananaSlug;\nvar own = Object.hasOwnProperty;\n\nfunction BananaSlug() {\n  var self = this;\n  if (!(self instanceof BananaSlug)) return new BananaSlug();\n  self.reset();\n}\n/**\n * Generate a unique slug.\n * @param  {string} value String of text to slugify\n * @param  {boolean} [false] Keep the current case, otherwise make all lowercase\n * @return {string}       A unique slug string\n */\n\n\nBananaSlug.prototype.slug = function (value, maintainCase) {\n  var self = this;\n  var slug = slugger(value, maintainCase === true);\n  var originalSlug = slug;\n\n  while (own.call(self.occurrences, slug)) {\n    self.occurrences[originalSlug]++;\n    slug = originalSlug + '-' + self.occurrences[originalSlug];\n  }\n\n  self.occurrences[slug] = 0;\n  return slug;\n};\n/**\n * Reset - Forget all previous slugs\n * @return void\n */\n\n\nBananaSlug.prototype.reset = function () {\n  this.occurrences = Object.create(null);\n};\n\nfunction slugger(string, maintainCase) {\n  if (typeof string !== 'string') return '';\n  if (!maintainCase) string = string.toLowerCase();\n  return string.replace(regex, '').replace(/ /g, '-');\n}\n\nBananaSlug.slug = slugger;","// This module is generated by `script/`.\n\n/* eslint-disable no-control-regex, no-misleading-character-class, no-useless-escape */\nmodule.exports = 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id: \"1-methods\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/methods\",\n          oneline: \"Methods in Lingua Franca.\",\n        },\n        {\n          title: \"Causality Loops\",\n          id: \"1-causality-loops\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/causality-loops\",\n          oneline: \"Causality loops in Lingua Franca.\",\n        },\n        {\n          title: \"Extending Reactors\",\n          id: \"1-extending-reactors\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/extending-reactors\",\n          oneline: \"Extending reactors in Lingua Franca.\",\n        },\n        {\n          title: \"Actions\",\n          id: \"1-actions\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/actions\",\n          oneline: \"Actions in Lingua Franca.\",\n        },\n        {\n          title: \"Superdense Time\",\n          id: \"1-superdense-time\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/superdense-time\",\n          oneline: \"Superdense time in Lingua Franca.\",\n        },\n        {\n         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    oneline: \"Secure Federated Execution\",\n        },\n      ],\n    },\n    {\n      title: \"Embedded Platforms\",\n      oneline:\n        \"Documentation for developing Lingua Franca on Embedded Platforms.\",\n      id: \"embedded-platforms\",\n      chronological: true,\n\n      items: [\n        {\n          title: \"Arduino\",\n          id: \"4-arduino\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/arduino\",\n          oneline: \"Developing LF Programs on Arduino.\",\n        },\n        {\n          title: \"Zephyr\",\n          id: \"4-zephyr\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/zephyr\",\n          oneline: \"Developing LF Programs for Zephyr RTOS.\",\n        },\n      ],\n    },\n    {\n      title: \"Developer\",\n      oneline:\n        \"Information for developers of the Lingua Franca language and tools.\",\n      id: \"developer\",\n      chronological: true,\n\n      items: [\n        {\n          title: \"Contributing\",\n          id: \"5-contributing\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/contributing\",\n          oneline: \"Contribute to Lingua Franca.\",\n        },\n        {\n          title: \"Developer Setup\",\n          id: \"5-developer-setup\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/developer-setup\",\n          oneline: \"Setting up Lingua Franca for developers.\",\n        },\n        {\n          title: \"Developer IntelliJ Setup\",\n          id: \"5-developer-intellij-setup\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/intellij\",\n          oneline: \"Developer IntelliJ Setup.\",\n        },\n        {\n          title: \"Regression Tests\",\n          id: \"5-regression-tests\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/regression-tests\",\n          oneline: \"Regression Tests for Lingua Franca.\",\n        },\n        {\n          title: \"Running Benchmarks\",\n          id: \"5-running-benchmarks\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/running-benchmarks\",\n          oneline: \"Running Benchmarks.\",\n        },\n        {\n          title: \"Website Development\",\n          id: \"5-website-development\",\n          permalink: \"/docs/handbook/website-development\",\n          oneline: \"Development of the Lingua Franca website.\",\n        },\n      ],\n    },\n  ];\n\n  return navigations[lang];\n}\n\n/** ---INSERT-END--- */\n\nconst findInNav = (\n  item: SidebarNavItem | SidebarNavItem[],\n  fun: (item: SidebarNavItem) => boolean\n): SidebarNavItem | undefined => {\n  if (Array.isArray(item)) {\n    for (const subItem of item) {\n      const sub = findInNav(subItem, fun);\n      if (sub) return sub;\n    }\n  } else {\n    if (fun(item)) return item;\n    if (!item.items) return undefined;\n    for (const subItem of item.items) {\n      const sub = findInNav(subItem, fun);\n      if (sub) return sub;\n    }\n    return undefined;\n  }\n};\n\nexport function getNextPageID(navs: SidebarNavItem[], currentID: string) {\n  // prettier-ignore\n  const section = findInNav(navs, (i) => i && !!i.items && !!i.items.find(i => i.id === currentID)) || false\n  if (!section) return undefined;\n  if (!section.chronological) return undefined;\n  if (!section.items) return;\n\n  const currentIndex = section.items.findIndex((i) => i.id === currentID);\n  const next = section.items[currentIndex + 1];\n  if (next) {\n    if (next.items) {\n      return {\n        path: next.items[0].permalink,\n        ...section.items[currentIndex + 1],\n      };\n    } else {\n      return {\n        path: next.permalink,\n        ...section.items[currentIndex + 1],\n      };\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nexport function getPreviousPageID(navs: SidebarNavItem[], currentID: string) {\n  // prettier-ignore\n  const section = findInNav(navs, (i) => i && !!i.items && !!i.items.find(i => i.id === currentID)) || false\n\n  if (!section) return undefined;\n  if (!section.chronological) return undefined;\n  if (!section.items) return;\n\n  const currentIndex = section.items.findIndex((i) => i.id === currentID);\n  const prev = section.items[currentIndex - 1];\n\n  if (prev) {\n    return {\n      path: prev.permalink,\n      ...section.items[currentIndex - 1],\n    };\n  }\n}\n","import { KeyboardEventHandler } from \"react\"\nimport { getTagFromParents } from \"./Sidebar\"\n\nconst UpArrow = 38\nconst DownArrow = 40\n\nconst childOfType = (tag: string, element: any) => {\n  let found: HTMLElement | undefined\n  for (const e of element.children) {\n    if (e.nodeName === tag.toUpperCase()) found = e\n  }\n  return found\n}\n\n/**\n * Handles moving up and down through the navigation hierarchy\n * selecting leaf nodes and jumping up into section categories\n */\nexport const onAnchorKeyDown: KeyboardEventHandler = event => {\n  const li = getTagFromParents(\"li\", event.target as any)\n\n  // Up, and jump into section headers\n  if (event.keyCode == UpArrow) {\n    const aboveLI = li.previousElementSibling\n    const a = aboveLI && childOfType(\"a\", aboveLI)\n    const button = aboveLI && childOfType(\"button\", aboveLI)\n\n    if (a) {\n      // next link\n      a.focus()\n    } else if (aboveLI && button) {\n      // Jump to the subnav above, either at the bottom item if open or\n      // the main button otherwise\n      const open = aboveLI.classList.contains(\"open\")\n      if (open) {\n        const listOfLinks = childOfType(\"ul\", aboveLI)!\n        const lastLI = listOfLinks.lastElementChild\n        childOfType(\"a\", lastLI)!.focus()\n      } else {\n        button.focus()\n      }\n    } else {\n      // at the top\n      const sectionHostingLI = getTagFromParents(\"li\", li)\n      childOfType(\"button\", sectionHostingLI)!.focus()\n    }\n\n    event.preventDefault()\n  }\n\n  // Down, and jump into section header belows\n  if (event.keyCode === DownArrow) {\n    const belowLI = li.nextElementSibling\n    const a = belowLI && childOfType(\"a\", belowLI)\n    const button = belowLI && childOfType(\"button\", belowLI)\n\n    if (a) {\n      // next link\n      a.focus()\n    } else if (button) {\n      // potential subnav above\n      button.focus()\n    } else {\n      // at the bottom\n      const sectionHostingLI = getTagFromParents(\"li\", li)\n      const nextLI = sectionHostingLI.nextElementSibling\n      const a = nextLI && childOfType(\"a\", nextLI)\n      const button = nextLI && childOfType(\"button\", nextLI)\n\n      if (a) {\n        // next link\n        a.focus()\n      } else if (button) {\n        // potential subnav above\n        button.focus()\n      }\n    }\n\n    event.preventDefault()\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Handles moving up and down through the navigation hierarchy\n * when it's at a section category, which has different semantics\n * from the a's above\n */\nexport const onButtonKeydown: KeyboardEventHandler = event => {\n  const li = getTagFromParents(\"li\", event.target as any)\n  // Up, either go to the bottom of the a's in the section above\n  // if it's open or jump to the previous sibling button\n  if (event.keyCode == UpArrow) {\n    const aboveLI = li.previousElementSibling\n    if (!aboveLI) return // Hit the top\n\n    const a = aboveLI && childOfType(\"a\", aboveLI)\n    const button = aboveLI && childOfType(\"button\", aboveLI)\n\n    if (a) {\n      // next link\n      a.focus()\n    } else if (button) {\n      // potential subnav above\n      const open = aboveLI.classList.contains(\"open\")\n      if (open) {\n        const listOfLinks = childOfType(\"ul\", aboveLI)!\n        const lastLI = listOfLinks.lastElementChild\n        childOfType(\"a\", lastLI)!.focus()\n      } else {\n        button.focus()\n      }\n    } else {\n      // at the top\n      const sectionHostingLI = getTagFromParents(\"li\", li)\n      childOfType(\"button\", sectionHostingLI)!.focus()\n    }\n\n    event.preventDefault()\n  }\n\n  // Down, and jump into section header belows\n  if (event.keyCode == DownArrow) {\n    const open = li.classList.contains(\"open\")\n    if (open) {\n      // Need to jump to first in the section\n      const listOfLinks = childOfType(\"ul\", li)!\n      const lastLI = listOfLinks.firstElementChild\n      childOfType(\"a\", lastLI)!.focus()\n    } else {\n      const belowLI = li.nextElementSibling\n      if (belowLI) {\n        const a = belowLI && childOfType(\"a\", belowLI)\n        const button = belowLI && childOfType(\"button\", belowLI)\n\n        if (a) {\n          // next link\n          a.focus()\n        } else if (button) {\n          // potential subnav above\n          button.focus()\n        }\n      }\n    }\n    event.preventDefault()\n  }\n\n  // Right, open\n  if (event.key === \"ArrowRight\") {\n    li.classList.remove(\"closed\")\n    li.classList.add(\"open\")\n\n    event.preventDefault()\n  }\n\n  // Right, close\n  if (event.key === \"ArrowLeft\") {\n    li.classList.remove(\"open\")\n    li.classList.add(\"closed\")\n\n    event.preventDefault()\n  }\n}\n","import React, { MouseEventHandler, useEffect } from \"react\"\nimport { Link } from \"gatsby\"\n\nimport \"./Sidebar.scss\"\nimport { onAnchorKeyDown, onButtonKeydown } from \"./Sidebar-keyboard\"\nimport { SidebarNavItem } from \"../../lib/documentationNavigation\"\nimport { setInitialTargetLanguage } from \"../../lib/setInitialTargetLanguage\"\nimport { getTargetLanguage, setTargetLanguage } from \"../../lib/setTargetLanguage\"\nimport { globalHistory } from '@reach/router'\n\nexport type Props = {\n  navItems: SidebarNavItem[]\n  selectedID: string\n  openAllSectionsExceptWhatsNew?: true\n}\nconst closedChevron = <svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 9 14\" width=\"9\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path d=\"m1 13 6-6-6-6\" stroke=\"#000\" strokeWidth=\"2\" /></svg>\nconst openChevron = <svg fill=\"none\" height=\"9\" viewBox=\"0 0 14 9\" width=\"14\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path d=\"m1 1 6 6 6-6\" stroke=\"#000\" strokeWidth=\"2\" /></svg>\n\nexport const getTagFromParents = (tag: string, root: { nodeName: string, parentElement: any }) => {\n  let parent = root.parentElement\n  while (parent.nodeName !== tag.toUpperCase()) {\n    parent = parent.parentElement\n    if (parent.nodeName === \"BODY\") throw new Error(\"Could not find parent LI for toggle \")\n  }\n  return parent as HTMLElement\n}\n\nconst toggleNavigationSection: MouseEventHandler = (event) => {\n  const li = getTagFromParents(\"li\", event.target as any)\n  const isOpen = li.classList.contains(\"open\")\n  if (isOpen) {\n    li.classList.remove(\"open\")\n    li.classList.add(\"closed\")\n\n  } else {\n    li.classList.remove(\"closed\")\n    li.classList.add(\"open\")\n  }\n}\n\nexport const SidebarToggleButton = () => {\n  const toggleClick = () => {\n    const navSidebar = document.getElementById(\"sidebar\")\n    const isOpen = navSidebar?.classList.contains(\"show\")\n    if (isOpen) {\n      navSidebar?.classList.remove(\"show\")\n    } else {\n      navSidebar?.classList.add(\"show\")\n    }\n  }\n\n\n  return (\n    <button id=\"small-device-button-sidebar\" onClick={toggleClick}>\n      <svg fill=\"none\" height=\"26\" viewBox=\"0 0 26 26\" width=\"26\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><g fill=\"#fff\"><path d=\"m0 1c0-.552285.447715-1 1-1h24c.5523 0 1 .447715 1 1v3h-26z\" /><path d=\"m0 11h13 13v4h-26z\" /><path d=\"m0 22h26v3c0 .5523-.4477 1-1 1h-24c-.552284 0-1-.4477-1-1z\" /></g></svg>\n    </button>\n  )\n}\n\nexport const Sidebar = (props: Props) => {\n  useEffect(() => {\n    // Keep all of the sidebar open at launch, then use JS to close the ones after\n    // because otherwise you can't jump between sections\n    document.querySelectorAll(\".closed-at-launch\").forEach(f => {\n      f.classList.remove(\"closed-at-launch\")\n      f.classList.remove(\"open\")\n      f.classList.add(\"closed\")\n    })\n  }, [])\n\n  const RenderItem = (props: { item: SidebarNavItem, selectedID: string, openAllSectionsExceptWhatsNew?: boolean }) => {\n    const item = props.item\n    if (!item.items) {\n      // Is it the leaf in the nav?\n      const isSelected = item.id === props.selectedID\n      const aria: any = {}\n      if (isSelected) {\n        aria[\"aria-current\"] = \"page\"\n        aria.className = \"highlight\"\n      }\n\n      const href = item.permalink!\n      return <li key={item.id} {...aria}>\n        <Link to={href} onKeyDown={onAnchorKeyDown}>{item.title}</Link>\n      </li>\n    } else {\n      // Has children\n      const findSelected = (item: SidebarNavItem) => {\n        if (item.id === props.selectedID) return true\n        if (!item.items) return false\n        for (const subItem of item.items) {\n          if (findSelected(subItem)) return true\n        }\n        return false\n      }\n\n      const hostsSelected = findSelected(item)\n      const classes = [] as string[]\n\n      const forceOpen = props.openAllSectionsExceptWhatsNew && item.id !== \"whats-new\"\n      if (hostsSelected || forceOpen) {\n        classes.push(\"open\")\n        classes.push(\"highlighted\")\n      } else {\n        classes.push(\"closed\")\n      }\n\n      const opened = { \"aria-expanded\": \"true\", \"aria-label\": item.title + \" close\" }\n      const closed = { \"aria-label\": item.title + \" expand\" }\n      const aria = hostsSelected ? opened : closed\n\n      return (\n        <li className={classes.join(\" \")} key={item.id}>\n          <button {...aria} onClick={toggleNavigationSection} onKeyDown={onButtonKeydown}>\n            {item.title}\n            <span key=\"open\" className=\"open\">{openChevron}</span>\n            <span key=\"closed\" className=\"closed\">{closedChevron}</span>\n          </button>\n          <ul>\n            {item.items.map(item => <RenderItem key={item.id} item={item} openAllSectionsExceptWhatsNew={props.openAllSectionsExceptWhatsNew} selectedID={props.selectedID} />)}\n          </ul>\n        </li>\n      )\n    }\n  }\n\n  const TargetLanguageLink = (props: {target: string, children: string}) => {\n    return <li\n      className={getTargetLanguage() === props.target ? \"highlight\" : \"\"}\n      id={`lf-target-button-${props.target}`}\n    >\n      <a onClick={() => setTargetLanguage(props.target)}>\n        {props.children}\n      </a>\n    </li>\n  }\n\n  const CurrentTarget = (props: {target: string, children: string}) => {\n    const id = `lf-current-target-${props.target}`\n    const ret = <div\n      id={id}\n      className={`language-lf-${props.target} current-target`}\n      style={{display: \"none\"}}\n    >\n      {props.children}\n    </div>\n    return ret;\n  }\n\n  function toggleOpen() {\n    const selector = document.getElementById(\"targetChooser\");\n    if (selector === null) return;\n    selector.className = selector.className === \"open\" ? \"closed\" : \"open\";\n  }\n\n  /* Target language chooser */\n  const RenderTargetChooser = () => {\n    return (\n      <li id=\"targetChooser\" className=\"closed\" onClick={toggleOpen}>\n        <button id=\"targetSelector\">\n        Target<CurrentTarget target=\"c\">&#58; C</CurrentTarget>\n          <CurrentTarget target=\"cpp\">&#58; C++</CurrentTarget>\n          <CurrentTarget target=\"py\">&#58; Python</CurrentTarget>\n          <CurrentTarget target=\"rs\">&#58; Rust</CurrentTarget>\n          <CurrentTarget target=\"ts\">&#58; TypeScript</CurrentTarget>\n          <span className=\"open\">\n            <svg fill=\"none\" height=\"9\" viewBox=\"0 0 14 9\" width=\"14\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\">\n              <path d=\"m1 1 6 6 6-6\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-width=\"2\"></path>\n            </svg>\n          </span>\n          <span className=\"closed\">\n            <svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 9 14\" width=\"9\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\">\n              <path d=\"m1 13 6-6-6-6\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-width=\"2\"></path>\n            </svg>\n          </span>\n        </button>\n        <ul>\n          <TargetLanguageLink target=\"c\">C</TargetLanguageLink>\n          <TargetLanguageLink target=\"cpp\">C++</TargetLanguageLink>\n          <TargetLanguageLink target=\"py\">Python</TargetLanguageLink>\n          <TargetLanguageLink target=\"ts\">TypeScript</TargetLanguageLink>\n          <TargetLanguageLink target=\"rs\">Rust</TargetLanguageLink>\n        </ul>\n      </li>\n    )\n  }\n\n  return (\n    <nav id=\"sidebar\">\n      <ul>\n        <RenderTargetChooser/>\n        {props.navItems.map(item => <RenderItem key={item.id} item={item} openAllSectionsExceptWhatsNew={props.openAllSectionsExceptWhatsNew} selectedID={props.selectedID} />)}\n      </ul>\n    </nav>\n  )\n}\n","import * as React from \"react\"\nimport { Link } from \"gatsby\"\n\ninterface NextPrevProps {\n  prev: { childMarkdownRemark: { frontmatter: { title: string, oneline: string, permalink: string } } } | undefined\n  next: { childMarkdownRemark: { frontmatter: { title: string, oneline: string, permalink: string } } } | undefined,\n  i: (string) => string,\n  IntlLink: typeof Link\n}\n\nconst Row = (props: { children: any, className?: string }) => <div className={[props.className, \"row\"].join(\" \")}>{props.children}</div>\n\n\nexport const NextPrev = (props: NextPrevProps) => {\n  if (!props.prev && !props.next) return null\n  const prev = props.prev && props.prev.childMarkdownRemark?.frontmatter\n  const next = props.next && props.next.childMarkdownRemark?.frontmatter\n\n  return (\n    <div className=\"whitespace-tight raised\">\n      <Row className=\"justify-between\">\n        {!prev ? <EmptyLink /> : <LinkSection i={props.i} data={prev} InltLink={props.IntlLink} type=\"prev\" />}\n        <div className=\"hide-small vertical-line\" />\n        {!next ? <EmptyLink /> : <LinkSection i={props.i} data={next} InltLink={props.IntlLink} type=\"next\" />}\n      </Row>\n    </div >\n  )\n}\n\nconst EmptyLink = () => <div className=\"prev-next\"></div>\n\ninterface Section {\n  data: { title: string, oneline: string, permalink: string }\n  i: (string) => string,\n  InltLink: typeof Link\n  type: string\n}\n\nconst LinkSection = (props: Section) =>\n  <Link className=\"navigation-link\" rel=\"prev\" to={props.data.permalink}>\n    <Row className={\"prev-next \" + props.type}>\n      <div className=\"arrow\">\n        <svg width=\"11\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 11 14\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\">\n          <path d=\"M10.5 0V14L0 7.5L10.5 0Z\" fill=\"var(--link-color)\" />\n        </svg>\n      </div>\n\n      <div className=\"nav-content\">\n        <header>{props.i(\"handb_\" + props.type)}</header>\n        <h3>{props.data.title}</h3>\n        <p>{props.data.oneline}</p>\n      </div>\n    </Row>\n  </Link >\n","import React, { useEffect } from \"react\";\nimport attribution from \"../../../../documentation/output/attribution.json\";\n\ninterface ContributorsProps {\n  i: (string) => string;\n  path: string;\n  lastEdited: string;\n  lang: string;\n}\n\nconst Row = (props: { children: any; className?: string }) =>\n  <div className={[\"row\", props.className].join(\" \")}>{props.children}</div>;\n\nconst Section = (props: { children: any; className?: string; sKey: string }) =>\n  <div key={props.sKey} className=\"bottom-section-content\">\n    {props.children}\n  </div>;\n\nexport const Contributors = (props: ContributorsProps) => {\n  const attrPath = props.path.replace(\"/packages/documentation/\", \"\");\n  const page = attribution[attrPath];\n\n  const reposRootURL =\n    \"https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca\";\n  const repoPageURL = reposRootURL + \"/tree/main\" + props.path;\n\n  const d = new Date(props.lastEdited);\n  const dtf = new Intl.DateTimeFormat(\n    props.lang,\n    { year: \"numeric\", month: \"short\", day: \"2-digit\" },\n  );\n  const lastEdited = dtf.format(d);\n\n  useEffect(() => {\n    // @ts-ignore\n    const perf = window.performance || window.mozPerformance ||\n      // @ts-ignore\n      window.msPerformance || window.webkitPerformance || {};\n    const t = perf.timing;\n    if (!t) return;\n\n    const pageLoadIndicator = document.querySelector(\"#page-loaded-time\");\n    if (pageLoadIndicator?.innerHTML.includes(\"This page\")) return;\n\n    const start = t.navigationStart;\n    const end = t.domInteractive;\n    const loadTime = (end - start) / 1000;\n\n    // No idea how this is happening, likely from React re-rendering\n    if (loadTime < 0) return;\n\n    if (pageLoadIndicator) {\n      pageLoadIndicator.innerHTML = \"This page loaded in \" + loadTime +\n        \" seconds.</p>\";\n    }\n  }, []);\n\n  return (\n    <div className=\"whitespace-tight raised\" style={{ padding: 0 }}>\n      <Row className=\"justify-between small-columns\">\n        <Section sKey=\"pr\">\n          <p>\n            Lingua Franca is an open source project. Help us improve\n            these pages <a href={repoPageURL}>by sending a Pull Request</a> ❤\n          </p>\n        </Section>\n        <div\n          key=\"line1\"\n          className=\"hide-small vertical-line\"\n          style={{ marginTop: \"1.5rem\" }}\n        />\n        <Section sKey=\"contribs\">\n          Contributors to this page:<br />\n          <Avatars data={page} />\n        </Section>\n        <div\n          key=\"line2\"\n          className=\"hide-small vertical-line\"\n          style={{ marginTop: \"1.5rem\" }}\n        />\n        <Section sKey=\"updated\">\n          <p>\n            {`Last updated: ${lastEdited}`}\n            <br />\n            <br />\n            <span id=\"page-loaded-time\">&nbsp;</span>\n          </p>\n        </Section>\n      </Row>\n    </div>\n  );\n};\n\nconst Avatars = (\n  props: {\n    data: typeof attribution[\"copy/en/topics/Contributing.md\"];\n  },\n) => {\n  const showRest = props.data && props.data.total > props.data.top.length;\n  return <div>\n    {props.data && props.data.top.map((t) => {\n      const grav = t.gravatar.startsWith(\"http\") ? t.gravatar : `https://gravatar.com/avatar/${t.gravatar}?s=32&&d=blank`;\n      const alt = `${t.name}  (${t.count})`;\n      const chars = t.name.split(\" \").map((dp) => dp.substr(0, 1)).join(\"\")\n        .toUpperCase();\n      return <div key={t.gravatar} className=\"circle-bg\">\n        {chars}\n        <img id={t.gravatar} src={grav} alt={alt} />\n      </div>;\n    })}\n    {showRest &&\n      <div className=\"circle-bg\">\n        {props.data.total - props.data.top.length}+\n      </div>}\n  </div>;\n};\n","export const overrideSubNavLinksWithSmoothScroll = () => {\n  // Overrides the anchor behavior to smooth scroll instead\n  // Came from https://css-tricks.com/sticky-smooth-active-nav/\n  const subnavLinks = document.querySelectorAll<HTMLAnchorElement>(\n    \"#handbook-content nav ul li a\"\n  )\n  subnavLinks.forEach(link => {\n    link.addEventListener(\"click\", event => {\n      event.preventDefault()\n\n      let target = document.querySelector(\n        decodeURIComponent(event.target![\"hash\"])\n      )\n      target!.scrollIntoView({ behavior: \"smooth\", block: \"start\" })\n      document.location.hash = event.target![\"hash\"]\n    })\n  })\n}\n\n// Sets the current selection\nexport const updateSidebarOnScroll = () => {\n  const subnavLinks = document.querySelectorAll<HTMLAnchorElement>(\n    \"#handbook-content nav ul li a\"\n  )\n\n  const fromTop = window.scrollY\n  let currentPossibleAnchor: HTMLAnchorElement | undefined\n  const offset = 100\n\n  // Scroll down to find the highest anchor on the screen\n  subnavLinks.forEach(link => {\n    try {\n      const section = document.querySelector<HTMLDivElement>(\n        decodeURIComponent(link.hash)\n      )\n      if (!section) {\n        return\n      }\n      const isBelow = section.offsetTop - offset <= fromTop\n      if (isBelow) currentPossibleAnchor = link\n    } catch (error) {\n      return\n    }\n  })\n\n  // Then set the active tag\n  subnavLinks.forEach(link => {\n    if (link === currentPossibleAnchor) {\n      link.classList.add(\"current\")\n    } else {\n      link.classList.remove(\"current\")\n    }\n  })\n}\n","import React from \"react\"\n\n// Taken from https://github.com/microsoft/fluentui-system-icons\n// They don't have a web pipeline, so I just C&P'd directly\n// It's licensed MIT\n// https://github.com/microsoft/fluentui-system-icons/blob/master/LICENSE\n\nexport const LikeFilledSVG = () => <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\">\n  <path d=\"M12.4829 1.70386C11.6841 0.866733 10.3913 1.317 10.052 2.2943C9.77205 3.10056 9.4084 4.06607 9.05406 4.77696C7.99442 6.90288 7.37583 8.11247 5.66974 9.62598C5.44337 9.8268 5.15163 9.98862 4.82905 10.1161C3.69991 10.5625 2.63809 11.7322 2.91581 13.1208L3.26885 14.886C3.45455 15.8145 4.14894 16.5585 5.06251 16.8076L10.6622 18.3348C13.2078 19.0291 15.8017 17.3943 16.2737 14.7984L16.9576 11.0367C17.2924 9.19515 15.8777 7.50001 14.006 7.50001H13.1225L13.1328 7.44778C13.2129 7.0396 13.3093 6.47747 13.3738 5.86485C13.438 5.25459 13.4721 4.58046 13.4218 3.95233C13.3725 3.33596 13.2379 2.70317 12.9176 2.22266C12.8081 2.05844 12.6455 1.87428 12.4829 1.70386Z\"  />\n</svg>\n\nexport const LikeUnfilledSVG = () => <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\">\n  <path d=\"M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 16.9576 11.0367L16.2737 14.7984C15.8017 17.3943 13.2078 19.0291 10.6622 18.3348L5.06251 16.8076C4.14894 16.5585 3.45455 15.8145 3.26885 14.886L2.91581 13.1208C2.63809 11.7322 3.69991 10.5624 4.82905 10.1161C5.15163 9.98861 5.44337 9.82679 5.66974 9.62597C7.37583 8.11245 7.99442 6.90287 9.05406 4.77695C9.4084 4.06605 9.77205 3.10054 10.052 2.29429ZM12.0165 7.87862L12.0169 7.87707L12.0187 7.86973L12.0262 7.83863C12.0328 7.81079 12.0426 7.76903 12.0549 7.71494C12.0793 7.60669 12.1135 7.4493 12.1515 7.25536C12.2277 6.86666 12.3188 6.33504 12.3793 5.76016C12.4401 5.18293 12.4685 4.5758 12.425 4.03206C12.3806 3.47655 12.2652 3.04684 12.0855 2.77735C12.0264 2.6887 11.9138 2.55604 11.7594 2.39421C11.5605 2.18576 11.1314 2.23428 10.9967 2.62228C10.7141 3.43609 10.3334 4.45194 9.94904 5.22305C8.88216 7.36349 8.19326 8.72408 6.33336 10.374C5.99304 10.6759 5.58878 10.8911 5.19665 11.0461C4.31631 11.3941 3.75035 12.1945 3.89639 12.9247L4.24943 14.6899C4.36085 15.247 4.77748 15.6934 5.32562 15.8428L10.9254 17.3701C12.9052 17.91 14.9227 16.6385 15.2898 14.6195L15.9738 10.8578C16.197 9.63009 15.2538 8.5 14.006 8.5H12.5015C12.3476 8.5 12.2022 8.42906 12.1074 8.30771C12.0127 8.18638 11.9792 8.02796 12.0165 7.87862C12.0165 7.87858 12.0165 7.87866 12.0165 7.87862Z\"  />\n</svg>\n\nexport const DislikeFilledSVG = () => <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\">\n  <path d=\"M12.4829 18.2961C11.6841 19.1333 10.3913 18.683 10.052 17.7057C9.77205 16.8994 9.4084 15.9339 9.05406 15.223C7.99442 13.0971 7.37583 11.8875 5.66974 10.374C5.44337 10.1732 5.15163 10.0114 4.82905 9.88387C3.69991 9.43755 2.63809 8.26778 2.91581 6.87917L3.26885 5.114C3.45455 4.18545 4.14894 3.44153 5.06251 3.19238L10.6622 1.66517C13.2078 0.970938 15.8017 2.60568 16.2737 5.20163L16.9576 8.96333C17.2924 10.8048 15.8777 12.5 14.006 12.5H13.1225L13.1328 12.5522C13.2129 12.9604 13.3093 13.5225 13.3738 14.1351C13.438 14.7454 13.4721 15.4195 13.4218 16.0477C13.3725 16.664 13.2379 17.2968 12.9176 17.7773C12.8081 17.9416 12.6455 18.1257 12.4829 18.2961Z\"  />\n</svg>\n\nexport const DislikeUnfilledSVG = () => <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\">\n  <path d=\"M10.052 17.7057C10.3913 18.683 11.6841 19.1333 12.4829 18.2962C12.6455 18.1257 12.8081 17.9416 12.9176 17.7773C13.2379 17.2968 13.3725 16.664 13.4218 16.0477C13.4721 15.4195 13.438 14.7454 13.3738 14.1352C13.3093 13.5225 13.2129 12.9604 13.1328 12.5522C13.1294 12.5345 13.1259 12.5171 13.1225 12.5H14.006C15.8777 12.5 17.2924 10.8049 16.9576 8.96334L16.2737 5.20164C15.8017 2.60569 13.2078 0.970948 10.6622 1.66518L5.06251 3.19238C4.14894 3.44154 3.45455 4.18546 3.26885 5.11401L2.91581 6.87918C2.63809 8.26779 3.69991 9.43756 4.82905 9.88388C5.15163 10.0114 5.44337 10.1732 5.66974 10.374C7.37583 11.8875 7.99442 13.0971 9.05406 15.223C9.4084 15.9339 9.77205 16.8995 10.052 17.7057ZM12.0165 12.1214L12.0169 12.1229L12.0187 12.1303L12.0262 12.1614C12.0328 12.1892 12.0426 12.231 12.0549 12.2851C12.0793 12.3933 12.1135 12.5507 12.1515 12.7446C12.2277 13.1333 12.3188 13.665 12.3793 14.2398C12.4401 14.8171 12.4685 15.4242 12.425 15.9679C12.3806 16.5234 12.2652 16.9532 12.0855 17.2226C12.0264 17.3113 11.9138 17.444 11.7594 17.6058C11.5605 17.8142 11.1314 17.7657 10.9967 17.3777C10.7141 16.5639 10.3334 15.5481 9.94904 14.777C8.88216 12.6365 8.19326 11.2759 6.33336 9.62597C5.99304 9.32406 5.58878 9.1089 5.19665 8.9539C4.31631 8.60592 3.75035 7.80549 3.89639 7.0753L4.24943 5.31012C4.36085 4.753 4.77748 4.30664 5.32562 4.15715L10.9254 2.62995C12.9052 2.08999 14.9227 3.36145 15.2898 5.38052L15.9738 9.14222C16.197 10.3699 15.2538 11.5 14.006 11.5H12.5015C12.3476 11.5 12.2022 11.5709 12.1074 11.6923C12.0127 11.8136 11.9792 11.972 12.0165 12.1214C12.0165 12.1214 12.0165 12.1213 12.0165 12.1214Z\"  />\n</svg>\n\n","import React, { useEffect, useState } from \"react\"\n\nexport interface PopupProps {\n\tshow: boolean\n\thtml?: string\n\turl?: string\n\t// These are absolute to the page\n\tposition?: {left: number, top: number} | null\n}\n\nexport const Popup = (props: PopupProps) => (\n\t<div id=\"quickTipPopup\" className=\"inline-popup popup-fade-in\" style={{left: props.position?.left, top: props.position?.top, opacity: props.show ? 100 : 0}}>\n\t\t<div className=\"inline-popup-container\">\n\t\t\t<a className=\"inline-popup-extract\" href={props.url}>\n\t\t\t\t<div dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{__html: props.html as string}}/>\t\t\n\t\t\t</a>\t\n\t\t</div>\n\t</div>\n)\n\n\nexport const useQuickInfoPopup = (lang: string) => {\n\tconst [showPopup, setShowPopup] = useState<PopupProps>({ show: false });\n\n  // Add event listeners for individual links and the popup itself on pageload\n  useEffect(() => {\n    const aTags = document.getElementsByTagName(\"a\")\n    const links: HTMLAnchorElement[] = []\n\n    for (let i = 0; i < aTags.length; i++) {\n      const href = aTags[i].getAttribute(\"href\") || \"\";\n      if (/\\/tsconfig\\/?#\\w+$/.test(href)) {\n        aTags[i].addEventListener(\"mouseenter\", handleLinkMouseEnter)\n        aTags[i].addEventListener(\"mouseleave\", handleLinkMouseLeave)\n        links.push(aTags[i])\n      }\n    }\n\n    const popupEl = document.getElementById(\"quickTipPopup\")\n    popupEl?.addEventListener(\"mouseenter\", handlePopupMouseEnter)\n    popupEl?.addEventListener(\"mouseleave\", handlePopupMouseLeave)\n\n    // don't forget to clear them on leave\n     return () => {\n      for (const el of links) {\n        el.removeEventListener(\"mouseenter\", handleLinkMouseEnter)\n        el.removeEventListener(\"mouseleave\", handleLinkMouseLeave)\n      }\n\n      popupEl?.removeEventListener(\"mouseenter\", handlePopupMouseEnter)\n      popupEl?.removeEventListener(\"mouseleave\", handlePopupMouseLeave)\n     }\n  }, [])\n\n  // Keep track of how long user is hovering\n  // or how long they have left the link.\n  var enterTimeoutId, leaveTimeoutId\n  function handleLinkMouseEnter(e) {\n    clearTimeout(leaveTimeoutId); \n    const target = e.target as HTMLElement\n    const url = target.getAttribute(\"href\") || \"\";\n\tconst rect = target.getBoundingClientRect()\n\n\tenterTimeoutId = setTimeout((args) => {\n      setShowPopup(prevProps => {\n      \treturn { ...prevProps, show: true, url: args[0], position: args[1] } })\n    }, 500, [url, { left: rect.x, top: rect.bottom + window.scrollY }])\n  }\n\n  function handleLinkMouseLeave(e) {\n    clearTimeout(enterTimeoutId)\n    leaveTimeoutId = setTimeout(() => {\n      setShowPopup({\n        show: false,\n        html: \"\",\n        url: \"\",\n        position: null,\n      })\n    }, 300);\n  }\n\n  // Fetch content from the JSON based on url and set inner HTML\n  useEffect(() => {\n    async function fetchHTML() {\n\t  if (!showPopup.url) return\n\n      const response = await fetch(`/js/json/${lang}-tsconfig-popup.json`);\n      const json = await response.json();\n      const url = showPopup.url\n      const configType = url.substr(url.indexOf(\"#\") + 1)\n\t    const html =  `<h5>TSConfig Reference: <code>${configType}</code></h5>${json[configType]}`\n\n      setShowPopup(prevProps => ({ ...prevProps, html }))\n    }\n    if (showPopup.show) fetchHTML();\n\n  }, [showPopup.show, showPopup.url, showPopup.html])\n\n  // In order to keep the popups when user leaves link\n  // but still hovers over the popup itself\n  function handlePopupMouseEnter(e) {\n    clearTimeout(leaveTimeoutId)\n  }\n\n  function handlePopupMouseLeave(e) {\n    clearTimeout(enterTimeoutId)\n    leaveTimeoutId = setTimeout(() => {\n    setShowPopup({\n        show: false,\n        html: \"\",\n        url: \"\",\n        position: null,\n      })\n    }, 300);\n  }\n\n  return showPopup\n}","import React, { useEffect, useState } from \"react\"\nimport { graphql } from \"gatsby\"\nimport { Layout } from \"../components/layout\"\nimport { Sidebar, SidebarToggleButton } from \"../components/layout/Sidebar\"\nimport { getDocumentationNavForLanguage } from \"../lib/documentationNavigation\"\nimport { Intl } from \"../components/Intl\"\nimport * as lf from \"../../../documentation/scripts/linguaFrancaUtils\";\n\n// This dependency is used in gatsby-remark-autolink-headers to generate the slugs\nimport slugger from \"github-slugger\"\n\nimport \"./documentation.scss\"\nimport \"./markdown.scss\"\n\nimport { NextPrev } from \"../components/handbook/NextPrev\"\nimport { createInternational } from \"../lib/createInternational\"\nimport { useIntl } from \"react-intl\"\nimport { createIntlLink } from \"../components/IntlLink\"\nimport { handbookCopy } from \"../copy/en/handbook\"\nimport { Contributors } from \"../components/handbook/Contributors\"\nimport { overrideSubNavLinksWithSmoothScroll, updateSidebarOnScroll } from \"./scripts/setupSubNavigationSidebar\"\nimport { setupLikeDislikeButtons } from \"./scripts/setupLikeDislikeButtons\"\nimport { DislikeUnfilledSVG, LikeUnfilledSVG } from \"../components/svgs/documentation\"\nimport { Popup, useQuickInfoPopup } from \"../components/Popup\"\nimport Helmet from \"react-helmet\"\nimport { setInitialTargetLanguage } from \"../lib/setInitialTargetLanguage\"\n\ntype Props = {\n  pageContext: {\n    // This is only set up if it's in the handbook nav\n    id: string | undefined\n    nextID: string\n    previousID: string\n    repoPath: string\n    slug: string\n    lang: string\n    modifiedTime: string\n  }\n  data: GatsbyTypes.GetDocumentBySlugQuery\n  path: string\n}\n\nconst HandbookTemplate: React.FC<Props> = (props) => {\n  const post = props.data.markdownRemark\n  if (!post) {\n    console.log(\"Could not render:\", JSON.stringify(props))\n    return <div></div>\n  }\n\n  // Note: This can, and does, change triggering re-renders\n  const showPopup = useQuickInfoPopup(props.pageContext.lang)\n\n  const [deprecationURL, setDeprecationURL] = useState(post.frontmatter!.deprecated_by)\n\n  const i = createInternational<typeof handbookCopy>(useIntl())\n  const IntlLink = createIntlLink(props.pageContext.lang)\n\n  useEffect(() => {\n    if (document.location.hash) {\n      const redirects = post.frontmatter?.deprecation_redirects || []\n      const indexOfHash = redirects.indexOf(document.location.hash.slice(1))\n      if (indexOfHash !== -1) {\n        setDeprecationURL(redirects[indexOfHash + 1])\n      }\n    }\n\n    overrideSubNavLinksWithSmoothScroll()\n\n    // Handles setting the scroll \n    window.addEventListener(\"scroll\", updateSidebarOnScroll, { passive: true, capture: true });\n    // Sets current selection\n    updateSidebarOnScroll()\n\n    setupLikeDislikeButtons(props.pageContext.slug, i)\n\n    return () => {\n      window.removeEventListener(\"scroll\", updateSidebarOnScroll)\n    }\n  }, [])\n\n\n  if (!post.frontmatter) throw new Error(`No front-matter found for the file with props: ${props}`)\n  if (!post.html) throw new Error(`No html found for the file with props: ${props}`)\n\n  const selectedID = props.pageContext.id || \"NO-ID\"\n  const sidebarHeaders = post.headings?.filter(h => (h?.depth || 0) <= 2) || []\n  const showSidebar = !post.frontmatter.disable_toc\n  const showExperimental = post.frontmatter.experimental\n  const showSidebarHeadings = post.headings && sidebarHeaders.length <= 30 && sidebarHeaders.length > 0\n  const navigation = getDocumentationNavForLanguage(props.pageContext.lang)\n  const isHandbook = post.frontmatter.handbook\n  const prefix = isHandbook ? \"Handbook\" : \"Documentation\"\n\n  const slug = slugger()\n  return (\n    <Layout title={`${prefix} - ${post.frontmatter.title}`} description={post.frontmatter.oneline || \"\"} lang={props.pageContext.lang}>\n      <section id=\"doc-layout\">\n        <SidebarToggleButton />\n\n        <div className=\"page-popup\" id=\"page-helpful-popup\" style={{ opacity: 0 }}>\n          <p>Was this page helpful?</p>\n          <div>\n            <button className=\"first\" id=\"like-button-popup\" title=\"Like this page\"><LikeUnfilledSVG /></button>\n            <button id=\"dislike-button-popup\" title=\"Dislike this page\"><DislikeUnfilledSVG /></button>\n          </div>\n        </div>\n\n        <noscript>\n          {/* Open by default so that folks without JS get a fully open sidebar */}\n          <style dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{\n            __html: `\n          nav#sidebar > ul > li.closed ul {\n            display: block !important;\n           }\n        ` }} />\n        </noscript>\n\n        <Sidebar navItems={navigation} selectedID={selectedID} />\n        <div id=\"handbook-content\" role=\"article\">\n          {deprecationURL &&\n            <>\n              <Helmet>\n                <link rel=\"canonical\" href={`https://www.lf-lang.org${post.frontmatter.deprecated_by}`} />\n              </Helmet>\n              <div id=\"deprecated-header\">\n                <div id=\"deprecated-content\">\n                  <div id=\"deprecated-icon\">\n                    <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"7.5\" stroke=\"black\" /><path d=\"M8 3V9\" stroke=\"black\" /><path d=\"M8 11L8 13\" stroke=\"black\" /></svg>\n                  </div>\n                  <div>\n                    <h3>{i(\"handb_deprecated_title\")}</h3>\n                    <p>{i(\"handb_deprecated_subtitle\")}<IntlLink className=\"deprecation-redirect-link\" to={deprecationURL}>{i(\"handb_deprecated_subtitle_link\")}</IntlLink></p>\n                  </div>\n                </div>\n                <div id=\"deprecated-action\">\n                  <IntlLink className=\"deprecation-redirect-link\" to={deprecationURL}>{i(\"handb_deprecated_subtitle_action\")}</IntlLink>\n                </div>\n              </div>\n            </>\n          }\n\n          {showExperimental && \n           <div id=\"deprecated-header\">\n                <div id=\"deprecated-content\">\n                  <div id=\"deprecated-icon\">\n                    <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"7.5\" stroke=\"black\" /><path d=\"M8 3V9\" stroke=\"black\" /><path d=\"M8 11L8 13\" stroke=\"black\" /></svg>\n                  </div>\n                  <div>\n                    <h3>{i(\"handb_experimental_title\")}</h3>\n                    <p>{i(\"handb_experimental_subtitle\")}</p>\n                  </div>\n                </div>\n            </div>\n          }\n\n          <h2>{post.frontmatter.title}</h2>\n          {post.frontmatter.preamble && <div className=\"preamble\" dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: post.frontmatter.preamble }} />}\n          <article>\n            <div className=\"whitespace raised\">\n              <div className=\"markdown\" dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: lf.postProcessHTML(post.html)}} />\n            </div>\n            {showSidebar &&\n              <aside className=\"handbook-toc\">\n                <nav className={deprecationURL ? \"deprecated\" : \"\"}>\n                  {showSidebarHeadings && <>\n                    <h5>{i(\"handb_on_this_page\")}</h5>\n                    <ul>\n                      {\n                        sidebarHeaders.map(heading => {\n                          const id = slug.slug(heading!.value, false)\n                          return <li key={id}><a href={'#' + id}>{heading!.value}</a></li>\n                        })\n                      }\n                    </ul>\n                  </>\n                  }\n                  <div id=\"like-dislike-subnav\">\n                    <h5>{i(\"handb_like_dislike_title\")}</h5>\n                    <div>\n                      <button title=\"Like this page\" id=\"like-button\"><LikeUnfilledSVG /> {i(\"handb_like_desc\")}</button>\n                      <button title=\"Dislike this page\" id=\"dislike-button\"><DislikeUnfilledSVG /> {i(\"handb_dislike_desc\")}</button>\n                    </div>\n                  </div>\n\n                </nav>\n              </aside>\n            }\n          </article>\n\n          <NextPrev next={props.data.next as any} prev={props.data.prev as any} i={i} IntlLink={IntlLink as any} />\n          <Contributors lang={props.pageContext.lang} i={i} path={props.pageContext.repoPath} lastEdited={props.pageContext.modifiedTime} />\n        </div>\n      </section>\n    <Popup {...showPopup}/>\n    </Layout>\n  )\n}\n\nexport default (props: Props) => <Intl locale={props.pageContext.lang}><HandbookTemplate {...props} /></Intl>\n\nexport const pageQuery = graphql`\n  query GetDocumentBySlug($slug: String!, $previousID: String, $nextID: String) {    \n    markdownRemark(frontmatter: { permalink: {eq: $slug}}) {\n      id\n      excerpt(pruneLength: 160)\n      html\n      headings {\n        value\n        depth\n      }\n      frontmatter {\n        permalink\n        title\n        oneline\n        preamble\n      }\n    }\n\n    prev: file(id: { eq: $previousID } ) {\n      childMarkdownRemark  {\n        frontmatter {\n          title\n          oneline\n          permalink\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    next: file(id: { eq: $nextID } ) {\n      childMarkdownRemark  {\n        frontmatter {\n          title\n          oneline\n          permalink\n        }\n      }\n    }\n  }\n`\n","export const setupLikeDislikeButtons = (slug: string, i: any) => {\n  const likeButton = document.getElementById(\"like-button\")!\n  const dislikeButton = document.getElementById(\"dislike-button\")!\n  if (!likeButton || !dislikeButton) return\n\n  const clicked = (eventName: string) => () => {\n    // @ts-ignore\n    window.appInsights &&\n      // @ts-ignore\n      window.appInsights.trackEvent({\n        name: eventName,\n        properties: { slug: slug, ab: \"b\" },\n      })\n\n    const newContent: string = i(\"handb_thanks\")\n\n    const textSectionNav = document.getElementById(\"like-dislike-subnav\")!\n    const popoverPopup = document.getElementById(\"page-helpful-popup\")!\n\n    textSectionNav.innerHTML = `<h5>${newContent}</h5>`\n    popoverPopup.innerHTML = `<p>${newContent}</p>`\n  }\n\n  likeButton.onclick = clicked(\"Liked Page\")\n  dislikeButton.onclick = clicked(\"Disliked Page\")\n\n  const likeButtonPopup = document.getElementById(\"like-button-popup\")!\n  const dislikeButtonPopup = document.getElementById(\"dislike-button-popup\")!\n  likeButtonPopup.onclick = clicked(\"Liked Page\")\n  dislikeButtonPopup.onclick = clicked(\"Disliked Page\")\n\n  // Handles showing the \"is this page helpful\" when you've hit the end\n  window.addEventListener(\n    \"scroll\",\n    () => {\n      const body = document.body,\n        html = document.documentElement\n\n      const height = Math.max(\n        body.scrollHeight,\n        body.offsetHeight,\n        html.clientHeight,\n        html.scrollHeight,\n        html.offsetHeight\n      )\n\n      const y = Math.max(window.pageYOffset) + window.innerHeight\n      const footerH = document.getElementById(\"site-footer\")!.clientHeight\n      const bottomOfWindow = y > height - footerH + 150\n\n      const popup = document.getElementById(\"page-helpful-popup\")\n      const nav = document.getElementById(\"like-dislike-subnav\")\n      if (!popup) return\n      if (!nav) return\n\n      const popupOpacity = bottomOfWindow ? \"1\" : \"0\"\n      if (popup.style.opacity != popupOpacity) {\n        // popup.style.display = bottomOfWindow ? \"block\" : \"none\"\n        popup.style.opacity = popupOpacity\n      }\n\n      const navOpacity = bottomOfWindow ? \"0\" : \"1\"\n      if (nav.style.opacity != navOpacity) {\n        nav.style.opacity = navOpacity\n      }\n    },\n    { passive: true, capture: true }\n  )\n}\n","/**\n * This file contains Lingua Franca definitions and utility functions used in generating\n * documentation pages by the gatsby infrastructure.\n * \n * @author Edward A. Lee\n */\n\n/******** Constants defining policies and language features. */\n\n/** Lingua Franca keywords in alphabetical order. */\nconst keywords = [\n  \"action\", \"after\", \"as\", \"at\",\n  \"const\", \n  \"deadline\",\n  \"extends\",\n  \"federated\", \"from\", \n  \"import\", \"initial\", \"input\", \"interleaved\", \n  \"logical\", \n  \"main\", \"method\", \"mode\", \"msec\", \"msecs\", \"mutable\", \"mutation\", \n  \"new\", \n  \"output\", \n  \"physical\", \"preamble\", \"private\", \"public\",\n  \"reaction\", \"reactor\", \"realtime\", \"reset\",\n  \"sec\", \"secs\", \"shutdown\", \"startup\", \"state\",\n  \"target\", \"timer\", \"time\", \n  \"usec\", \"usecs\", \n  \"widthof\",\n]\n\n/** \n * Preprocessor functions that may be included markdown files.\n * These will be removed from the HTML by postProcessHTML().\n */\nconst functions = [ \"start\", \"end\" ];\n\n/** Dictionary of features with a list of targets that support the feature. */\nconst supportingTargets = {\n  \"federated\": [\"lf-c\", \"lf-py\", \"lf-ts\"],\n}\n\n/** Text used on multiple web pages. */\n\nconst textSubstitutions = {\n  \"target-language\" : `[C]{lf-c}[Cpp]{lf-cpp}[Python]{lf-py}[TypeScript]{lf-ts}[Rust]{lf-rs}`,\n  \"page-showing-target\" : `\n<span class=\"not-in-pdf\">This page is showing examples in the target language [C]{lf-c}[C++]{lf-cpp}[Python]{lf-py}[TypeScript]{lf-ts}[Rust]{lf-rs}.\nYou can change the target language in the left sidebar.</span>`,\n}\n\n/******** Regex patterns. */\n\n/** Regular expression that matches LF keywords that are whole words. */\nconst keywordMatcher = new RegExp('\\\\b(?:' + keywords.join('|') + ')\\\\b');\n// NOTE: The ?: means that the pattern is not captured, even though it is parentheses.\n\n/** Regular expression that matches LF keywords surrounded by a delimitter $. */\nconst delimitedKeywordMatcher = new RegExp('\\\\$(' + keywords.join('|') + ')\\\\$', 'gm');\n\n/**\n * Regular expression that matches preprocessor functions surrounded by a delimitter $.\n * These get removed in the final HTML.\n */\nconst delimitedFunctionMatcher = new RegExp('\\\\$(' + functions.join('|') + ')\\\\((.*)\\\\)\\\\$', 'gm');\n\n/** Regular expression that matches text substitution name surrounded by a delimitter $. */\nconst textSubstitutionsMatcher = new RegExp('\\\\$(' + Object.keys(textSubstitutions).join('|') + ')\\\\$', 'gm');\n\n/** Regular expression that matches \"[ p1 ]{ p2 }\", where p1 and p2 are arbitrary strings. */\nconst spanMatcher = /\\[([^\\]]*)\\]\\{([^\\}]*)\\}/gm\n\n/******** Functions used internally and not exported. */\n\n/**\n * Return an HTML <span> with classes given by p2 and body given by p1.\n * If any class given in p2 has an entry in supportingTargets, then that class name\n * is replaced with the list of class names given by supportingTargets.\n * @param {*} match The matching string, including delimitters.\n * @param {*} p1 The substring containing the body.\n * @param {*} p2 The substring containing the class list (separated by spaces).\n */\n function spanClassifier(match, p1, p2) {\n   var classes = p2.split(' ');\n   var newClasses = [];\n   for (c of classes) {\n    if (supportingTargets[c]) {\n      Array.prototype.push.apply(newClasses, supportingTargets[c]);\n    } else {\n      newClasses.push(c);\n    }\n   }\n  const result = \"<span class=\\\"\" + newClasses.join(\" \") + \"\\\">\" + p1 + \"</span>\"\n  return result;\n}\n\n/**\n * Return an HTML span of class \"lf_keywords\" with the body given by p1.\n * @param {*} match The matching string, including delimitters.\n * @param {*} p1 The substring containing the keyword.\n */\nfunction delimitedKeywordReplacer(match, p1) {\n  return \"<span class=\\\"lf_keywords\\\">\" + p1 + \"</span>\"\n}\n\n/**\n * Return the text defined by the name given by p1.\n * @param {*} match The matching string, including delimitters.\n * @param {*} p1 The name of the textSubstitutions key.\n */\n function textSubstitutionsReplacer(match, p1) {\n   if (textSubstitutions[p1]) {\n    return textSubstitutions[p1];\n   } else {\n     return '<span class=\"web-page-error\">ERROR: textSubstitutions key not found.</span>';\n   }\n}\n\n/******** Functions exported. */\n\n/**\n * Given HTML to render, process it with any specific Lingua Franca modifications.\n * These include:\n * - Replacing $k$ with a span of class \"lf_keyword\" when k is an LF keyword.\n * - Replacing [ p1 ]{ p2 } with a span of class(es) p2 and body p1.\n * \n * @param {*} html The HTML to process.\n * @returns Possibly modified HTML.\n */\nconst postProcessHTML = (html) => {\n  var result = html.replace(textSubstitutionsMatcher, textSubstitutionsReplacer);\n  result = result.replace(spanMatcher, spanClassifier);\n  result = result.replace(delimitedKeywordMatcher, delimitedKeywordReplacer);\n  result = result.replace(delimitedFunctionMatcher, \"\");\n\n  return result;\n}\n\n\n/********* Module exports. */\nmodule.exports = {\n  postProcessHTML: postProcessHTML,\n  keywordMatcher: keywordMatcher,\n}\n","var regex = require('./regex.js');\n\nmodule.exports = BananaSlug;\nvar own = Object.hasOwnProperty;\n\nfunction BananaSlug() {\n  var self = this;\n  if (!(self instanceof BananaSlug)) return new BananaSlug();\n  self.reset();\n}\n/**\n * Generate a unique slug.\n * @param  {string} value String of text to slugify\n * @param  {boolean} [false] Keep the current case, otherwise make all lowercase\n * @return {string}       A unique slug string\n */\n\n\nBananaSlug.prototype.slug = function (value, maintainCase) {\n  var self = this;\n  var slug = slugger(value, maintainCase === true);\n  var originalSlug = slug;\n\n  while (own.call(self.occurrences, slug)) {\n    self.occurrences[originalSlug]++;\n    slug = originalSlug + '-' + self.occurrences[originalSlug];\n  }\n\n  self.occurrences[slug] = 0;\n  return slug;\n};\n/**\n * Reset - Forget all previous slugs\n * @return void\n 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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor/index.html b/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor/index.html
index e643b5ded..71239edea 100644
--- a/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor/index.html
@@ -210,4 +210,4 @@ <h2 id="comments" style="position:relative;"><a href="#comments" aria-label="com
     /*
      * Multi-line C-style comment.
      */
-    # Single-line Python-style comment.</pre></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#minimal-example">Minimal Example</a></li><li><a href="#examples">Examples</a></li><li><a href="#structure-of-an-lf-project">Structure of an LF Project</a></li><li><a href="#reactor-block">Reactor Block</a></li><li><a href="#comments">Comments</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 16.9576 11.0367L16.2737 14.7984C15.8017 17.3943 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+    # Single-line Python-style comment.</pre></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#minimal-example">Minimal Example</a></li><li><a href="#examples">Examples</a></li><li><a href="#structure-of-an-lf-project">Structure of an LF Project</a></li><li><a href="#reactor-block">Reactor Block</a></li><li><a href="#comments">Comments</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 16.9576 11.0367L16.2737 14.7984C15.8017 17.3943 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/actions/index.html b/docs/handbook/actions/index.html
index ffdca851e..0a9095a3f 100644
--- a/docs/handbook/actions/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/actions/index.html
@@ -425,4 +425,4 @@ <h2 id="testing-an-action-for-presence" style="position:relative;"><a href="#tes
 <span class="lf-py">Just like for inputs, this can be done in the Python target with <code>a.is_present</code>, where <code>a</code> is the name of the action.</span>
 <span class="lf-cpp">Just like for inputs, this can be done in the C++ target with <code>a.is_present()</code>, where <code>a</code> is the name of the action.</span>
 <span class="lf-ts">Just like for inputs, this can be done in the TypeScript target with <code>a != undefined</code>, where <code>a</code> is the name of the action.</span>
-<span class="lf-rs">Just like for inputs, this can be done in the Rust target with <code>ctx.is_present(a)</code>, where <code>a</code> is the name of the action.</span></p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#action-declaration">Action Declaration</a></li><li><a href="#logical-actions">Logical Actions</a></li><li><a href="#physical-actions">Physical Actions</a></li><li><a href="#triggering-time-for-actions">Triggering Time for Actions</a></li><li><a href="#testing-an-action-for-presence">Testing an Action for Presence</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 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+<span class="lf-rs">Just like for inputs, this can be done in the Rust target with <code>ctx.is_present(a)</code>, where <code>a</code> is the name of the action.</span></p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#action-declaration">Action Declaration</a></li><li><a href="#logical-actions">Logical Actions</a></li><li><a href="#physical-actions">Physical Actions</a></li><li><a href="#triggering-time-for-actions">Triggering Time for Actions</a></li><li><a href="#testing-an-action-for-presence">Testing an Action for Presence</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/arduino/index.html b/docs/handbook/arduino/index.html
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@@ -168,4 +168,4 @@ <h1 id="flashing" style="position:relative;"><a href="#flashing" aria-label="fla
 <p>Arduino’s can be flashed via USB. To find the port oto which your device is connected, run the following command:</p>
 <p><code>arduino-cli board list</code></p>
 <p>You can either use <code>arduino-cli</code> to flash the code onto your device after the sketch file has been built, or you can set <code>flash:true</code> and provide a <code>port</code> in your Lingua Franca file. To flash manually using <code>arduino-cli</code>, enter the subdirectory of <code>src-gen</code> in which the generated sketch file is located and run:</p>
-<p><code>arduino-cli upload -p PORT -b FQBN .</code></p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#overview">Overview</a></li><li><a href="#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li><li><a href="#writing-a-simple-arduino-program">Writing a simple Arduino Program</a></li><li><a href="#platform-options">Platform Options</a></li><li><a href="#building">Building</a></li><li><a href="#flashing">Flashing</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 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@@ -470,4 +470,4 @@ <h2 id="reaction-order" style="position:relative;"><a href="#reaction-order" ari
 </pre>
 <p></p>
 <img alt="Lingua Franca diagram" src="/d6d028e6b96b958e2a53a689a64e77f2/CycleReordered.svg" width="400">
-<p>There is no longer any causality loop.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#cycles">Cycles</a></li><li><a href="#cycles-with-delays">Cycles with Delays</a></li><li><a href="#reaction-order">Reaction Order</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 16.9576 11.0367L16.2737 14.7984C15.8017 17.3943 13.2078 19.0291 10.6622 18.3348L5.06251 16.8076C4.14894 16.5585 3.45455 15.8145 3.26885 14.886L2.91581 13.1208C2.63809 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+<p>There is no longer any causality loop.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#cycles">Cycles</a></li><li><a href="#cycles-with-delays">Cycles with Delays</a></li><li><a href="#reaction-order">Reaction Order</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 16.9576 11.0367L16.2737 14.7984C15.8017 17.3943 13.2078 19.0291 10.6622 18.3348L5.06251 16.8076C4.14894 16.5585 3.45455 15.8145 3.26885 14.886L2.91581 13.1208C2.63809 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@@ -98,4 +98,4 @@ <h3 id="running" style="position:relative;"><a href="#running" aria-label="runni
 Running the code can also be done from the VS Code terminal by executing the generated file in <code>./bin</code>.</p>
 <h2 id="notes" style="position:relative;"><a href="#notes" aria-label="notes permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Notes</h2>
 <h3 id="for-python-users" style="position:relative;"><a href="#for-python-users" aria-label="for python users permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>For Python Users</h3>
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+<p>Users who edit LF programs with a Python target will benefit the most from Python linting by installing Pylint 2.12.2 or later.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#usage">Usage</a></li><li><a href="#notes">Notes</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 16.9576 11.0367L16.2737 14.7984C15.8017 17.3943 13.2078 19.0291 10.6622 18.3348L5.06251 16.8076C4.14894 16.5585 3.45455 15.8145 3.26885 14.886L2.91581 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/command-line-tools/index.html b/docs/handbook/command-line-tools/index.html
index eff8745ca..de375d7e8 100644
--- a/docs/handbook/command-line-tools/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/command-line-tools/index.html
@@ -88,4 +88,4 @@
 </pre>
 <p>To see the options that can be given to <code>lfc</code>, get help:</p>
 <pre class="source-lf language-sh"><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell">$</span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell"> </span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell">lfc</span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell"> </span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell">-</span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option">-help</span>
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diff --git a/docs/handbook/composing-reactors/index.html b/docs/handbook/composing-reactors/index.html
index 24a5a936f..02cb2282f 100644
--- a/docs/handbook/composing-reactors/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/composing-reactors/index.html
@@ -338,4 +338,4 @@ <h2 id="physical-connections" style="position:relative;"><a href="#physical-conn
 </pre>
 <p>This is rendered in by the diagram synthesizer as follows:</p>
 <img alt="Lingua Franca diagram" src="/dfffe82cc937aabc9740abbc27dde18f/PhysicalConnection.svg" width="200">
-<p>In such a connection, the logical time at the recipient is derived from the local physical clock rather than being equal to the logical time at the sender. The physical time will always exceed the logical time of the sender (unless fast is set to <code>true</code>), so this type of connection incurs a nondeterministic positive logical time delay. Physical connections are useful sometimes in <a href="/docs/handbook/distributed-execution">Distributed-Execution</a> in situations where the nondeterministic logical delay is tolerable. Such connections are more efficient because timestamps need not be transmitted and messages do not need to flow through through a centralized coordinator (if a centralized coordinator is being used).</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#contained-reactors">Contained Reactors</a></li><li><a href="#diagrams">Diagrams</a></li><li><a href="#creating-reactor-instances">Creating Reactor Instances</a></li><li><a href="#connections">Connections</a></li><li><a href="#import-statement">Import Statement</a></li><li><a href="#hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li><li><a href="#connections-with-logical-delays">Connections with Logical Delays</a></li><li><a href="#physical-connections">Physical Connections</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 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+<p>In such a connection, the logical time at the recipient is derived from the local physical clock rather than being equal to the logical time at the sender. The physical time will always exceed the logical time of the sender (unless fast is set to <code>true</code>), so this type of connection incurs a nondeterministic positive logical time delay. Physical connections are useful sometimes in <a href="/docs/handbook/distributed-execution">Distributed-Execution</a> in situations where the nondeterministic logical delay is tolerable. Such connections are more efficient because timestamps need not be transmitted and messages do not need to flow through through a centralized coordinator (if a centralized coordinator is being used).</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#contained-reactors">Contained Reactors</a></li><li><a href="#diagrams">Diagrams</a></li><li><a href="#creating-reactor-instances">Creating Reactor Instances</a></li><li><a href="#connections">Connections</a></li><li><a href="#import-statement">Import Statement</a></li><li><a href="#hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li><li><a href="#connections-with-logical-delays">Connections with Logical Delays</a></li><li><a href="#physical-connections">Physical Connections</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 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--- a/docs/handbook/containerized-execution/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/containerized-execution/index.html
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@
 <p>How to use this depends on whether your application is federated. You will need to <a href="https://docs.docker.com/get-docker/">install Docker</a> if you haven’t already in order to use this.</p>
 <h2 id="unfederated-execution" style="position:relative;"><a href="#unfederated-execution" aria-label="unfederated execution permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Unfederated Execution</h2>
 <h3 id="using-docker-build-and-docker-run" style="position:relative;"><a href="#using-docker-build-and-docker-run" aria-label="using docker build and docker run permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Using docker build and docker run</h3>
-<p>Suppose your LF source file is <code>Foo.lf</code>. When you run <code>lfc</code> or use the IDE to generate code, a file called <code>Foo.Dockerfile</code> will appear in the <code>src_gen</code> directory. You can use this file to build a Docker image as follows. First, make sure you are in the same directory as the source file. Then issue the command:</p>
-<pre class="source-lf language-sh"><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell">   </span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell">docker</span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell"> </span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell">build</span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell"> </span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell">-</span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option">t</span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell"> </span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell">foo</span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell"> </span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell">-</span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option">f</span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell"> </span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell">src-gen/Foo.Dockerfile</span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell"> </span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell">.</span>
+<p>Suppose your LF source file is <code>src/Foo.lf</code>. When you run <code>lfc</code> or use the IDE to generate code, a file called <code>Dockerfile</code> will appear in the <code>src_gen/Foo</code> directory, see <a href="/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor#structure-of-an-lf-project">Structure of an LF project</a> for more info. You can build a Docker image as follows. First, navigate into the directory where <code>Dockerfile</code> is located. Then issue the command:</p>
+<pre class="source-lf language-sh"><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell">   </span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell">docker</span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell"> </span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell">build</span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell"> </span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell">-</span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option">t</span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell"> </span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell">foo</span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell"> </span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell">.</span>
 </pre>
 <p>This will create a Docker image with tag <code>foo</code>. The tag is required to be all lower-case letters. By convention, we advise using the LF source file name, converted to lower case.</p>
 <p>You can then use this tag to run the image in a container:</p>
@@ -136,4 +136,4 @@ <h3 id="using-docker-build-and-docker-run-1" style="position:relative;"><a href=
 <h3 id="using-docker-compose-up-1" style="position:relative;"><a href="#using-docker-compose-up-1" aria-label="using docker compose up 1 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Using docker compose up</h3>
 <p>For a federated Lingua Franca program, once you use <code>lfc</code> to compile <code>Foo.lf</code>, on top of the <code>docker-compose.yml</code> for the reactors, an additional <code>docker-compose.yml</code> will be generated for the RTI and placed in <code>src-gen/RTI</code>.</p>
 <p>To run the federated program, open two terminals. In the first terminal, go to <code>src-gen/RTI</code> and use <code>docker compose up</code> to build and run the containerized RTI. Wait until the RTI is booted up. Then, open a second terminal and <code>cd</code> to the top level folder of the program (this is the folder that contains one folder for each of the federated reactors). You should see a <code>docker-compose.yml</code> there. Run <code>docker compose up</code> to build and run the containers.</p>
-<p>Once the program finished executing, run <code>docker compose down</code> in both the folder that contains the <code>docker-compose.yml</code> for the RTI as well as the folder that contains the <code>docker-compose.yml</code> for the reactors to remove the containers.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#unfederated-execution">Unfederated Execution</a></li><li><a href="#federated-execution">Federated Execution</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 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+<p>Once the program finished executing, run <code>docker compose down</code> in both the folder that contains the <code>docker-compose.yml</code> for the RTI as well as the folder that contains the <code>docker-compose.yml</code> for the reactors to remove the containers.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#unfederated-execution">Unfederated Execution</a></li><li><a href="#federated-execution">Federated Execution</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 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raised"><div class="markdown"><p>The preferred way to contribute to Lingua Franca is to issue pull requests through <a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca">GitHub</a>.
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rel="prev" href="/docs/handbook/actions"><div class="prev-next prev row"><div class="arrow"><svg width="11" height="14" viewBox="0 0 11 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.5 0V14L0 7.5L10.5 0Z" fill="var(--link-color)"></path></svg></div><div class="nav-content"><header>Previous</header><h3>Actions</h3><p>Actions in Lingua Franca.</p></div></div></a><div class="hide-small vertical-line"></div><a class="navigation-link" rel="prev" href="/docs/handbook/developer-setup"><div class="prev-next next row"><div class="arrow"><svg width="11" height="14" viewBox="0 0 11 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.5 0V14L0 7.5L10.5 0Z" fill="var(--link-color)"></path></svg></div><div class="nav-content"><header>Next</header><h3>Developer Setup</h3><p>Setting up Lingua Franca for developers.</p></div></div></a></div></div><div class="whitespace-tight raised" style="padding:0"><div class="row justify-between small-columns"><div class="bottom-section-content"><p>Lingua Franca is an open source project. Help us improve these pages <!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/tree/main/packages/documentation/copy/en/developer/Contributing.md">by sending a Pull Request</a> ❤<!-- --></p></div><div class="hide-small vertical-line" style="margin-top:1.5rem"></div><div class="bottom-section-content">Contributors to this page:<!-- --><br/><div><div class="circle-bg">E<!-- --><img id="62d01fdbb6efd29b1150fa9893d08612" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/62d01fdbb6efd29b1150fa9893d08612?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="eal  (3)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">CM<!-- --><img id="2121e10b7bc9069b4075a69e757c9017" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/2121e10b7bc9069b4075a69e757c9017?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Christian Menard  (1)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">AR<!-- --><img id="897b0f955ed1b26fdf16cf3b689bb6b6" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/897b0f955ed1b26fdf16cf3b689bb6b6?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Anirudh Rengarajan  (1)"/></div></div></div><div class="hide-small vertical-line" 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value="consolas">Consolas<!-- --></option><option value="dank-mono">Dank Mono<!-- --></option><option value="fira-code">Fira Code<!-- --></option><option value="jetbrains-mono">JetBrains Mono<!-- --></option><option value="open-dyslexic">OpenDyslexic<!-- --></option><option value="sf-mono">SF Mono<!-- --></option><option value="source-code-pro">Source Code Pro<!-- --></option></select></div></label></article></section><section id="community"><article id="logos"><a href=""><img id="lf-logo" width="195" height="75" src="/static/footer_logo-6712b352b6972d49da8ef6e29aefc4ae.svg" alt="Lingua Franca Logo"/></a><p>Made with ♥ in Berkeley, Dallas, Dresden, Kiel, and Seoul</p><p>© 2019-<!-- -->2023<!-- --> The Lingua Franca Team<!-- --><br/></p></article><article id="using-lf"><h3>Using Lingua Franca</h3><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/overview">Get Started</a></li><li><a href="/download">Download</a></li><li><a href="/">Why Lingua Franca</a></li><li><a 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/deadlines/index.html b/docs/handbook/deadlines/index.html
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--- a/docs/handbook/deadlines/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/deadlines/index.html
@@ -279,4 +279,4 @@ <h2 id="deadline-violations-during-execution" style="position:relative;"><a href
 Counted to 20257</pre>
 <p>This is a (rather trivial) example of an <strong>anytime computation</strong>. Such computations proceed to improve results until time runs out and then produce the most improved result.</p>
 <p>The arguments to the <code>lf_check_deadline</code> are the <code>self</code> struct and a boolean that indicates whether the deadline violation handler should be invoked upon detecting a deadline violation. Because the argument is <code>true</code> above, the handler is invoked and <code>Stopped counting</code> is printed.</p>
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diff --git a/docs/handbook/developer-setup/index.html b/docs/handbook/developer-setup/index.html
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--- a/docs/handbook/developer-setup/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/developer-setup/index.html
@@ -115,4 +115,4 @@ <h2 id="building-ides" style="position:relative;"><a href="#building-ides" aria-
 <p>Currently, we provide two IDEs that support Lingua Franca programs.
 Their source code is located in external repositories.
 We have a <a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/vscode-lingua-franca">Lingua Franca extension</a> for VS code and an Eclipse based IDE called <a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/epoch">Epoch</a>.
-Please refer to the READMEs for build instructions.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li><li><a href="#cloning-the-repository">Cloning the Repository</a></li><li><a href="#building-the-command-line-tools">Building the command line tools</a></li><li><a href="#ide-integration">IDE Integration</a></li><li><a href="#building-ides">Building IDEs</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/distributed-execution/index.html b/docs/handbook/distributed-execution/index.html
index 7dff13269..383730aff 100644
--- a/docs/handbook/distributed-execution/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/distributed-execution/index.html
@@ -543,4 +543,4 @@ <h3 id="clock-synchronization-options" style="position:relative;"><a href="#cloc
 <p><code>trials</code>: The number of rounds of message exchange with the RTI in each clock synchronization round. This defaults to <code>10</code>.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
-</div></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#installation-of-the-rti">Installation of the RTI</a></li><li><a href="#minimal-example">Minimal Example</a></li><li><a href="#federation-id">Federation ID</a></li><li><a href="#coordinated-start">Coordinated Start</a></li><li><a href="#coordinated-shutdown">Coordinated Shutdown</a></li><li><a href="#communication-between-federates">Communication Between Federates</a></li><li><a href="#centralized-coordination">Centralized Coordination</a></li><li><a href="#decentralized-coordination">Decentralized Coordination</a></li><li><a href="#physical-connections">Physical Connections</a></li><li><a href="#prerequisites-for-distributed-execution">Prerequisites for Distributed Execution</a></li><li><a href="#specifying-rti-hosts">Specifying RTI Hosts</a></li><li><a href="#specifying-federate-hosts">Specifying Federate Hosts</a></li><li><a href="#clock-synchronization">Clock 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/eclipse-oomph/index.html b/docs/handbook/eclipse-oomph/index.html
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--- a/docs/handbook/eclipse-oomph/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/eclipse-oomph/index.html
@@ -308,4 +308,4 @@ <h2 id="troubleshooting" style="position:relative;"><a href="#troubleshooting" a
  Hostname ssh.github.com
  Port 443</pre>
 </li>
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role="article"><h2>Epoch IDE</h2><article><div class="whitespace raised"><div class="markdown"><p>Epoch is a standalone application based on Eclipse that provides a syntax-directed editor, compiler, and diagram synthesis tool for Lingua Franca programs.</p>
 <h2 id="usage" style="position:relative;"><a href="#usage" aria-label="usage permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Usage</h2>
-<p>By default, Epoch is set to “Build Automatically” in the Project menu. This means that the LF code generator and compiler will be invoked every time you change a file and whenever you open a new project (on all files in the project). Many people prefer to turn this feature off and invoke the code generator by hand by clicking on the gear icon at the upper left.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#usage">Usage</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 16.9576 11.0367L16.2737 14.7984C15.8017 17.3943 13.2078 19.0291 10.6622 18.3348L5.06251 16.8076C4.14894 16.5585 3.45455 15.8145 3.26885 14.886L2.91581 13.1208C2.63809 11.7322 3.69991 10.5624 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class="justify-between row"><a class="navigation-link" rel="prev" href="/docs/handbook/code-extension"><div class="prev-next prev row"><div class="arrow"><svg width="11" height="14" viewBox="0 0 11 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.5 0V14L0 7.5L10.5 0Z" fill="var(--link-color)"></path></svg></div><div class="nav-content"><header>Previous</header><h3>Code Extension</h3><p>Visual Studio Code Extension for Lingua Franca.</p></div></div></a><div class="hide-small vertical-line"></div><a class="navigation-link" rel="prev" href="/docs/handbook/command-line-tools"><div class="prev-next next row"><div class="arrow"><svg width="11" height="14" viewBox="0 0 11 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.5 0V14L0 7.5L10.5 0Z" fill="var(--link-color)"></path></svg></div><div class="nav-content"><header>Next</header><h3>Command Line Tools</h3><p>Command-line tools for Lingua Franca.</p></div></div></a></div></div><div class="whitespace-tight raised" 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Help us improve these pages <!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/tree/main/packages/documentation/copy/en/tools/Epoch IDE.md">by sending a Pull Request</a> ❤<!-- --></p></div><div class="hide-small vertical-line" style="margin-top:1.5rem"></div><div class="bottom-section-content">Contributors to this page:<!-- --><br/><div><div class="circle-bg">ML<!-- --><img id="c26ab14c214bf587f2d78eaf9c43d07e" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/c26ab14c214bf587f2d78eaf9c43d07e?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Marten Lohstroh  (6)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">E<!-- --><img id="62d01fdbb6efd29b1150fa9893d08612" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/62d01fdbb6efd29b1150fa9893d08612?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="eal  (5)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">PD<!-- --><img id="5c7c24558dc353289718fcff13190a79" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/5c7c24558dc353289718fcff13190a79?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Peter Donovan  (2)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">CM<!-- --><img id="2121e10b7bc9069b4075a69e757c9017" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/2121e10b7bc9069b4075a69e757c9017?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Christian Menard  (1)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">EAL<!-- --><img id="62d01fdbb6efd29b1150fa9893d08612" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/62d01fdbb6efd29b1150fa9893d08612?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Edward A. 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+<p>By default, Epoch is set to “Build Automatically” in the Project menu. This means that the LF code generator and compiler will be invoked every time you change a file and whenever you open a new project (on all files in the project). Many people prefer to turn this feature off and invoke the code generator by hand by clicking on the gear icon at the upper left.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#usage">Usage</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 16.9576 11.0367L16.2737 14.7984C15.8017 17.3943 13.2078 19.0291 10.6622 18.3348L5.06251 16.8076C4.14894 16.5585 3.45455 15.8145 3.26885 14.886L2.91581 13.1208C2.63809 11.7322 3.69991 10.5624 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Lee  (1)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">SL<!-- --><img id="eae96b8728cba5d2b2d8010ab96b5c5e" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/eae96b8728cba5d2b2d8010ab96b5c5e?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Shaokai Lin  (1)"/></div></div></div><div class="hide-small vertical-line" style="margin-top:1.5rem"></div><div class="bottom-section-content"><p>Last updated: Nov 10, 2023<!-- --><br/><br/><span id="page-loaded-time"> </span></p></div></div></div></div></section><div id="quickTipPopup" class="inline-popup popup-fade-in" style="opacity:0"><div class="inline-popup-container"><a class="inline-popup-extract"><div></div></a></div></div></main><footer id="site-footer" role="contentinfo"><section id="customize"><article><h3>Customize</h3><label><p>Color Mode<!-- -->:<!-- --></p><div class="switch-wrap"><select name="colours"><option value="system" selected="">System<!-- --></option><option value="force-light">Always Light<!-- --></option><option value="force-dark">Always Dark<!-- 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/expressions/index.html b/docs/handbook/expressions/index.html
index 006634bae..9990cb5c4 100644
--- a/docs/handbook/expressions/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/expressions/index.html
@@ -183,4 +183,4 @@ <h2 id="collections" style="position:relative;"><a href="#collections" aria-labe
 </div>
 <div class="lf-rs warning">
 <p>FIXME: Rust</p>
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diff --git a/docs/handbook/extending-reactors/index.html b/docs/handbook/extending-reactors/index.html
index 179f941da..9b6e811c1 100644
--- a/docs/handbook/extending-reactors/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/extending-reactors/index.html
@@ -155,4 +155,4 @@ <h2 id="extending-a-base-reactor" style="position:relative;"><a href="#extending
 <p>Here, the base class <code>A</code> has a single output that it writes to in reaction to an input. The subclass inherits the input, the output, and the reaction of <code>A</code>, and adds its own input <code>b</code> and reaction. When an input event <code>a</code> arrives, both reactions will be invoked, but, once again, in a well-defined order. The reactions of the base class are invoked before those of the derived class. So in this case, <code>B</code> will overwrite the output produced by <code>A</code>.</p>
 <p>One limitation is that a subclass cannot have ports, actions, or state variables with the same names as those in the base class. The names must be unique.</p>
 <p>A subclass can extend more than one base class by just providing a comma-separated list of base classes. If reactions in multiple base classes are triggered at the same tag, they will be invoked in the same order that they appear in the comma-separated list.</p>
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diff --git a/docs/handbook/generic-types-interfaces-inheritance/index.html b/docs/handbook/generic-types-interfaces-inheritance/index.html
index ab78dc9c9..7dc55949d 100644
--- a/docs/handbook/generic-types-interfaces-inheritance/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/generic-types-interfaces-inheritance/index.html
@@ -98,4 +98,4 @@ <h1 id="inheritance" style="position:relative;"><a href="#inheritance" aria-labe
 <li>Reactions are inherited in the order of declaration; and</li>
 <li>Equally-named ports and actions between subclass and superclass must also be equally typed.</li>
 </ul>
-<h2 id="example" style="position:relative;"><a href="#example" aria-label="example permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Example</h2></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#generics">Generics</a></li><li><a href="#type-constraints">Type Constraints</a></li><li><a href="#interfaces">Interfaces</a></li><li><a href="#inheritance">Inheritance</a></li><li><a href="#example">Example</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/generics/index.html b/docs/handbook/generics/index.html
index 2e7cd20cf..cb5695f91 100644
--- a/docs/handbook/generics/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/generics/index.html
@@ -173,4 +173,4 @@ <h2 id="generic-reactors" style="position:relative;"><a href="#generic-reactors"
 <p>This reactor could be instantiated for example like this:</p>
 <pre class="source-lf language-lf"><span class="source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang">g</span><span class="source-lf"> </span><span class="source-lf keyword-operator-lflang">=</span><span class="source-lf"> </span><span class="source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang">new</span><span class="source-lf"> </span><span class="source-lf entity-name-type-lflang">Generic</span><span class="source-lf">&lt;</span><span class="source-lf storage-type-lflang">float</span><span class="source-lf">, </span><span class="source-lf storage-type-lflang">int</span><span class="source-lf">, </span><span class="source-lf storage-type-lflang">bool</span><span class="source-lf">&gt;</span><span class="source-lf">()</span>
 </pre>
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diff --git a/docs/handbook/import-system/index.html b/docs/handbook/import-system/index.html
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+++ b/docs/handbook/import-system/index.html
@@ -146,4 +146,4 @@ <h1 id="proposed-solution" style="position:relative;"><a href="#proposed-solutio
 
 main reactor Greetings {
     a = new SayHeGreetings();
-}</pre></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#current-implementation-of-imports">Current Implementation of Imports</a></li><li><a href="#duplicate-reactor-names">Duplicate Reactor Names</a></li><li><a href="#selective-importing">Selective Importing</a></li><li><a href="#qualified-paths">Qualified Paths</a></li><li><a href="#renaming">Renaming</a></li><li><a href="#packages">Packages</a></li><li><a href="#proposed-solution">Proposed Solution</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 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href="/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables">Parameters and State Variables</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/time-and-timers">Time and Timers</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/composing-reactors">Composing Reactors</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/reactions">Reactions</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/methods">Methods</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/causality-loops">Causality Loops</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/extending-reactors">Extending Reactors</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/actions">Actions</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/superdense-time">Superdense Time</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/modal-models">Modal Reactors</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/deadlines">Deadlines</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks">Multiports and Banks</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/generics">Generic Reactors</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/preambles">Preambles</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/distributed-execution">Distributed Execution</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/termination">Termination</a></li></ul></div><div class="item raised"><h4>Tools</h4><p>Tools for developing Lingua Franca programs.</p><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/code-extension">Code Extension</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/epoch-ide">Epoch IDE</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/command-line-tools">Command Line Tools</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></li></ul></div><div class="item raised"><h4>Reference</h4><p>Reference documentation.</p><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/expressions">Expressions</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/target-language-details">Target Language Details</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/target-declaration">Target Declaration</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/tracing">Tracing</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/containerized-execution">Containerized Execution</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/security">Security</a></li></ul></div><div class="item raised"><h4>Embedded Platforms</h4><p>Documentation for developing Lingua Franca on Embedded Platforms.</p><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/arduino">Arduino</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/zephyr">Zephyr</a></li></ul></div><div class="item raised"><h4>Developer</h4><p>Information for developers of the Lingua Franca language and tools.</p><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/contributing">Contributing</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/developer-setup">Developer Setup</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/intellij">Developer IntelliJ Setup</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/regression-tests">Regression Tests</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/running-benchmarks">Running Benchmarks</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/website-development">Website Development</a></li></ul></div></div></div></main><footer id="site-footer" role="contentinfo"><section id="customize"><article><h3>Customize</h3><label><p>Color Mode<!-- -->:<!-- --></p><div class="switch-wrap"><select name="colours"><option 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href="/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables">Parameters and State Variables</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/time-and-timers">Time and Timers</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/composing-reactors">Composing Reactors</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/reactions">Reactions</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/methods">Methods</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/causality-loops">Causality Loops</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/extending-reactors">Extending Reactors</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/actions">Actions</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/superdense-time">Superdense Time</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/modal-models">Modal Reactors</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/deadlines">Deadlines</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks">Multiports and Banks</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/generics">Generic Reactors</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/preambles">Preambles</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/distributed-execution">Distributed Execution</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/termination">Termination</a></li></ul></div><div class="item raised"><h4>Tools</h4><p>Tools for developing Lingua Franca programs.</p><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/code-extension">Code Extension</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/epoch-ide">Epoch IDE</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/command-line-tools">Command Line Tools</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></li></ul></div><div class="item raised"><h4>Reference</h4><p>Reference documentation.</p><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/expressions">Expressions</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/target-language-details">Target Language Details</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/target-declaration">Target Declaration</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/tracing">Tracing</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/containerized-execution">Containerized Execution</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/security">Security</a></li></ul></div><div class="item raised"><h4>Embedded Platforms</h4><p>Documentation for developing Lingua Franca on Embedded Platforms.</p><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/arduino">Arduino</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/zephyr">Zephyr</a></li></ul></div><div class="item raised"><h4>Developer</h4><p>Information for developers of the Lingua Franca language and tools.</p><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/contributing">Contributing</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/developer-setup">Developer Setup</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/intellij">Developer IntelliJ Setup</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/regression-tests">Regression Tests</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/running-benchmarks">Running Benchmarks</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/website-development">Website Development</a></li></ul></div></div></div></main><footer id="site-footer" role="contentinfo"><section id="customize"><article><h3>Customize</h3><label><p>Color Mode<!-- -->:<!-- --></p><div class="switch-wrap"><select name="colours"><option 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs/index.html b/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs/index.html
index 2726bd181..57e24b154 100644
--- a/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs/index.html
@@ -249,4 +249,4 @@ <h2 id="mutable-inputs" style="position:relative;"><a href="#mutable-inputs" ari
 <pre class="source-lf language-lf"><span class="source-lf">  </span><span class="source-lf storage-modifier-lflang">mutable</span><span class="source-lf"> </span><span class="source-lf storage-modifier-lflang">input</span><span class="source-lf"> &lt;name&gt;</span>
 </pre>
 </div>
-<p>This is a directive to the code generator indicating that reactions that read this input may also modify the value of the input. The code generator will attempt to optimize the scheduling to avoid copying the input value, but this may not be possible, in which case it will automatically insert a copy operation, making it safe to modify the input. The target-specific reference documentation has more details about how this works.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#input-and-output-declarations">Input and Output Declarations</a></li><li><a href="#setting-an-output-multiple-times">Setting an Output Multiple Times</a></li><li><a href="#mutable-inputs">Mutable Inputs</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 16.9576 11.0367L16.2737 14.7984C15.8017 17.3943 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+<p>This is a directive to the code generator indicating that reactions that read this input may also modify the value of the input. The code generator will attempt to optimize the scheduling to avoid copying the input value, but this may not be possible, in which case it will automatically insert a copy operation, making it safe to modify the input. The target-specific reference documentation has more details about how this works.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#input-and-output-declarations">Input and Output Declarations</a></li><li><a href="#setting-an-output-multiple-times">Setting an Output Multiple Times</a></li><li><a href="#mutable-inputs">Mutable Inputs</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 16.9576 11.0367L16.2737 14.7984C15.8017 17.3943 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2.43509 1.12425 3.85393 1.12425z" fill="#ffffff"></path></svg></span>@thelflang<!-- --></a></li><li><a style="position:relative" href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca"><span class="link-prefix"><svg fill="none" height="12" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="m6.03927.165405c-3.27055 0-5.922909 2.652005-5.922909 5.923645 0 2.61709 1.697089 4.83705 4.050909 5.62035.29636.0546.40436-.1284.40436-.2854 0-.1408-.00509-.5131-.008-1.0073-1.64763.3578-1.99527-.7942-1.99527-.7942-.26946-.68436-.65782-.86654-.65782-.86654-.53782-.36727.04073-.36001.04073-.36001.59454.04182.90727.61055.90727.61055.52836.90509 1.38655.64364 1.724.492.05382-.38254.20691-.64363.376-.79163-1.31527-.14946-2.69818-.65782-2.69818-2.92764 0-.64654.23091-1.17564.60982-1.58946-.06109-.14981-.26437-.75236.05818-1.56763 0 0 .49709-.15927 1.62872.60727.47237-.13163.97928-.19709 1.48291-.19964.50328.00255 1.00982.06801 1.48291.19964 1.13091-.76654 1.62727-.60727 1.62727-.60727.32328.81527.12001 1.41782.05928 1.56763.37964.41382.60873.94292.60873 1.58946 0 2.27564-1.38509 2.77636-2.70437 2.92291.21237.18291.40182.54436.40182 1.09672 0 .79204-.00727 1.43094-.00727 1.62514 0 .1585.10691.3429.40727.2851 2.35197-.7851 4.04767-3.00369 4.04767-5.62005 0-3.27164-2.6524-5.923645-5.92403-5.923645z" fill="#ffffff" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span>Web Repo<!-- --></a></li><li><a style="position:relative" href="https://zulip.lf-lang.org"><span class="link-prefix"><svg fill="none" viewBox="-30 -10 55 55" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M22.767 3.589c0 1.209-.543 2.283-1.37 2.934l-8.034 7.174c-.149.128-.343-.078-.235-.25l2.946-5.9c.083-.165-.024-.368-.194-.368H4.452c-1.77 0-3.219-1.615-3.219-3.59C1.233 1.616 2.682 0 4.452 0h15.096c1.77-.001 3.219 1.614 3.219 3.589zM4.452 24h15.096c1.77 0 3.219-1.616 3.219-3.59 0-1.974-1.449-3.59-3.219-3.59H8.12c-.17 0-.277-.202-.194-.367l2.946-5.9c.108-.172-.086-.378-.235-.25l-8.033 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@@ -265,4 +265,4 @@ <h2 id="running-and-debugging" style="position:relative;"><a href="#running-and-
     </span></p>
 <p>By clicking the play button, <code>lfc</code> will be invoked, and if compilation is successful, its output can be found, relative to package root of the file under compilation, in <code>bin</code> if the target is a compiled language (e.g., C) or in <code>src-gen</code> if the target is an interpreted language (e.g., TypeScript).  For the <code>HelloWorld.lf</code> example above, the binary can be found in <code>test/Cpp/bin/HelloWorld</code> and can be executed in the terminal.</p>
 <h2 id="integration-tests" style="position:relative;"><a href="#integration-tests" aria-label="integration tests permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Integration Tests</h2>
-<p>You can also run the integration test from IntelliJ. You will find the <kbd>targetTest</kbd> and <kbd>singleTest</kbd> tasks in the Gradle tab under <kbd>org.lflang > Tasks > other</kbd>. Make sure to add a run configuration as shown above and append <code>-Ptarget=...'</code> to the <code>targetTest</code> command or <code>-DsingleTest=...</code> to your <code>singleTest</code> command to specify the target (e.g., <code>C</code>) or the specific test that you would like to run.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li><li><a href="#cloning-lingua-franca-repository">Cloning lingua-franca repository</a></li><li><a href="#opening-lingua-franca-as-intellij-project">Opening lingua-franca as IntelliJ Project</a></li><li><a href="#setting-up-run-configurations">Setting up run configurations</a></li><li><a href="#running-and-debugging">Running and Debugging</a></li><li><a href="#integration-tests">Integration Tests</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" 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14.777C8.88216 12.6365 8.19326 11.2759 6.33336 9.62597C5.99304 9.32406 5.58878 9.1089 5.19665 8.9539C4.31631 8.60592 3.75035 7.80549 3.89639 7.0753L4.24943 5.31012C4.36085 4.753 4.77748 4.30664 5.32562 4.15715L10.9254 2.62995C12.9052 2.08999 14.9227 3.36145 15.2898 5.38052L15.9738 9.14222C16.197 10.3699 15.2538 11.5 14.006 11.5H12.5015C12.3476 11.5 12.2022 11.5709 12.1074 11.6923C12.0127 11.8136 11.9792 11.972 12.0165 12.1214C12.0165 12.1214 12.0165 12.1213 12.0165 12.1214Z"></path></svg> <!-- -->No<!-- --></button></div></div></nav></aside></article><div class="whitespace-tight raised"><div class="justify-between row"><a class="navigation-link" rel="prev" href="/docs/handbook/developer-setup"><div class="prev-next prev row"><div class="arrow"><svg width="11" height="14" viewBox="0 0 11 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.5 0V14L0 7.5L10.5 0Z" fill="var(--link-color)"></path></svg></div><div class="nav-content"><header>Previous</header><h3>Developer 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+<p>You can also run the integration test from IntelliJ. You will find the <kbd>targetTest</kbd> and <kbd>singleTest</kbd> tasks in the Gradle tab under <kbd>org.lflang > Tasks > other</kbd>. Make sure to add a run configuration as shown above and append <code>-Ptarget=...'</code> to the <code>targetTest</code> command or <code>-DsingleTest=...</code> to your <code>singleTest</code> command to specify the target (e.g., <code>C</code>) or the specific test that you would like to run.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li><li><a href="#cloning-lingua-franca-repository">Cloning lingua-franca repository</a></li><li><a href="#opening-lingua-franca-as-intellij-project">Opening lingua-franca as IntelliJ Project</a></li><li><a href="#setting-up-run-configurations">Setting up run configurations</a></li><li><a href="#running-and-debugging">Running and Debugging</a></li><li><a href="#integration-tests">Integration Tests</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" 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14.777C8.88216 12.6365 8.19326 11.2759 6.33336 9.62597C5.99304 9.32406 5.58878 9.1089 5.19665 8.9539C4.31631 8.60592 3.75035 7.80549 3.89639 7.0753L4.24943 5.31012C4.36085 4.753 4.77748 4.30664 5.32562 4.15715L10.9254 2.62995C12.9052 2.08999 14.9227 3.36145 15.2898 5.38052L15.9738 9.14222C16.197 10.3699 15.2538 11.5 14.006 11.5H12.5015C12.3476 11.5 12.2022 11.5709 12.1074 11.6923C12.0127 11.8136 11.9792 11.972 12.0165 12.1214C12.0165 12.1214 12.0165 12.1213 12.0165 12.1214Z"></path></svg> <!-- -->No<!-- --></button></div></div></nav></aside></article><div class="whitespace-tight raised"><div class="justify-between row"><a class="navigation-link" rel="prev" href="/docs/handbook/developer-setup"><div class="prev-next prev row"><div class="arrow"><svg width="11" height="14" viewBox="0 0 11 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.5 0V14L0 7.5L10.5 0Z" fill="var(--link-color)"></path></svg></div><div class="nav-content"><header>Previous</header><h3>Developer 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/language-specification/index.html b/docs/handbook/language-specification/index.html
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--- a/docs/handbook/language-specification/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/language-specification/index.html
@@ -611,4 +611,4 @@ <h4 id="initializer-pseudo-expressions" style="position:relative;"><a href="#ini
 <li>
 <p>Brace-list syntax, e.g. <code>{1, 2, 3}</code>. This syntax is at the moment only supported by the C++ target. It’s used to initialize a vector with the initializer list syntax instead of a constructor call.</p>
 </li>
-</ul></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#target-language-specification">Target Language Specification</a></li><li><a href="#import-statement">Import Statement</a></li><li><a href="#reactor-block">Reactor Block</a></li><li><a href="#reaction-declaration">Reaction Declaration</a></li><li><a href="#contained-reactors">Contained Reactors</a></li><li><a href="#deadlines">Deadlines</a></li><li><a href="#comments">Comments</a></li><li><a href="#appendix-lf-types">Appendix: LF types</a></li><li><a href="#appendix-lf-expressions">Appendix: LF expressions</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/methods/index.html b/docs/handbook/methods/index.html
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@@ -169,4 +169,4 @@
 and receives one integer argument, which it uses to increment <code>foo</code>. Both
 methods are visible in all reactions of the reactor. In this example, the
 reaction to startup calls both methods in order to read and modify its state.</p>
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diff --git a/docs/handbook/modal-models/index.html b/docs/handbook/modal-models/index.html
index cf942f63f..7bb7dffc8 100644
--- a/docs/handbook/modal-models/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/modal-models/index.html
@@ -209,4 +209,4 @@ <h3 id="startup-and-shutdown" style="position:relative;"><a href="#startup-and-s
 <li>Multiple shutdown reactions may be executed, bypassing mutual exclusion of modes.</li>
 <li>Reactors that are designed without consideration of modes and use only <code>startup</code> (not <code>reset</code>) to trigger an execution chain, may not work in modes and cease to function if re-entered with a reset.</li>
 </ul>
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diff --git a/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks/index.html b/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks/index.html
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+++ b/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks/index.html
@@ -994,4 +994,4 @@ <h2 id="interleaved-connections" style="position:relative;"><a href="#interleave
 </div>
 <div class="lf-rs lf-ts">
 <p>The <span class="lf_keywords">interleaved</span> keyword is not supported by <span class="lf-c">C</span><span class="lf-cpp">Cpp</span><span class="lf-py">Python</span><span class="lf-ts">TypeScript</span><span class="lf-rs">Rust</span>.</p>
-</div></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#multiports">Multiports</a></li><li><a href="#sparse-inputs">Sparse Inputs</a></li><li><a href="#parameterized-widths">Parameterized Widths</a></li><li><a href="#connecting-reactors-with-different-widths">Connecting Reactors with Different Widths</a></li><li><a href="#banks-of-reactors">Banks of Reactors</a></li><li><a href="#initializing-bank-members-from-a-table">Initializing Bank Members from a Table</a></li><li><a href="#contained-banks">Contained Banks</a></li><li><a href="#combining-banks-and-multiports">Combining Banks and Multiports</a></li><li><a href="#broadcast-connections">Broadcast Connections</a></li><li><a href="#interleaved-connections">Interleaved Connections</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" 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+</div></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#multiports">Multiports</a></li><li><a href="#sparse-inputs">Sparse Inputs</a></li><li><a href="#parameterized-widths">Parameterized Widths</a></li><li><a href="#connecting-reactors-with-different-widths">Connecting Reactors with Different Widths</a></li><li><a href="#banks-of-reactors">Banks of Reactors</a></li><li><a href="#initializing-bank-members-from-a-table">Initializing Bank Members from a Table</a></li><li><a href="#contained-banks">Contained Banks</a></li><li><a href="#combining-banks-and-multiports">Combining Banks and Multiports</a></li><li><a href="#broadcast-connections">Broadcast Connections</a></li><li><a href="#interleaved-connections">Interleaved Connections</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" 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@@ -132,4 +132,4 @@ <h3 id="schedulability-analysis-of-lf-programs" style="position:relative;"><a hr
 <li>We could also use a big hammer: model the LF program as timed automata and do model checking (e.g., UupAal)</li>
 </ul>
 <h2 id="to-do-list" style="position:relative;"><a href="#to-do-list" aria-label="to do list permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>To Do List</h2>
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+<p>Lingua Franca is a work in progress. 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables/index.html b/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables/index.html
index 717ae0a25..6fc24ebbf 100644
--- a/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables/index.html
@@ -245,4 +245,4 @@ <h2 id="reset-state-variables" style="position:relative;"><a href="#reset-state-
 <pre class="source-lf language-lf-py"><span class="source-lf">  </span><span class="source-lf storage-modifier-lflang">reset</span><span class="source-lf"> </span><span class="source-lf storage-modifier-lflang">state</span><span class="source-lf"> &lt;name&gt; </span><span class="source-lf keyword-operator-lflang">=</span><span class="source-lf"> &lt;value&gt;</span>
 </pre>
 <p>When this is done, if the state variable or the reactor is within a mode of a <a href="/docs/handbook/modal-models">modal reactor</a>, then when the mode is entered via a reset transition, the state variable will be reset to its initial value. For details, see the <a href="/docs/handbook/modal-models">Modal Reactors</a> section.</p>
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@@ -411,4 +411,4 @@ <h3 id="using-node-modules" style="position:relative;"><a href="#using-node-modu
 </div>
 <div class="lf-rs warning">
 <p>FIXME: Add <span class="lf_keywords">preamble</span> example.</p>
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diff --git a/docs/handbook/proof-import/index.html b/docs/handbook/proof-import/index.html
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--- a/docs/handbook/proof-import/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/proof-import/index.html
@@ -469,4 +469,4 @@ <h2 id="summary" style="position:relative;"><a href="#summary" aria-label="summa
 <li>It works without any changes in our syntax. Only the code generators need to be updated to support the namespacing.</li>
 <li>In contrast to name mangling, it allows generation of readable code and also gives the programmer full control of how generated reactors are named.</li>
 <li>It fits naturally to languages that also support leveraging the file structure to create namespaces (e.g. python or rust).</li>
-</ol></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#the-status-quo">The status quo</a></li><li><a href="#a-quick-dive-into-the-c-code-generator">A quick dive into the C++ code generator</a></li><li><a href="#the-problem-with-preambles">The problem with preambles</a></li><li><a href="#the-problem-with-target-properties">The problem with target properties</a></li><li><a href="#concrete-proposal">Concrete proposal</a></li><li><a href="#preambles">Preambles</a></li><li><a href="#target-properties">Target Properties</a></li><li><a href="#build-dependencies">Build Dependencies</a></li><li><a href="#unique-reactor-names">Unique Reactor Names</a></li><li><a href="#examples">Examples</a></li><li><a href="#unique-reactor-names-in-target-code">Unique Reactor Names in Target Code</a></li><li><a href="#possible-solutions">Possible Solutions</a></li><li><a href="#unique-reactor-names-in-our-tools">Unique Reactor Names in our Tools</a></li><li><a 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+</ol></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#the-status-quo">The status quo</a></li><li><a href="#a-quick-dive-into-the-c-code-generator">A quick dive into the C++ code generator</a></li><li><a href="#the-problem-with-preambles">The problem with preambles</a></li><li><a href="#the-problem-with-target-properties">The problem with target properties</a></li><li><a href="#concrete-proposal">Concrete proposal</a></li><li><a href="#preambles">Preambles</a></li><li><a href="#target-properties">Target Properties</a></li><li><a href="#build-dependencies">Build Dependencies</a></li><li><a href="#unique-reactor-names">Unique Reactor Names</a></li><li><a href="#examples">Examples</a></li><li><a href="#unique-reactor-names-in-target-code">Unique Reactor Names in Target Code</a></li><li><a href="#possible-solutions">Possible Solutions</a></li><li><a href="#unique-reactor-names-in-our-tools">Unique Reactor Names in our Tools</a></li><li><a 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/reaction-declarations/index.html b/docs/handbook/reaction-declarations/index.html
index e0762f72a..be5177ce8 100644
--- a/docs/handbook/reaction-declarations/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/reaction-declarations/index.html
@@ -189,4 +189,4 @@ <h2 id="header-files-and-method-signatures" style="position:relative;"><a href="
 </div>
 <div class="lf-py lf-ts lf-rs">
 <p>The <span class="lf-c">C</span><span class="lf-cpp">Cpp</span><span class="lf-py">Python</span><span class="lf-ts">TypeScript</span><span class="lf-rs">Rust</span> target does not currently support reaction declarations.</p>
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diff --git a/docs/handbook/reactions/index.html b/docs/handbook/reactions/index.html
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--- a/docs/handbook/reactions/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/reactions/index.html
@@ -549,4 +549,4 @@ <h3 id="header-files-and-method-signatures" style="position:relative;"><a href="
 </div>
 <div class="lf-py lf-ts lf-rs">
 <p>The <span class="lf-c">C</span><span class="lf-cpp">Cpp</span><span class="lf-py">Python</span><span class="lf-ts">TypeScript</span><span class="lf-rs">Rust</span> target does not currently support reaction declarations.</p>
-</div></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#reaction-declaration">Reaction Declaration</a></li><li><a href="#reaction-order">Reaction Order</a></li><li><a href="#overwriting-outputs">Overwriting Outputs</a></li><li><a href="#reacting-to-outputs-of-contained-reactors">Reacting to Outputs of Contained Reactors</a></li><li><a href="#triggering-contained-reactors">Triggering Contained Reactors</a></li><li><a href="#startup-shutdown-and-reset-reactions">Startup, Shutdown, and Reset Reactions</a></li><li><a href="#bodyless-reactions">Bodyless Reactions</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/reactors-on-patmos/index.html b/docs/handbook/reactors-on-patmos/index.html
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+++ b/docs/handbook/reactors-on-patmos/index.html
@@ -152,4 +152,4 @@ <h3 id="worst-case-execution-time-analysis" style="position:relative;"><a href="
 <a href="http://patmos.compute.dtu.dk/patmos_handbook.pdf">Patmos Reference Handbook</a>.</p>
 <p>Note, that the WCET analysis of a reaction does only include the code of the
 reaction function, not the cache miss cost of calling the function from
-the scheduler or the cache miss cost when returning to the scheduler.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#reactors-on-patmos">Reactors on Patmos</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 16.9576 11.0367L16.2737 14.7984C15.8017 17.3943 13.2078 19.0291 10.6622 18.3348L5.06251 16.8076C4.14894 16.5585 3.45455 15.8145 3.26885 14.886L2.91581 13.1208C2.63809 11.7322 3.69991 10.5624 4.82905 10.1161C5.15163 9.98861 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/regression-tests/index.html b/docs/handbook/regression-tests/index.html
index 4976cb0b9..b915b4b29 100644
--- a/docs/handbook/regression-tests/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/regression-tests/index.html
@@ -146,4 +146,4 @@ <h2 id="code-coverage" style="position:relative;"><a href="#code-coverage" aria-
 For the <code>core</code> subproject, the html report will be located in <code>build/reports/html/index.html</code>.
 Note that this report will only reflect the coverage of the test that have actually executed.</p>
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@@ -142,4 +142,4 @@ <h2 id="contrasting-work" style="position:relative;"><a href="#contrasting-work"
 <li>
 <p><a href="https://sri-csl.github.io/radler/">RADLER framework</a> from SRI, which is based on a publish-and-subscribe architecture similar to ROS. It introduces some timing constructs such as periodic execution and scheduling constraints, but it makes no effort to be deterministic.</p>
 </li>
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diff --git a/docs/handbook/running-benchmarks/index.html b/docs/handbook/running-benchmarks/index.html
index 3a4bcef25..a2d58a2b4 100644
--- a/docs/handbook/running-benchmarks/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/running-benchmarks/index.html
@@ -237,4 +237,4 @@ <h2 id="adding-new-benchmarks" style="position:relative;"><a href="#adding-new-b
 <span class="source-yaml">    </span><span class="source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml">p</span><span class="source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml">ings</span><span class="source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml">:</span><span class="source-yaml"> </span><span class="source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-begin-yaml">[</span><span class="source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml">&quot;</span><span class="source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml">-D</span><span class="source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml">&quot;</span><span class="source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-separator-sequence-yaml">,</span><span class="source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml"> </span><span class="source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml">&quot;</span><span class="source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml">count=&lt;value&gt;</span><span class="source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml">&quot;</span><span class="source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-end-yaml">]</span>
 </pre>
 <p>This is very similar to the C++ configuration. However, the C target of LF currently does not support overriding of parameter values at runtime. Therefore, all parameters need to be provided as arguments to the code generator and the benchmark needs to provide corresponding cog directives.</p>
-<p>New benchmarks can be simply added by replicating this example and adjusting the precise configuration values and parameters to the specific benchmark.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#running-benchmarks">Running Benchmarks</a></li><li><a href="#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li><li><a href="#running-a-benchmark">Running a benchmark</a></li><li><a href="#running-a-series-of-benchmarks-multirun">Running a series of benchmarks (multirun)</a></li><li><a href="#collecting-results-from-multirun">Collecting results from multirun</a></li><li><a href="#how-it-works">How it works</a></li><li><a href="#adding-new-benchmarks">Adding new benchmarks</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 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+<p>New benchmarks can be simply added by replicating this example and adjusting the precise configuration values and parameters to the specific benchmark.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#running-benchmarks">Running Benchmarks</a></li><li><a href="#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li><li><a href="#running-a-benchmark">Running a benchmark</a></li><li><a href="#running-a-series-of-benchmarks-multirun">Running a series of benchmarks (multirun)</a></li><li><a href="#collecting-results-from-multirun">Collecting results from multirun</a></li><li><a href="#how-it-works">How it works</a></li><li><a href="#adding-new-benchmarks">Adding new benchmarks</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/security/index.html b/docs/handbook/security/index.html
index 3bce3d52b..43114a783 100644
--- a/docs/handbook/security/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/security/index.html
@@ -96,4 +96,4 @@ <h2 id="authentication" style="position:relative;"><a href="#authentication" ari
 <span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell">sudo</span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell"> </span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell">make</span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell"> </span><span class="source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell">install</span>
 </pre>
 <p>If you would like to go back to non-AUTH mode, you would have to remove all contents of the <code>build</code> folder.</p>
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diff --git a/docs/handbook/superdense-time/index.html b/docs/handbook/superdense-time/index.html
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@@ -305,4 +305,4 @@ <h2 id="logical-simultaneity" style="position:relative;"><a href="#logical-simul
   y is present.</pre>
 <p>The reported elapsed logical time has not advanced in the second reaction, but the fact that <code>x</code> is not present in the second reaction proves that the first reaction and the second are not logically simultaneous. The second occurs one microstep later.</p>
 <h2 id="alignment-of-logical-and-physical-times" style="position:relative;"><a href="#alignment-of-logical-and-physical-times" aria-label="alignment of logical and physical times permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Alignment of Logical and Physical Times</h2>
-<p>Recall that in Lingua Franca, logical time “chases” physical time, invoking reactions at a physical time close to their logical time. For that purpose, the microstep is ignored.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#tag-vs-time">Tag vs. Time</a></li><li><a href="#logical-simultaneity">Logical Simultaneity</a></li><li><a href="#alignment-of-logical-and-physical-times">Alignment of Logical and Physical Times</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 16.9576 11.0367L16.2737 14.7984C15.8017 17.3943 13.2078 19.0291 10.6622 18.3348L5.06251 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+<p>Recall that in Lingua Franca, logical time “chases” physical time, invoking reactions at a physical time close to their logical time. For that purpose, the microstep is ignored.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#tag-vs-time">Tag vs. Time</a></li><li><a href="#logical-simultaneity">Logical Simultaneity</a></li><li><a href="#alignment-of-logical-and-physical-times">Alignment of Logical and Physical Times</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 16.9576 11.0367L16.2737 14.7984C15.8017 17.3943 13.2078 19.0291 10.6622 18.3348L5.06251 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@@ -641,4 +641,4 @@ <h3 id="additional-types-for-custom-command-line-arguments" style="position:rela
 <span class="source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts">    </span><span class="source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts">=}</span>
 <span class="source-lf">}</span>
 </pre>
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class="nav-content"><header>Next</header><h3>Tracing</h3><p>Tracing (preliminary)</p></div></div></a></div></div><div class="whitespace-tight raised" style="padding:0"><div class="row justify-between small-columns"><div class="bottom-section-content"><p>Lingua Franca is an open source project. Help us improve these pages <!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/tree/main/packages/documentation/copy/en/reference/Target Declaration.md">by sending a Pull Request</a> ❤<!-- --></p></div><div class="hide-small vertical-line" style="margin-top:1.5rem"></div><div class="bottom-section-content">Contributors to this page:<!-- --><br/><div><div class="circle-bg">E<!-- --><img id="62d01fdbb6efd29b1150fa9893d08612" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/62d01fdbb6efd29b1150fa9893d08612?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="eal  (7)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">EAL<!-- --><img id="62d01fdbb6efd29b1150fa9893d08612" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/62d01fdbb6efd29b1150fa9893d08612?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Edward A. Lee  (5)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">J<!-- --><img id="1ce592bfa4a6e4492d27ffc38deccccb" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/1ce592bfa4a6e4492d27ffc38deccccb?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Jakio815  (4)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">CM<!-- --><img id="2121e10b7bc9069b4075a69e757c9017" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/2121e10b7bc9069b4075a69e757c9017?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Christian Menard  (4)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">HK<!-- --><img id="a9e346b00111be5e963a5d1e0a67a0c5" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/a9e346b00111be5e963a5d1e0a67a0c5?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Hokeun Kim  (3)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">PD<!-- --><img id="5c7c24558dc353289718fcff13190a79" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/5c7c24558dc353289718fcff13190a79?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Peter Donovan  (2)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">JH<!-- --><img id="0764e8738c09c2f9fb8b22e94ddfba4a" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/0764e8738c09c2f9fb8b22e94ddfba4a?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Johannes Hayeß  (2)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">3<!-- -->+<!-- --></div></div></div><div class="hide-small vertical-line" style="margin-top:1.5rem"></div><div class="bottom-section-content"><p>Last updated: Oct 05, 2023<!-- --><br/><br/><span id="page-loaded-time"> </span></p></div></div></div></div></section><div id="quickTipPopup" class="inline-popup popup-fade-in" style="opacity:0"><div class="inline-popup-container"><a class="inline-popup-extract"><div></div></a></div></div></main><footer id="site-footer" role="contentinfo"><section id="customize"><article><h3>Customize</h3><label><p>Color Mode<!-- -->:<!-- --></p><div class="switch-wrap"><select name="colours"><option value="system" selected="">System<!-- --></option><option value="force-light">Always Light<!-- --></option><option value="force-dark">Always Dark<!-- --></option></select></div></label><label><p>Code Font<!-- -->:<!-- --></p><div class="switch-wrap"><select name="font"><option value="cascadia" selected="">Cascadia<!-- --></option><option value="cascadia-ligatures">Cascadia (ligatures)<!-- --></option><option value="consolas">Consolas<!-- --></option><option value="dank-mono">Dank Mono<!-- --></option><option value="fira-code">Fira Code<!-- --></option><option value="jetbrains-mono">JetBrains Mono<!-- --></option><option value="open-dyslexic">OpenDyslexic<!-- --></option><option value="sf-mono">SF Mono<!-- --></option><option value="source-code-pro">Source Code Pro<!-- --></option></select></div></label></article></section><section id="community"><article id="logos"><a href=""><img id="lf-logo" width="195" height="75" src="/static/footer_logo-6712b352b6972d49da8ef6e29aefc4ae.svg" alt="Lingua Franca Logo"/></a><p>Made with ♥ in Berkeley, Dallas, Dresden, Kiel, and Seoul</p><p>© 2019-<!-- -->2023<!-- --> The Lingua Franca Team<!-- --><br/></p></article><article id="using-lf"><h3>Using Lingua Franca</h3><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/overview">Get Started</a></li><li><a href="/download">Download</a></li><li><a href="/">Why Lingua Franca</a></li><li><a href="/publications-and-presentations">Publications</a></li></ul></article><article id="community-links"><h3>Community</h3><ul><li><a style="position:relative" href="/community">Get Help<!-- --></a></li><li><a style="position:relative" href="https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca"><span class="link-prefix"><svg fill="none" height="12" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="m6.03927.165405c-3.27055 0-5.922909 2.652005-5.922909 5.923645 0 2.61709 1.697089 4.83705 4.050909 5.62035.29636.0546.40436-.1284.40436-.2854 0-.1408-.00509-.5131-.008-1.0073-1.64763.3578-1.99527-.7942-1.99527-.7942-.26946-.68436-.65782-.86654-.65782-.86654-.53782-.36727.04073-.36001.04073-.36001.59454.04182.90727.61055.90727.61055.52836.90509 1.38655.64364 1.724.492.05382-.38254.20691-.64363.376-.79163-1.31527-.14946-2.69818-.65782-2.69818-2.92764 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+</div></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#summary-of-parameters">Summary of Parameters</a></li><li><a href="#auth">auth</a></li><li><a href="#build">build</a></li><li><a href="#build-type">build-type</a></li><li><a href="#cargo-dependencies">cargo-dependencies</a></li><li><a href="#cargo-features">cargo-features</a></li><li><a href="#cmake">cmake</a></li><li><a href="#cmake-include">cmake-include</a></li><li><a href="#compiler">compiler</a></li><li><a href="#docker">docker</a></li><li><a href="#external-runtime-path">external-runtime-path</a></li><li><a href="#export-dependency-graph">export-dependency-graph</a></li><li><a href="#fast">fast</a></li><li><a href="#files">files</a></li><li><a href="#flags">flags</a></li><li><a href="#logging">logging</a></li><li><a href="#no-compile">no-compile</a></li><li><a href="#no-runtime-validation">no-runtime-validation</a></li><li><a href="#protobufs">protobufs</a></li><li><a href="#runtime-version">runtime-version</a></li><li><a href="#rust-include">rust-include</a></li><li><a href="#scheduler">scheduler</a></li><li><a href="#single-file-project">single-file-project</a></li><li><a href="#threading">threading</a></li><li><a href="#timeout">timeout</a></li><li><a href="#workers">workers</a></li><li><a href="#command-line-arguments">Command-Line Arguments</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 16.9576 11.0367L16.2737 14.7984C15.8017 17.3943 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class="nav-content"><header>Next</header><h3>Tracing</h3><p>Tracing (preliminary)</p></div></div></a></div></div><div class="whitespace-tight raised" style="padding:0"><div class="row justify-between small-columns"><div class="bottom-section-content"><p>Lingua Franca is an open source project. Help us improve these pages <!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/tree/main/packages/documentation/copy/en/reference/Target Declaration.md">by sending a Pull Request</a> ❤<!-- --></p></div><div class="hide-small vertical-line" style="margin-top:1.5rem"></div><div class="bottom-section-content">Contributors to this page:<!-- --><br/><div><div class="circle-bg">E<!-- --><img id="62d01fdbb6efd29b1150fa9893d08612" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/62d01fdbb6efd29b1150fa9893d08612?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="eal  (7)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">EAL<!-- --><img id="42804f331fa3e81cbd0f755b1a50d27e" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/42804f331fa3e81cbd0f755b1a50d27e?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Edward A. Lee  (6)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">J<!-- --><img id="1ce592bfa4a6e4492d27ffc38deccccb" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/1ce592bfa4a6e4492d27ffc38deccccb?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Jakio815  (4)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">CM<!-- --><img id="2121e10b7bc9069b4075a69e757c9017" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/2121e10b7bc9069b4075a69e757c9017?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Christian Menard  (4)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">HK<!-- --><img id="a9e346b00111be5e963a5d1e0a67a0c5" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/a9e346b00111be5e963a5d1e0a67a0c5?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Hokeun Kim  (3)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">PD<!-- --><img id="5c7c24558dc353289718fcff13190a79" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/5c7c24558dc353289718fcff13190a79?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Peter Donovan  (2)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">JH<!-- --><img id="0764e8738c09c2f9fb8b22e94ddfba4a" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/0764e8738c09c2f9fb8b22e94ddfba4a?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Johannes Hayeß  (2)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">3<!-- -->+<!-- --></div></div></div><div class="hide-small vertical-line" style="margin-top:1.5rem"></div><div class="bottom-section-content"><p>Last updated: Nov 10, 2023<!-- --><br/><br/><span id="page-loaded-time"> </span></p></div></div></div></div></section><div id="quickTipPopup" class="inline-popup popup-fade-in" style="opacity:0"><div class="inline-popup-container"><a class="inline-popup-extract"><div></div></a></div></div></main><footer id="site-footer" role="contentinfo"><section id="customize"><article><h3>Customize</h3><label><p>Color Mode<!-- -->:<!-- --></p><div class="switch-wrap"><select name="colours"><option value="system" selected="">System<!-- --></option><option value="force-light">Always Light<!-- --></option><option value="force-dark">Always Dark<!-- --></option></select></div></label><label><p>Code Font<!-- -->:<!-- --></p><div class="switch-wrap"><select name="font"><option value="cascadia" selected="">Cascadia<!-- --></option><option value="cascadia-ligatures">Cascadia (ligatures)<!-- --></option><option value="consolas">Consolas<!-- --></option><option value="dank-mono">Dank Mono<!-- --></option><option value="fira-code">Fira Code<!-- --></option><option value="jetbrains-mono">JetBrains Mono<!-- --></option><option value="open-dyslexic">OpenDyslexic<!-- --></option><option value="sf-mono">SF Mono<!-- --></option><option value="source-code-pro">Source Code Pro<!-- --></option></select></div></label></article></section><section id="community"><article id="logos"><a href=""><img id="lf-logo" width="195" height="75" src="/static/footer_logo-6712b352b6972d49da8ef6e29aefc4ae.svg" alt="Lingua Franca Logo"/></a><p>Made with ♥ in Berkeley, Dallas, Dresden, Kiel, and Seoul</p><p>© 2019-<!-- -->2023<!-- --> The Lingua Franca Team<!-- --><br/></p></article><article id="using-lf"><h3>Using Lingua Franca</h3><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/overview">Get Started</a></li><li><a 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/target-language-details/index.html b/docs/handbook/target-language-details/index.html
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+++ b/docs/handbook/target-language-details/index.html
@@ -2699,4 +2699,4 @@ <h4 id="reactions" style="position:relative;"><a href="#reactions" aria-label="r
 <p>⚠ TODO when the runtime crate is public link to the docs, they should be the most exhaustive documentation.</p>
 </blockquote>
 </div>
-````</div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#overview">Overview</a></li><li><a href="#requirements">Requirements</a></li><li><a href="#limitations">Limitations</a></li><li><a href="#the-target-specification">The Target Specification</a></li><li><a href="#parameters-and-state-variables">Parameters and State Variables</a></li><li><a href="#inputs-and-outputs">Inputs and Outputs</a></li><li><a href="#time">Time</a></li><li><a href="#actions">Actions</a></li><li><a href="#stopping-execution">Stopping Execution</a></li><li><a href="#log-and-debug-information">Log and Debug Information</a></li><li><a href="#libraries-available-to-programmers">Libraries Available to Programmers</a></li><li><a href="#scheduler-target-property">Scheduler Target Property</a></li><li><a href="#target-implementation-details">Target Implementation Details</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" 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class="nav-content"><header>Previous</header><h3>Expressions</h3><p>Expressions in Lingua Franca.</p></div></div></a><div class="hide-small vertical-line"></div><a class="navigation-link" rel="prev" href="/docs/handbook/target-declaration"><div class="prev-next next row"><div class="arrow"><svg width="11" height="14" viewBox="0 0 11 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.5 0V14L0 7.5L10.5 0Z" fill="var(--link-color)"></path></svg></div><div class="nav-content"><header>Next</header><h3>Target Declaration</h3><p>The target declaration and its parameters in Lingua Franca.</p></div></div></a></div></div><div class="whitespace-tight raised" style="padding:0"><div class="row justify-between small-columns"><div class="bottom-section-content"><p>Lingua Franca is an open source project. 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/termination/index.html b/docs/handbook/termination/index.html
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--- a/docs/handbook/termination/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/termination/index.html
@@ -112,4 +112,4 @@ <h2 id="external-signal" style="position:relative;"><a href="#external-signal" a
 <p>For federated programs, each federate and the RTI catches external signals to shut down in an orderly way.</p>
 <p>When a federate gets such an external signal (e.g. control-C), it sends a <strong>RESIGN</strong> message to the RTI and an <strong>EOF</strong> (end of file) on each socket connection to another federate. It then closes all sockets and shuts down. The RTI and all other federates should continue running until some other termination condition occurs.</p>
 <p>When the RTI gets such an external signal (e.g. control-C), it broadcasts a <strong>STOP_REQUEST</strong> message to all federates, waits for their replies (with a timeout in case the federate or the network has failed), chooses the maximum timestamp <em>s</em> on the replies, broadcasts a <strong>STOP_GRANTED</strong> message to all federates with payload <em>s</em>, and waits for <strong>LOGICAL_TIME_COMPLETE</strong> messages as above.</p>
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@@ -557,4 +557,4 @@ <h2 id="startup-and-shutdown" style="position:relative;"><a href="#startup-and-s
 </pre>
 <p></p>
 <p>This reactor tests its inputs against expected values, which are expected to start with the value given by the <code>start</code> parameter and increase by <code>stride</code> with each successive input. It expects to receive a total of <code>num_inputs</code> input events. It checks the total number of inputs received in its <span class="lf_keywords">shutdown</span> reaction.</p>
-<p>The <strong>shutdown</strong> trigger typically occurs at <a href="/docs/handbook/actions#superdense-time">microstep</a> 0, but may occur at a larger microstep. See <a href="/docs/handbook/actions#superdense-time">Superdense Time</a> and <a href="/docs/handbook/termination">Termination</a>.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#logical-time">Logical Time</a></li><li><a href="#time-values">Time Values</a></li><li><a href="#timers">Timers</a></li><li><a href="#elapsed-time">Elapsed Time</a></li><li><a href="#comparing-logical-and-physical-times">Comparing Logical and Physical Times</a></li><li><a href="#simultaneity-and-instantaneity">Simultaneity and Instantaneity</a></li><li><a href="#timeout">Timeout</a></li><li><a href="#startup-and-shutdown">Startup and Shutdown</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 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+<p>The <strong>shutdown</strong> trigger typically occurs at <a href="/docs/handbook/actions#superdense-time">microstep</a> 0, but may occur at a larger microstep. See <a href="/docs/handbook/actions#superdense-time">Superdense Time</a> and <a href="/docs/handbook/termination">Termination</a>.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#logical-time">Logical Time</a></li><li><a href="#time-values">Time Values</a></li><li><a href="#timers">Timers</a></li><li><a href="#elapsed-time">Elapsed Time</a></li><li><a href="#comparing-logical-and-physical-times">Comparing Logical and Physical Times</a></li><li><a href="#simultaneity-and-instantaneity">Simultaneity and Instantaneity</a></li><li><a href="#timeout">Timeout</a></li><li><a href="#startup-and-shutdown">Startup and Shutdown</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/timing-analysis/index.html b/docs/handbook/timing-analysis/index.html
index 9c963ba85..04c881697 100644
--- a/docs/handbook/timing-analysis/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/timing-analysis/index.html
@@ -132,4 +132,4 @@ <h2 id="preemption-example" style="position:relative;"><a href="#preemption-exam
 </ul>
 <p>For both solutions, the scheduler needs a “safe to process” analysis for reaction r3 to execute while r1 is
 still executing for an older time-stamped event.</p>
-<p>Preemption can be avoided when there are enough cores (or hardware threads in PRET) available to execute r1 and r3 concurrently.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#examples">Examples</a></li><li><a href="#precision-timed-actuation-discussion-dec-2018">Precision-Timed Actuation (discussion Dec 2018)</a></li><li><a href="#preemption-example">Preemption Example</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 16.9576 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+<p>Preemption can be avoided when there are enough cores (or hardware threads in PRET) available to execute r1 and r3 concurrently.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#examples">Examples</a></li><li><a href="#precision-timed-actuation-discussion-dec-2018">Precision-Timed Actuation (discussion Dec 2018)</a></li><li><a href="#preemption-example">Preemption Example</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 16.9576 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/tools/index.html b/docs/handbook/tools/index.html
index 360b81231..0bd0de8cf 100644
--- a/docs/handbook/tools/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/tools/index.html
@@ -87,4 +87,4 @@
 +--------+  err  |  +----------+ gen err +----------+  |
                  |          Language Server            |
                  +-------------------------------------+</pre>
-<p>If the LF compiler encounters any syntax errors, it will report them to the editor (the language client). If the LF code compiles, the output will be sent to the target compiler. If the target compiler reports any errors, these, too, will be reported to the editor via the language server. The tricky part is to match target language errors to LF source locations; the language server will have to do some bookkeeping.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#ide-integration">IDE integration</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 16.9576 11.0367L16.2737 14.7984C15.8017 17.3943 13.2078 19.0291 10.6622 18.3348L5.06251 16.8076C4.14894 16.5585 3.45455 15.8145 3.26885 14.886L2.91581 13.1208C2.63809 11.7322 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+<p>If the LF compiler encounters any syntax errors, it will report them to the editor (the language client). If the LF code compiles, the output will be sent to the target compiler. If the target compiler reports any errors, these, too, will be reported to the editor via the language server. The tricky part is to match target language errors to LF source locations; the language server will have to do some bookkeeping.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#ide-integration">IDE integration</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 16.9576 11.0367L16.2737 14.7984C15.8017 17.3943 13.2078 19.0291 10.6622 18.3348L5.06251 16.8076C4.14894 16.5585 3.45455 15.8145 3.26885 14.886L2.91581 13.1208C2.63809 11.7322 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/tracing/index.html b/docs/handbook/tracing/index.html
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@@ -347,4 +347,4 @@ <h3 id="tracing-federated-programs" style="position:relative;"><a href="#tracing
       />
     </span></p>
 <p>This shows <code>f1</code> (on the right) advancing time to 10 ms, and sending a message (in red, via the RTI) to <code>f2</code>, which then forwards it to <code>f3</code> (again, via the RTI).</p>
-</div></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#tracing-in-c">Tracing in C++</a></li><li><a href="#usage">Usage</a></li><li><a href="#the-trace-view">The Trace View</a></li><li><a href="#supporting-tracing-in-other-targets">Supporting Tracing in Other Targets</a></li><li><a href="#trace-viewers">Trace Viewers</a></li><li><a href="#tracing-in-c-and-python">Tracing in C and Python</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 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Lee  (2)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">PD<!-- --><img id="5c7c24558dc353289718fcff13190a79" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/5c7c24558dc353289718fcff13190a79?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Peter Donovan  (2)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">AR<!-- --><img id="897b0f955ed1b26fdf16cf3b689bb6b6" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/897b0f955ed1b26fdf16cf3b689bb6b6?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Anirudh Rengarajan  (2)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">CJ<!-- --><img id="6dc2cc2af0b2018398f7ac53470953f6" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/6dc2cc2af0b2018398f7ac53470953f6?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Chadlia Jerad  (1)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">ERJ<!-- --><img id="27396cb00f16e504d1fbf7acdbdd84d3" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/27396cb00f16e504d1fbf7acdbdd84d3?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Erling Rennemo Jellum  (1)"/></div></div></div><div class="hide-small vertical-line" style="margin-top:1.5rem"></div><div class="bottom-section-content"><p>Last updated: Oct 03, 2023<!-- --><br/><br/><span 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Help us improve these pages <!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/tree/main/packages/documentation/copy/en/reference/Tracing.md">by sending a Pull Request</a> ❤<!-- --></p></div><div class="hide-small vertical-line" style="margin-top:1.5rem"></div><div class="bottom-section-content">Contributors to this page:<!-- --><br/><div><div class="circle-bg">SB<!-- --><img id="6ff45c06752c5b4e0f3bd9fd78bee247" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/6ff45c06752c5b4e0f3bd9fd78bee247?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Soroush Bateni  (4)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">E<!-- --><img id="62d01fdbb6efd29b1150fa9893d08612" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/62d01fdbb6efd29b1150fa9893d08612?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="eal  (3)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">EAL<!-- --><img id="62d01fdbb6efd29b1150fa9893d08612" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/62d01fdbb6efd29b1150fa9893d08612?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Edward A. 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/troubleshooting/index.html b/docs/handbook/troubleshooting/index.html
index 652752342..b8128a156 100644
--- a/docs/handbook/troubleshooting/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/troubleshooting/index.html
@@ -91,4 +91,4 @@ <h2 id="environment-issues" style="position:relative;"><a href="#environment-iss
 <p>On many platforms, one way to ensure that <a href="/docs/handbook/epoch-ide">Epoch</a> and the <a href="/docs/handbook/code-extension">Visual Studio Code extension</a> use the same environment as the command-line tools is to invoke them on the command line. For example, on a Mac, you can invoke Epoch and Visual Studio Code as follows:</p>
 <pre class="source-lf language-text">$ open -a epoch
 $ code .</pre>
-<p>This way, the tools inherit the environment from the shell from which you invoke them. Often, that environment is quite different from what you get if, for example, you invoke the tools by double clicking on their icons.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#environment-issues">Environment Issues</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 16.9576 11.0367L16.2737 14.7984C15.8017 17.3943 13.2078 19.0291 10.6622 18.3348L5.06251 16.8076C4.14894 16.5585 3.45455 15.8145 3.26885 14.886L2.91581 13.1208C2.63809 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8.30771C12.0127 8.18638 11.9792 8.02796 12.0165 7.87862C12.0165 7.87858 12.0165 7.87866 12.0165 7.87862Z"></path></svg> <!-- -->Yes<!-- --></button><button title="Dislike this page" id="dislike-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 17.7057C10.3913 18.683 11.6841 19.1333 12.4829 18.2962C12.6455 18.1257 12.8081 17.9416 12.9176 17.7773C13.2379 17.2968 13.3725 16.664 13.4218 16.0477C13.4721 15.4195 13.438 14.7454 13.3738 14.1352C13.3093 13.5225 13.2129 12.9604 13.1328 12.5522C13.1294 12.5345 13.1259 12.5171 13.1225 12.5H14.006C15.8777 12.5 17.2924 10.8049 16.9576 8.96334L16.2737 5.20164C15.8017 2.60569 13.2078 0.970948 10.6622 1.66518L5.06251 3.19238C4.14894 3.44154 3.45455 4.18546 3.26885 5.11401L2.91581 6.87918C2.63809 8.26779 3.69991 9.43756 4.82905 9.88388C5.15163 10.0114 5.44337 10.1732 5.66974 10.374C7.37583 11.8875 7.99442 13.0971 9.05406 15.223C9.4084 15.9339 9.77205 16.8995 10.052 17.7057ZM12.0165 12.1214L12.0169 12.1229L12.0187 12.1303L12.0262 12.1614C12.0328 12.1892 12.0426 12.231 12.0549 12.2851C12.0793 12.3933 12.1135 12.5507 12.1515 12.7446C12.2277 13.1333 12.3188 13.665 12.3793 14.2398C12.4401 14.8171 12.4685 15.4242 12.425 15.9679C12.3806 16.5234 12.2652 16.9532 12.0855 17.2226C12.0264 17.3113 11.9138 17.444 11.7594 17.6058C11.5605 17.8142 11.1314 17.7657 10.9967 17.3777C10.7141 16.5639 10.3334 15.5481 9.94904 14.777C8.88216 12.6365 8.19326 11.2759 6.33336 9.62597C5.99304 9.32406 5.58878 9.1089 5.19665 8.9539C4.31631 8.60592 3.75035 7.80549 3.89639 7.0753L4.24943 5.31012C4.36085 4.753 4.77748 4.30664 5.32562 4.15715L10.9254 2.62995C12.9052 2.08999 14.9227 3.36145 15.2898 5.38052L15.9738 9.14222C16.197 10.3699 15.2538 11.5 14.006 11.5H12.5015C12.3476 11.5 12.2022 11.5709 12.1074 11.6923C12.0127 11.8136 11.9792 11.972 12.0165 12.1214C12.0165 12.1214 12.0165 12.1213 12.0165 12.1214Z"></path></svg> <!-- -->No<!-- --></button></div></div></nav></aside></article><div class="whitespace-tight raised"><div class="justify-between row"><a class="navigation-link" rel="prev" href="/docs/handbook/command-line-tools"><div class="prev-next prev row"><div class="arrow"><svg width="11" height="14" viewBox="0 0 11 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.5 0V14L0 7.5L10.5 0Z" fill="var(--link-color)"></path></svg></div><div class="nav-content"><header>Previous</header><h3>Command Line Tools</h3><p>Command-line tools for Lingua Franca.</p></div></div></a><div class="hide-small vertical-line"></div><a class="navigation-link" rel="prev" href="/docs/handbook/actions"><div class="prev-next next row"><div class="arrow"><svg width="11" height="14" viewBox="0 0 11 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.5 0V14L0 7.5L10.5 0Z" fill="var(--link-color)"></path></svg></div><div class="nav-content"><header>Next</header><h3>Actions</h3><p>Actions in Lingua Franca.</p></div></div></a></div></div><div class="whitespace-tight raised" style="padding:0"><div class="row justify-between small-columns"><div class="bottom-section-content"><p>Lingua Franca is an open source project. Help us improve these pages <!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/tree/main/packages/documentation/copy/en/tools/Troubleshooting.md">by sending a Pull Request</a> ❤<!-- --></p></div><div class="hide-small vertical-line" style="margin-top:1.5rem"></div><div class="bottom-section-content">Contributors to this page:<!-- --><br/><div><div class="circle-bg">E<!-- --><img id="62d01fdbb6efd29b1150fa9893d08612" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/62d01fdbb6efd29b1150fa9893d08612?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="eal  (4)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">CM<!-- --><img id="2121e10b7bc9069b4075a69e757c9017" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/2121e10b7bc9069b4075a69e757c9017?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Christian Menard  (1)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">PD<!-- --><img id="5c7c24558dc353289718fcff13190a79" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/5c7c24558dc353289718fcff13190a79?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Peter Donovan  (1)"/></div></div></div><div class="hide-small vertical-line" style="margin-top:1.5rem"></div><div class="bottom-section-content"><p>Last updated: Oct 03, 2023<!-- --><br/><br/><span id="page-loaded-time"> </span></p></div></div></div></div></section><div id="quickTipPopup" class="inline-popup popup-fade-in" style="opacity:0"><div class="inline-popup-container"><a class="inline-popup-extract"><div></div></a></div></div></main><footer id="site-footer" role="contentinfo"><section id="customize"><article><h3>Customize</h3><label><p>Color Mode<!-- -->:<!-- --></p><div class="switch-wrap"><select name="colours"><option value="system" selected="">System<!-- --></option><option value="force-light">Always Light<!-- --></option><option value="force-dark">Always Dark<!-- --></option></select></div></label><label><p>Code Font<!-- -->:<!-- --></p><div class="switch-wrap"><select name="font"><option value="cascadia" selected="">Cascadia<!-- --></option><option value="cascadia-ligatures">Cascadia (ligatures)<!-- --></option><option value="consolas">Consolas<!-- --></option><option value="dank-mono">Dank Mono<!-- --></option><option value="fira-code">Fira Code<!-- --></option><option value="jetbrains-mono">JetBrains Mono<!-- --></option><option value="open-dyslexic">OpenDyslexic<!-- --></option><option value="sf-mono">SF Mono<!-- --></option><option value="source-code-pro">Source Code Pro<!-- --></option></select></div></label></article></section><section id="community"><article id="logos"><a href=""><img id="lf-logo" width="195" height="75" src="/static/footer_logo-6712b352b6972d49da8ef6e29aefc4ae.svg" alt="Lingua Franca Logo"/></a><p>Made with ♥ in Berkeley, Dallas, Dresden, Kiel, and Seoul</p><p>© 2019-<!-- -->2023<!-- --> The Lingua Franca Team<!-- --><br/></p></article><article id="using-lf"><h3>Using Lingua Franca</h3><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/overview">Get Started</a></li><li><a href="/download">Download</a></li><li><a href="/">Why Lingua Franca</a></li><li><a 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+<p>This way, the tools inherit the environment from the shell from which you invoke them. Often, that environment is quite different from what you get if, for example, you invoke the tools by double clicking on their icons.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#environment-issues">Environment Issues</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 16.9576 11.0367L16.2737 14.7984C15.8017 17.3943 13.2078 19.0291 10.6622 18.3348L5.06251 16.8076C4.14894 16.5585 3.45455 15.8145 3.26885 14.886L2.91581 13.1208C2.63809 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class="whitespace-tight raised"><div class="justify-between row"><a class="navigation-link" rel="prev" href="/docs/handbook/command-line-tools"><div class="prev-next prev row"><div class="arrow"><svg width="11" height="14" viewBox="0 0 11 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.5 0V14L0 7.5L10.5 0Z" fill="var(--link-color)"></path></svg></div><div class="nav-content"><header>Previous</header><h3>Command Line Tools</h3><p>Command-line tools for Lingua Franca.</p></div></div></a><div class="hide-small vertical-line"></div><a class="navigation-link" rel="prev" href="/docs/handbook/contributing"><div class="prev-next next row"><div class="arrow"><svg width="11" height="14" viewBox="0 0 11 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.5 0V14L0 7.5L10.5 0Z" fill="var(--link-color)"></path></svg></div><div class="nav-content"><header>Next</header><h3>Contributing</h3><p>Contribute to Lingua Franca.</p></div></div></a></div></div><div class="whitespace-tight raised" style="padding:0"><div class="row justify-between small-columns"><div class="bottom-section-content"><p>Lingua Franca is an open source project. Help us improve these pages <!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/tree/main/packages/documentation/copy/en/tools/Troubleshooting.md">by sending a Pull Request</a> ❤<!-- --></p></div><div class="hide-small vertical-line" style="margin-top:1.5rem"></div><div class="bottom-section-content">Contributors to this page:<!-- --><br/><div><div class="circle-bg">E<!-- --><img id="62d01fdbb6efd29b1150fa9893d08612" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/62d01fdbb6efd29b1150fa9893d08612?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="eal  (4)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">CM<!-- --><img id="2121e10b7bc9069b4075a69e757c9017" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/2121e10b7bc9069b4075a69e757c9017?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Christian Menard  (1)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">PD<!-- --><img id="5c7c24558dc353289718fcff13190a79" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/5c7c24558dc353289718fcff13190a79?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Peter Donovan  (1)"/></div></div></div><div class="hide-small vertical-line" style="margin-top:1.5rem"></div><div class="bottom-section-content"><p>Last updated: Nov 10, 2023<!-- --><br/><br/><span id="page-loaded-time"> </span></p></div></div></div></div></section><div id="quickTipPopup" class="inline-popup popup-fade-in" style="opacity:0"><div class="inline-popup-container"><a class="inline-popup-extract"><div></div></a></div></div></main><footer id="site-footer" role="contentinfo"><section id="customize"><article><h3>Customize</h3><label><p>Color Mode<!-- -->:<!-- --></p><div class="switch-wrap"><select name="colours"><option value="system" selected="">System<!-- --></option><option value="force-light">Always Light<!-- --></option><option value="force-dark">Always Dark<!-- --></option></select></div></label><label><p>Code Font<!-- -->:<!-- --></p><div class="switch-wrap"><select name="font"><option value="cascadia" selected="">Cascadia<!-- --></option><option value="cascadia-ligatures">Cascadia (ligatures)<!-- --></option><option value="consolas">Consolas<!-- --></option><option value="dank-mono">Dank Mono<!-- --></option><option value="fira-code">Fira Code<!-- --></option><option value="jetbrains-mono">JetBrains Mono<!-- --></option><option value="open-dyslexic">OpenDyslexic<!-- --></option><option value="sf-mono">SF Mono<!-- --></option><option value="source-code-pro">Source Code Pro<!-- --></option></select></div></label></article></section><section id="community"><article id="logos"><a href=""><img id="lf-logo" width="195" height="75" src="/static/footer_logo-6712b352b6972d49da8ef6e29aefc4ae.svg" alt="Lingua Franca Logo"/></a><p>Made with ♥ in Berkeley, Dallas, Dresden, Kiel, and Seoul</p><p>© 2019-<!-- -->2023<!-- --> The Lingua Franca Team<!-- --><br/></p></article><article id="using-lf"><h3>Using Lingua Franca</h3><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/overview">Get Started</a></li><li><a href="/download">Download</a></li><li><a href="/">Why Lingua Franca</a></li><li><a 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@@ -342,4 +342,4 @@ <h2 id="part-vi-research-overview" style="position:relative;"><a href="#part-vi-
 </tbody>
 </table>
 </li>
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12.2022 11.5709 12.1074 11.6923C12.0127 11.8136 11.9792 11.972 12.0165 12.1214C12.0165 12.1214 12.0165 12.1213 12.0165 12.1214Z"></path></svg> <!-- -->No<!-- --></button></div></div></nav></aside></article><div class="whitespace-tight raised"><div class="justify-between row"><a class="navigation-link" rel="prev" href="/docs/handbook/overview"><div class="prev-next prev row"><div class="arrow"><svg width="11" height="14" viewBox="0 0 11 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.5 0V14L0 7.5L10.5 0Z" fill="var(--link-color)"></path></svg></div><div class="nav-content"><header>Previous</header><h3>Overview</h3><p>Overview of Lingua Franca.</p></div></div></a><div class="hide-small vertical-line"></div><a class="navigation-link" rel="prev" href="/docs/handbook/actions"><div class="prev-next next row"><div class="arrow"><svg width="11" height="14" viewBox="0 0 11 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.5 0V14L0 7.5L10.5 0Z" 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+</ul></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#part-i-introduction">Part I: Introduction</a></li><li><a href="#part-ii-hello-world">Part II: Hello World</a></li><li><a href="#part-iii-target-languages">Part III: Target Languages</a></li><li><a href="#part-iv-basic-concepts">Part IV: Basic Concepts</a></li><li><a href="#part-v-concurrency">Part V: Concurrency</a></li><li><a href="#part-vi-research-overview">Part VI: Research Overview</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 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12.2022 11.5709 12.1074 11.6923C12.0127 11.8136 11.9792 11.972 12.0165 12.1214C12.0165 12.1214 12.0165 12.1213 12.0165 12.1214Z"></path></svg> <!-- -->No<!-- --></button></div></div></nav></aside></article><div class="whitespace-tight raised"><div class="justify-between row"><a class="navigation-link" rel="prev" href="/docs/handbook/overview"><div class="prev-next prev row"><div class="arrow"><svg width="11" height="14" viewBox="0 0 11 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.5 0V14L0 7.5L10.5 0Z" fill="var(--link-color)"></path></svg></div><div class="nav-content"><header>Previous</header><h3>Overview</h3><p>Overview of Lingua Franca.</p></div></div></a><div class="hide-small vertical-line"></div><a class="navigation-link" rel="prev" href="/docs/handbook/contributing"><div class="prev-next next row"><div class="arrow"><svg width="11" height="14" viewBox="0 0 11 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.5 0V14L0 7.5L10.5 0Z" 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Help us improve these pages <!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/tree/main/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Tutorial Video.md">by sending a Pull Request</a> ❤<!-- --></p></div><div class="hide-small vertical-line" style="margin-top:1.5rem"></div><div class="bottom-section-content">Contributors to this page:<!-- --><br/><div><div class="circle-bg">PD<!-- --><img id="5c7c24558dc353289718fcff13190a79" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/5c7c24558dc353289718fcff13190a79?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="Peter Donovan  (1)"/></div><div class="circle-bg">E<!-- --><img id="62d01fdbb6efd29b1150fa9893d08612" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/62d01fdbb6efd29b1150fa9893d08612?s=32&amp;&amp;d=blank" alt="eal  (1)"/></div></div></div><div class="hide-small vertical-line" style="margin-top:1.5rem"></div><div class="bottom-section-content"><p>Last updated: Nov 10, 2023<!-- --><br/><br/><span id="page-loaded-time"> </span></p></div></div></div></div></section><div 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/website-development/index.html b/docs/handbook/website-development/index.html
index 3d5204d8f..bd930054d 100644
--- a/docs/handbook/website-development/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/website-development/index.html
@@ -81,4 +81,4 @@
 <p>First, for simple changes to the website, such as fixing typos, the easiest way is to scroll to the bottom of the page, follow the link at the bottom to send a pull request, edit the resulting page, and issue a pull request.</p>
 <p>For more elaborate changes, including adding new pages, you will need to clone the <a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca">GitHub repository</a>. You can then set up your local clone to provide a local copy of the website at <a href="http://localhost:8000">http://localhost:8000</a> by following the instructions in the <a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/blob/main/README.md">README file</a>. This way, you can test your changes before issuing a pull request.</p>
 <h2 id="editing-the-handbook" style="position:relative;"><a href="#editing-the-handbook" aria-label="editing the handbook permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Editing the Handbook</h2>
-<p>The handbook is the most updated part of the website and it includes quite a bit of infrastructure to support writing pages that describe features in any or all of the target languages. The root of the handbook pages in the <code>packages/documentation</code> part of the repo. That directory has a useful <a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/blob/main/packages/documentation/README.md">README file</a> that describes the structure and provides instructions for inserting code examples in any target language and target-specific text within a body of target-independent text.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#getting-started">Getting Started</a></li><li><a href="#editing-the-handbook">Editing the Handbook</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 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+<p>The handbook is the most updated part of the website and it includes quite a bit of infrastructure to support writing pages that describe features in any or all of the target languages. The root of the handbook pages in the <code>packages/documentation</code> part of the repo. That directory has a useful <a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/blob/main/packages/documentation/README.md">README file</a> that describes the structure and provides instructions for inserting code examples in any target language and target-specific text within a body of target-independent text.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#getting-started">Getting Started</a></li><li><a href="#editing-the-handbook">Editing the Handbook</a></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 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diff --git a/docs/handbook/zephyr/index.html b/docs/handbook/zephyr/index.html
index e42b60e39..b76762583 100644
--- a/docs/handbook/zephyr/index.html
+++ b/docs/handbook/zephyr/index.html
@@ -278,4 +278,4 @@ <h3 id="multiple-zephyr-installations" style="position:relative;"><a href="#mult
 <p>Then it means that you have multiple Zephyr repositories installed. We do not
 recommend this as <code>west</code> will link the application with the Zephyr found in the
 CMake package registry. Please refer to the Getting Started section to purge the
-system of old Zephyr installations.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#overview">Overview</a></li><li><a href="#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li><li><a href="#getting-started">Getting started</a></li><li><a href="#setting-up-the-lf-zephyr-workspace">Setting up the LF Zephyr workspace</a></li><li><a href="#workspace-organization">Workspace organization</a></li><li><a href="#hello-world">Hello World!</a></li><li><a href="#nrf52-blinky">Nrf52 blinky</a></li><li><a href="#bare-bones-zephyr-app">Bare-bones Zephyr app</a></li><li><a href="#zephyr-configuration-options">Zephyr configuration options</a></li><li><a href="#the-west-lfc-command">The west lfc command</a></li><li><a href="#lfc-centric-development">LFC-centric development</a></li><li><a href="#debugging-lf-zephyr-programs-using-qemu-and-gdb">Debugging LF Zephyr programs using QEMU and GDB</a></li><li><a href="#timing-in-qemu-emulations">Timing in QEMU 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+system of old Zephyr installations.</p></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class=""><h5>On this page</h5><ul><li><a href="#overview">Overview</a></li><li><a href="#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li><li><a href="#getting-started">Getting started</a></li><li><a href="#setting-up-the-lf-zephyr-workspace">Setting up the LF Zephyr workspace</a></li><li><a href="#workspace-organization">Workspace organization</a></li><li><a href="#hello-world">Hello World!</a></li><li><a href="#nrf52-blinky">Nrf52 blinky</a></li><li><a href="#bare-bones-zephyr-app">Bare-bones Zephyr app</a></li><li><a href="#zephyr-configuration-options">Zephyr configuration options</a></li><li><a href="#the-west-lfc-command">The west lfc command</a></li><li><a href="#lfc-centric-development">LFC-centric development</a></li><li><a href="#debugging-lf-zephyr-programs-using-qemu-and-gdb">Debugging LF Zephyr programs using QEMU and GDB</a></li><li><a href="#timing-in-qemu-emulations">Timing in QEMU 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href="/assets/lingua-franca-handbook_lf-py.pdf"><br/>py<!-- --></a><a href="/assets/lingua-franca-handbook_lf-ts.pdf"><br/>ts<!-- --></a><a href="/assets/lingua-franca-handbook_lf-rs.pdf"><br/>rs<!-- --></a></p></div><div class="item raised"><h4>Writing Reactors</h4><p>Introduction to writing reactors:</p><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor">A First Reactor</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs">Inputs and Outputs</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables">Parameters and State Variables</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/time-and-timers">Time and Timers</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/composing-reactors">Composing Reactors</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/reactions">Reactions</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/methods">Methods</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/causality-loops">Causality Loops</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/extending-reactors">Extending Reactors</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/actions">Actions</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/superdense-time">Superdense Time</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/modal-models">Modal Reactors</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/deadlines">Deadlines</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks">Multiports and Banks</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/generics">Generic Reactors</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/preambles">Preambles</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/distributed-execution">Distributed Execution</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/termination">Termination</a></li></ul></div><div class="item raised"><h4>Tools</h4><p>Tools for developing Lingua Franca programs.</p><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/code-extension">Code Extension</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/epoch-ide">Epoch IDE</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/command-line-tools">Command Line Tools</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></li></ul></div><div class="item raised"><h4>Reference</h4><p>Reference documentation.</p><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/expressions">Expressions</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/target-language-details">Target Language Details</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/target-declaration">Target Declaration</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/tracing">Tracing</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/containerized-execution">Containerized Execution</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/security">Security</a></li></ul></div><div class="item raised"><h4>Embedded Platforms</h4><p>Documentation for developing Lingua Franca on Embedded Platforms.</p><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/arduino">Arduino</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/zephyr">Zephyr</a></li></ul></div><div class="item raised"><h4>Developer</h4><p>Information for developers of the Lingua Franca language and tools.</p><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/contributing">Contributing</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/developer-setup">Developer Setup</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/intellij">Developer IntelliJ Setup</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/regression-tests">Regression Tests</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/running-benchmarks">Running Benchmarks</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/website-development">Website Development</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="main-content-block"><h2 style="text-align:center">Learning Resources</h2><div class="columns"><div class="item raised"><h4>Get Started</h4><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/overview">Overview</a></li><li><a to="/docs/handbook/developer-setup" href="/docs/handbook/developer-setup">Download and Build</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/tutorial-video">Tutorial Video (EMSOFT 2021)</a></li><li><a href="/publications-and-presentations">Publications and Presentations</a></li></ul></div><div class="item raised"><h4>Write your first reactor</h4><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor?targetSelector=lf-c">C</a></li><li><a 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href="/assets/lingua-franca-handbook_lf-py.pdf"><br/>py<!-- --></a><a href="/assets/lingua-franca-handbook_lf-ts.pdf"><br/>ts<!-- --></a><a href="/assets/lingua-franca-handbook_lf-rs.pdf"><br/>rs<!-- --></a></p></div><div class="item raised"><h4>Writing Reactors</h4><p>Introduction to writing reactors:</p><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor">A First Reactor</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs">Inputs and Outputs</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables">Parameters and State Variables</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/time-and-timers">Time and Timers</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/composing-reactors">Composing Reactors</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/reactions">Reactions</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/methods">Methods</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/causality-loops">Causality Loops</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/extending-reactors">Extending Reactors</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/actions">Actions</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/superdense-time">Superdense Time</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/modal-models">Modal Reactors</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/deadlines">Deadlines</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks">Multiports and Banks</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/generics">Generic Reactors</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/preambles">Preambles</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/distributed-execution">Distributed Execution</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/termination">Termination</a></li></ul></div><div class="item raised"><h4>Tools</h4><p>Tools for developing Lingua Franca programs.</p><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/code-extension">Code Extension</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/epoch-ide">Epoch IDE</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/command-line-tools">Command Line Tools</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></li></ul></div><div class="item raised"><h4>Reference</h4><p>Reference documentation.</p><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/expressions">Expressions</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/target-language-details">Target Language Details</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/target-declaration">Target Declaration</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/tracing">Tracing</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/containerized-execution">Containerized Execution</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/security">Security</a></li></ul></div><div class="item raised"><h4>Embedded Platforms</h4><p>Documentation for developing Lingua Franca on Embedded Platforms.</p><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/arduino">Arduino</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/zephyr">Zephyr</a></li></ul></div><div class="item raised"><h4>Developer</h4><p>Information for developers of the Lingua Franca language and tools.</p><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/contributing">Contributing</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/developer-setup">Developer Setup</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/intellij">Developer IntelliJ Setup</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/regression-tests">Regression Tests</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/running-benchmarks">Running Benchmarks</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/website-development">Website Development</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="main-content-block"><h2 style="text-align:center">Learning Resources</h2><div class="columns"><div class="item raised"><h4>Get Started</h4><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/overview">Overview</a></li><li><a to="/docs/handbook/developer-setup" href="/docs/handbook/developer-setup">Download and Build</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/tutorial-video">Tutorial Video (EMSOFT 2021)</a></li><li><a href="/publications-and-presentations">Publications and Presentations</a></li></ul></div><div class="item raised"><h4>Write your first reactor</h4><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor?targetSelector=lf-c">C</a></li><li><a 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"/></picture></a><nav 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0-1.27604-.1094-1.875-.3281-.59375-.2188-1.14062-.5339-1.64062-.94534l-6.132818 6.12504c-.098958.0989-.216145.1484-.351562.1484s-.252604-.0495-.351562-.1484c-.0989588-.099-.148438-.2162-.148438-.3516s.0494792-.2526.148438-.3516l6.125002-6.13278c-.41146-.5-.72656-1.04687-.94532-1.64062-.21874-.59896-.32812-1.22396-.32812-1.875 0-.50521.0651-.99219.19531-1.46094s.31511-.90625.55469-1.3125.52604-.77604.85938-1.10937c.33854-.33854.71093-.627607 1.11718-.86719s.84375-.424479 1.3125-.554688c.46875-.1302078.95573-.195312 1.46094-.195312zm0 10c.6198 0 1.2031-.11719 1.75-.35156.5469-.23959 1.0234-.5625 1.4297-.96875.4062-.40625.7265-.88281.9609-1.42969.2396-.54688.3594-1.13021.3594-1.75s-.1198-1.20312-.3594-1.75c-.2344-.54688-.5547-1.02344-.9609-1.42969-.4063-.40625-.8828-.72656-1.4297-.96093-.5469-.23959-1.1302-.35938-1.75-.35938-.61979 0-1.20312.11979-1.75.35938-.54688.23437-1.02344.55468-1.42969.96093s-.72916.88281-.96875 1.42969c-.23437.54688-.35156 1.13021-.35156 1.75s.11719 1.20312.35156 1.75c.23959.54688.5625 1.02344.96875 1.42969s.88281.72916 1.42969.96875c.54688.23437 1.13021.35156 1.75.35156z" fill="#fff"></path></svg><span><input id="search-box-top" type="search" placeholder="Search Docs" aria-label="Search the Lingua Franca site"/></span><input type="submit" style="display:none"/></form></div></div></div></div><div id="site-content"></div></header><main role="main"><div class="raised main-content-block"><h1>Download and Install Lingua Franca</h1><p>The Lingua Franca toolchain requires Java 17 (<!-- --><a href="https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/downloads/">download from Oracle</a>). Each target language may have additional requirements (see the <!-- --><a href="/docs/handbook/target-language-details#requirements">Target Language Details</a> page and select your target language).<!-- --></p><p>You can use Lingua Franca:<!-- --><ul><li><a href="#vscode">in Visual Studio Code, using our extension</a></li><li><a href="#download-epoch">using Epoch, an Eclipse-based IDE</a></li><li><a href="#download-cl">using the command line</a></li></ul>You can also spin up one of our pre-configured Cloud-based dev environments:<!-- --><br/><table><tr><td><a href="https://gitpod.io/new#https://github.com/lf-lang/playground-lingua-franca/tree/main"><img src="https://gitpod.io/button/open-in-gitpod.svg" alt="Open in GitPod"/></a></td><td>  </td><td><a href="https://github.com/codespaces/new?hide_repo_select=true&amp;repo=477928779&amp;ref=main&amp;skip_quickstart=true&amp;devcontainer_path=.devcontainer%2Fnightly%2Fdevcontainer.json"><img src="https://github.com/codespaces/badge.svg" alt="Open in GitHub Codespaces"/></a><br/></td></tr></table>Have a look at <!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/playground-lingua-franca">the Lingua Franca playground</a> for more details.<!-- --></p></div><div class="raised main-content-block"><h2 id="vscode">Visual Studio Code</h2><p>Our Visual Studio Code extension can be installed via the Marketplace or built from source, as detailed below. See the <!-- --><a href="/docs/handbook/code-extension">handbook</a> for usage instructions.<!-- --></p><div style="border-top:1px lightgray solid"><h3>Marketplace</h3><p>The Lingua Franca extension is available on the <!-- --><a href="https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=lf-lang.vscode-lingua-franca">Visual Studio Marketplace</a> and the <!-- --><a href="https://open-vsx.org/extension/lf-lang/vscode-lingua-franca">VSX Registry</a>. To install the extension, open VS Code, launch Quick Open (<!-- --><kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <!-- --><kbd>P</kbd>) and enter:<!-- --><p><code>ext install lf-lang.vscode-lingua-franca</code></p></p><p>Alternatively, you can run the following command in your terminal:<!-- --><p><code>code --install-extension lf-lang.vscode-lingua-franca</code></p></p><p>To use the nightly pre-release of the extension instead of the latest release, find the Lingua Franca extension in the Extensions tab and click on the &quot;Switch to Pre-Release Version&quot; button.</p></div><div style="border-top:1px lightgray solid"><h3>From Source</h3><p>Please refer to the <!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/vscode-lingua-franca">Lingua Franca VS Code GitHub repository</a> for build instructions.<!-- --></p></div></div><div class="raised main-content-block"><h2 id="download-epoch">Epoch IDE</h2><p>There are multiple options available for installing Epoch as listed below. See the <!-- --><a href="docs/handbook/epoch-ide">handbook</a> for usage instructions.<!-- --></p><div style="border-top:1px lightgray solid"><h3>Install Script</h3><p>Run the following command in your terminal to install the latest release (on Windows, use WSL):<!-- --><p><code>curl -Ls https://install.lf-lang.org | bash -s epoch</code></p></p><p>You can also install the nightly pre-release:<!-- --><p><code>curl -Ls https://install.lf-lang.org | bash -s epoch nightly</code></p></p><p>You can use the <!-- --><code>--prefix=&lt;path&gt;</code> argument to change the default install location.<!-- --></p><p>The default prefix is <!-- --><code>/usr/local/bin</code> on a Mac and <!-- --><code>~/.local/bin</code> on Linux and WSL. You may not have write access to this directory by default, in which case, if you still want to use the default prefix, you can replace <!-- --><code>sh</code> with <!-- --><code>sudo sh</code> in the above commands.<!-- --></p></div><div style="border-top:1px lightgray solid"><h3>AUR</h3><p>There are binary packages available in the Arch user repository, which you can install using your favorite AUR helper. For instance, with <!-- --><code>yay</code>:<!-- --><p><code>yay -S epoch-bin</code></p>or for the nightly pre-release:<!-- --><p><code>yay -S epoch-nightly-bin</code></p></p></div><div style="border-top:1px lightgray solid"><h3>Manual Download</h3><p>Regular and nightly release builds of Epoch can be downloaded from the <!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/epoch/releases">Epoch release page</a>. Download the archive that matches your OS and architecture, and extract the contents.<!-- --></p><p>MacOS requires extra steps before being able to execute the app:<!-- --><p><code>xattr -cr Epoch.app</code></p>To install, drag the Epoch.app file to your Applications folder. You can then invoke the app as follows:<!-- --><p><code>open -a Epoch.app</code></p></p></div><div style="border-top:1px lightgray solid"><h3>From Source</h3><p>Please refer to the <!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/epoch">Epoch GitHub repository</a> for build instructions.<!-- --></p></div></div><div class="raised main-content-block"><h2 id="download-cl">CLI Tools</h2><p>There are multiple options available for installing the Lingua Franca compiler and other command line tools, as listed below. See the <!-- --><a href="docs/handbook/command-line-tools">handbook</a> for usage instructions.<!-- --></p><div style="border-top:1px lightgray solid"><h3>Install Script</h3><p>Run the following command in your terminal to install the latest release (on Windows, use WSL):<!-- --><p><code>curl -Ls https://install.lf-lang.org | bash -s cli</code></p></p><p>You can also install the nightly pre-release:<!-- --><p><code>curl -Ls https://install.lf-lang.org | bash -s cli nightly</code></p></p><p>You can use the <!-- --><code>--prefix=&lt;path&gt;</code> argument to change the default install location.<!-- --></p></div><div style="border-top:1px lightgray solid"><h3>AUR</h3><p>There are binary packages available in the Arch user repository, which you can install using your favorite AUR helper. For instance, with <!-- --><code>yay</code>:<!-- --><p><code>yay -S lf-cli-bin</code></p>or for the nightly pre-release:<!-- --><p><code>yay -S lf-cli-nightly-bin</code></p></p></div><div style="border-top:1px lightgray solid"><h3>Manual Download</h3><p>Regular and nightly release builds of the command line tools can be downloaded from the <!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/releases">Lingua Franca release page</a>. Download the archive that matches your OS and architecture, and extract the contents.<!-- --></p></div><div style="border-top:1px lightgray solid"><h3>From Source</h3><p>Please refer to the <!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca">Lingua Franca GitHub repository</a> for build instructions.<!-- --></p><p>If you&#x27;d like to contribute to Lingua Franca, you can find details about the recommended developer setup <!-- --><a href="/docs/handbook/developer-setup">here</a>.<!-- --></p></div></div></main><footer id="site-footer" role="contentinfo"><section id="customize"><article><h3>Customize</h3><label><p>Color Mode<!-- -->:<!-- --></p><div class="switch-wrap"><select name="colours"><option value="system" selected="">System<!-- --></option><option value="force-light">Always Light<!-- --></option><option value="force-dark">Always Dark<!-- --></option></select></div></label><label><p>Code Font<!-- -->:<!-- --></p><div class="switch-wrap"><select name="font"><option 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"/></picture></a><nav 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0-1.27604-.1094-1.875-.3281-.59375-.2188-1.14062-.5339-1.64062-.94534l-6.132818 6.12504c-.098958.0989-.216145.1484-.351562.1484s-.252604-.0495-.351562-.1484c-.0989588-.099-.148438-.2162-.148438-.3516s.0494792-.2526.148438-.3516l6.125002-6.13278c-.41146-.5-.72656-1.04687-.94532-1.64062-.21874-.59896-.32812-1.22396-.32812-1.875 0-.50521.0651-.99219.19531-1.46094s.31511-.90625.55469-1.3125.52604-.77604.85938-1.10937c.33854-.33854.71093-.627607 1.11718-.86719s.84375-.424479 1.3125-.554688c.46875-.1302078.95573-.195312 1.46094-.195312zm0 10c.6198 0 1.2031-.11719 1.75-.35156.5469-.23959 1.0234-.5625 1.4297-.96875.4062-.40625.7265-.88281.9609-1.42969.2396-.54688.3594-1.13021.3594-1.75s-.1198-1.20312-.3594-1.75c-.2344-.54688-.5547-1.02344-.9609-1.42969-.4063-.40625-.8828-.72656-1.4297-.96093-.5469-.23959-1.1302-.35938-1.75-.35938-.61979 0-1.20312.11979-1.75.35938-.54688.23437-1.02344.55468-1.42969.96093s-.72916.88281-.96875 1.42969c-.23437.54688-.35156 1.13021-.35156 1.75s.11719 1.20312.35156 1.75c.23959.54688.5625 1.02344.96875 1.42969s.88281.72916 1.42969.96875c.54688.23437 1.13021.35156 1.75.35156z" fill="#fff"></path></svg><span><input id="search-box-top" type="search" placeholder="Search Docs" aria-label="Search the Lingua Franca site"/></span><input type="submit" style="display:none"/></form></div></div></div></div><div id="site-content"></div></header><main role="main"><div class="raised main-content-block"><h1>Download and Install Lingua Franca</h1><p>The Lingua Franca toolchain requires Java 17 (<!-- --><a href="https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/downloads/">download from Oracle</a>). Each target language may have additional requirements (see the <!-- --><a href="/docs/handbook/target-language-details#requirements">Target Language Details</a> page and select your target language).<!-- --></p><p>You can use Lingua Franca:<!-- --><ul><li><a href="#vscode">in Visual Studio Code, using our extension</a></li><li><a href="#download-epoch">using Epoch, an Eclipse-based IDE</a></li><li><a href="#download-cl">using the command line</a></li></ul>You can also spin up one of our pre-configured Cloud-based dev environments:<!-- --><br/><table><tr><td><a href="https://gitpod.io/new#https://github.com/lf-lang/playground-lingua-franca/tree/main"><img src="https://gitpod.io/button/open-in-gitpod.svg" alt="Open in GitPod"/></a></td><td>  </td><td><a href="https://github.com/codespaces/new?hide_repo_select=true&amp;repo=477928779&amp;ref=main&amp;skip_quickstart=true&amp;devcontainer_path=.devcontainer%2Fnightly%2Fdevcontainer.json"><img src="https://github.com/codespaces/badge.svg" alt="Open in GitHub Codespaces"/></a><br/></td></tr></table>Have a look at <!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/playground-lingua-franca">the Lingua Franca playground</a> for more details.<!-- --></p></div><div class="raised main-content-block"><h2 id="vscode">Visual Studio Code</h2><p>Our Visual Studio Code extension can be installed via the Marketplace or built from source, as detailed below. See the <!-- --><a href="/docs/handbook/code-extension">handbook</a> for usage instructions.<!-- --></p><div style="border-top:1px lightgray solid"><h3>Marketplace</h3><p>The Lingua Franca extension is available on the <!-- --><a href="https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=lf-lang.vscode-lingua-franca">Visual Studio Marketplace</a> and the <!-- --><a href="https://open-vsx.org/extension/lf-lang/vscode-lingua-franca">VSX Registry</a>. To install the extension, open VS Code, launch Quick Open (<!-- --><kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <!-- --><kbd>P</kbd>) and enter:<!-- --><p><code>ext install lf-lang.vscode-lingua-franca</code></p></p><p>Alternatively, you can run the following command in your terminal:<!-- --><p><code>code --install-extension lf-lang.vscode-lingua-franca</code></p></p><p>To use the nightly pre-release of the extension instead of the latest release, find the Lingua Franca extension in the Extensions tab and click on the &quot;Switch to Pre-Release Version&quot; button.</p></div><div style="border-top:1px lightgray solid"><h3>From Source</h3><p>Please refer to the <!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/vscode-lingua-franca">Lingua Franca VS Code GitHub repository</a> for build instructions.<!-- --></p></div></div><div class="raised main-content-block"><h2 id="download-epoch">Epoch IDE</h2><p>There are multiple options available for installing Epoch as listed below. See the <!-- --><a href="docs/handbook/epoch-ide">handbook</a> for usage instructions.<!-- --></p><div style="border-top:1px lightgray solid"><h3>Install Script</h3><p>Run the following command in your terminal to install the latest release (on Windows, use WSL):<!-- --><p><code>curl -Ls https://install.lf-lang.org | bash -s epoch</code></p></p><p>You can also install the nightly pre-release:<!-- --><p><code>curl -Ls https://install.lf-lang.org | bash -s epoch nightly</code></p></p><p>You can use the <!-- --><code>--prefix=&lt;path&gt;</code> argument to change the default install location.<!-- --></p><p>The default prefix is <!-- --><code>/usr/local/bin</code> on a Mac and <!-- --><code>~/.local/bin</code> on Linux and WSL. You may not have write access to this directory by default, in which case, if you still want to use the default prefix, you can replace <!-- --><code>sh</code> with <!-- --><code>sudo sh</code> in the above commands.<!-- --></p></div><div style="border-top:1px lightgray solid"><h3>AUR</h3><p>There are binary packages available in the Arch user repository, which you can install using your favorite AUR helper. For instance, with <!-- --><code>yay</code>:<!-- --><p><code>yay -S epoch-bin</code></p>or for the nightly pre-release:<!-- --><p><code>yay -S epoch-nightly-bin</code></p></p></div><div style="border-top:1px lightgray solid"><h3>Manual Download</h3><p>Regular and nightly release builds of Epoch can be downloaded from the <!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/epoch/releases">Epoch release page</a>. Download the archive that matches your OS and architecture, and extract the contents.<!-- --></p><p>MacOS requires extra steps before being able to execute the app:<!-- --><p><code>xattr -cr Epoch.app</code></p>To install, drag the Epoch.app file to your Applications folder. You can then invoke the app as follows:<!-- --><p><code>open -a Epoch.app</code></p></p></div><div style="border-top:1px lightgray solid"><h3>From Source</h3><p>Please refer to the <!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/epoch">Epoch GitHub repository</a> for build instructions.<!-- --></p></div></div><div class="raised main-content-block"><h2 id="download-cl">CLI Tools</h2><p>There are multiple options available for installing the Lingua Franca compiler and other command line tools, as listed below. See the <!-- --><a href="docs/handbook/command-line-tools">handbook</a> for usage instructions.<!-- --></p><div style="border-top:1px lightgray solid"><h3>Install Script</h3><p>Run the following command in your terminal to install the latest release (on Windows, use WSL):<!-- --><p><code>curl -Ls https://install.lf-lang.org | bash -s cli</code></p></p><p>You can also install the nightly pre-release:<!-- --><p><code>curl -Ls https://install.lf-lang.org | bash -s cli nightly</code></p></p><p>You can use the <!-- --><code>--prefix=&lt;path&gt;</code> argument to change the default install location.<!-- --></p></div><div style="border-top:1px lightgray solid"><h3>AUR</h3><p>There are binary packages available in the Arch user repository, which you can install using your favorite AUR helper. For instance, with <!-- --><code>yay</code>:<!-- --><p><code>yay -S lf-cli-bin</code></p>or for the nightly pre-release:<!-- --><p><code>yay -S lf-cli-nightly-bin</code></p></p></div><div style="border-top:1px lightgray solid"><h3>Manual Download</h3><p>Regular and nightly release builds of the command line tools can be downloaded from the <!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/releases">Lingua Franca release page</a>. Download the archive that matches your OS and architecture, and extract the contents.<!-- --></p></div><div style="border-top:1px lightgray solid"><h3>From Source</h3><p>Please refer to the <!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca">Lingua Franca GitHub repository</a> for build instructions.<!-- --></p><p>If you&#x27;d like to contribute to Lingua Franca, you can find details about the recommended developer setup <!-- --><a href="/docs/handbook/developer-setup">here</a>.<!-- --></p></div></div></main><footer id="site-footer" role="contentinfo"><section id="customize"><article><h3>Customize</h3><label><p>Color Mode<!-- -->:<!-- --></p><div class="switch-wrap"><select name="colours"><option value="system" selected="">System<!-- --></option><option value="force-light">Always Light<!-- --></option><option value="force-dark">Always Dark<!-- --></option></select></div></label><label><p>Code Font<!-- -->:<!-- --></p><div class="switch-wrap"><select name="font"><option 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diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 64b7c9186..45e45ad8b 100644
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LF is supported by a runtime system that is capable of concurrent and distributed execution of reactive programs that are deployable on the Cloud, the Edge, and even on bare-iron embedded platforms.</p><p>A Lingua Franca program specifies the interactions between components called reactors. The logic of each reactor is written in plain target code. A code generator synthesizes one or more programs in the target language, which are then compiled using standard tool chains. If the application has exploitable parallelism, then it executes transparently on multiple cores without compromising determinacy. A distributed application translates into multiple programs and scripts to launch those programs on distributed machines. The communication fabric connecting components is synthesized as part of the programs.</p><div class="call-to-action" style="justify-content:left"><a class="fluid-button undefined" href="/download"><div><div class="fluid-button-title">Download Lingua Franca</div><div class="fluid-button-subtitle">Latest stable release</div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="white "><div class="container"><h2>What is Lingua Franca?</h2><div class=" row"><div class=" col1"><h3>Reactor-oriented</h3><p>Reactors are reactive and composable concurrent software components with inputs, outputs, and local state.</p></div><div class=" col1"><h3>Concurrent</h3><p>Reactions to events are concurrent unless there is an explicit dependency between them.</p></div><div class=" col1"><h3>Deterministic</h3><p>Lingua Franca programs are deterministic by default and therefore easy to test.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="light-grey get-started-section"><div class="container"><h2 id="get_started">Get 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LF is supported by a runtime system that is capable of concurrent and distributed execution of reactive programs that are deployable on the Cloud, the Edge, and even on bare-iron embedded platforms.</p><p>A Lingua Franca program specifies the interactions between components called reactors. The logic of each reactor is written in plain target code. A code generator synthesizes one or more programs in the target language, which are then compiled using standard tool chains. If the application has exploitable parallelism, then it executes transparently on multiple cores without compromising determinacy. A distributed application translates into multiple programs and scripts to launch those programs on distributed machines. The communication fabric connecting components is synthesized as part of the programs.</p><div class="call-to-action" style="justify-content:left"><a class="fluid-button undefined" href="/download"><div><div class="fluid-button-title">Download Lingua Franca</div><div class="fluid-button-subtitle">Latest stable release</div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="white "><div class="container"><h2>What is Lingua Franca?</h2><div class=" row"><div class=" col1"><h3>Reactor-oriented</h3><p>Reactors are reactive and composable concurrent software components with inputs, outputs, and local state.</p></div><div class=" col1"><h3>Concurrent</h3><p>Reactions to events are concurrent unless there is an explicit dependency between them.</p></div><div class=" col1"><h3>Deterministic</h3><p>Lingua Franca programs are deterministic by default and therefore easy to test.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="light-grey get-started-section"><div class="container"><h2 id="get_started">Get 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Minimal Example A minimal but complete Lingua Franca file with one reactor is this: $start…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$\nSee the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details#requirements\">requirements</a> for using this target.</p>\n<h2 id=\"minimal-example\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#minimal-example\" aria-label=\"minimal example permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Minimal Example</h2>\n<p>A minimal but complete Lingua Franca file with one reactor is this:</p>\n<p>$start(HelloWorld)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(HelloWorld)$</p>\n<p>Every Lingua Franca program begins with a <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration\">target declaration</a> that specifies the language in which reactions are written. This is also the language of the program(s) generated by the Lingua Franca code generator.</p>\n<p>Every LF program also has a $main$ [ or $federated$]{federated} reactor, which is the top level of a hierarchy of contained and interconnected reactors. The above simple example has no contained reactors.</p>\n<p>The $main$ reactor above has a single $reaction$, which is triggered by the $startup$ trigger. This trigger causes the reaction to execute at the start of the program. The body of the reaction, delimited by <code>{= ... =}</code>, is ordinary $target-language$ code which, as we will see, has access to a number of functions and variables specific to Lingua Franca.</p>\n<h2 id=\"examples\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#examples\" aria-label=\"examples permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Examples</h2>\n<p>Examples of Lingua Franca programs can be found in the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/playground-lingua-franca/tree/main\">Lingua Franca Playground</a>.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/tree/master/test/\">regression tests</a> have a rich set of examples that illustrate every feature of the language.</p>\n<h2 id=\"structure-of-an-lf-project\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#structure-of-an-lf-project\" aria-label=\"structure of an lf project permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Structure of an LF Project</h2>\n<p>The Lingua Franca tools assume that LF programs are put into a file with a <code>.lf</code> extension that is stored somewhere within a directory called <code>src</code>. To compile and run the above example, choose a <strong>project root</strong> directory, create a <code>src</code> directory within that, and put the above code into a file called, say, <code>src/HelloWorld.lf</code>. You can compile the code on the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/command-line-tools\">command line</a>, within <a href=\"/docs/handbook/code-extension\">Visual Studio Code</a>, or within the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/epoch-ide\">Epoch IDE</a>. On the command line this will look like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">    &gt; lfc src/HelloWorld.lf\n    ... output from the code generator and compiler ...</pre>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-rs\">\n<p>After this completes, two additional directories will have been created within\nthe project root, <code>bin</code> and <code>src-gen</code>. The <code>bin</code> directory has an\nexecutable file called <code>HelloWorld</code>. Executing that file will result, not\nsurprisingly, in printing “Hello World”. The generated source files will be\nin a subdirectory called <code>HelloWorld</code> within <code>src-gen</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts lf-py\">\n<p>After this completes, an additional <code>src-gen</code> directory will have been created within the project root. The generated code will be in subdirectory called <code>HelloWorld</code> within <code>src-gen</code>. The output from the code generator will include instructions for executing the generated code:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">#####################################</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">To run the generated program, use:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    node </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">path</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">to</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">project</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">gen</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">Minimal</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">dist</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Minimal</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">js</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">#####################################</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">#####################################</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">To run the generated program, use:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    python3 </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">path</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">to</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">project</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">gen</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">Minimal</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Minimal</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">py</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">#####################################</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"reactor-block\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reactor-block\" aria-label=\"reactor block permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reactor Block</h2>\n<p>A $reactor$ is a software component that reacts to input events, timer events, and internal events. It has private state variables that are not visible to any other reactor. Its reactions can consist of altering its own state, sending messages to other reactors, or affecting the environment through some kind of actuation or side effect (e.g., printing a message, as in the above <code>HelloWorld</code> example).</p>\n<p>The general structure of a reactor definition is as follows:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-ts\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;class</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; [(&lt;parameters&gt;)] {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;: &lt;type&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">type</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;: &lt;type&gt; [</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;value&gt;]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;([&lt;offset&gt;[, &lt;period&gt;]])</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;[</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">type</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;[</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">type</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> [&lt;name&gt;] (&lt;triggers&gt;) [&lt;uses&gt;] [</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;effects&gt;] [{</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> body </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    &lt;instance</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;class</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt;([&lt;parameter</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">assignments&gt;])</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    &lt;port</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; [, </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;port</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; [, </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] [</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;delay&gt;]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-rs\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;class</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; [(&lt;parameters&gt;)] {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;: &lt;type&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">type</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;: &lt;type&gt; [</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;value&gt;]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;([&lt;offset&gt;[, &lt;period&gt;]])</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;[</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">type</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;[</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">type</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    [</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">const</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;(&lt;parameters&gt;):&lt;type&gt; {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> body </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> [&lt;name&gt;] (&lt;triggers&gt;) [&lt;uses&gt;] [</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;effects&gt;] [{</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> body </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    &lt;instance</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;class</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt;([&lt;parameter</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">assignments&gt;])</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    &lt;port</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; [, </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;port</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; [, </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] [</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;delay&gt;]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;class</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; [(&lt;parameters&gt;)] {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt; [</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;value&gt;]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;([&lt;offset&gt;[, &lt;period&gt;]])</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> [&lt;name&gt;] (&lt;triggers&gt;) [&lt;uses&gt;] [</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;effects&gt;] [{</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> body </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    &lt;instance</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;class</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt;([&lt;parameter</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">assignments&gt;])</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    &lt;port</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; [, </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;port</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; [, </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] [</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;delay&gt;]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<p>Contents within square brackets are optional, contents within <code>&#x3C;...></code> are user-defined, and each line may appear zero or more times, as explained in the next pages. Parameters, inputs, outputs, timers, actions, and contained reactors all have names, and the names are required to be distinct from one another.</p>\n<p>If the $reactor$ keyword is preceded by $main$[ or $federated$]{federated}, then this reactor will be instantiated and run by the generated code.</p>\n<p>Any number of reactors may be defined in one file, and a $main$[ or $federated$]{federated} reactor need not be given a name, but if it is given a name, then that name must match the file name.</p>\n<p>Reactors may extend other reactors, inheriting their properties, and a file may import reactors from other files. If an imported LF file contains a $main$[ or $federated$]{federated} reactor, that reactor is ignored (it will not be imported). This makes it easy to create a library of reusable reactors that each come with a test case or demonstration in the form of a main reactor.</p>\n<h2 id=\"comments\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#comments\" aria-label=\"comments permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Comments</h2>\n<p>Lingua Franca files can have C/C++/Java-style comments and/or Python-style comments. All of the following are valid comments:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">    // Single-line C-style comment.\n    /*\n     * Multi-line C-style comment.\n     */\n    # Single-line Python-style comment.</pre>","headings":[{"value":"Minimal Example","depth":2},{"value":"Examples","depth":2},{"value":"Structure of an LF Project","depth":2},{"value":"Reactor Block","depth":2},{"value":"Comments","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor","title":"A First Reactor","oneline":"Writing your first Lingua Franca reactor.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Inputs and Outputs","oneline":"Inputs, outputs, and reactions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-a-first-reactor","slug":"/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/A First Reactor.md","nextID":"a685c048-723e-5564-b25c-a3dbf0259a06","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-19T17:23:16.962Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"49ea27af-cb5f-5558-96bd-ecfcb618bbd1","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$\nSee the requirements for using this target. Minimal Example A minimal but complete Lingua Franca file with one reactor is this: $start…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$\nSee the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details#requirements\">requirements</a> for using this target.</p>\n<h2 id=\"minimal-example\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#minimal-example\" aria-label=\"minimal example permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Minimal Example</h2>\n<p>A minimal but complete Lingua Franca file with one reactor is this:</p>\n<p>$start(HelloWorld)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(HelloWorld)$</p>\n<p>Every Lingua Franca program begins with a <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration\">target declaration</a> that specifies the language in which reactions are written. This is also the language of the program(s) generated by the Lingua Franca code generator.</p>\n<p>Every LF program also has a $main$ [ or $federated$]{federated} reactor, which is the top level of a hierarchy of contained and interconnected reactors. The above simple example has no contained reactors.</p>\n<p>The $main$ reactor above has a single $reaction$, which is triggered by the $startup$ trigger. This trigger causes the reaction to execute at the start of the program. The body of the reaction, delimited by <code>{= ... =}</code>, is ordinary $target-language$ code which, as we will see, has access to a number of functions and variables specific to Lingua Franca.</p>\n<h2 id=\"examples\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#examples\" aria-label=\"examples permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Examples</h2>\n<p>Examples of Lingua Franca programs can be found in the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/playground-lingua-franca/tree/main\">Lingua Franca Playground</a>.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/tree/master/test/\">regression tests</a> have a rich set of examples that illustrate every feature of the language.</p>\n<h2 id=\"structure-of-an-lf-project\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#structure-of-an-lf-project\" aria-label=\"structure of an lf project permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Structure of an LF Project</h2>\n<p>The Lingua Franca tools assume that LF programs are put into a file with a <code>.lf</code> extension that is stored somewhere within a directory called <code>src</code>. To compile and run the above example, choose a <strong>project root</strong> directory, create a <code>src</code> directory within that, and put the above code into a file called, say, <code>src/HelloWorld.lf</code>. You can compile the code on the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/command-line-tools\">command line</a>, within <a href=\"/docs/handbook/code-extension\">Visual Studio Code</a>, or within the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/epoch-ide\">Epoch IDE</a>. On the command line this will look like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">    &gt; lfc src/HelloWorld.lf\n    ... output from the code generator and compiler ...</pre>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-rs\">\n<p>After this completes, two additional directories will have been created within\nthe project root, <code>bin</code> and <code>src-gen</code>. The <code>bin</code> directory has an\nexecutable file called <code>HelloWorld</code>. Executing that file will result, not\nsurprisingly, in printing “Hello World”. The generated source files will be\nin a subdirectory called <code>HelloWorld</code> within <code>src-gen</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts lf-py\">\n<p>After this completes, an additional <code>src-gen</code> directory will have been created within the project root. The generated code will be in subdirectory called <code>HelloWorld</code> within <code>src-gen</code>. The output from the code generator will include instructions for executing the generated code:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">#####################################</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">To run the generated program, use:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    node </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">path</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">to</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">project</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">gen</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">Minimal</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">dist</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Minimal</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">js</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">#####################################</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">#####################################</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">To run the generated program, use:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    python3 </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">path</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">to</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">project</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">gen</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">Minimal</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Minimal</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">py</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">#####################################</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"reactor-block\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reactor-block\" aria-label=\"reactor block permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reactor Block</h2>\n<p>A $reactor$ is a software component that reacts to input events, timer events, and internal events. It has private state variables that are not visible to any other reactor. Its reactions can consist of altering its own state, sending messages to other reactors, or affecting the environment through some kind of actuation or side effect (e.g., printing a message, as in the above <code>HelloWorld</code> example).</p>\n<p>The general structure of a reactor definition is as follows:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-ts\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;class</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; [(&lt;parameters&gt;)] {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;: &lt;type&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">type</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;: &lt;type&gt; [</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;value&gt;]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;([&lt;offset&gt;[, &lt;period&gt;]])</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;[</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">type</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;[</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">type</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> [&lt;name&gt;] (&lt;triggers&gt;) [&lt;uses&gt;] [</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;effects&gt;] [{</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> body </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    &lt;instance</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;class</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt;([&lt;parameter</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">assignments&gt;])</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    &lt;port</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; [, </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;port</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; [, </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] [</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;delay&gt;]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-rs\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;class</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; [(&lt;parameters&gt;)] {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;: &lt;type&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">type</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;: &lt;type&gt; [</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;value&gt;]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;([&lt;offset&gt;[, &lt;period&gt;]])</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;[</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">type</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;[</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">type</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    [</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">const</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;(&lt;parameters&gt;):&lt;type&gt; {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> body </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> [&lt;name&gt;] (&lt;triggers&gt;) [&lt;uses&gt;] [</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;effects&gt;] [{</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> body </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    &lt;instance</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;class</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt;([&lt;parameter</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">assignments&gt;])</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    &lt;port</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; [, </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;port</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; [, </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] [</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;delay&gt;]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;class</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; [(&lt;parameters&gt;)] {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt; [</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;value&gt;]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;([&lt;offset&gt;[, &lt;period&gt;]])</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> [&lt;name&gt;] (&lt;triggers&gt;) [&lt;uses&gt;] [</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;effects&gt;] [{</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> body </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    &lt;instance</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;class</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt;([&lt;parameter</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">assignments&gt;])</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    &lt;port</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; [, </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;port</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; [, </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] [</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;delay&gt;]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<p>Contents within square brackets are optional, contents within <code>&#x3C;...></code> are user-defined, and each line may appear zero or more times, as explained in the next pages. Parameters, inputs, outputs, timers, actions, and contained reactors all have names, and the names are required to be distinct from one another.</p>\n<p>If the $reactor$ keyword is preceded by $main$[ or $federated$]{federated}, then this reactor will be instantiated and run by the generated code.</p>\n<p>Any number of reactors may be defined in one file, and a $main$[ or $federated$]{federated} reactor need not be given a name, but if it is given a name, then that name must match the file name.</p>\n<p>Reactors may extend other reactors, inheriting their properties, and a file may import reactors from other files. If an imported LF file contains a $main$[ or $federated$]{federated} reactor, that reactor is ignored (it will not be imported). This makes it easy to create a library of reusable reactors that each come with a test case or demonstration in the form of a main reactor.</p>\n<h2 id=\"comments\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#comments\" aria-label=\"comments permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Comments</h2>\n<p>Lingua Franca files can have C/C++/Java-style comments and/or Python-style comments. All of the following are valid comments:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">    // Single-line C-style comment.\n    /*\n     * Multi-line C-style comment.\n     */\n    # Single-line Python-style comment.</pre>","headings":[{"value":"Minimal Example","depth":2},{"value":"Examples","depth":2},{"value":"Structure of an LF Project","depth":2},{"value":"Reactor Block","depth":2},{"value":"Comments","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor","title":"A First Reactor","oneline":"Writing your first Lingua Franca reactor.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Inputs and Outputs","oneline":"Inputs, outputs, and reactions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-a-first-reactor","slug":"/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/A First Reactor.md","nextID":"dcdc6b32-76b0-570a-a6f8-23bb570863c7","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/actions/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/actions/page-data.json
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--- a/page-data/docs/handbook/actions/page-data.json
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@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/actions","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"03d8d0fb-cfea-5ebb-a29c-177f5ca5cc4c","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ Action Declaration An action declaration has one of the following forms: The min_delay, min_spacing, and policy are all optional. If only…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<h2 id=\"action-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#action-declaration\" aria-label=\"action declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Action Declaration</h2>\n<p>An action declaration has one of the following forms:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(&lt;min_delay&gt;, &lt;min_spacing&gt;, &lt;policy&gt;)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(&lt;min_delay&gt;, &lt;min_spacing&gt;, &lt;policy&gt;)</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>min_delay</code>, <code>min_spacing</code>, and <code>policy</code> are all optional. If only one argument is given in parentheses, then it is interpreted as an <code>min_delay</code>, if two are given, then they are interpreted as <code>min_delay</code> and <code>min_spacing</code>. The <code>min_delay</code> and <code>min_spacing</code> are time values. The <code>policy</code> argument is a string that can be one of the following: <code>\"defer\"</code> (the default), <code>\"drop\"</code>, or <code>\"replace\"</code>. Note that the quotation marks are needed.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>If the action is to carry a payload, then a type must be given as well:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(&lt;min_delay&gt;, &lt;min_spacing&gt;, &lt;policy&gt;):&lt;type&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(&lt;min_delay&gt;, &lt;min_spacing&gt;, &lt;policy&gt;):&lt;type&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"logical-actions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#logical-actions\" aria-label=\"logical actions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Logical Actions</h2>\n<p>Timers are useful to trigger reactions once or periodically. Actions are used to trigger reactions more irregularly. An action, like an output or input port, can carry data, but unlike a port, an action is visible only within the reactor that defines it.</p>\n<p>There are two kinds of actions, <strong>logical</strong> and <strong>physical</strong>. A $logical$ $action$ is used by a reactor to schedule a trigger at a fixed logical time interval <em>d</em> into the future. The time interval <em>d</em>, which is called a <strong>delay</strong>, is relative to the logical time <em>t</em> at which the scheduling occurs. If a reaction executes at logical time <em>t</em> and schedules an action <code>a</code> with delay <em>d</em>, then any reaction that is triggered by <code>a</code> will be invoked at logical time <em>t</em> + <em>d</em>. For example, the following reaction schedules something (printing the current elapsed logical time) 200 msec after an input <code>x</code> arrives:</p>\n<p>$start(Schedule)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">MSEC</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">interval_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">ms</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">  nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">MSEC</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">nsecs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getElapsedLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\"> after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">a, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-macro-rust\">after!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ms));</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">      Action triggered at logical time {} nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">as_nanos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    );</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Schedule)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/5130028346aef2a24dae6996d8b51ea1/Schedule.svg\" width=\"200\">\n<p>Here, the delay is specified in the call to schedule within the target language code. Notice that in the diagram, a logical action is shown as a triangle with an <strong>L</strong>. Logical actions are always scheduled within a reaction of the reactor that declares the action.</p>\n<p>The time argument is required to be non-negative. If it is zero, then the action will be scheduled one <strong>microstep</strong> later. See <a href=\"/docs/handbook/superdense-time\">Superdense Time</a>.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>The arguments to the <code>lf_schedule()</code> function are the action named <code>a</code> and a time. The action <code>a</code> has to be declared as an effect of the reaction in order to reference it in the call to <code>lf_schedule()</code>. If you fail to declare it as an effect (after the <code>-></code> in the reaction signature), then you will get an error message.</p>\n<p>The time argument to the <code>lf_schedule()</code> function has data type <code>interval_t</code>, which, with the exception of some embedded platforms, is a C <code>int64_t</code>. A collection of convenience macros is provided like the <code>MSEC</code> macro above to specify time values in a more readable way. The provided macros are <code>NSEC</code>, <code>USEC</code> (for microseconds), <code>MSEC</code>, <code>SEC</code>, <code>MINUTE</code>, <code>HOUR</code>, <code>DAY</code>, and <code>WEEK</code>. You may also use the plural of any of these, e.g. <code>WEEKS(2)</code>.</p>\n<p>An action may have a data type, in which case, a variant of the <code>lf_schedule()</code> function can be used to specify a <strong>payload</strong>, a data value that is carried from where the <code>lf_schedule()</code> function is called to the reaction that is triggered by the action. See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>An action may have a data type, in which case, a variant of the <code>schedule()</code> function can be used to specify a <strong>payload</strong>, a data value that is carried from where the <code>schedule()</code> function is called to the reaction that is triggered by the action. See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>The arguments to the <code>a.schedule()</code> method is a time. The action <code>a</code> has to be\ndeclared as an effect of the reaction in order to reference it in the body of\nthe reaction. If you fail to declare it as an effect (after the <code>-></code> in the\nreaction signature), then you will get a runtime error message.</p>\n<p>The time argument to the <code>a.schedule()</code> method expects an integer. A collection\nof convenience functions is provided like the <code>MSEC</code> function above to specify\ntime values in a more readable way. The provided functions are <code>NSEC</code>, <code>USEC</code>\n(for microseconds), <code>MSEC</code>, <code>SEC</code>, <code>MINUTE</code>, <code>HOUR</code>, <code>DAY</code>, and <code>WEEK</code>. You may\nalso use the plural of any of these, e.g. <code>WEEKS(2)</code>.</p>\n<p>An action may carry data, in which case, the <strong>payload</strong> data value is just given as a second argument to the <code>.schedule()</code> method. See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>The <code>schedule()</code> method of an action takes two arguments, a <code>TimeValue</code> and an (optional) payload. If a payload is given and a type is given for the action, then the type of the payload must match the type of the action. See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a> for details.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p><span class=\"warning\">FIXME</span></p>\n<p>An action may have a data type, in which case, a variant of the <code>schedule()</code> function can be used to specify a <strong>payload</strong>, a data value that is carried from where the <code>schedule()</code> function is called to the reaction that is triggered by the action. See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"physical-actions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#physical-actions\" aria-label=\"physical actions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Physical Actions</h2>\n<p>A $physical$ $action$ is used to schedule reactions at logical times determined by the local physical clock. If a physical action with delay <em>d</em> is scheduled at <em>physical</em> time <em>T</em>, then the <em>logical time</em> assigned to the event is <em>T</em> + <em>d</em>. For example, the following reactor schedules the physical action <code>p</code> to trigger at a <strong>logical time</strong> equal to the <strong>physical time</strong> at which the input <code>x</code> arrives:</p>\n<p>$start(Physical)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">interval_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">ms</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">zero</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getElapsedLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\"> nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> phys_action </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> a.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">clone</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">spawn_physical_thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">move</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-arithmetic-rust\">|</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">link</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-arithmetic-rust\">|</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      link.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-sigil-rust\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">phys_action, Asap).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">unwrap</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    });</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Action triggered at logical time {} nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">as_nanos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    );</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Physical)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/c522350c03ba8eeee028b48f0ef456b1/Physical.svg\" width=\"200\">\n<p>If you drive this with a timer, using for example the following structure:</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/fd2b2f93418cb57a22fef591b635c9ed/PhysicalTest.svg\" width=\"400\">\n<p>then running the program will yield an output something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Action triggered at logical time 201491000 nsec after start.\nAction triggered at logical time 403685000 nsec after start.\nAction triggered at logical time 603669000 nsec after start.\n...</pre>\n<p>Here, logical time is lagging physical time by a few milliseconds. Note that, unless the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#fast\">fast option</a> is given, logical time <em>t</em> chases physical time <em>T</em>, so <em>t</em> &#x3C; <em>T</em>. Hence, the event being scheduled in the reaction to input <code>x</code> is assured of being in the future in logical time.</p>\n<p>Whereas logical actions are required to be scheduled within a reaction of the reactor that declares the action, physical actions can be scheduled by code that is outside the Lingua Franca system. For example, some other thread or a callback function may call <code>schedule()</code>, passing it a physical action. For example:</p>\n<p>$start(Asynchronous)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  keepalive</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// Do not exit when event queue is empty.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp punctuation-definition-directive-cpp\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp\">include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp\">platform.h</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Defines lf_sleep() and thread functions.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Schedule an event roughly every 200 msec.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">void</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp storage-modifier-pointer-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp entity-name-function-definition-cpp\">external</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">void</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp storage-modifier-pointer-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp variable-parameter-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-control-while-cpp\">while</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-language-true-cpp\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_sleep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">MSEC</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">thread_id</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">lf_thread_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">): </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Start a thread to schedule physical actions.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_thread_create</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">thread_id</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">external</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">interval_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">private</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp punctuation-definition-directive-cpp\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp\">include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp\">thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">thread</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">thread</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Start a thread to schedule physical actions.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    thread </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-definition-capture-begin-lambda-cpp\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-lambda-capture-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-definition-capture-end-lambda-cpp\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-lambda-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp keyword-control-while-cpp\">while</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-language-true-cpp\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">this_thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">sleep_for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">ms</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> the value that we give it really doesn&#039;t matter</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> but we the action should is scheduled for 100ms into the future</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">ms</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-lambda-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_physical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Action triggered at logical time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> time</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> threading</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    # Schedule an event roughly every 200 msec.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    def external(self, a):</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      while (True):</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">        self.time.sleep(0.2)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">        a.schedule(0)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">thread</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> Start a thread to schedule physical actions.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">threading</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">Thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-parameter-function-call-python\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">external</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-parameter-function-call-python\">args</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-parenthesis-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-parenthesis-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">start</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">): </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> Have asynchronous callback schedule physical action.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-ts\">setTimeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-parameters-begin-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-parameters-end-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts storage-type-function-arrow-ts\">=&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">zero</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getElapsedLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\"> nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">start_time</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Instant</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> Instant</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-misc-rust\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">now</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">): </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> phys_action </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> a.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">clone</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">); </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> clone to move it into other thread</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> Start a thread to schedule physical actions.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">spawn_physical_thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">move</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-arithmetic-rust\">|</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">link</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-arithmetic-rust\">|</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">loop</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-misc-rust\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-misc-rust\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">sleep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">Duration</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-misc-rust\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">from_millis</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">));</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        link.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">schedule_physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-sigil-rust\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">phys_action, Asap).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">unwrap</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    });</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> elapsed_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.start_time.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Action triggered at logical time {} nsecs after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">, elapsed_time.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">as_nanos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">));</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Asynchronous)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/a2c95a35fe91c6f4c67a8317c4813319/Asynchronous.svg\" width=\"350\">\n<p>Physical actions are the mechanism for obtaining input from the outside world. Because they are assigned a logical time derived from the physical clock, their logical time can be interpreted as a measure of the time at which some external event occurred.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>In the above example, at $startup$, the main reactor creates an external thread that schedules a physical action roughly every 200 msec.</p>\n<p>First, the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/preambles\">file-level $preamble$</a> has <code>#include \"platform.h\"</code>, which includes the declarations for functions it uses, <code>lf_sleep</code> and <code>lf_thread_create</code> (see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details?target=c#libraries-available-to-programmers\">Libraries Available to Programmers</a>).</p>\n<p>Second, the thread uses a function <code>lf_sleep()</code>, which abstracts platform-specific mechanisms for stalling the thread for a specified amount of time, and <code>lf_thread_create()</code>, which abstracts platform-specific mechanisms for creating threads.</p>\n<p>The <code>external</code> function executed by the thread is defined in a reactor-level $preamble$ section. See <a href=\"/docs/handbook/preambles\">Preambles</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"triggering-time-for-actions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#triggering-time-for-actions\" aria-label=\"triggering time for actions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Triggering Time for Actions</h2>\n<p>An action will trigger at a logical time that depends on the arguments given to the schedule function, the <code>&#x3C;min_delay></code>, <code>&#x3C;min_spacing></code>, and <code>&#x3C;policy></code> arguments in the action declaration, and whether the action is physical or logical.</p>\n<p>For a $logical$ action <code>a</code>, the tag assigned to the event resulting from a call to <code>schedule()</code> is computed as follows. First, let <em>t</em> be the <em>current logical time</em>. For a logical action, <em>t</em> is just the logical time at which the reaction calling <code>schedule()</code> is called. The <strong>preliminary time</strong> of the action is then just <em>t</em> + <code>&#x3C;min_delay></code> + <code>&#x3C;offset></code>. This preliminary time may be further modified, as explained below.</p>\n<p>For a <strong>physical</strong> action, the preliminary time is similar, except that <em>t</em> is replaced by the current <em>physical</em> time <em>T</em> when <code>schedule()</code> is called.</p>\n<p>If a <code>&#x3C;min_spacing></code> has been declared, then it gives a minimum logical time\ninterval between the tags of two subsequently scheduled events. If the\npreliminary time is closer than <code>&#x3C;min_spacing></code> to the time of the previously\nscheduled event (if there is one), then <code>&#x3C;policy></code> (if supported by the target)\ndetermines how the minimum spacing constraint is enforced.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py\">\n<p>The <code>&#x3C;policy></code> is one of the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>\"defer\"</code>: (<strong>the default</strong>) The event is added to the event queue with a tag that is equal to earliest time that satisfies the minimal spacing requirement. Assuming the time of the preceding event is <em>t_prev</em>, then the tag of the new event simply becomes <em>t_prev</em> + <code>&#x3C;min_spacing></code>.</li>\n<li><code>\"drop\"</code>: The new event is dropped and <code>schedule()</code> returns without having modified the event queue.</li>\n<li><code>\"replace\"</code>: The payload (if any) of the new event is assigned to the preceding event if it is still pending in the event queue; no new event is added to the event queue in this case. If the preceding event has already been pulled from the event queue, the default <code>\"defer\"</code> policy is applied.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Note that while the <code>\"defer\"</code> policy is conservative in the sense that it does not discard events, it could potentially cause an unbounded growth of the event queue.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<blockquote>\n<p>The <code>&#x3C;policy></code> argument is currently not supported.</p>\n</blockquote>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"testing-an-action-for-presence\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#testing-an-action-for-presence\" aria-label=\"testing an action for presence permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Testing an Action for Presence</h2>\n<p>When a reaction is triggered by more than one action or by an action and an input, it may be necessary to test within the reaction whether the action is present.\n<span class=\"lf-c\">Just like for inputs, this can be done in the C target with <code>a->is_present</code>, where <code>a</code> is the name of the action.</span>\n<span class=\"lf-py\">Just like for inputs, this can be done in the Python target with <code>a.is_present</code>, where <code>a</code> is the name of the action.</span>\n<span class=\"lf-cpp\">Just like for inputs, this can be done in the C++ target with <code>a.is_present()</code>, where <code>a</code> is the name of the action.</span>\n<span class=\"lf-ts\">Just like for inputs, this can be done in the TypeScript target with <code>a != undefined</code>, where <code>a</code> is the name of the action.</span>\n<span class=\"lf-rs\">Just like for inputs, this can be done in the Rust target with <code>ctx.is_present(a)</code>, where <code>a</code> is the name of the action.</span></p>","headings":[{"value":"Action Declaration","depth":2},{"value":"Logical Actions","depth":2},{"value":"Physical Actions","depth":2},{"value":"Triggering Time for Actions","depth":2},{"value":"Testing an Action for Presence","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions","title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Extending Reactors","oneline":"Extending reactors in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/extending-reactors"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Superdense Time","oneline":"Superdense time in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/superdense-time"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-actions","slug":"/docs/handbook/actions","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Actions.md","previousID":"35b44992-097a-5bf2-8e55-4df963d3b8ab","nextID":"f56af5b2-d72c-5209-9ce8-29efc3807a0a","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.631Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/actions","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"dd46179b-1189-5c1f-a60a-37e302c85efc","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ Action Declaration An action declaration has one of the following forms: The min_delay, min_spacing, and policy are all optional. If only…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<h2 id=\"action-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#action-declaration\" aria-label=\"action declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Action Declaration</h2>\n<p>An action declaration has one of the following forms:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(&lt;min_delay&gt;, &lt;min_spacing&gt;, &lt;policy&gt;)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(&lt;min_delay&gt;, &lt;min_spacing&gt;, &lt;policy&gt;)</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>min_delay</code>, <code>min_spacing</code>, and <code>policy</code> are all optional. If only one argument is given in parentheses, then it is interpreted as an <code>min_delay</code>, if two are given, then they are interpreted as <code>min_delay</code> and <code>min_spacing</code>. The <code>min_delay</code> and <code>min_spacing</code> are time values. The <code>policy</code> argument is a string that can be one of the following: <code>\"defer\"</code> (the default), <code>\"drop\"</code>, or <code>\"replace\"</code>. Note that the quotation marks are needed.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>If the action is to carry a payload, then a type must be given as well:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(&lt;min_delay&gt;, &lt;min_spacing&gt;, &lt;policy&gt;):&lt;type&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(&lt;min_delay&gt;, &lt;min_spacing&gt;, &lt;policy&gt;):&lt;type&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"logical-actions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#logical-actions\" aria-label=\"logical actions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Logical Actions</h2>\n<p>Timers are useful to trigger reactions once or periodically. Actions are used to trigger reactions more irregularly. An action, like an output or input port, can carry data, but unlike a port, an action is visible only within the reactor that defines it.</p>\n<p>There are two kinds of actions, <strong>logical</strong> and <strong>physical</strong>. A $logical$ $action$ is used by a reactor to schedule a trigger at a fixed logical time interval <em>d</em> into the future. The time interval <em>d</em>, which is called a <strong>delay</strong>, is relative to the logical time <em>t</em> at which the scheduling occurs. If a reaction executes at logical time <em>t</em> and schedules an action <code>a</code> with delay <em>d</em>, then any reaction that is triggered by <code>a</code> will be invoked at logical time <em>t</em> + <em>d</em>. For example, the following reaction schedules something (printing the current elapsed logical time) 200 msec after an input <code>x</code> arrives:</p>\n<p>$start(Schedule)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">MSEC</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">interval_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">ms</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">  nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">MSEC</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">nsecs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getElapsedLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\"> after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">a, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-macro-rust\">after!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ms));</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">      Action triggered at logical time {} nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">as_nanos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    );</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Schedule)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/5130028346aef2a24dae6996d8b51ea1/Schedule.svg\" width=\"200\">\n<p>Here, the delay is specified in the call to schedule within the target language code. Notice that in the diagram, a logical action is shown as a triangle with an <strong>L</strong>. Logical actions are always scheduled within a reaction of the reactor that declares the action.</p>\n<p>The time argument is required to be non-negative. If it is zero, then the action will be scheduled one <strong>microstep</strong> later. See <a href=\"/docs/handbook/superdense-time\">Superdense Time</a>.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>The arguments to the <code>lf_schedule()</code> function are the action named <code>a</code> and a time. The action <code>a</code> has to be declared as an effect of the reaction in order to reference it in the call to <code>lf_schedule()</code>. If you fail to declare it as an effect (after the <code>-></code> in the reaction signature), then you will get an error message.</p>\n<p>The time argument to the <code>lf_schedule()</code> function has data type <code>interval_t</code>, which, with the exception of some embedded platforms, is a C <code>int64_t</code>. A collection of convenience macros is provided like the <code>MSEC</code> macro above to specify time values in a more readable way. The provided macros are <code>NSEC</code>, <code>USEC</code> (for microseconds), <code>MSEC</code>, <code>SEC</code>, <code>MINUTE</code>, <code>HOUR</code>, <code>DAY</code>, and <code>WEEK</code>. You may also use the plural of any of these, e.g. <code>WEEKS(2)</code>.</p>\n<p>An action may have a data type, in which case, a variant of the <code>lf_schedule()</code> function can be used to specify a <strong>payload</strong>, a data value that is carried from where the <code>lf_schedule()</code> function is called to the reaction that is triggered by the action. See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>An action may have a data type, in which case, a variant of the <code>schedule()</code> function can be used to specify a <strong>payload</strong>, a data value that is carried from where the <code>schedule()</code> function is called to the reaction that is triggered by the action. See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>The arguments to the <code>a.schedule()</code> method is a time. The action <code>a</code> has to be\ndeclared as an effect of the reaction in order to reference it in the body of\nthe reaction. If you fail to declare it as an effect (after the <code>-></code> in the\nreaction signature), then you will get a runtime error message.</p>\n<p>The time argument to the <code>a.schedule()</code> method expects an integer. A collection\nof convenience functions is provided like the <code>MSEC</code> function above to specify\ntime values in a more readable way. The provided functions are <code>NSEC</code>, <code>USEC</code>\n(for microseconds), <code>MSEC</code>, <code>SEC</code>, <code>MINUTE</code>, <code>HOUR</code>, <code>DAY</code>, and <code>WEEK</code>. You may\nalso use the plural of any of these, e.g. <code>WEEKS(2)</code>.</p>\n<p>An action may carry data, in which case, the <strong>payload</strong> data value is just given as a second argument to the <code>.schedule()</code> method. See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>The <code>schedule()</code> method of an action takes two arguments, a <code>TimeValue</code> and an (optional) payload. If a payload is given and a type is given for the action, then the type of the payload must match the type of the action. See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a> for details.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p><span class=\"warning\">FIXME</span></p>\n<p>An action may have a data type, in which case, a variant of the <code>schedule()</code> function can be used to specify a <strong>payload</strong>, a data value that is carried from where the <code>schedule()</code> function is called to the reaction that is triggered by the action. See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"physical-actions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#physical-actions\" aria-label=\"physical actions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Physical Actions</h2>\n<p>A $physical$ $action$ is used to schedule reactions at logical times determined by the local physical clock. If a physical action with delay <em>d</em> is scheduled at <em>physical</em> time <em>T</em>, then the <em>logical time</em> assigned to the event is <em>T</em> + <em>d</em>. For example, the following reactor schedules the physical action <code>p</code> to trigger at a <strong>logical time</strong> equal to the <strong>physical time</strong> at which the input <code>x</code> arrives:</p>\n<p>$start(Physical)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">interval_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">ms</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">zero</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getElapsedLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\"> nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> phys_action </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> a.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">clone</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">spawn_physical_thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">move</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-arithmetic-rust\">|</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">link</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-arithmetic-rust\">|</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      link.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-sigil-rust\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">phys_action, Asap).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">unwrap</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    });</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Action triggered at logical time {} nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">as_nanos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    );</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Physical)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/c522350c03ba8eeee028b48f0ef456b1/Physical.svg\" width=\"200\">\n<p>If you drive this with a timer, using for example the following structure:</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/fd2b2f93418cb57a22fef591b635c9ed/PhysicalTest.svg\" width=\"400\">\n<p>then running the program will yield an output something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Action triggered at logical time 201491000 nsec after start.\nAction triggered at logical time 403685000 nsec after start.\nAction triggered at logical time 603669000 nsec after start.\n...</pre>\n<p>Here, logical time is lagging physical time by a few milliseconds. Note that, unless the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#fast\">fast option</a> is given, logical time <em>t</em> chases physical time <em>T</em>, so <em>t</em> &#x3C; <em>T</em>. Hence, the event being scheduled in the reaction to input <code>x</code> is assured of being in the future in logical time.</p>\n<p>Whereas logical actions are required to be scheduled within a reaction of the reactor that declares the action, physical actions can be scheduled by code that is outside the Lingua Franca system. For example, some other thread or a callback function may call <code>schedule()</code>, passing it a physical action. For example:</p>\n<p>$start(Asynchronous)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  keepalive</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// Do not exit when event queue is empty.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp punctuation-definition-directive-cpp\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp\">include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp\">platform.h</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Defines lf_sleep() and thread functions.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Schedule an event roughly every 200 msec.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">void</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp storage-modifier-pointer-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp entity-name-function-definition-cpp\">external</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">void</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp storage-modifier-pointer-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp variable-parameter-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-control-while-cpp\">while</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-language-true-cpp\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_sleep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">MSEC</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">thread_id</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">lf_thread_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">): </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Start a thread to schedule physical actions.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_thread_create</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">thread_id</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">external</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">interval_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">private</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp punctuation-definition-directive-cpp\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp\">include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp\">thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">thread</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">thread</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Start a thread to schedule physical actions.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    thread </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-definition-capture-begin-lambda-cpp\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-lambda-capture-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-definition-capture-end-lambda-cpp\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-lambda-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp keyword-control-while-cpp\">while</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-language-true-cpp\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">this_thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">sleep_for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">ms</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> the value that we give it really doesn&#039;t matter</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> but we the action should is scheduled for 100ms into the future</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">ms</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-lambda-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_physical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Action triggered at logical time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> time</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> threading</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    # Schedule an event roughly every 200 msec.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    def external(self, a):</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      while (True):</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">        self.time.sleep(0.2)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">        a.schedule(0)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">thread</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> Start a thread to schedule physical actions.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">threading</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">Thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-parameter-function-call-python\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">external</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-parameter-function-call-python\">args</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-parenthesis-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-parenthesis-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">start</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">): </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> Have asynchronous callback schedule physical action.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-ts\">setTimeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-parameters-begin-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-parameters-end-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts storage-type-function-arrow-ts\">=&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">zero</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-arrow-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getElapsedLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\"> nsec after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">start_time</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Instant</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> Instant</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-misc-rust\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">now</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">): </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> phys_action </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> a.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">clone</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">); </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> clone to move it into other thread</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> Start a thread to schedule physical actions.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">spawn_physical_thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">move</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-arithmetic-rust\">|</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">link</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-arithmetic-rust\">|</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">loop</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-misc-rust\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-misc-rust\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">sleep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">Duration</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-misc-rust\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">from_millis</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">));</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        link.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">schedule_physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-sigil-rust\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">phys_action, Asap).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">unwrap</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    });</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> elapsed_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.start_time.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Action triggered at logical time {} nsecs after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">, elapsed_time.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">as_nanos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">));</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Asynchronous)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/a2c95a35fe91c6f4c67a8317c4813319/Asynchronous.svg\" width=\"350\">\n<p>Physical actions are the mechanism for obtaining input from the outside world. Because they are assigned a logical time derived from the physical clock, their logical time can be interpreted as a measure of the time at which some external event occurred.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>In the above example, at $startup$, the main reactor creates an external thread that schedules a physical action roughly every 200 msec.</p>\n<p>First, the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/preambles\">file-level $preamble$</a> has <code>#include \"platform.h\"</code>, which includes the declarations for functions it uses, <code>lf_sleep</code> and <code>lf_thread_create</code> (see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details?target=c#libraries-available-to-programmers\">Libraries Available to Programmers</a>).</p>\n<p>Second, the thread uses a function <code>lf_sleep()</code>, which abstracts platform-specific mechanisms for stalling the thread for a specified amount of time, and <code>lf_thread_create()</code>, which abstracts platform-specific mechanisms for creating threads.</p>\n<p>The <code>external</code> function executed by the thread is defined in a reactor-level $preamble$ section. See <a href=\"/docs/handbook/preambles\">Preambles</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"triggering-time-for-actions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#triggering-time-for-actions\" aria-label=\"triggering time for actions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Triggering Time for Actions</h2>\n<p>An action will trigger at a logical time that depends on the arguments given to the schedule function, the <code>&#x3C;min_delay></code>, <code>&#x3C;min_spacing></code>, and <code>&#x3C;policy></code> arguments in the action declaration, and whether the action is physical or logical.</p>\n<p>For a $logical$ action <code>a</code>, the tag assigned to the event resulting from a call to <code>schedule()</code> is computed as follows. First, let <em>t</em> be the <em>current logical time</em>. For a logical action, <em>t</em> is just the logical time at which the reaction calling <code>schedule()</code> is called. The <strong>preliminary time</strong> of the action is then just <em>t</em> + <code>&#x3C;min_delay></code> + <code>&#x3C;offset></code>. This preliminary time may be further modified, as explained below.</p>\n<p>For a <strong>physical</strong> action, the preliminary time is similar, except that <em>t</em> is replaced by the current <em>physical</em> time <em>T</em> when <code>schedule()</code> is called.</p>\n<p>If a <code>&#x3C;min_spacing></code> has been declared, then it gives a minimum logical time\ninterval between the tags of two subsequently scheduled events. If the\npreliminary time is closer than <code>&#x3C;min_spacing></code> to the time of the previously\nscheduled event (if there is one), then <code>&#x3C;policy></code> (if supported by the target)\ndetermines how the minimum spacing constraint is enforced.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py\">\n<p>The <code>&#x3C;policy></code> is one of the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>\"defer\"</code>: (<strong>the default</strong>) The event is added to the event queue with a tag that is equal to earliest time that satisfies the minimal spacing requirement. Assuming the time of the preceding event is <em>t_prev</em>, then the tag of the new event simply becomes <em>t_prev</em> + <code>&#x3C;min_spacing></code>.</li>\n<li><code>\"drop\"</code>: The new event is dropped and <code>schedule()</code> returns without having modified the event queue.</li>\n<li><code>\"replace\"</code>: The payload (if any) of the new event is assigned to the preceding event if it is still pending in the event queue; no new event is added to the event queue in this case. If the preceding event has already been pulled from the event queue, the default <code>\"defer\"</code> policy is applied.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Note that while the <code>\"defer\"</code> policy is conservative in the sense that it does not discard events, it could potentially cause an unbounded growth of the event queue.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<blockquote>\n<p>The <code>&#x3C;policy></code> argument is currently not supported.</p>\n</blockquote>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"testing-an-action-for-presence\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#testing-an-action-for-presence\" aria-label=\"testing an action for presence permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Testing an Action for Presence</h2>\n<p>When a reaction is triggered by more than one action or by an action and an input, it may be necessary to test within the reaction whether the action is present.\n<span class=\"lf-c\">Just like for inputs, this can be done in the C target with <code>a->is_present</code>, where <code>a</code> is the name of the action.</span>\n<span class=\"lf-py\">Just like for inputs, this can be done in the Python target with <code>a.is_present</code>, where <code>a</code> is the name of the action.</span>\n<span class=\"lf-cpp\">Just like for inputs, this can be done in the C++ target with <code>a.is_present()</code>, where <code>a</code> is the name of the action.</span>\n<span class=\"lf-ts\">Just like for inputs, this can be done in the TypeScript target with <code>a != undefined</code>, where <code>a</code> is the name of the action.</span>\n<span class=\"lf-rs\">Just like for inputs, this can be done in the Rust target with <code>ctx.is_present(a)</code>, where <code>a</code> is the name of the action.</span></p>","headings":[{"value":"Action Declaration","depth":2},{"value":"Logical Actions","depth":2},{"value":"Physical Actions","depth":2},{"value":"Triggering Time for Actions","depth":2},{"value":"Testing an Action for Presence","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions","title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Extending Reactors","oneline":"Extending reactors in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/extending-reactors"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Superdense Time","oneline":"Superdense time in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/superdense-time"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-actions","slug":"/docs/handbook/actions","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Actions.md","previousID":"d4ade317-2d91-582b-8cca-37743461f687","nextID":"1986cb1b-8feb-57bc-8088-50548df2f061","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/arduino","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"2cf59cfa-0b8b-5aea-af71-abfe9d3bad76","excerpt":"Overview To run Lingua Franca on an Arduino-compatible microcontroller, you can use the\nC target with the platform target property set to arduino. The Lingua…","html":"<h1 id=\"overview\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#overview\" aria-label=\"overview permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Overview</h1>\n<p>To run Lingua Franca on an Arduino-compatible microcontroller, you can use the\n<code>C</code> target with the <code>platform</code> target property set to <code>arduino</code>. The Lingua\nFranca compiler will then not output ordinary C code in a CMake project, but\ngenerate a <code>.ino</code> sketch that can be compiled and deployed using <code>arduino-cli</code>.\nTo flash the compiled sketch onto a board, you need specify a Fully Qualified\nBoard Name (FQBN) as well as the port to which your board is connected. On this\npage, we explain exactly how to do this.</p>\n<h2 id=\"prerequisites\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#prerequisites\" aria-label=\"prerequisites permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Prerequisites</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>You need a development system that runs on macOS or Linux (there is currently no Windows support).</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://arduino.github.io/arduino-cli/\">Arduino CLI</a> must be installed on your development system. Confirm that your installation works by running:</li>\n</ul>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">arduino-cli version</pre>\n<h1 id=\"writing-a-simple-arduino-program\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#writing-a-simple-arduino-program\" aria-label=\"writing a simple arduino program permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Writing a simple Arduino Program</h1>\n<p>The most basic Arduino program (Blink) can be defined in LF like so:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  platform</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">Arduino</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Blink</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t1(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t2(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">500</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">pinMode</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">LED_BUILTIN</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> OUTPUT</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t1) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">digitalWrite</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">LED_BUILTIN</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> HIGH</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t2) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">digitalWrite</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">LED_BUILTIN</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> LOW</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The key difference between writing ordinary Arduino code and writing LF code is\nthat there is no <code>setup()</code> and <code>loop()</code> function. In LF, execution is\nevent-driven, with reactive code being triggered by events, such as the\nexpiration of a timer. Those pieces of reactive code, specified as reactions,\ncan invoke Arduino library functions, just like one would do in the definition\nof an Arduino <code>loop()</code>. For any setup that might be needed at the beginning of\nexecution, a reaction triggered by the built-in <code>startup</code> trigger can be used.</p>\n<h2 id=\"platform-options\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#platform-options\" aria-label=\"platform options permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Platform Options</h2>\n<p>The <code>platform</code> property can also be used so specify more details. Along with <code>name: \"arduino\"</code>,\nyou can specify which <code>board</code>, <code>port</code>, and <code>baud-rate</code> you are using. If you want the program\nto be flashed onto the board automatically after compilation, specify <code>flash: true</code>.\nHere a target declaration that specifies all of these options:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  platform</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">arduino</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    board</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">arduino:avr:uno</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    port</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">/dev/ttyd2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    baud-rate</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">115200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    flash</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">  }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>board</code> is necessary for <a href=\"#building\">building</a> and the <code>port</code> is necessary for <a href=\"#flashing\">flashing</a>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"baud-rate-of-the-serial-port\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#baud-rate-of-the-serial-port\" aria-label=\"baud rate of the serial port permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Baud rate of the serial port</h3>\n<p>All Arduino boards have at least one serial port (also known as a UART or\nUSART), and some have several. By default, Lingua Franca will assume a default\nbaud rate of 9600. This parameter is tunable by adjusting the <code>baud-rate</code>\nparameter in platform options.</p>\n<h1 id=\"building\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#building\" aria-label=\"building permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Building</h1>\n<p>In order to have <code>arduino-cli</code> compile the generated sketch file, a <code>board</code> must\nbe specified. If no <code>board</code> is set, <code>lfc</code> will run in <code>no-compile</code> mode, meaning\nit will not invoke the target compiler. Whether specified as a target property\nor given directly to <code>arduino-cli</code>, you need an FQBN. You can find the FQBN of\nthe board that you have plugged in using the following command:</p>\n<p><code>arduino-cli board list</code></p>\n<p>To see the list of all FQBN’s installed on your device (all FQBNs supported by the libraries you have installed), run the following command:</p>\n<p><code>arduino-cli board listall</code></p>\n<p>You likely need to install support for your board first, which you can do using the following command:</p>\n<p><code>arduino-cli core install arduino:[BOARD_FAMILY]</code></p>\n<p>The common board families include <code>avr</code>, <code>megaAVR</code>, <code>sam</code>, <code>samd</code>, and <code>mbed</code>.</p>\n<p>If you specify your FQBN under <code>board</code> in the <code>platform</code> target property, <code>lfc</code> will automatically invoke <code>arduino-cli</code> on the generated sketch. To invoke <code>arduino-cli</code> manually</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>for unthreaded programs (most arduino flavors), run:\n<code>arduino-cli compile -b [FQBN] --build-property compiler.c.extra_flags=\"-DLF_UNTHREADED -DPLATFORM_ARDUINO -DINITIAL_EVENT_QUEUE_SIZE=10 -DINITIAL_REACT_QUEUE_SIZE=10\" --build-property compiler.cpp.extra_flags=\"-DLF_UNTHREADED -DPLATFORM_ARDUINO -DINITIAL_EVENT_QUEUE_SIZE=10 -DINITIAL_REACT_QUEUE_SIZE=10\"</code></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>for threaded programs (<code>arduino:mbed</code> boards), run:\n<code>arduino-cli compile -b [FQBN] --build-property compiler.c.extra_flags=\"-DLF_THREADED -DPLATFORM_ARDUINO -DINITIAL_EVENT_QUEUE_SIZE=10 -DINITIAL_REACT_QUEUE_SIZE=10\" --build-property compiler.cpp.extra_flags=\"-DLF_THREADED -DPLATFORM_ARDUINO -DINITIAL_EVENT_QUEUE_SIZE=10 -DINITIAL_REACT_QUEUE_SIZE=10\"</code></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h1 id=\"flashing\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#flashing\" aria-label=\"flashing permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Flashing</h1>\n<p>Arduino’s can be flashed via USB. To find the port oto which your device is connected, run the following command:</p>\n<p><code>arduino-cli board list</code></p>\n<p>You can either use <code>arduino-cli</code> to flash the code onto your device after the sketch file has been built, or you can set <code>flash:true</code> and provide a <code>port</code> in your Lingua Franca file. To flash manually using <code>arduino-cli</code>, enter the subdirectory of <code>src-gen</code> in which the generated sketch file is located and run:</p>\n<p><code>arduino-cli upload -p PORT -b FQBN .</code></p>","headings":[{"value":"Overview","depth":1},{"value":"Prerequisites","depth":2},{"value":"Writing a simple Arduino Program","depth":1},{"value":"Platform Options","depth":2},{"value":"Baud rate of the serial port","depth":3},{"value":"Building","depth":1},{"value":"Flashing","depth":1}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/arduino","title":"Arduino","oneline":"Developing LF Programs on Arduino.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Zephyr","oneline":"Developing LF Programs for Zephyr RTOS.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/zephyr"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"4-arduino","slug":"/docs/handbook/arduino","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/embedded/Arduino.md","nextID":"25cb5e73-9491-5b12-992a-1932d15cb465","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.629Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/arduino","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"77295cb2-a818-5f3d-9d3c-9ad07392edf2","excerpt":"Overview To run Lingua Franca on an Arduino-compatible microcontroller, you can use the\nC target with the platform target property set to arduino. The Lingua…","html":"<h1 id=\"overview\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#overview\" aria-label=\"overview permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Overview</h1>\n<p>To run Lingua Franca on an Arduino-compatible microcontroller, you can use the\n<code>C</code> target with the <code>platform</code> target property set to <code>arduino</code>. The Lingua\nFranca compiler will then not output ordinary C code in a CMake project, but\ngenerate a <code>.ino</code> sketch that can be compiled and deployed using <code>arduino-cli</code>.\nTo flash the compiled sketch onto a board, you need specify a Fully Qualified\nBoard Name (FQBN) as well as the port to which your board is connected. On this\npage, we explain exactly how to do this.</p>\n<h2 id=\"prerequisites\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#prerequisites\" aria-label=\"prerequisites permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Prerequisites</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>You need a development system that runs on macOS or Linux (there is currently no Windows support).</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://arduino.github.io/arduino-cli/\">Arduino CLI</a> must be installed on your development system. Confirm that your installation works by running:</li>\n</ul>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">arduino-cli version</pre>\n<h1 id=\"writing-a-simple-arduino-program\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#writing-a-simple-arduino-program\" aria-label=\"writing a simple arduino program permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Writing a simple Arduino Program</h1>\n<p>The most basic Arduino program (Blink) can be defined in LF like so:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  platform</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">Arduino</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Blink</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t1(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t2(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">500</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">pinMode</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">LED_BUILTIN</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> OUTPUT</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t1) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">digitalWrite</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">LED_BUILTIN</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> HIGH</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t2) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">digitalWrite</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">LED_BUILTIN</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> LOW</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The key difference between writing ordinary Arduino code and writing LF code is\nthat there is no <code>setup()</code> and <code>loop()</code> function. In LF, execution is\nevent-driven, with reactive code being triggered by events, such as the\nexpiration of a timer. Those pieces of reactive code, specified as reactions,\ncan invoke Arduino library functions, just like one would do in the definition\nof an Arduino <code>loop()</code>. For any setup that might be needed at the beginning of\nexecution, a reaction triggered by the built-in <code>startup</code> trigger can be used.</p>\n<h2 id=\"platform-options\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#platform-options\" aria-label=\"platform options permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Platform Options</h2>\n<p>The <code>platform</code> property can also be used so specify more details. Along with <code>name: \"arduino\"</code>,\nyou can specify which <code>board</code>, <code>port</code>, and <code>baud-rate</code> you are using. If you want the program\nto be flashed onto the board automatically after compilation, specify <code>flash: true</code>.\nHere a target declaration that specifies all of these options:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  platform</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">arduino</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    board</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">arduino:avr:uno</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    port</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">/dev/ttyd2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    baud-rate</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">115200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    flash</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">  }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>board</code> is necessary for <a href=\"#building\">building</a> and the <code>port</code> is necessary for <a href=\"#flashing\">flashing</a>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"baud-rate-of-the-serial-port\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#baud-rate-of-the-serial-port\" aria-label=\"baud rate of the serial port permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Baud rate of the serial port</h3>\n<p>All Arduino boards have at least one serial port (also known as a UART or\nUSART), and some have several. By default, Lingua Franca will assume a default\nbaud rate of 9600. This parameter is tunable by adjusting the <code>baud-rate</code>\nparameter in platform options.</p>\n<h1 id=\"building\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#building\" aria-label=\"building permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Building</h1>\n<p>In order to have <code>arduino-cli</code> compile the generated sketch file, a <code>board</code> must\nbe specified. If no <code>board</code> is set, <code>lfc</code> will run in <code>no-compile</code> mode, meaning\nit will not invoke the target compiler. Whether specified as a target property\nor given directly to <code>arduino-cli</code>, you need an FQBN. You can find the FQBN of\nthe board that you have plugged in using the following command:</p>\n<p><code>arduino-cli board list</code></p>\n<p>To see the list of all FQBN’s installed on your device (all FQBNs supported by the libraries you have installed), run the following command:</p>\n<p><code>arduino-cli board listall</code></p>\n<p>You likely need to install support for your board first, which you can do using the following command:</p>\n<p><code>arduino-cli core install arduino:[BOARD_FAMILY]</code></p>\n<p>The common board families include <code>avr</code>, <code>megaAVR</code>, <code>sam</code>, <code>samd</code>, and <code>mbed</code>.</p>\n<p>If you specify your FQBN under <code>board</code> in the <code>platform</code> target property, <code>lfc</code> will automatically invoke <code>arduino-cli</code> on the generated sketch. To invoke <code>arduino-cli</code> manually</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>for unthreaded programs (most arduino flavors), run:\n<code>arduino-cli compile -b [FQBN] --build-property compiler.c.extra_flags=\"-DLF_UNTHREADED -DPLATFORM_ARDUINO -DINITIAL_EVENT_QUEUE_SIZE=10 -DINITIAL_REACT_QUEUE_SIZE=10\" --build-property compiler.cpp.extra_flags=\"-DLF_UNTHREADED -DPLATFORM_ARDUINO -DINITIAL_EVENT_QUEUE_SIZE=10 -DINITIAL_REACT_QUEUE_SIZE=10\"</code></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>for threaded programs (<code>arduino:mbed</code> boards), run:\n<code>arduino-cli compile -b [FQBN] --build-property compiler.c.extra_flags=\"-DLF_THREADED -DPLATFORM_ARDUINO -DINITIAL_EVENT_QUEUE_SIZE=10 -DINITIAL_REACT_QUEUE_SIZE=10\" --build-property compiler.cpp.extra_flags=\"-DLF_THREADED -DPLATFORM_ARDUINO -DINITIAL_EVENT_QUEUE_SIZE=10 -DINITIAL_REACT_QUEUE_SIZE=10\"</code></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h1 id=\"flashing\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#flashing\" aria-label=\"flashing permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Flashing</h1>\n<p>Arduino’s can be flashed via USB. To find the port oto which your device is connected, run the following command:</p>\n<p><code>arduino-cli board list</code></p>\n<p>You can either use <code>arduino-cli</code> to flash the code onto your device after the sketch file has been built, or you can set <code>flash:true</code> and provide a <code>port</code> in your Lingua Franca file. To flash manually using <code>arduino-cli</code>, enter the subdirectory of <code>src-gen</code> in which the generated sketch file is located and run:</p>\n<p><code>arduino-cli upload -p PORT -b FQBN .</code></p>","headings":[{"value":"Overview","depth":1},{"value":"Prerequisites","depth":2},{"value":"Writing a simple Arduino Program","depth":1},{"value":"Platform Options","depth":2},{"value":"Baud rate of the serial port","depth":3},{"value":"Building","depth":1},{"value":"Flashing","depth":1}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/arduino","title":"Arduino","oneline":"Developing LF Programs on Arduino.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Zephyr","oneline":"Developing LF Programs for Zephyr RTOS.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/zephyr"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"4-arduino","slug":"/docs/handbook/arduino","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/embedded/Arduino.md","nextID":"3f41a520-2093-55ff-a5e7-36ec8f69920a","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.015Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/causality-loops","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"f45342a2-c1ba-5ecc-86d9-3ef1be83ef83","excerpt":"Cycles The interconnection pattern for a collection of reactors can form a cycle, but some care is required. Consider the following example: $start(Cycle)$ $end…","html":"<h2 id=\"cycles\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#cycles\" aria-label=\"cycles permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Cycles</h2>\n<p>The interconnection pattern for a collection of reactors can form a cycle, but some care is required. Consider the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Cycle)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Cycle)$</p>\n<p>This program yields the following diagram:</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/242bf75d337efd591f6c193e836b1c91/Cycle.svg\" width=\"400\">\n<p>The diagram highlights a <strong>causality loop</strong> in the program. At each tag, in reactor <code>B</code>, the first reaction has to execute before the second if it is enabled, a precedence indicated with the red dashed arrow. But the first can’t execute until the reaction of <code>A</code> has executed, and that reaction cannot execute until the second reaction <code>B</code> has executed. There is no way to satisfy these requirements, so the tools refuse to generated code.</p>\n<h2 id=\"cycles-with-delays\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#cycles-with-delays\" aria-label=\"cycles with delays permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Cycles with Delays</h2>\n<p>One way to break the causality loop and get an executable program is to introduce a <a href=\"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors#connections-with-logical-delays\">logical delay</a> into the loop, as shown below:</p>\n<p>$start(CycleWithDelay)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(CycleWithDelay)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/417e4360a12ebc9444c7114042cfdd44/CycleWithDelay.svg\" width=\"400\">\n<p>Here, we have used a delay of 0, which results in a delay of one <a href=\"/docs/handbook/superdense-time\">microstep</a>. We could equally well have specified a positive time value.</p>\n<h2 id=\"reaction-order\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reaction-order\" aria-label=\"reaction order permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reaction Order</h2>\n<p>Frequently, a program will have such cycles, but you don’t want a logical delay in the loop. To get a cycle without logical delays, the reactions need to be reordered, as shown below:</p>\n<p>$start(CycleReordered)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(CycleReordered)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/d6d028e6b96b958e2a53a689a64e77f2/CycleReordered.svg\" width=\"400\">\n<p>There is no longer any causality loop.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Cycles","depth":2},{"value":"Cycles with Delays","depth":2},{"value":"Reaction Order","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/causality-loops","title":"Causality Loops","oneline":"Causality loops in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Methods","oneline":"Methods in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/methods"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Extending Reactors","oneline":"Extending reactors in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/extending-reactors"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-causality-loops","slug":"/docs/handbook/causality-loops","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Causality Loops.md","previousID":"a69352de-cc8c-5d5e-b14b-d6237a951c5e","nextID":"35b44992-097a-5bf2-8e55-4df963d3b8ab","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.631Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/causality-loops","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"2ca49a4a-51a0-5d4e-b91d-fc76ff59751a","excerpt":"Cycles The interconnection pattern for a collection of reactors can form a cycle, but some care is required. Consider the following example: $start(Cycle)$ $end…","html":"<h2 id=\"cycles\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#cycles\" aria-label=\"cycles permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Cycles</h2>\n<p>The interconnection pattern for a collection of reactors can form a cycle, but some care is required. Consider the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Cycle)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Cycle)$</p>\n<p>This program yields the following diagram:</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/242bf75d337efd591f6c193e836b1c91/Cycle.svg\" width=\"400\">\n<p>The diagram highlights a <strong>causality loop</strong> in the program. At each tag, in reactor <code>B</code>, the first reaction has to execute before the second if it is enabled, a precedence indicated with the red dashed arrow. But the first can’t execute until the reaction of <code>A</code> has executed, and that reaction cannot execute until the second reaction <code>B</code> has executed. There is no way to satisfy these requirements, so the tools refuse to generated code.</p>\n<h2 id=\"cycles-with-delays\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#cycles-with-delays\" aria-label=\"cycles with delays permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Cycles with Delays</h2>\n<p>One way to break the causality loop and get an executable program is to introduce a <a href=\"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors#connections-with-logical-delays\">logical delay</a> into the loop, as shown below:</p>\n<p>$start(CycleWithDelay)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(CycleWithDelay)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/417e4360a12ebc9444c7114042cfdd44/CycleWithDelay.svg\" width=\"400\">\n<p>Here, we have used a delay of 0, which results in a delay of one <a href=\"/docs/handbook/superdense-time\">microstep</a>. We could equally well have specified a positive time value.</p>\n<h2 id=\"reaction-order\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reaction-order\" aria-label=\"reaction order permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reaction Order</h2>\n<p>Frequently, a program will have such cycles, but you don’t want a logical delay in the loop. To get a cycle without logical delays, the reactions need to be reordered, as shown below:</p>\n<p>$start(CycleReordered)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> ... something here ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(CycleReordered)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/d6d028e6b96b958e2a53a689a64e77f2/CycleReordered.svg\" width=\"400\">\n<p>There is no longer any causality loop.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Cycles","depth":2},{"value":"Cycles with Delays","depth":2},{"value":"Reaction Order","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/causality-loops","title":"Causality Loops","oneline":"Causality loops in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Methods","oneline":"Methods in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/methods"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Extending Reactors","oneline":"Extending reactors in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/extending-reactors"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-causality-loops","slug":"/docs/handbook/causality-loops","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Causality Loops.md","previousID":"c2fc2a0b-a389-5c48-9cb0-c079bf2e6034","nextID":"d4ade317-2d91-582b-8cca-37743461f687","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/code-extension/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/code-extension/page-data.json
index 0c65e911d..e49826bd6 100644
--- a/page-data/docs/handbook/code-extension/page-data.json
+++ b/page-data/docs/handbook/code-extension/page-data.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/code-extension","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"98d03051-bcf8-5199-ae01-f1e942ca7bad","excerpt":"The Lingua Franca extension for Visual Studio Code (VS Code) provides syntax-directed editing capability, compilation, and diagram synthesis for Lingua Franca…","html":"<p>The Lingua Franca extension for Visual Studio Code (VS Code) provides syntax-directed editing capability, compilation, and diagram synthesis for Lingua Franca programs.</p>\n<h2 id=\"usage\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#usage\" aria-label=\"usage permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Usage</h2>\n<h3 id=\"creating-a-new-file\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#creating-a-new-file\" aria-label=\"creating a new file permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Creating a new file</h3>\n<p>To create a new LF file, go to <kbd>File > New File…</kbd> and select <code>New Lingua Franca File</code>. When saving the file, save it in a directory called <code>src</code> to make sure that generated code is placed conveniently in an adjacent <code>src-gen</code> directory. For instance, for a file called <code>Foo.lf</code>, the directory structure after building should look something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">bin/Foo\nsrc/\n└ Foo.lf\nsrc-gen/Foo</pre>\n<h3 id=\"rendering-diagrams\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#rendering-diagrams\" aria-label=\"rendering diagrams permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Rendering diagrams</h3>\n<p>To show the diagram for the currently active Lingua Franca file, click on the diagrams icon at the upper right:</p>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 76px; \">\n      <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 82.89473684210526%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" alt=\"diagrams icon\" title=\"diagrams icon\" src=\"/static/6e0209294544cee9ee564310bf131ee8/4f796/diagrams_icon.png\" srcset=\"/static/6e0209294544cee9ee564310bf131ee8/4f796/diagrams_icon.png 76w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 76px) 100vw, 76px\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\">\n    </span>\n<h3 id=\"compilation\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#compilation\" aria-label=\"compilation permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Compilation</h3>\n<p>To compile the <code>.lf</code> source, open the command palette (<kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>Shift</kbd> + <kbd>P</kbd>) and then enter <code>Lingua Franca: Build</code>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"running\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#running\" aria-label=\"running permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Running</h3>\n<p>You can also build and immediately afterwards run your code by opening the command palette (<kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>Shift</kbd> + <kbd>P</kbd>) and then entering <code>Lingua Franca: Build and Run</code>.\nRunning the code can also be done from the VS Code terminal by executing the generated file in <code>./bin</code>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"notes\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#notes\" aria-label=\"notes permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Notes</h2>\n<h3 id=\"for-python-users\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#for-python-users\" aria-label=\"for python users permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>For Python Users</h3>\n<p>Users who edit LF programs with a Python target will benefit the most from Python linting by installing Pylint 2.12.2 or later.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Usage","depth":2},{"value":"Creating a new file","depth":3},{"value":"Rendering diagrams","depth":3},{"value":"Compilation","depth":3},{"value":"Running","depth":3},{"value":"Notes","depth":2},{"value":"For Python Users","depth":3}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/code-extension","title":"Code Extension","oneline":"Visual Studio Code Extension for Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Epoch IDE","oneline":"Epoch IDE for Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/epoch-ide"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"2-code-extension","slug":"/docs/handbook/code-extension","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/tools/Code Extension.md","nextID":"1aef18ee-ce99-5596-abe0-5f3560b72177","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.631Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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When saving the file, save it in a directory called <code>src</code> to make sure that generated code is placed conveniently in an adjacent <code>src-gen</code> directory. For instance, for a file called <code>Foo.lf</code>, the directory structure after building should look something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">bin/Foo\nsrc/\n└ Foo.lf\nsrc-gen/Foo</pre>\n<h3 id=\"rendering-diagrams\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#rendering-diagrams\" aria-label=\"rendering diagrams permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Rendering diagrams</h3>\n<p>To show the diagram for the currently active Lingua Franca file, click on the diagrams icon at the upper right:</p>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 76px; \">\n      <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 82.89473684210526%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" alt=\"diagrams icon\" title=\"diagrams icon\" src=\"/static/6e0209294544cee9ee564310bf131ee8/4f796/diagrams_icon.png\" srcset=\"/static/6e0209294544cee9ee564310bf131ee8/4f796/diagrams_icon.png 76w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 76px) 100vw, 76px\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\">\n    </span>\n<h3 id=\"compilation\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#compilation\" aria-label=\"compilation permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Compilation</h3>\n<p>To compile the <code>.lf</code> source, open the command palette (<kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>Shift</kbd> + <kbd>P</kbd>) and then enter <code>Lingua Franca: Build</code>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"running\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#running\" aria-label=\"running permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Running</h3>\n<p>You can also build and immediately afterwards run your code by opening the command palette (<kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>Shift</kbd> + <kbd>P</kbd>) and then entering <code>Lingua Franca: Build and Run</code>.\nRunning the code can also be done from the VS Code terminal by executing the generated file in <code>./bin</code>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"notes\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#notes\" aria-label=\"notes permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Notes</h2>\n<h3 id=\"for-python-users\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#for-python-users\" aria-label=\"for python users permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>For Python Users</h3>\n<p>Users who edit LF programs with a Python target will benefit the most from Python linting by installing Pylint 2.12.2 or later.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Usage","depth":2},{"value":"Creating a new file","depth":3},{"value":"Rendering diagrams","depth":3},{"value":"Compilation","depth":3},{"value":"Running","depth":3},{"value":"Notes","depth":2},{"value":"For Python Users","depth":3}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/code-extension","title":"Code Extension","oneline":"Visual Studio Code Extension for Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Epoch IDE","oneline":"Epoch IDE for Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/epoch-ide"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"2-code-extension","slug":"/docs/handbook/code-extension","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/tools/Code Extension.md","nextID":"bf08510b-3948-5b7f-bceb-5636ab49d351","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/command-line-tools/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/command-line-tools/page-data.json
index 537693d25..72f2a6981 100644
--- a/page-data/docs/handbook/command-line-tools/page-data.json
+++ b/page-data/docs/handbook/command-line-tools/page-data.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/command-line-tools","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"e01afd78-edd4-50e0-aaaf-826d4cf5375a","excerpt":"Usage Set up a Lingua Franca project by putting your program in a file with the .lf extension,\nsuch as Example.lf and putting that file with a directory called…","html":"<h2 id=\"usage\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#usage\" aria-label=\"usage permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Usage</h2>\n<p>Set up a Lingua Franca project by putting your program in a file with the <code>.lf</code> extension,\nsuch as <code>Example.lf</code> and putting that file with a directory called <code>src</code>.\nThen compile the program:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">lfc</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src/Example.lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will create two directories in parallel with the <code>src</code> directory, <code>src-gen</code> and <code>bin</code>. If your target language is a compiled one (like C and C++), then the <code>bin</code> directory should contain an executable that you can run:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">bin/Example</span>\n</pre>\n<p>To see the options that can be given to <code>lfc</code>, get help:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">lfc</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-help</span>\n</pre>","headings":[{"value":"Usage","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/command-line-tools","title":"Command Line Tools","oneline":"Command-line tools for Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Epoch IDE","oneline":"Epoch IDE for Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/epoch-ide"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Troubleshooting","oneline":"Troubleshooting page for Lingua Franca tools.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/troubleshooting"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"2-command-line-tools","slug":"/docs/handbook/command-line-tools","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/tools/Command Line Tools.md","previousID":"1aef18ee-ce99-5596-abe0-5f3560b72177","nextID":"9dc3f4f9-d05c-5f10-8b3d-0c61a2c8ae8c","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.631Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/command-line-tools","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"d1faa7cd-c94d-58d6-8fee-1ad5d56dae5e","excerpt":"Usage Set up a Lingua Franca project by putting your program in a file with the .lf extension,\nsuch as Example.lf and putting that file with a directory called…","html":"<h2 id=\"usage\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#usage\" aria-label=\"usage permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Usage</h2>\n<p>Set up a Lingua Franca project by putting your program in a file with the <code>.lf</code> extension,\nsuch as <code>Example.lf</code> and putting that file with a directory called <code>src</code>.\nThen compile the program:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">lfc</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src/Example.lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will create two directories in parallel with the <code>src</code> directory, <code>src-gen</code> and <code>bin</code>. If your target language is a compiled one (like C and C++), then the <code>bin</code> directory should contain an executable that you can run:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">bin/Example</span>\n</pre>\n<p>To see the options that can be given to <code>lfc</code>, get help:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">lfc</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-help</span>\n</pre>","headings":[{"value":"Usage","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/command-line-tools","title":"Command Line Tools","oneline":"Command-line tools for Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Epoch IDE","oneline":"Epoch IDE for Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/epoch-ide"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Troubleshooting","oneline":"Troubleshooting page for Lingua Franca tools.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/troubleshooting"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"2-command-line-tools","slug":"/docs/handbook/command-line-tools","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/tools/Command Line Tools.md","previousID":"bf08510b-3948-5b7f-bceb-5636ab49d351","nextID":"0f46feff-0811-5262-9ee0-d7dc527800b9","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/composing-reactors/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/composing-reactors/page-data.json
index 4a95104b6..b09955a3f 100644
--- a/page-data/docs/handbook/composing-reactors/page-data.json
+++ b/page-data/docs/handbook/composing-reactors/page-data.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"956371c7-d5fa-50dc-ba6e-ae9bd6c32ef5","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ Contained Reactors Reactors can contain instances of other reactors defined in the same file or in an imported file. Assume the Count and…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<h2 id=\"contained-reactors\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#contained-reactors\" aria-label=\"contained reactors permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Contained Reactors</h2>\n<p>Reactors can contain instances of other reactors defined in the same file or in an imported file. Assume the <code>Count</code> and <code>Scale</code> reactors defined in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables\">Parameters and State Variables</a> are stored in files <code>Count.lf</code> and <code>Scale.lf</code>, respectively,\nand that the <code>TestCount</code> reactor from <a href=\"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers\">Time and Timers</a> is stored in <code>TestCount.lf</code>. Then the following program composes one instance of each of the three:</p>\n<p>$start(RegressionTest)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  fast</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Count.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Scale.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">TestCount.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">RegressionTest</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">11</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  fast</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Count.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Scale.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">TestCount.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">RegressionTest</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">11</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  fast</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Count.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Scale.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">TestCount.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">RegressionTest</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_inputs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">11</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  fast</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Count.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Scale.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">TestCount.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">RegressionTest</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, numInputs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">11</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  fast</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Count.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Scale.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">TestCount.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">RegressionTest</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_inputs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">11</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(RegressionTest)$</p>\n<h2 id=\"diagrams\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#diagrams\" aria-label=\"diagrams permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Diagrams</h2>\n<p>As soon as programs consist of more than one reactor, it becomes particularly useful to reference the diagrams that are automatically created and displayed by the Lingua Franca IDEs. The diagram for the above program is as follows:</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/21c44c96635cb46b9c6c593184671868/RegressionTest.svg\" width=\"500\">\n<p>In this diagram, the timer is represented by a clock-like icon, the reactions by chevron shapes, and the $shutdown$ event by a diamond. If there were a $startup$ event in this program, it would appear as a circle.</p>\n<h2 id=\"creating-reactor-instances\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#creating-reactor-instances\" aria-label=\"creating reactor instances permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Creating Reactor Instances</h2>\n<p>An instance is created with the syntax:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    &lt;instance_name&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;class_name&gt;(&lt;parameters&gt;)</span>\n</pre>\n<p>A bank with several instances can be created in one such statement, as explained in the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks#banks-of-reactors\">banks of reactors documentation</a>.</p>\n<p>The <code>&#x3C;parameters></code> argument is a comma-separated list of assignments:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    &lt;parameter_name&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;value&gt;, </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Like the default value for parameters, <code>&#x3C;value></code> can be a numeric constant, a string enclosed in quotation marks, a time value such as <code>10 msec</code>, target-language code enclosed in <code>{= ... =}</code>, or any of the list forms described in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/expressions\">Expressions</a>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"connections\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#connections\" aria-label=\"connections permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Connections</h2>\n<p>Connections between ports are specified with the syntax:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    &lt;source_port_reference&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;destination_port_reference&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>where the port references are either <code>&#x3C;instance_name>.&#x3C;port_name></code> or just <code>&#x3C;port_name></code>, where the latter form is used for connections that cross hierarchical boundaries, as illustrated in the next section.</p>\n<p>On the left and right of a connection statement, you can put a comma-separated list. For example, the above pair of connections can be written,</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n</pre>\n<p>A constraint is that the total number of channels on the left match the total number on the right.\nIn addition, some targets require the types of all the ports to be the same.</p>\n<p>A destination port (on the right) can only be connected to a single source port (on the left). However, a source port may be connected to multiple destinations, as in the following example:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b2</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b1</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b2</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b2</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b1</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b2</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/c0bbc812d826bbcf70fc4b02a301e65e/Multicast.svg\" width=\"250\">\n<p>Lingua Franca provides a convenient shortcut for such multicast connections, where the above two lines can be replaced by one as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  (</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b1</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b2</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The enclosing <code>( ... )+</code> means to repeat the enclosed comma-separated list of sources however many times is needed to provide inputs to all the sinks on the right of the connection <code>-></code>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"import-statement\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#import-statement\" aria-label=\"import statement permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Import Statement</h2>\n<p>An import statement has the form:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">classname</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">as</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">alias</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&lt;path&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>where <code>&#x3C;classname></code> and <code>&#x3C;alias></code> can be a comma-separated list to import multiple reactors from the same file. The <code>&#x3C;path></code> specifies another <code>.lf</code> file relative to the location of the current file. The <code>as &#x3C;alias></code> portion is optional and specifies alternative class names to use in the $new$ statements.</p>\n<h2 id=\"hierarchy\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#hierarchy\" aria-label=\"hierarchy permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Hierarchy</h2>\n<p>Reactors can be composed in arbitrarily deep hierarchies. For example, the following program combines the <code>Count</code> and <code>Scale</code> reactors within on <code>Container</code>:</p>\n<p>$start(Hierarchy)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Count.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Scale.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">TestCount.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Container</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">stride)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Hierarchy</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Container</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">11</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Count.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Scale.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">TestCount.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Container</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">stride)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Hierarchy</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Container</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">11</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Count.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Scale.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">TestCount.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Container</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">stride)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Hierarchy</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Container</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_inputs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">11</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Count.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Scale.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">TestCount.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Container</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">stride)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Hierarchy</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Container</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, numInputs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">11</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Count.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Scale.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">TestCount.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Container</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">stride)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Hierarchy</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Container</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_inputs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">11</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Hierarchy)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/3a7b3985c4be7836e4478b4e039680ba/Hierarchy.svg\" width=\"500\">\n<p>The <code>Container</code> has a parameter named <code>stride</code>, whose value is passed to the <code>factor</code> parameter of the <code>Scale</code> reactor. The line</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>establishes a connection across levels of the hierarchy. This propagates the output of a contained reactor to the output of the container. A similar notation may be used to propagate the input of a container to the input of a contained reactor,</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  x </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<h2 id=\"connections-with-logical-delays\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#connections-with-logical-delays\" aria-label=\"connections with logical delays permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Connections with Logical Delays</h2>\n<p>Connections may include a <strong>logical delay</strong> using the $after$ keyword, as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  &lt;source_port_reference&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;destination_port_reference&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;time_value&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>where <code>&#x3C;time_value></code> can be any of the forms described in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/expressions\">Expressions</a>.</p>\n<p>The $after$ keyword specifies that the logical time of the event delivered to the destination port will be larger than the logical time of the reaction that wrote to source port. The time value is required to be non-negative, but it can be zero, in which case the input event at the receiving end will be one <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions#superdense-time\">microstep</a> later than the event that triggered it.</p>\n<h2 id=\"physical-connections\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#physical-connections\" aria-label=\"physical connections permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Physical Connections</h2>\n<p>A subtle and rarely used variant of the <code>-></code> connection is a <strong>physical connection</strong>, denoted <code>~></code>. For example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">~&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This is rendered in by the diagram synthesizer as follows:</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/dfffe82cc937aabc9740abbc27dde18f/PhysicalConnection.svg\" width=\"200\">\n<p>In such a connection, the logical time at the recipient is derived from the local physical clock rather than being equal to the logical time at the sender. The physical time will always exceed the logical time of the sender (unless fast is set to <code>true</code>), so this type of connection incurs a nondeterministic positive logical time delay. Physical connections are useful sometimes in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/distributed-execution\">Distributed-Execution</a> in situations where the nondeterministic logical delay is tolerable. Such connections are more efficient because timestamps need not be transmitted and messages do not need to flow through through a centralized coordinator (if a centralized coordinator is being used).</p>","headings":[{"value":"Contained Reactors","depth":2},{"value":"Diagrams","depth":2},{"value":"Creating Reactor Instances","depth":2},{"value":"Connections","depth":2},{"value":"Import Statement","depth":2},{"value":"Hierarchy","depth":2},{"value":"Connections with Logical Delays","depth":2},{"value":"Physical Connections","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors","title":"Composing Reactors","oneline":"Composing reactors in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Time and Timers","oneline":"Time and timers in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Reactions","oneline":"Reactions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/reactions"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-composing-reactors","slug":"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Composing Reactors.md","previousID":"1f7aa663-eee3-55ea-b4f2-18101a3c8f47","nextID":"c481b157-4aed-5965-9ba1-40637916d1a3","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.631Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"2fc4ce5a-22b6-5d88-8f16-224e8c04aa2e","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ Contained Reactors Reactors can contain instances of other reactors defined in the same file or in an imported file. Assume the Count and…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<h2 id=\"contained-reactors\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#contained-reactors\" aria-label=\"contained reactors permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Contained Reactors</h2>\n<p>Reactors can contain instances of other reactors defined in the same file or in an imported file. Assume the <code>Count</code> and <code>Scale</code> reactors defined in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables\">Parameters and State Variables</a> are stored in files <code>Count.lf</code> and <code>Scale.lf</code>, respectively,\nand that the <code>TestCount</code> reactor from <a href=\"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers\">Time and Timers</a> is stored in <code>TestCount.lf</code>. Then the following program composes one instance of each of the three:</p>\n<p>$start(RegressionTest)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  fast</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Count.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Scale.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">TestCount.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">RegressionTest</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">11</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  fast</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Count.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Scale.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">TestCount.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">RegressionTest</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">11</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  fast</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Count.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Scale.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">TestCount.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">RegressionTest</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_inputs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">11</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  fast</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Count.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Scale.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">TestCount.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">RegressionTest</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, numInputs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">11</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  fast</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Count.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Scale.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">TestCount.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">RegressionTest</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_inputs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">11</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(RegressionTest)$</p>\n<h2 id=\"diagrams\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#diagrams\" aria-label=\"diagrams permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Diagrams</h2>\n<p>As soon as programs consist of more than one reactor, it becomes particularly useful to reference the diagrams that are automatically created and displayed by the Lingua Franca IDEs. The diagram for the above program is as follows:</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/21c44c96635cb46b9c6c593184671868/RegressionTest.svg\" width=\"500\">\n<p>In this diagram, the timer is represented by a clock-like icon, the reactions by chevron shapes, and the $shutdown$ event by a diamond. If there were a $startup$ event in this program, it would appear as a circle.</p>\n<h2 id=\"creating-reactor-instances\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#creating-reactor-instances\" aria-label=\"creating reactor instances permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Creating Reactor Instances</h2>\n<p>An instance is created with the syntax:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    &lt;instance_name&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;class_name&gt;(&lt;parameters&gt;)</span>\n</pre>\n<p>A bank with several instances can be created in one such statement, as explained in the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks#banks-of-reactors\">banks of reactors documentation</a>.</p>\n<p>The <code>&#x3C;parameters></code> argument is a comma-separated list of assignments:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    &lt;parameter_name&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;value&gt;, </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Like the default value for parameters, <code>&#x3C;value></code> can be a numeric constant, a string enclosed in quotation marks, a time value such as <code>10 msec</code>, target-language code enclosed in <code>{= ... =}</code>, or any of the list forms described in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/expressions\">Expressions</a>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"connections\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#connections\" aria-label=\"connections permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Connections</h2>\n<p>Connections between ports are specified with the syntax:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    &lt;source_port_reference&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;destination_port_reference&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>where the port references are either <code>&#x3C;instance_name>.&#x3C;port_name></code> or just <code>&#x3C;port_name></code>, where the latter form is used for connections that cross hierarchical boundaries, as illustrated in the next section.</p>\n<p>On the left and right of a connection statement, you can put a comma-separated list. For example, the above pair of connections can be written,</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n</pre>\n<p>A constraint is that the total number of channels on the left match the total number on the right.\nIn addition, some targets require the types of all the ports to be the same.</p>\n<p>A destination port (on the right) can only be connected to a single source port (on the left). However, a source port may be connected to multiple destinations, as in the following example:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b2</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b1</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b2</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b2</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b1</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b2</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/c0bbc812d826bbcf70fc4b02a301e65e/Multicast.svg\" width=\"250\">\n<p>Lingua Franca provides a convenient shortcut for such multicast connections, where the above two lines can be replaced by one as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  (</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b1</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b2</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The enclosing <code>( ... )+</code> means to repeat the enclosed comma-separated list of sources however many times is needed to provide inputs to all the sinks on the right of the connection <code>-></code>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"import-statement\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#import-statement\" aria-label=\"import statement permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Import Statement</h2>\n<p>An import statement has the form:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">classname</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">as</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">alias</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&lt;path&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>where <code>&#x3C;classname></code> and <code>&#x3C;alias></code> can be a comma-separated list to import multiple reactors from the same file. The <code>&#x3C;path></code> specifies another <code>.lf</code> file relative to the location of the current file. The <code>as &#x3C;alias></code> portion is optional and specifies alternative class names to use in the $new$ statements.</p>\n<h2 id=\"hierarchy\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#hierarchy\" aria-label=\"hierarchy permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Hierarchy</h2>\n<p>Reactors can be composed in arbitrarily deep hierarchies. For example, the following program combines the <code>Count</code> and <code>Scale</code> reactors within on <code>Container</code>:</p>\n<p>$start(Hierarchy)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Count.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Scale.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">TestCount.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Container</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">stride)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Hierarchy</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Container</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">11</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Count.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Scale.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">TestCount.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Container</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">stride)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Hierarchy</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Container</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">11</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Count.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Scale.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">TestCount.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Container</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">stride)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Hierarchy</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Container</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_inputs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">11</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Count.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Scale.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">TestCount.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Container</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">stride)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Hierarchy</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Container</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, numInputs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">11</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Count.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Scale.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">TestCount.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Container</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">stride)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Hierarchy</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Container</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_inputs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">11</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Hierarchy)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/3a7b3985c4be7836e4478b4e039680ba/Hierarchy.svg\" width=\"500\">\n<p>The <code>Container</code> has a parameter named <code>stride</code>, whose value is passed to the <code>factor</code> parameter of the <code>Scale</code> reactor. The line</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>establishes a connection across levels of the hierarchy. This propagates the output of a contained reactor to the output of the container. A similar notation may be used to propagate the input of a container to the input of a contained reactor,</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  x </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<h2 id=\"connections-with-logical-delays\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#connections-with-logical-delays\" aria-label=\"connections with logical delays permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Connections with Logical Delays</h2>\n<p>Connections may include a <strong>logical delay</strong> using the $after$ keyword, as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  &lt;source_port_reference&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;destination_port_reference&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;time_value&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>where <code>&#x3C;time_value></code> can be any of the forms described in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/expressions\">Expressions</a>.</p>\n<p>The $after$ keyword specifies that the logical time of the event delivered to the destination port will be larger than the logical time of the reaction that wrote to source port. The time value is required to be non-negative, but it can be zero, in which case the input event at the receiving end will be one <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions#superdense-time\">microstep</a> later than the event that triggered it.</p>\n<h2 id=\"physical-connections\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#physical-connections\" aria-label=\"physical connections permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Physical Connections</h2>\n<p>A subtle and rarely used variant of the <code>-></code> connection is a <strong>physical connection</strong>, denoted <code>~></code>. For example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">~&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This is rendered in by the diagram synthesizer as follows:</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/dfffe82cc937aabc9740abbc27dde18f/PhysicalConnection.svg\" width=\"200\">\n<p>In such a connection, the logical time at the recipient is derived from the local physical clock rather than being equal to the logical time at the sender. The physical time will always exceed the logical time of the sender (unless fast is set to <code>true</code>), so this type of connection incurs a nondeterministic positive logical time delay. Physical connections are useful sometimes in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/distributed-execution\">Distributed-Execution</a> in situations where the nondeterministic logical delay is tolerable. Such connections are more efficient because timestamps need not be transmitted and messages do not need to flow through through a centralized coordinator (if a centralized coordinator is being used).</p>","headings":[{"value":"Contained Reactors","depth":2},{"value":"Diagrams","depth":2},{"value":"Creating Reactor Instances","depth":2},{"value":"Connections","depth":2},{"value":"Import Statement","depth":2},{"value":"Hierarchy","depth":2},{"value":"Connections with Logical Delays","depth":2},{"value":"Physical Connections","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors","title":"Composing Reactors","oneline":"Composing reactors in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Time and Timers","oneline":"Time and timers in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Reactions","oneline":"Reactions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/reactions"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-composing-reactors","slug":"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Composing Reactors.md","previousID":"bba867ed-95b9-5017-b4f1-350e621e99da","nextID":"25ac2513-8979-52dd-9176-b0db61f55dc9","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/containerized-execution","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"02caf6e1-5246-5e54-89d6-31eda5fe8d72","excerpt":"For the C target at least, the Lingua Franca code generator is able to generate a Dockerfile when it generates the C source files. To enable this, include the…","html":"<p>For the <code>C</code> target at least, the Lingua Franca code generator is able to generate a Dockerfile when it generates the C source files. To enable this, include the <code>docker</code> property in your target specification, as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    docker</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The generated Docker file has the same name as the LF file except that the extension is <code>.Dockerfile</code> and will be put in the <code>src-gen</code> directory. You can also specify options. Currently, only the base image (<code>FROM</code>) can be customized, but this will be extended to allow further customization is the future. To customize the Docker file, instead of just <code>true</code> above, which gives default options, specify the options as in the following example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    docker</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: {</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">FROM</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">alpine:latest</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This specifies that the base image is the latest version of <code>alpine</code>, a very small Linux. In fact, <code>alpine:latest</code> is the default value for this option, so you only need to specify this option if you need something other than <code>alpine:latest</code>.</p>\n<p>How to use this depends on whether your application is federated. You will need to <a href=\"https://docs.docker.com/get-docker/\">install Docker</a> if you haven’t already in order to use this.</p>\n<h2 id=\"unfederated-execution\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#unfederated-execution\" aria-label=\"unfederated execution permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Unfederated Execution</h2>\n<h3 id=\"using-docker-build-and-docker-run\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#using-docker-build-and-docker-run\" aria-label=\"using docker build and docker run permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Using docker build and docker run</h3>\n<p>Suppose your LF source file is <code>Foo.lf</code>. When you run <code>lfc</code> or use the IDE to generate code, a file called <code>Foo.Dockerfile</code> will appear in the <code>src_gen</code> directory. You can use this file to build a Docker image as follows. First, make sure you are in the same directory as the source file. Then issue the command:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">   </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">docker</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">build</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">t</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">foo</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">f</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src-gen/Foo.Dockerfile</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">.</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will create a Docker image with tag <code>foo</code>. The tag is required to be all lower-case letters. By convention, we advise using the LF source file name, converted to lower case.</p>\n<p>You can then use this tag to run the image in a container:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">    </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">docker</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">run</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">t</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-rm</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">foo</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>-t</code> option creates a pseudo terminal, which is necessary for you to see any output produced by your program to <code>stdout</code>. If your program also reads from <code>stdin</code>, then you will need to give the <code>-i</code> option as well, or combine the two as <code>it</code>.</p>\n<p>The <code>--rm</code> option is important. This removes the container upon completion of the run. If you omit this option, the container will continue to exist even after your program has terminated. You can alternatively remove the container after the run using <code>docker rm</code>.</p>\n<p>If you wish for your program to run in the background, give a <code>-d</code> option as well (for “detached”). In this case, you will not see any output from your run.</p>\n<p>The above run command can include any supported command-line arguments to the LF program. For example, to specify a logical timeout, you can do this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">    </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">docker</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">run</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">t</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-rm</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">foo</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-timeout</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">20</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">sec</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"using-docker-compose-up\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#using-docker-compose-up\" aria-label=\"using docker compose up permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Using docker compose up</h3>\n<p>When you use <code>lfc</code> to compile <code>Foo.lf</code>, a file called <code>docker-compose.yml</code> will also appear in the same directory where <code>Foo.Dockerfile</code> is located. <code>cd</code> to that directory. Then, use <code>docker compose up</code> to automatically build and run the container. Once the container finishes execution, use <code>docker compose down</code> in the same directory where <code>docker-compose.yml</code> is located to remove the container.</p>\n<h2 id=\"federated-execution\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#federated-execution\" aria-label=\"federated execution permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Federated Execution</h2>\n<h3 id=\"using-docker-build-and-docker-run-1\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#using-docker-build-and-docker-run-1\" aria-label=\"using docker build and docker run 1 permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Using docker build and docker run</h3>\n<p>For a federated Lingua Franca program, one Dockerfile is created for each federate plus an additional one for the RTI. The Dockerfile for the RTI will be generated at <code>src-gen/RTI</code>. You will need to run <code>docker build</code> for each of these. For example, to build the image for the RTI, you can do this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">docker</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">build</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">t</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">distributedcountcontainerized_rti</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">f</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src-gen/DistributedCountContainerized_RTI.Dockerfile</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">.</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This is for the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/docker/federated/DistributedCountContainerized.lf\">DistributedCountContainerized.lf</a>, a federated that automatically runs in multiple Docker containers (one for the RTI and one for each federate) in continuous integration.</p>\n<p>Now, there are several options for how to proceed. One is to create a named network on which to run your federation. For example, to create a network named <code>lf</code>, do this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">    </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">docker</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">network</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">create</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>You can then run the RTI on this network and assign the RTI a name that the federates can use to find the RTI:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">    </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">docker</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">run</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">t</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-rm</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-network</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">lf</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-name</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">distributedcount-rti</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">distributedcount_rti</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Here, the assigned name is not quite the same as the tag that was specified when building the image (the last argument is the tag of the image to run in a container) because a host name is not allowed to have an underscore in it.</p>\n<p>Currently, you will also have to specify this host name in the LF source file so that the federates know where to find the RTI. E.g., in <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/federated/DistributedCount.lf\">DistributedCount.lf</a>, change the end of the file to read as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">DistributedCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">at</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> distributedcount</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rti {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Notice the <code>at distributedcount-rti</code>, which must match the name you use when running the RTI. <strong>FIXME:</strong> We should find a way to make this more automatic!</p>\n<p>In two other terminals, you can now run the other federates on the same network:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">docker</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">run</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">t</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-rm</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-network</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">lf</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">distributedcount_c</span>\n</pre>\n<p>and</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">docker</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">run</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">t</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-rm</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-network</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">lf</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">distributedcount_p</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"using-docker-compose-up-1\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#using-docker-compose-up-1\" aria-label=\"using docker compose up 1 permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Using docker compose up</h3>\n<p>For a federated Lingua Franca program, once you use <code>lfc</code> to compile <code>Foo.lf</code>, on top of the <code>docker-compose.yml</code> for the reactors, an additional <code>docker-compose.yml</code> will be generated for the RTI and placed in <code>src-gen/RTI</code>.</p>\n<p>To run the federated program, open two terminals. In the first terminal, go to <code>src-gen/RTI</code> and use <code>docker compose up</code> to build and run the containerized RTI. Wait until the RTI is booted up. Then, open a second terminal and <code>cd</code> to the top level folder of the program (this is the folder that contains one folder for each of the federated reactors). You should see a <code>docker-compose.yml</code> there. Run <code>docker compose up</code> to build and run the containers.</p>\n<p>Once the program finished executing, run <code>docker compose down</code> in both the folder that contains the <code>docker-compose.yml</code> for the RTI as well as the folder that contains the <code>docker-compose.yml</code> for the reactors to remove the containers.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Unfederated Execution","depth":2},{"value":"Using docker build and docker run","depth":3},{"value":"Using docker compose up","depth":3},{"value":"Federated Execution","depth":2},{"value":"Using docker build and docker run","depth":3},{"value":"Using docker compose up","depth":3}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/containerized-execution","title":"Containerized Execution","oneline":"Containerized Execution using Docker","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Tracing","oneline":"Tracing (preliminary)","permalink":"/docs/handbook/tracing"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Security","oneline":"Secure Federated Execution","permalink":"/docs/handbook/security"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"3-containerized-execution","slug":"/docs/handbook/containerized-execution","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/reference/Containerized Execution.md","previousID":"4e8fb260-955c-5089-908b-69bf32c77d9b","nextID":"198727b7-7fc7-57fe-a860-6a223ba492a6","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.630Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/containerized-execution","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"2548d58b-6c82-5c27-83b8-e05a47521264","excerpt":"For the C target at least, the Lingua Franca code generator is able to generate a Dockerfile when it generates the C source files. To enable this, include the…","html":"<p>For the <code>C</code> target at least, the Lingua Franca code generator is able to generate a Dockerfile when it generates the C source files. To enable this, include the <code>docker</code> property in your target specification, as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    docker</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The generated Docker file has the same name as the LF file except that the extension is <code>.Dockerfile</code> and will be put in the <code>src-gen</code> directory. You can also specify options. Currently, only the base image (<code>FROM</code>) can be customized, but this will be extended to allow further customization is the future. To customize the Docker file, instead of just <code>true</code> above, which gives default options, specify the options as in the following example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    docker</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: {</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">FROM</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">alpine:latest</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This specifies that the base image is the latest version of <code>alpine</code>, a very small Linux. In fact, <code>alpine:latest</code> is the default value for this option, so you only need to specify this option if you need something other than <code>alpine:latest</code>.</p>\n<p>How to use this depends on whether your application is federated. You will need to <a href=\"https://docs.docker.com/get-docker/\">install Docker</a> if you haven’t already in order to use this.</p>\n<h2 id=\"unfederated-execution\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#unfederated-execution\" aria-label=\"unfederated execution permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Unfederated Execution</h2>\n<h3 id=\"using-docker-build-and-docker-run\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#using-docker-build-and-docker-run\" aria-label=\"using docker build and docker run permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Using docker build and docker run</h3>\n<p>Suppose your LF source file is <code>src/Foo.lf</code>. When you run <code>lfc</code> or use the IDE to generate code, a file called <code>Dockerfile</code> will appear in the <code>src_gen/Foo</code> directory, see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor#structure-of-an-lf-project\">Structure of an LF project</a> for more info. You can build a Docker image as follows. First, navigate into the directory where <code>Dockerfile</code> is located. Then issue the command:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">   </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">docker</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">build</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">t</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">foo</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">.</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will create a Docker image with tag <code>foo</code>. The tag is required to be all lower-case letters. By convention, we advise using the LF source file name, converted to lower case.</p>\n<p>You can then use this tag to run the image in a container:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">    </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">docker</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">run</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">t</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-rm</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">foo</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>-t</code> option creates a pseudo terminal, which is necessary for you to see any output produced by your program to <code>stdout</code>. If your program also reads from <code>stdin</code>, then you will need to give the <code>-i</code> option as well, or combine the two as <code>it</code>.</p>\n<p>The <code>--rm</code> option is important. This removes the container upon completion of the run. If you omit this option, the container will continue to exist even after your program has terminated. You can alternatively remove the container after the run using <code>docker rm</code>.</p>\n<p>If you wish for your program to run in the background, give a <code>-d</code> option as well (for “detached”). In this case, you will not see any output from your run.</p>\n<p>The above run command can include any supported command-line arguments to the LF program. For example, to specify a logical timeout, you can do this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">    </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">docker</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">run</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">t</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-rm</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">foo</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-timeout</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">20</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">sec</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"using-docker-compose-up\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#using-docker-compose-up\" aria-label=\"using docker compose up permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Using docker compose up</h3>\n<p>When you use <code>lfc</code> to compile <code>Foo.lf</code>, a file called <code>docker-compose.yml</code> will also appear in the same directory where <code>Foo.Dockerfile</code> is located. <code>cd</code> to that directory. Then, use <code>docker compose up</code> to automatically build and run the container. Once the container finishes execution, use <code>docker compose down</code> in the same directory where <code>docker-compose.yml</code> is located to remove the container.</p>\n<h2 id=\"federated-execution\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#federated-execution\" aria-label=\"federated execution permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Federated Execution</h2>\n<h3 id=\"using-docker-build-and-docker-run-1\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#using-docker-build-and-docker-run-1\" aria-label=\"using docker build and docker run 1 permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Using docker build and docker run</h3>\n<p>For a federated Lingua Franca program, one Dockerfile is created for each federate plus an additional one for the RTI. The Dockerfile for the RTI will be generated at <code>src-gen/RTI</code>. You will need to run <code>docker build</code> for each of these. For example, to build the image for the RTI, you can do this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">docker</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">build</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">t</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">distributedcountcontainerized_rti</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">f</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src-gen/DistributedCountContainerized_RTI.Dockerfile</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">.</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This is for the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/docker/federated/DistributedCountContainerized.lf\">DistributedCountContainerized.lf</a>, a federated that automatically runs in multiple Docker containers (one for the RTI and one for each federate) in continuous integration.</p>\n<p>Now, there are several options for how to proceed. One is to create a named network on which to run your federation. For example, to create a network named <code>lf</code>, do this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">    </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">docker</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">network</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">create</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>You can then run the RTI on this network and assign the RTI a name that the federates can use to find the RTI:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">    </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">docker</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">run</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">t</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-rm</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-network</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">lf</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-name</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">distributedcount-rti</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">distributedcount_rti</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Here, the assigned name is not quite the same as the tag that was specified when building the image (the last argument is the tag of the image to run in a container) because a host name is not allowed to have an underscore in it.</p>\n<p>Currently, you will also have to specify this host name in the LF source file so that the federates know where to find the RTI. E.g., in <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/federated/DistributedCount.lf\">DistributedCount.lf</a>, change the end of the file to read as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">DistributedCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">at</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> distributedcount</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rti {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Notice the <code>at distributedcount-rti</code>, which must match the name you use when running the RTI. <strong>FIXME:</strong> We should find a way to make this more automatic!</p>\n<p>In two other terminals, you can now run the other federates on the same network:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">docker</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">run</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">t</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-rm</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-network</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">lf</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">distributedcount_c</span>\n</pre>\n<p>and</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">docker</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">run</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">t</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-rm</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-network</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">lf</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">distributedcount_p</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"using-docker-compose-up-1\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#using-docker-compose-up-1\" aria-label=\"using docker compose up 1 permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Using docker compose up</h3>\n<p>For a federated Lingua Franca program, once you use <code>lfc</code> to compile <code>Foo.lf</code>, on top of the <code>docker-compose.yml</code> for the reactors, an additional <code>docker-compose.yml</code> will be generated for the RTI and placed in <code>src-gen/RTI</code>.</p>\n<p>To run the federated program, open two terminals. In the first terminal, go to <code>src-gen/RTI</code> and use <code>docker compose up</code> to build and run the containerized RTI. Wait until the RTI is booted up. Then, open a second terminal and <code>cd</code> to the top level folder of the program (this is the folder that contains one folder for each of the federated reactors). You should see a <code>docker-compose.yml</code> there. Run <code>docker compose up</code> to build and run the containers.</p>\n<p>Once the program finished executing, run <code>docker compose down</code> in both the folder that contains the <code>docker-compose.yml</code> for the RTI as well as the folder that contains the <code>docker-compose.yml</code> for the reactors to remove the containers.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Unfederated Execution","depth":2},{"value":"Using docker build and docker run","depth":3},{"value":"Using docker compose up","depth":3},{"value":"Federated Execution","depth":2},{"value":"Using docker build and docker run","depth":3},{"value":"Using docker compose up","depth":3}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/containerized-execution","title":"Containerized Execution","oneline":"Containerized Execution using Docker","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Tracing","oneline":"Tracing (preliminary)","permalink":"/docs/handbook/tracing"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Security","oneline":"Secure Federated Execution","permalink":"/docs/handbook/security"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"3-containerized-execution","slug":"/docs/handbook/containerized-execution","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/reference/Containerized Execution.md","previousID":"3f4000b5-1133-5c34-807d-29c05884f149","nextID":"b02df86d-9ef8-5f8e-ba32-437934fba499","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.015Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/contributing/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/contributing/page-data.json
index 3f872fd36..9cfbe197d 100644
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diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/deadlines/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/deadlines/page-data.json
index e35cd1318..f8a56b7b9 100644
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+++ b/page-data/docs/handbook/deadlines/page-data.json
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-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/deadlines","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"147af0fe-4626-5453-aaa5-a95a26db5302","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ Lingua Franca includes a notion of a deadline, which is a constraint on the relation between logical time and physical time. Specifically…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<p>Lingua Franca includes a notion of a <strong>deadline</strong>, which is a constraint on the relation between logical time and physical time. Specifically, a program may specify that the invocation of a reaction must occur within some <em>physical</em> time interval of the <em>logical</em> time of the message. If a reaction is invoked at logical time 12 noon, for example, and the reaction has a deadline of one hour, then the reaction is required to be invoked before the physical-time clock of the execution platform reaches 1 PM. If the deadline is violated, then the specified deadline handler is invoked instead of the reaction.</p>\n<h2 id=\"purposes-for-deadlines\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#purposes-for-deadlines\" aria-label=\"purposes for deadlines permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Purposes for Deadlines</h2>\n<p>A deadline in an LF program serves two purposes. First, it can guide scheduling in that a scheduler may prioritize reactions with deadlines over those without or those with longer deadlines. For this purpose, if a reaction has a deadline, then all upstream reactions on which it depends (without logical delay) inherit its deadline. Hence, those upstream reactions will also be given higher priority.</p>\n<p>Second, the deadline mechanism provides a <strong>fault handler</strong>, a section of code to invoke when the deadline requirement is violated. Because invocation of the fault handler depends on factors beyond the control of the LF program, an LF program with deadlines becomes <strong>nondeterministic</strong>. The behavior of the program depends on the exact timing of the execution.</p>\n<p>There remains the question of when the fault handler should be invoked. By default, deadlines in LF are <strong>lazy</strong>, meaning that the fault handler is invoked at the logical time of the event triggering the reaction whose deadline is missed. Specifically, the possible violation of a deadline is not checked until the reaction with the deadline is ready to execute. Only then is the determination made whether to invoke the regular reaction or the fault handler.</p>\n<h2 id=\"deadline-specification\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#deadline-specification\" aria-label=\"deadline specification permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Deadline Specification</h2>\n<p>A deadline is specified as follows:</p>\n<p>$start(Deadline)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// Produced if the deadline is violated.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> d </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Normal reaction.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Deadline violation detected.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// Produced if the deadline is violated.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> d </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Normal reaction.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(10ms) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Deadline violation detected.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">; </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// Produced if the deadline is violated.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> d </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Normal reaction.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Deadline violation detected.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> // </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Produced</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">the</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">is</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">violated</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> d </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Normal reaction.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Deadline violation detected.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Deadline)$</p>\n<p>This reactor specifies a deadline of 10 milliseconds (this can be a parameter of the reactor). If the reaction to <code>x</code> is triggered later in physical time than 10 msec past the timestamp of <code>x</code>, then the second body of code is executed instead of the first. That second body of code has access to anything the first body of code has access to, including the input <code>x</code> and the output <code>d</code>. The output can be used to notify the rest of the system that a deadline violation occurred. This reactor can be tested as follows:</p>\n<p>$start(DeadlineTest)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Deadline.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp punctuation-definition-directive-cpp\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp\">include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp\">platform.h</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_sleep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">MSEC</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">20</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Deadline reactor produced an output.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Deadline.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">ms</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">this_thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">sleep_for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">20</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">ms</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Deadline reactor produced an output.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Deadline.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">sleep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-float-python\">0.02</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Deadline reactor produced an output.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Deadline.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-dom-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">zero</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-dom-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-loop-ts\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">const</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-constant-ts\">later</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getCurrentPhysicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-dom-ts\">add</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">msecs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">20</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getCurrentPhysicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">later</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> Take time...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Deadline reactor produced an output.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">DeadlineTest</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(DeadlineTest)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/d4798b4ddf96c807f5fdb7ec7da9b6c5/DeadlineTest.svg\" width=\"500\">\n<p>Running this program will result in the following output:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Normal reaction.\nDeadline violation detected.\nDeadline reactor produced an output.</pre>\n<p>The first reaction of the <code>Deadline</code> reactor does not violate the deadline, but the second does. Notice that the sleep in the $main$ reactor occurs <em>after</em> setting the output, but because of the deterministic semantics of LF, this does not matter. The actual value of an output cannot be known until every reaction that sets that output <em>completes</em> its execution. Since this reaction takes at least 20 msec to complete, the deadline is assured of being violated.</p>\n<p>Notice that the deadline is annotated in the diagram with a small clock symbol.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>Notice that the deadline violation here is caused by an invocation of <code>lf_sleep</code>, defined in <code>\"platform.h\"</code> (see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details?target=c#libraries-available-to-programmers\">Libraries Available to Programmers</a>).\nIt is not generally advisable for a reaction to sleep because this can block other reactions from executing.\nBut this is exactly what we are trying to accomplish here in order to force a deadline to be violated.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"deadline-violations-during-execution\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#deadline-violations-during-execution\" aria-label=\"deadline violations during execution permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Deadline Violations During Execution</h2>\n<p>Whether a deadline violation occurs is checked only <em>before</em> invoking the reaction with a deadline. What if the reaction itself runs for long enough that the deadline gets violated <em>during</em> the reaction execution? For this purpose, a target-language function is provided to check whether a deadline is violated during execution of a reaction with a deadline.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-py lf-ts lf-cpp lf-rs\">\n<p><strong>NOTE</strong>: As of this writing, this function is only implemented in the C target.</p>\n</div>\n<p>Consider this example:</p>\n<p>$start(CheckDeadline)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> count </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-while-cpp\">while</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-logical-cpp\">!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_check_deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-language-true-cpp\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Stopped counting.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Counted to </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">CheckDeadline</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">py</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">CheckDeadline</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">ts</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">CheckDeadline</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">CheckDeadline</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(CheckDeadline)$</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>The <code>Count</code> reactor has a single reaction with a deadline of <code>3 msec</code>.\nIf the deadline is not already violated when this reaction becomes enabled (at startup), then the reaction begins executing a loop. In each iteration of the loop, it calls <code>lf_check_deadline(self, true)</code>, which returns <code>true</code> if the deadline has been violated and <code>false</code> otherwise. Hence, this reaction will increment the <code>count</code> variable as many times as possible before the deadline is violated and, at\nthat point, will exit the loop and produce on the output the count. Running this program will produce something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Stopped counting.\nCounted to 20257</pre>\n<p>This is a (rather trivial) example of an <strong>anytime computation</strong>. Such computations proceed to improve results until time runs out and then produce the most improved result.</p>\n<p>The arguments to the <code>lf_check_deadline</code> are the <code>self</code> struct and a boolean that indicates whether the deadline violation handler should be invoked upon detecting a deadline violation. Because the argument is <code>true</code> above, the handler is invoked and <code>Stopped counting</code> is printed.</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Purposes for Deadlines","depth":2},{"value":"Deadline Specification","depth":2},{"value":"Deadline Violations During Execution","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/deadlines","title":"Deadlines","oneline":"Deadlines in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Modal Reactors","oneline":"Modal Reactors","permalink":"/docs/handbook/modal-models"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Multiports and Banks","oneline":"Multiports and Banks of Reactors.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-deadlines","slug":"/docs/handbook/deadlines","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Deadlines.md","previousID":"57dbdb02-852e-5986-8aad-a0ee5bde62f8","nextID":"d09fdeda-a7f8-5fc1-bd2d-d52c36208ae6","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.631Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/deadlines","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"f38ee330-34ee-5bea-906f-ebea05b6c4bd","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ Lingua Franca includes a notion of a deadline, which is a constraint on the relation between logical time and physical time. Specifically…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<p>Lingua Franca includes a notion of a <strong>deadline</strong>, which is a constraint on the relation between logical time and physical time. Specifically, a program may specify that the invocation of a reaction must occur within some <em>physical</em> time interval of the <em>logical</em> time of the message. If a reaction is invoked at logical time 12 noon, for example, and the reaction has a deadline of one hour, then the reaction is required to be invoked before the physical-time clock of the execution platform reaches 1 PM. If the deadline is violated, then the specified deadline handler is invoked instead of the reaction.</p>\n<h2 id=\"purposes-for-deadlines\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#purposes-for-deadlines\" aria-label=\"purposes for deadlines permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Purposes for Deadlines</h2>\n<p>A deadline in an LF program serves two purposes. First, it can guide scheduling in that a scheduler may prioritize reactions with deadlines over those without or those with longer deadlines. For this purpose, if a reaction has a deadline, then all upstream reactions on which it depends (without logical delay) inherit its deadline. Hence, those upstream reactions will also be given higher priority.</p>\n<p>Second, the deadline mechanism provides a <strong>fault handler</strong>, a section of code to invoke when the deadline requirement is violated. Because invocation of the fault handler depends on factors beyond the control of the LF program, an LF program with deadlines becomes <strong>nondeterministic</strong>. The behavior of the program depends on the exact timing of the execution.</p>\n<p>There remains the question of when the fault handler should be invoked. By default, deadlines in LF are <strong>lazy</strong>, meaning that the fault handler is invoked at the logical time of the event triggering the reaction whose deadline is missed. Specifically, the possible violation of a deadline is not checked until the reaction with the deadline is ready to execute. Only then is the determination made whether to invoke the regular reaction or the fault handler.</p>\n<h2 id=\"deadline-specification\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#deadline-specification\" aria-label=\"deadline specification permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Deadline Specification</h2>\n<p>A deadline is specified as follows:</p>\n<p>$start(Deadline)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// Produced if the deadline is violated.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> d </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Normal reaction.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Deadline violation detected.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// Produced if the deadline is violated.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> d </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Normal reaction.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(10ms) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Deadline violation detected.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">; </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// Produced if the deadline is violated.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> d </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Normal reaction.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Deadline violation detected.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> // </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Produced</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">the</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">is</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">violated</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> d </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Normal reaction.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Deadline violation detected.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Deadline)$</p>\n<p>This reactor specifies a deadline of 10 milliseconds (this can be a parameter of the reactor). If the reaction to <code>x</code> is triggered later in physical time than 10 msec past the timestamp of <code>x</code>, then the second body of code is executed instead of the first. That second body of code has access to anything the first body of code has access to, including the input <code>x</code> and the output <code>d</code>. The output can be used to notify the rest of the system that a deadline violation occurred. This reactor can be tested as follows:</p>\n<p>$start(DeadlineTest)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Deadline.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp punctuation-definition-directive-cpp\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp\">include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp\">platform.h</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_sleep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">MSEC</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">20</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Deadline reactor produced an output.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Deadline.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">ms</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">this_thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">sleep_for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">20</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">ms</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Deadline reactor produced an output.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Deadline.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">sleep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-float-python\">0.02</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Deadline reactor produced an output.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Deadline.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-dom-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">zero</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-dom-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-loop-ts\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">const</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-constant-ts\">later</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getCurrentPhysicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-dom-ts\">add</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">msecs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">20</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getCurrentPhysicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">later</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> Take time...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Deadline reactor produced an output.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">DeadlineTest</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(DeadlineTest)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/d4798b4ddf96c807f5fdb7ec7da9b6c5/DeadlineTest.svg\" width=\"500\">\n<p>Running this program will result in the following output:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Normal reaction.\nDeadline violation detected.\nDeadline reactor produced an output.</pre>\n<p>The first reaction of the <code>Deadline</code> reactor does not violate the deadline, but the second does. Notice that the sleep in the $main$ reactor occurs <em>after</em> setting the output, but because of the deterministic semantics of LF, this does not matter. The actual value of an output cannot be known until every reaction that sets that output <em>completes</em> its execution. Since this reaction takes at least 20 msec to complete, the deadline is assured of being violated.</p>\n<p>Notice that the deadline is annotated in the diagram with a small clock symbol.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>Notice that the deadline violation here is caused by an invocation of <code>lf_sleep</code>, defined in <code>\"platform.h\"</code> (see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details?target=c#libraries-available-to-programmers\">Libraries Available to Programmers</a>).\nIt is not generally advisable for a reaction to sleep because this can block other reactions from executing.\nBut this is exactly what we are trying to accomplish here in order to force a deadline to be violated.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"deadline-violations-during-execution\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#deadline-violations-during-execution\" aria-label=\"deadline violations during execution permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Deadline Violations During Execution</h2>\n<p>Whether a deadline violation occurs is checked only <em>before</em> invoking the reaction with a deadline. What if the reaction itself runs for long enough that the deadline gets violated <em>during</em> the reaction execution? For this purpose, a target-language function is provided to check whether a deadline is violated during execution of a reaction with a deadline.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-py lf-ts lf-cpp lf-rs\">\n<p><strong>NOTE</strong>: As of this writing, this function is only implemented in the C target.</p>\n</div>\n<p>Consider this example:</p>\n<p>$start(CheckDeadline)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> count </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-while-cpp\">while</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-logical-cpp\">!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_check_deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-language-true-cpp\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Stopped counting.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Counted to </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">CheckDeadline</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">py</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">CheckDeadline</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">ts</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">CheckDeadline</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">CheckDeadline</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(CheckDeadline)$</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>The <code>Count</code> reactor has a single reaction with a deadline of <code>3 msec</code>.\nIf the deadline is not already violated when this reaction becomes enabled (at startup), then the reaction begins executing a loop. In each iteration of the loop, it calls <code>lf_check_deadline(self, true)</code>, which returns <code>true</code> if the deadline has been violated and <code>false</code> otherwise. Hence, this reaction will increment the <code>count</code> variable as many times as possible before the deadline is violated and, at\nthat point, will exit the loop and produce on the output the count. Running this program will produce something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Stopped counting.\nCounted to 20257</pre>\n<p>This is a (rather trivial) example of an <strong>anytime computation</strong>. Such computations proceed to improve results until time runs out and then produce the most improved result.</p>\n<p>The arguments to the <code>lf_check_deadline</code> are the <code>self</code> struct and a boolean that indicates whether the deadline violation handler should be invoked upon detecting a deadline violation. Because the argument is <code>true</code> above, the handler is invoked and <code>Stopped counting</code> is printed.</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Purposes for Deadlines","depth":2},{"value":"Deadline Specification","depth":2},{"value":"Deadline Violations During Execution","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/deadlines","title":"Deadlines","oneline":"Deadlines in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Modal Reactors","oneline":"Modal Reactors","permalink":"/docs/handbook/modal-models"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Multiports and Banks","oneline":"Multiports and Banks of Reactors.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-deadlines","slug":"/docs/handbook/deadlines","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Deadlines.md","previousID":"ddeb2577-9554-5362-9ed2-abba8f412fc1","nextID":"9ff63bbf-2bdf-553e-a96d-52355866ec94","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/developer-setup","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"9bd02d80-3d03-5755-87fe-c1e5bc41df66","excerpt":"Prerequisites Java 17 (download from Oracle) Cloning the Repository Please run the following commands to clone the repository and its submodules. Submodules are…","html":"<h2 id=\"prerequisites\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#prerequisites\" aria-label=\"prerequisites permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Prerequisites</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Java 17 (<a href=\"https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/downloads/\">download from Oracle</a>)</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"cloning-the-repository\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#cloning-the-repository\" aria-label=\"cloning the repository permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Cloning the Repository</h2>\n<p>Please run the following commands to clone the repository and its submodules.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">git</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">clone</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">git@github.com:lf-lang/lingua-franca.git</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">lingua-franca</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">git</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">submodule</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">update</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-init</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-recursive</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Submodules are checked out over HTTPS by default. In case you want to commit to a submodule and use SSH instead, you can simply change the remote. For example, to change the remote of the <code>reactor-c</code> submodule, you can do this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">core/src/main/resources/lib/c/reactor-c</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">git</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">remote</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">remove</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">origin</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">git</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">remote</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">add</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">origin</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">git@github.com:lf-lang/reactor-c.git</span>\n</pre>\n<h2 id=\"building-the-command-line-tools\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#building-the-command-line-tools\" aria-label=\"building the command line tools permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Building the command line tools</h2>\n<p>We use <a href=\"https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/userguide.html\">Gradle</a> for building the code within our repository.</p>\n<p>For an easy start, the <code>bin/</code> directory contains scripts for building and running our command line tools, including the compiler lfc.\nTry to run <code>./bin/lfc-dev --version</code>.\nThis will first build <code>lfc</code> and then execute it through Gradle.</p>\n<p>To build the entire repository, you can simply run <code>./gradlew build</code>.\nThis will build all tools and also run all formatting checks and unit tests.\nNote that this does not run our integration tests.\nFor more details on our testing infrastructure, please refer to the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/regression-tests\">Regression Test</a> section.</p>\n<p>If you only want to build without running any tests, you can use <code>./gradlew assemble</code> instead.\nBoth the assemble and the build task will create a distribution package containing our command line tools in <code>build/distribution</code>.\nThere is also an installed version of this package in <code>build/install/lf-cli/</code>.\nIf you run <code>build/install/lf-cli/bin/lfc</code> this will run lfc as it was last build.\nThus, you can choose if you want to use <code>bin/lfc-dev</code>, which first builds <code>lfc</code> using the latest code and then runs it, or if you prefer to run <code>./gradlew build</code> and then separately invoke <code>build/install/lf-cli/bin/lfc</code>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"ide-integration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#ide-integration\" aria-label=\"ide integration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>IDE Integration</h2>\n<p>You can use any editor or IDE that you like to work with the code base.\nHowever, we would suggest to choose an IDE that comes with good Java (and\nideally Kotlin) support and that integrates well with Gradle.\nWe recommend to use our <a href=\"/docs/handbook/intellij\">IntelliJ setup</a>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"building-ides\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#building-ides\" aria-label=\"building ides permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Building IDEs</h2>\n<p>Currently, we provide two IDEs that support Lingua Franca programs.\nTheir source code is located in external repositories.\nWe have a <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/vscode-lingua-franca\">Lingua Franca extension</a> for VS code and an Eclipse based IDE called <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/epoch\">Epoch</a>.\nPlease refer to the READMEs for build instructions.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Prerequisites","depth":2},{"value":"Cloning the Repository","depth":2},{"value":"Building the command line tools","depth":2},{"value":"IDE Integration","depth":2},{"value":"Building IDEs","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/developer-setup","title":"Developer Setup","oneline":"Setting up Lingua Franca for developers.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Developer IntelliJ Setup","oneline":"Developer IntelliJ Setup.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/intellij"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"5-developer-setup","slug":"/docs/handbook/developer-setup","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/developer/Downloading and 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Submodules are…","html":"<h2 id=\"prerequisites\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#prerequisites\" aria-label=\"prerequisites permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Prerequisites</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Java 17 (<a href=\"https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/downloads/\">download from Oracle</a>)</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"cloning-the-repository\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#cloning-the-repository\" aria-label=\"cloning the repository permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Cloning the Repository</h2>\n<p>Please run the following commands to clone the repository and its submodules.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">git</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">clone</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">git@github.com:lf-lang/lingua-franca.git</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">lingua-franca</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">git</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">submodule</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">update</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-init</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-recursive</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Submodules are checked out over HTTPS by default. In case you want to commit to a submodule and use SSH instead, you can simply change the remote. For example, to change the remote of the <code>reactor-c</code> submodule, you can do this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">core/src/main/resources/lib/c/reactor-c</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">git</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">remote</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">remove</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">origin</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">git</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">remote</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">add</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">origin</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">git@github.com:lf-lang/reactor-c.git</span>\n</pre>\n<h2 id=\"building-the-command-line-tools\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#building-the-command-line-tools\" aria-label=\"building the command line tools permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Building the command line tools</h2>\n<p>We use <a href=\"https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/userguide.html\">Gradle</a> for building the code within our repository.</p>\n<p>For an easy start, the <code>bin/</code> directory contains scripts for building and running our command line tools, including the compiler lfc.\nTry to run <code>./bin/lfc-dev --version</code>.\nThis will first build <code>lfc</code> and then execute it through Gradle.</p>\n<p>To build the entire repository, you can simply run <code>./gradlew build</code>.\nThis will build all tools and also run all formatting checks and unit tests.\nNote that this does not run our integration tests.\nFor more details on our testing infrastructure, please refer to the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/regression-tests\">Regression Test</a> section.</p>\n<p>If you only want to build without running any tests, you can use <code>./gradlew assemble</code> instead.\nBoth the assemble and the build task will create a distribution package containing our command line tools in <code>build/distribution</code>.\nThere is also an installed version of this package in <code>build/install/lf-cli/</code>.\nIf you run <code>build/install/lf-cli/bin/lfc</code> this will run lfc as it was last build.\nThus, you can choose if you want to use <code>bin/lfc-dev</code>, which first builds <code>lfc</code> using the latest code and then runs it, or if you prefer to run <code>./gradlew build</code> and then separately invoke <code>build/install/lf-cli/bin/lfc</code>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"ide-integration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#ide-integration\" aria-label=\"ide integration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>IDE Integration</h2>\n<p>You can use any editor or IDE that you like to work with the code base.\nHowever, we would suggest to choose an IDE that comes with good Java (and\nideally Kotlin) support and that integrates well with Gradle.\nWe recommend to use our <a href=\"/docs/handbook/intellij\">IntelliJ setup</a>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"building-ides\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#building-ides\" aria-label=\"building ides permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Building IDEs</h2>\n<p>Currently, we provide two IDEs that support Lingua Franca programs.\nTheir source code is located in external repositories.\nWe have a <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/vscode-lingua-franca\">Lingua Franca extension</a> for VS code and an Eclipse based IDE called <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/epoch\">Epoch</a>.\nPlease refer to the READMEs for build instructions.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Prerequisites","depth":2},{"value":"Cloning the Repository","depth":2},{"value":"Building the command line tools","depth":2},{"value":"IDE Integration","depth":2},{"value":"Building IDEs","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/developer-setup","title":"Developer Setup","oneline":"Setting up Lingua Franca for developers.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Developer IntelliJ Setup","oneline":"Developer IntelliJ Setup.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/intellij"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"5-developer-setup","slug":"/docs/handbook/developer-setup","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/developer/Downloading and Building.md","previousID":"008e847f-8ee6-513a-afab-0995ffce336b","nextID":"1d9f0442-2300-5615-9c04-6ee5f2c33793","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.015Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/distributed-execution/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/distributed-execution/page-data.json
index 611ed8f44..6496197e8 100644
--- a/page-data/docs/handbook/distributed-execution/page-data.json
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@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/distributed-execution","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"e5b1b6c2-d541-5691-869d-e06f1f1c1804","excerpt":"Federated execution is not supported in $target-language$. $page-showing-target$ NOTE: Distributed execution of Lingua Franca programs is at an early stage of…","html":"<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-rs\">\n<p><strong>Federated execution is not supported in $target-language$.</strong></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py lf-ts\">\n<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> Distributed execution of Lingua Franca programs is at an early stage of development with many missing capabilities and a rather brittle execution. It is ready for experimentation, but not yet for deployment of serious systems. The capability has been tested on macOS and Linux, and there are no plans currently to support Windows systems.</p>\n<p>A distributed Lingua Franca program is called a <strong>federation</strong>. Each reactor within the main reactor is called a <strong>federate</strong>. The LF compiler generates a separate program for each federate and synthesizes the code for the federates to communicate. The federates can be distributed across networks and eventually will be able to be written in different target languages, although this is not yet supported.</p>\n<p>In addition to the federates, there is a program called the <strong>RTI</strong>, for <strong>runtime infrastructure</strong>, that coordinates startup and shutdown and may, if the coordination is centralized, mediate communication. The RTI needs to be compiled and installed separately on the system before any federation can execute.</p>\n<p>It is possible to encapsulate federates in Docker containers for deployment.\nSee <a href=\"/docs/handbook/containerized-execution\">containerized execution</a>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"installation-of-the-rti\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#installation-of-the-rti\" aria-label=\"installation of the rti permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Installation of the RTI</h2>\n<p>Federated execution requires installation of a separate stand-alone program called the Runtime Infrastructure or <strong>RTI</strong>. At the current time, the only way to install this is from source files:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-shell\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">git</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">clone</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-c.git</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">reactor-c/core/federated/RTI/</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">mkdir</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">build</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell punctuation-separator-statement-and-shell\">&amp;&amp;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">build</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">cmake</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">../</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">make</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">sudo</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">make</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">install</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The above will create a program called <code>RTI</code> and install it at <code>/usr/local/bin/RTI</code>. Once this program is available in your path, you can compile and execute federated Lingua Franca programs using <a href=\"/download\">Epoch, VS Code, or the command-line tools</a>. For more details, see the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-c/blob/main/core/federated/RTI/README.md\">README file</a>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"minimal-example\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#minimal-example\" aria-label=\"minimal example permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Minimal Example</h2>\n<p>A minimal federated execution is specified by using the $federated$ keyword instead of $main$ for the main federate. An example is given below:</p>\n<p>$start(Federated)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> at (</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">microstep</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Federated</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(inp) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">at (</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// FIXME: This should work with timeout: 0 msec.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">string</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Hello World!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">string</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(inp) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Federated</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Federated)$</p>\n<p>The $federated$ keyword tells the code generator that the program is to be split into several distinct programs, one for each top level reactor.</p>\n<p>When you run the code generator on <code>src/Federated.lf</code> containing the above code, the following three programs will appear:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">bin/Federated\nbin/Federated_s\nbin/Federated_d</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">bin/Federated\nsrc-gen/Federated/s/Federated_s.py\nsrc-gen/Federated/d/Federated_d.py</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">bin/Federated\nsrc-gen/dist/Federated/Federated_s.js\nsrc-gen/dist/Federated/Federated_d.js</pre>\n</div>\n<p>The root name, <code>Federated</code>, is the name of the .lf file from which these are generated (and the name of the main reactor, which is required to match if it is specified). The suffixes “_s” and “_d” come from the names of the top-level instances. There will always be one federate for each top-level reactor instance.</p>\n<p>To run the program, you can simply run <code>bin/Federated</code>, which is a <code>bash</code> script that launches the RTI and two other programs, <code>Federated_s</code> and <code>Federated_d</code>.\nAlternatively, you can manually execute the RTI followed by the two federate programs by starting them on the command line. It is best to use three separate terminal windows (so that outputs from the three programs do not get jumbled together) to execute the following commands:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">RTI</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">n</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">2</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">bin/Federated_s</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">bin/Federated_d</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">RTI</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">n</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">2</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">python3</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src-gen/Federated/s/Federated_s.py</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">python3</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src-gen/Federated/d/Federated_d.py</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">RTI</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">n</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">2</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">node</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src-gen/Federated/dist/Federated_s.js</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">node</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src-gen/Federated/dist/Federated_d.js</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<p>The <code>-n</code> argument to the <code>RTI</code> specifies that there it should expect two federates to join the federation.</p>\n<p>Upon running the program, you will see information printed about the starting and ending of the federation, and buried in the output will be this line:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Federate 1: Received: Hello World!</pre>\n<p>The prefix <code>Federate 1</code> is automatically added by the built-in <code>lf_print</code> function to help disambiguate the outputs from multiple concurrent federates.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Received: Hello World!</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Received: Hello World!</pre>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"federation-id\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#federation-id\" aria-label=\"federation id permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Federation ID</h2>\n<p>You may have several federations running on the same machine(s) or even several instances of the same federation. In this case, it is necessary to distinguish between the federations. To accomplish this, you can pass a <code>-i</code> or <code>--id</code> parameter to the RTI and its federates with an identifier that is unique to the particular federation. For example,</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">RTI</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">n</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">2</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">i</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">myFederation</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">bin/Federated_s</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">i</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">myFederation</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">bin/Federated_d</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">i</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">myFederation</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">RTI</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">n</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">2</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">i</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">myFederation</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">python3</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src-gen/Federated/s/Federated_s.py</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">i</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">myFederation</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">python3</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src-gen/Federated/d/Federated_d.py</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">i</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">myFederation</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">RTI</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">n</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">2</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">i</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">myFederation</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">node</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src-gen/Federated/dist/Federated_s.js</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">i</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">myFederation</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">node</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src-gen/Federated/dist/Federated_d.js</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">i</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">myFederation</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<p>Each federate must have the same ID as the RTI in order to join the federation.\nThe <code>bash</code> script that executes each of the components of the federation automatically generates a unique federation ID each time you run it.</p>\n<h2 id=\"coordinated-start\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#coordinated-start\" aria-label=\"coordinated start permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Coordinated Start</h2>\n<p>When the above programs execute, each federate registers with the RTI. When all expected federates have registered, the RTI broadcasts to the federates the logical time at which they should start execution. Hence, all federates start at the same logical time.</p>\n<p>The starting logical time is determined as follows. When each federate starts executing, it sends its current physical time (drawn from its real-time clock) to the RTI. When the RTI has heard from all the federates, it chooses the largest of these physical times, adds a fixed offset (currently one second), and broadcasts the resulting time to each federate.</p>\n<p>When a federate receives the starting time from the RTI, if it is running in realtime mode (the default), then it will wait until its local physical clock matches or exceeds that starting time. Thus, to the extent that the machines have <a href=\"#clock-synchronization\">synchronized clocks</a>, the federates will all start executing at roughly the same physical time, a physical time close to the starting logical time.</p>\n<h2 id=\"coordinated-shutdown\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#coordinated-shutdown\" aria-label=\"coordinated shutdown permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Coordinated Shutdown</h2>\n<p>Coordinating the shutdown of a distributed program is discussed in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/termination\">Termination</a>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"communication-between-federates\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#communication-between-federates\" aria-label=\"communication between federates permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Communication Between Federates</h2>\n<p>When one federate sends data to another, by default, the timestamp at the receiver will match the timestamp at the sender. You can also specify a logical delay on the communication using the <strong>after</strong> keyword. For example, if we had instead specified</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>then the timestamp at the receiving end will be incremented by 200 msec compared to the timestamp at the sender.</p>\n<p>The preservation of timestamps across federates implies some constraints (unless you use <a href=\"#physical-connections\">physical connections</a>). How these constraints are managed depends on whether you choose <strong>centralized</strong> or <strong>decentralized</strong> coordination.</p>\n<h2 id=\"centralized-coordination\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#centralized-coordination\" aria-label=\"centralized coordination permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Centralized Coordination</h2>\n<p>In the <strong>centralized</strong> mode of coordination (the default), the RTI regulates the advancement of time in each of the federates in order to ensure that the logical time semantics of Lingua Franca is respected. If the <code>p</code> federate above has an event with timestamp <em>t</em> that it wants to react to (it is the earliest event in its event queue), then it needs to get the OK from the RTI to advance its logical time to <em>t</em>. The RTI grants this time advance only when it can assure that <code>p</code> has received all messages that it will ever receive with timestamps <em>t</em> or less.</p>\n<p>First, note that, by default, logical time on each federate never advances ahead of physical time, as reported by its local physical clock. Consider the consequences for the above connection. Suppose the timestamp of the message sent by <code>s</code> is <em>t</em>. This message cannot be sent before the local clock at <code>s</code> reaches <em>t</em> and also cannot be sent before the RTI grants to <code>s</code> a time advance to <em>t</em>. Since <code>s</code> has no federates upstream of it, the RTI will always grant it such a time advance (in fact, it does not even wait for a response from the RTI).</p>\n<p>Suppose that the communication latency is <em>L</em>. That is, it takes <em>L</em> time units (in physical time) for a message to traverse the network. Then the <code>p</code> federate will not see the message from <code>s</code> before physical time <em>t</em> + <em>L</em>, where this physical time is measured by the physical clock on <code>s</code>’s host. If that clock differs from the clock on <code>p</code>’s host by <em>E</em>, then <code>p</code> will see the message at physical time <em>t</em> + <em>E</em> + <em>L</em>, as measured by its own clock. Let the value of the <strong>after</strong> specification (200 msec above) be <em>a</em>. Then the timestamp of the received message is <em>t</em> + <em>a</em>. The relationship between logical and physical times at the receiving end (the <code>p</code> federate), therefore, will depend on the relationship between <em>a</em> and <em>E</em> + <em>L</em>. If, for example, <em>E</em> + <em>L</em> > <em>a</em>, then federate <code>p</code> will lag behind physical time by at least <em>E</em> + <em>L</em> - <em>a</em>.</p>\n<p>Assume the RTI has granted a time advance to <em>t</em> to federate <code>s</code>. Hence, <code>s</code> is able to send a message with timestamp <em>t</em>. The RTI now cannot grant any time advance to <code>p</code> that is greater than or equal to <em>t</em> + <em>a</em> until the message has been delivered to <code>p</code>. In centralized coordination, all messages flow through the RTI, so the RTI will deliver a <strong>Tag Advance Grant</strong> (<strong>TAG</strong>) message to <code>p</code> only after it has delivered the message.</p>\n<p>If <em>a</em> > <em>E</em> + <em>L</em>, then the existence of this communication does not cause <code>p</code>’s logical time to lag behind physical time. This means that if we were to modify <code>p</code> to have a <strong>physical action</strong>, the RTI will be able to immediately grant a <strong>TAG</strong> to <code>p</code> to advance the timestamp of that physical action. However, if <em>a</em> &#x3C; <em>E</em> + <em>L</em>, then the RTI will delay granting a time advance to <code>p</code> by at least <em>E</em> + <em>L</em> - <em>a</em>. Hence, <em>E</em> + <em>L</em> - <em>a</em> represents an additional latency in the processing of physical actions! This latency could present a problem for meeting deadlines. For this reason, if there are physical actions or deadlines at a federate that receives network messages, it is desirable to have $after$ delays on the connection to that federate larger than any expected <em>E</em> + <em>L</em>. This way, there is no additional latency to processing physical actions at this federate and no additional risk of missing deadlines.</p>\n<p>If, in addition, the physical clocks on the hosts are allowed to drift with respect to one another, then <em>E</em> can grow without bound, and hence the lag between logical time and physical time in processing events can grow without bound. This is mitigated either by hosts that themselves realize some clock synchronization algorithm, such as <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol\">NTP</a> or <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol\">PTP</a>, or by utilizing Lingua Franca’s own built in <a href=\"#clock-synchronization\">clock synchronization</a>. If the federates lack physical actions and deadlines, however, then unsynchronized clocks present no semantic problem if you are using centralized coordination. However, because of logical time chases physical time, federates will slow to match the slowest clock of federates upstream of them.</p>\n<p>With centralized coordination, all messages (except those on <a href=\"#physical-connections\">physical connections</a>) go through the RTI. This can create a bottleneck and a single point of failure. To avoid this bottleneck, you can use decentralized coordination.</p>\n<h2 id=\"decentralized-coordination\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#decentralized-coordination\" aria-label=\"decentralized coordination permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Decentralized Coordination</h2>\n<p>The default coordination between mechanisms is <strong>centralized</strong>, equivalent to specifying the target property:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  coordination: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">centralized</span>\n</pre>\n<p>An alternative is <strong>decentralized</strong> coordination, which extends a technique realized in <a href=\"https://ptolemy.berkeley.edu/publications/papers/07/RTAS/\">PTIDES</a> and <a href=\"https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2491245\">Google Spanner</a>, a globally distributed database system:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  coordination: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">decentralized</span>\n</pre>\n<p>With decentralized coordination, the RTI coordinates startup, shutdown, and clock synchronization, but is otherwise not involved in the execution of the distributed program.</p>\n<p>In decentralized coordination, each federate and some reactions have a <strong>safe-to-process</strong> (<strong>STP</strong>) offset. When one federate communicates with another, it does so directly through a dedicated socket without going through the RTI. Moreover, it does not consult the RTI to advance logical time. Instead, it can advance its logical time to <em>t</em> when its physical clock matches or exceeds <em>t</em> + STP.</p>\n<p>By default, the STP is zero. An STP of zero is OK for any federate where either <em>every</em> logical connection into the federate has a sufficiently large $after$ clause, or the federate has only one upstream federate sending it messages and it has no local timers or actions. The value of the $after$ delay on each connection must exceed the sum of the <a href=\"#clock-synchronization\">clock synchronization</a> error <em>E</em>, a bound <em>L</em> on the network latency, and the time lag on the sender <em>D</em> (the physical time at which it sends the message minus the timestamp of the message). The sender’s time lag <em>D</em> can be enforced by using a $deadline$. For example:</p>\n<p>$start(DecentralizedTimerAfter)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  coordination</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">decentralized</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Federated.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">extends</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> Print {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Timer ticked at (</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">microstep</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">DecentralizedTimerAfter</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  coordination</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">decentralized</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Federated.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">extends</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> Print {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Timer ticked at </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">ts</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">DecentralizedTimerAfter</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">DecentralizedTimerAfter</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(DecentralizedTimerAfter)$</p>\n<p>This example inherits from the Federated example above.\nIn this example, as long as the messages from federate <code>c</code> arrive at federate <code>p</code> within 10 msec, all messages will be processed in tag order, as with an unfederated program.</p>\n<p>An alternative to the $after$ delays is to add an STP offset to downstream federates, as in the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(DecentralizedTimerSTP)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  coordination</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">decentralized</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Federated.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(STP_offset: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">extends</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> Print {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Timer ticked at (</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">microstep</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">DecentralizedTimerSTP</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  coordination</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">decentralized</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Federated.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(STP_offset </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">extends</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> Print {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Timer ticked at </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">ts</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">DecentralizedTimerSTP</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">DecentralizedTimerSTP</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(DecentralizedTimerSTP)$</p>\n<p>Here, a parameter named <code>STP_offset</code> (not case sensitive) gives a time value, and the federate waits this specified amount of time (physical time) beyond a logical time <em>t</em> before advancing its logical time to <em>t</em>. In the above example, reactions to the timer events will be delayed by the amount specified by the <code>STP_offset</code> parameter. Just as with the use of $after$, if the <code>STP_offset</code> exceeds the sum of network latency, clock synchronization error, and execution times, then all events will be processed in tag order.</p>\n<p>Of course, the assumptions about network latency, etc., can be violated in practice. Analogous to a deadline violation, Lingua Franca provides a mechanism for handling such a violation by providing an STP violation handler. The pattern is:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> User code</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">STP</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Error handling code</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>If the tag at which this reaction is to be invoked (the value returned by <code>lf_tag()</code>) exceeds the tag of an incoming message <code>in</code> (the current tag has already advanced beyond the intended tag of <code>in</code>), then the <code>STP</code> violation handler will be invoked instead of the normal reaction. Within the body of the STP handler, the code can access the intended tag of <code>in</code> using <code>in->intended_tag</code>, which has two fields, a timestamp <code>in->intended_tag.time</code> and a microstep <code>in->intended_tag.microstep</code>. The code can then ascertain the severity of the error and act accordingly. For example:</p>\n<p>$start(DecentralizedTimerAfterHandler)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  coordination</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">decentralized</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Federated.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> at (</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">microstep</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">STP</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">****** STP violation handler invoked at (</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">). </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Intended tag was (</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">intended_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_start</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">intended_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">microstep</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Timer ticked at (</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">microstep</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">DecentralizedTimerAfterHandler</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  coordination</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">decentralized</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Federated.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(inp) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">at (</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">STP</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">****** STP violation handler invoked at </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">). </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Intended tag was </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">intended_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">start</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">intended_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Timer ticked at </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">ts</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">DecentralizedTimerAfterHandler</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">DecentralizedTimerAfterHandler</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(DecentralizedTimerAfterHandler)$</p>\n<p>For more advanced users, the LF API provides two functions that can be used to dynamically adjust the STP:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-c\"><span class=\"source-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">interval_t</span><span class=\"source-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c entity-name-function-c\">lf_get_stp_offset</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">void</span><span class=\"source-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c entity-name-function-c\">lf_set_stp_offset</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">interval_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c variable-parameter-probably-c\">offset</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Using these functions, however, is a pretty advanced operation.</p>\n<h2 id=\"physical-connections\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#physical-connections\" aria-label=\"physical connections permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Physical Connections</h2>\n<p>Coordinating the execution of the federates so that timestamps are preserved is tricky. If your application does not require the deterministic execution that results from preserving the timestamps, then you can alternatively specify a <strong>physical connection</strong> as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">source</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">~&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The tilde specifies that the timestamp of the sender should be discarded. A new timestamp will be assigned at the receiving end based on the local physical clock, much like a <strong>physical action</strong>. To distinguish it from a physical connection, the normal connection is called a <strong>logical connection</strong>.</p>\n<p>There are a number of subtleties with physical connections. One is that if you specify an <code>after</code> clause, for example like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">~&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>then what does this mean? At the receiving end, the timestamp assigned to the incoming event will be the current physical time plus 10 msec.</p>\n<h2 id=\"prerequisites-for-distributed-execution\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#prerequisites-for-distributed-execution\" aria-label=\"prerequisites for distributed execution permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Prerequisites for Distributed Execution</h2>\n<p>In the above example, all of the generated programs expect to run on localhost. This is the default. With these defaults, every federate has to run on the same machine as the RTI because localhost is not a host that is visible from other machines on the network. In order to run federates or the RTI on remote machines, you can specify a domain name or IP address for the RTI and/or federates.</p>\n<p>In order for a federated execution to work, there is some setup required on the machines to be used. First, each machine must be running on <code>ssh</code> server. On a Linux machine, this is typically done with a command like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">  </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">sudo</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">systemctl</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">start</span><span class=\"source-shell keyword-operator-pipe-shell\">|</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">enable&gt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">ssh.service</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Enable means to always start the service at startup, whereas start means to just start it this once. On macOS, open System Preferences from the Apple menu and click on the “Sharing” preference panel. Select the checkbox next to “Remote Login” to enable it.</p>\n<p>It will also be much more convenient if the launcher does not have to enter passwords to gain access to the remote machine. This can be accomplished by installing your public key (typically found in <code>~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub</code>) in <code>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</code> on the remote host.</p>\n<p>Second, the RTI must be installed on the remote machine. See <a href=\"#installation-of-the-rti\">instructions for installation the RTI</a>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"specifying-rti-hosts\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#specifying-rti-hosts\" aria-label=\"specifying rti hosts permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Specifying RTI Hosts</h2>\n<p>You can specify a domain name on which the RTI should run as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">DistributedCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">at</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">www</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">example</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">com</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>You can alternatively specify an IP address (either IPv4 or IPv6):</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">DistributedCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">at</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">10.0</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">.0</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">.198</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> { </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> }</span>\n</pre>\n<p>By default, the RTI starts a socket server on port 15045, if that port is available, and increments the port number by 1 until it finds an available port. The number of increments is limited by a target-specific number. In the C target, in rti.h, STARTING_PORT defines the number 15045 and PORT_RANGE_LIMIT limits the range of ports attempted (currently 1024).</p>\n<p>You can also specify a port for the RTI to use as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">DistributedCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">at</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">10.0</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">.0</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">.198</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">8080</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> { </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> }</span>\n</pre>\n<p>If you specify a specific port, then it will use that port if it is available and fail otherwise. The above changes this to port 8080.</p>\n<p>Note that if the machine uses DHCP to obtain its address, then the generated code may not work in the future since the address of the machine may change in the future.</p>\n<p>Address 0.0.0.0: The default host, <code>localhost</code> is used if no address is specified. Using <code>localhost</code> requires that the generated federates run on the local machine. This is ideal for testing. If you use <code>0.0.0.0</code>, then you are also specifying that the local machine (the one performing the code generation) will be the host, but now the process(es) running on this local machine can establish connections with processes on remote machines. The code generator will determine the IP address of the local machine, and any other hosts that need to communicate with reactors on the local host will use the current IP address of that local host at the time of code generation.</p>\n<h2 id=\"specifying-federate-hosts\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#specifying-federate-hosts\" aria-label=\"specifying federate hosts permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Specifying Federate Hosts</h2>\n<p>A federate may be mapped to a particular remote machine using a syntax like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">() </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">at</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> user</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">@</span><span class=\"source-lf\">host:port</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">path;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>port</code> is ignored in <strong>centralized</strong> mode because all communication is routed through the RTI, but in <strong>decentralized</strong> mode it will specify the port on which a socket server listens for incoming connections from other federates.</p>\n<p>If any federate has such a remote designator, then a <code>Federation_distribute.sh</code> shell script will be generated. This script will distribute the generated code for the RTI to the remote machine at the specified directory.</p>\n<p>You can also specify a user name on the remote machine for cases where the username will not match whoever launches the federation:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">DistributedCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">at</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> user</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">@</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">10.0</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">.0</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">.198</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">8080</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> { </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> }</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The general form of the host designation is</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">DistributedCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">at</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> user</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">@</span><span class=\"source-lf\">host:port</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">path { </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> }</span>\n</pre>\n<p>where <code>user@</code>, <code>:port</code>, and <code>/path</code> are all optional. The <code>path</code> specifies the directory on the remote machine (relative to the home directory of the user) where the generated code will be put. The <code>host</code> should be an IPv4 address (e.g. <code>93.184.216.34</code>), IPv6 address (e.g. <code>2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946</code>), or a domain name (e.g. <code>www.example.com</code>). It can also be <code>localhost</code> or <code>0.0.0.0</code>. The host can be remote as long as it is accessible from the machine where the programs will be started.</p>\n<p>If <code>user@</code> is not given, then it is assumed that the username on the remote host is the same as on the machine that launches the programs. If <code>:port</code> is not given, then it defaults to port 15045. If <code>/path</code> is not given, then <code>~user/LinguaFrancaRemote</code> will be the root directory on the remote machine.</p>\n<h2 id=\"clock-synchronization\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#clock-synchronization\" aria-label=\"clock synchronization permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Clock Synchronization</h2>\n<p>Both centralized and decentralized coordination have some reliance on clock synchronization. First, the RTI determines the start time of all federates, and the actually physical start time will differ by the extent that their physical clocks differ. This is particularly problematic if clocks differ by hours or more, which is certainly possible. If the hosts on which you are running run a clock synchronization algorithm, such as <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol\">NTP</a> or <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol\">PTP</a>, then you may not need to be concerned about this at all. Windows, Mac, and most versions of Linux, by default, run NTP, which synchronizes their clocks to some remote host. NTP is not particularly precise, however, so clock synchronization error can be hundreds of milliseconds or larger. PTP protocols are much more precise, so if your hosts derive their physical clocks from a PTP implementation, then you probably don’t need to do anything further. Unfortunately, as of this writing, even though almost all networking hardware provides support for PTP, few operating systems utilize it. We expect this to change when people have finally understood the value of precise clock synchronization.</p>\n<p>If your host is not running any clock synchronization, or if it is running only NTP and your application needs tighter latencies, then Lingua Franca’s own built-in clock synchronization may provide better precision, depending on your network conditions. Like NTP, it realizes a software-only protocol, which are much less precise than hardware-supported protocols such as PTP, but if your hosts are on the same local area network, then network conditions may be such that the performance of LF clock synchronization will be much better than NTP. If your network is equipped with PTP, you will want to disable the clock synchronization in Lingua Franca by specifying in your target properties the following:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  clock</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">sync: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">off</span>\n</pre>\n<p>When a federation is mapped onto multiple machines, then, by default, any federate mapped to a machine that is not the one running the RTI will attempt during startup to synchronize its clock with the one on the machine running the RTI. The determination of whether the federate is running on the same machine is determined by comparing the string that comes after the <code>at</code> clause between the federate and the RTI. If they differ at all, then they will be treated as if the federate is running on a different machine even if it is actually running on the same machine. This default behavior can be obtained by either specifying nothing in the target properties or saying:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  clock</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">sync: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">initial</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This results in clock synchronization being done during startup only. To account for the possibility of your clocks drifting during execution of the program, you can alternatively specify:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  clock</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">sync: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">on</span>\n</pre>\n<p>With this specification, in addition to synchronization during startup, synchronization will be redone periodically during program execution.</p>\n<h3 id=\"clock-synchronization-options\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#clock-synchronization-options\" aria-label=\"clock synchronization options permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Clock Synchronization Options</h3>\n<p>A number of options can be specified using the <code>clock-sync-options</code> target parameter. For example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  clock</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">sync</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">options: {local</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">federates</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">on: </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, test</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">offset: </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The supported options are:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><code>local-federates-on</code>: Should be <code>true</code> or <code>false</code>. By default, if a federate is mapped to the same host as the RTI (using the <code>at</code> keyword), then clock synchronization is turned off. This assumes that the federate will be using the same clock as the RTI, so there is no point in performing clock synchronization. However, sometimes it is useful to force clock synchronization to be run even in this case, for example to test the performance of clock synchronization. To force clock synchronization on in this case, set this option to <code>true</code>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><code>test-offset</code>: The value should be a time value with units, e.g. <code>200 msec</code>. This will establish an artificial fixed offset for each federate’s clock of one plus the federate ID times the time value given. For example, with the value <code>200 msec</code>, a fixed offset of 200 milliseconds will be set on the clock for federate 0, 400 msec on the clock of federate 1, etc.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><code>period</code>: A time value (with units) that specifies how often runtime clock synchronization will be performed if it is turned on. The default is <code>5 msec</code>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><code>attenuation</code>: A positive integer specifying a divisor applied to the estimated clock error during runtime clock synchronization when adjusting the clock offset. The default is <code>10</code>. Making this number bigger reduces each adjustment to the clock. Making the number equal to <code>1</code> means that each round of clock synchronization fully applies its estimated clock synchronization error.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><code>trials</code>: The number of rounds of message exchange with the RTI in each clock synchronization round. This defaults to <code>10</code>.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Installation of the RTI","depth":2},{"value":"Minimal Example","depth":2},{"value":"Federation ID","depth":2},{"value":"Coordinated Start","depth":2},{"value":"Coordinated Shutdown","depth":2},{"value":"Communication Between Federates","depth":2},{"value":"Centralized Coordination","depth":2},{"value":"Decentralized Coordination","depth":2},{"value":"Physical Connections","depth":2},{"value":"Prerequisites for Distributed Execution","depth":2},{"value":"Specifying RTI Hosts","depth":2},{"value":"Specifying Federate Hosts","depth":2},{"value":"Clock Synchronization","depth":2},{"value":"Clock Synchronization Options","depth":3}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/distributed-execution","title":"Distributed Execution","oneline":"Distributed Execution (preliminary)","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Preambles","oneline":"Defining preambles in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/preambles"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Termination","oneline":"Terminating a Lingua Franca execution.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/termination"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-distributed-execution","slug":"/docs/handbook/distributed-execution","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Distributed Execution.md","previousID":"9a30806d-026c-55f7-a21f-a5bf6d94d611","nextID":"372ff808-8688-5724-8b3f-a22779c110cf","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.631Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/distributed-execution","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"01e8e05d-d3c6-5a55-a16a-4c1baf83a83c","excerpt":"Federated execution is not supported in $target-language$. $page-showing-target$ NOTE: Distributed execution of Lingua Franca programs is at an early stage of…","html":"<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-rs\">\n<p><strong>Federated execution is not supported in $target-language$.</strong></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py lf-ts\">\n<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> Distributed execution of Lingua Franca programs is at an early stage of development with many missing capabilities and a rather brittle execution. It is ready for experimentation, but not yet for deployment of serious systems. The capability has been tested on macOS and Linux, and there are no plans currently to support Windows systems.</p>\n<p>A distributed Lingua Franca program is called a <strong>federation</strong>. Each reactor within the main reactor is called a <strong>federate</strong>. The LF compiler generates a separate program for each federate and synthesizes the code for the federates to communicate. The federates can be distributed across networks and eventually will be able to be written in different target languages, although this is not yet supported.</p>\n<p>In addition to the federates, there is a program called the <strong>RTI</strong>, for <strong>runtime infrastructure</strong>, that coordinates startup and shutdown and may, if the coordination is centralized, mediate communication. The RTI needs to be compiled and installed separately on the system before any federation can execute.</p>\n<p>It is possible to encapsulate federates in Docker containers for deployment.\nSee <a href=\"/docs/handbook/containerized-execution\">containerized execution</a>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"installation-of-the-rti\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#installation-of-the-rti\" aria-label=\"installation of the rti permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Installation of the RTI</h2>\n<p>Federated execution requires installation of a separate stand-alone program called the Runtime Infrastructure or <strong>RTI</strong>. At the current time, the only way to install this is from source files:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-shell\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">git</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">clone</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-c.git</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">reactor-c/core/federated/RTI/</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">mkdir</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">build</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell punctuation-separator-statement-and-shell\">&amp;&amp;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">build</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">cmake</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">../</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">make</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">sudo</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">make</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">install</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The above will create a program called <code>RTI</code> and install it at <code>/usr/local/bin/RTI</code>. Once this program is available in your path, you can compile and execute federated Lingua Franca programs using <a href=\"/download\">Epoch, VS Code, or the command-line tools</a>. For more details, see the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-c/blob/main/core/federated/RTI/README.md\">README file</a>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"minimal-example\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#minimal-example\" aria-label=\"minimal example permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Minimal Example</h2>\n<p>A minimal federated execution is specified by using the $federated$ keyword instead of $main$ for the main federate. An example is given below:</p>\n<p>$start(Federated)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> at (</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">microstep</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Federated</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(inp) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">at (</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// FIXME: This should work with timeout: 0 msec.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">string</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Hello World!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">string</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(inp) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Federated</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Federated)$</p>\n<p>The $federated$ keyword tells the code generator that the program is to be split into several distinct programs, one for each top level reactor.</p>\n<p>When you run the code generator on <code>src/Federated.lf</code> containing the above code, the following three programs will appear:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">bin/Federated\nbin/Federated_s\nbin/Federated_d</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">bin/Federated\nsrc-gen/Federated/s/Federated_s.py\nsrc-gen/Federated/d/Federated_d.py</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">bin/Federated\nsrc-gen/dist/Federated/Federated_s.js\nsrc-gen/dist/Federated/Federated_d.js</pre>\n</div>\n<p>The root name, <code>Federated</code>, is the name of the .lf file from which these are generated (and the name of the main reactor, which is required to match if it is specified). The suffixes “_s” and “_d” come from the names of the top-level instances. There will always be one federate for each top-level reactor instance.</p>\n<p>To run the program, you can simply run <code>bin/Federated</code>, which is a <code>bash</code> script that launches the RTI and two other programs, <code>Federated_s</code> and <code>Federated_d</code>.\nAlternatively, you can manually execute the RTI followed by the two federate programs by starting them on the command line. It is best to use three separate terminal windows (so that outputs from the three programs do not get jumbled together) to execute the following commands:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">RTI</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">n</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">2</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">bin/Federated_s</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">bin/Federated_d</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">RTI</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">n</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">2</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">python3</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src-gen/Federated/s/Federated_s.py</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">python3</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src-gen/Federated/d/Federated_d.py</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">RTI</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">n</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">2</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">node</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src-gen/Federated/dist/Federated_s.js</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">node</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src-gen/Federated/dist/Federated_d.js</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<p>The <code>-n</code> argument to the <code>RTI</code> specifies that there it should expect two federates to join the federation.</p>\n<p>Upon running the program, you will see information printed about the starting and ending of the federation, and buried in the output will be this line:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Federate 1: Received: Hello World!</pre>\n<p>The prefix <code>Federate 1</code> is automatically added by the built-in <code>lf_print</code> function to help disambiguate the outputs from multiple concurrent federates.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Received: Hello World!</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Received: Hello World!</pre>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"federation-id\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#federation-id\" aria-label=\"federation id permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Federation ID</h2>\n<p>You may have several federations running on the same machine(s) or even several instances of the same federation. In this case, it is necessary to distinguish between the federations. To accomplish this, you can pass a <code>-i</code> or <code>--id</code> parameter to the RTI and its federates with an identifier that is unique to the particular federation. For example,</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">RTI</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">n</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">2</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">i</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">myFederation</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">bin/Federated_s</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">i</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">myFederation</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">bin/Federated_d</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">i</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">myFederation</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">RTI</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">n</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">2</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">i</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">myFederation</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">python3</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src-gen/Federated/s/Federated_s.py</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">i</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">myFederation</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">python3</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src-gen/Federated/d/Federated_d.py</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">i</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">myFederation</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">RTI</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">n</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">2</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">i</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">myFederation</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">node</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src-gen/Federated/dist/Federated_s.js</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">i</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">myFederation</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">node</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src-gen/Federated/dist/Federated_d.js</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">i</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">myFederation</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<p>Each federate must have the same ID as the RTI in order to join the federation.\nThe <code>bash</code> script that executes each of the components of the federation automatically generates a unique federation ID each time you run it.</p>\n<h2 id=\"coordinated-start\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#coordinated-start\" aria-label=\"coordinated start permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Coordinated Start</h2>\n<p>When the above programs execute, each federate registers with the RTI. When all expected federates have registered, the RTI broadcasts to the federates the logical time at which they should start execution. Hence, all federates start at the same logical time.</p>\n<p>The starting logical time is determined as follows. When each federate starts executing, it sends its current physical time (drawn from its real-time clock) to the RTI. When the RTI has heard from all the federates, it chooses the largest of these physical times, adds a fixed offset (currently one second), and broadcasts the resulting time to each federate.</p>\n<p>When a federate receives the starting time from the RTI, if it is running in realtime mode (the default), then it will wait until its local physical clock matches or exceeds that starting time. Thus, to the extent that the machines have <a href=\"#clock-synchronization\">synchronized clocks</a>, the federates will all start executing at roughly the same physical time, a physical time close to the starting logical time.</p>\n<h2 id=\"coordinated-shutdown\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#coordinated-shutdown\" aria-label=\"coordinated shutdown permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Coordinated Shutdown</h2>\n<p>Coordinating the shutdown of a distributed program is discussed in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/termination\">Termination</a>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"communication-between-federates\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#communication-between-federates\" aria-label=\"communication between federates permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Communication Between Federates</h2>\n<p>When one federate sends data to another, by default, the timestamp at the receiver will match the timestamp at the sender. You can also specify a logical delay on the communication using the <strong>after</strong> keyword. For example, if we had instead specified</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>then the timestamp at the receiving end will be incremented by 200 msec compared to the timestamp at the sender.</p>\n<p>The preservation of timestamps across federates implies some constraints (unless you use <a href=\"#physical-connections\">physical connections</a>). How these constraints are managed depends on whether you choose <strong>centralized</strong> or <strong>decentralized</strong> coordination.</p>\n<h2 id=\"centralized-coordination\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#centralized-coordination\" aria-label=\"centralized coordination permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Centralized Coordination</h2>\n<p>In the <strong>centralized</strong> mode of coordination (the default), the RTI regulates the advancement of time in each of the federates in order to ensure that the logical time semantics of Lingua Franca is respected. If the <code>p</code> federate above has an event with timestamp <em>t</em> that it wants to react to (it is the earliest event in its event queue), then it needs to get the OK from the RTI to advance its logical time to <em>t</em>. The RTI grants this time advance only when it can assure that <code>p</code> has received all messages that it will ever receive with timestamps <em>t</em> or less.</p>\n<p>First, note that, by default, logical time on each federate never advances ahead of physical time, as reported by its local physical clock. Consider the consequences for the above connection. Suppose the timestamp of the message sent by <code>s</code> is <em>t</em>. This message cannot be sent before the local clock at <code>s</code> reaches <em>t</em> and also cannot be sent before the RTI grants to <code>s</code> a time advance to <em>t</em>. Since <code>s</code> has no federates upstream of it, the RTI will always grant it such a time advance (in fact, it does not even wait for a response from the RTI).</p>\n<p>Suppose that the communication latency is <em>L</em>. That is, it takes <em>L</em> time units (in physical time) for a message to traverse the network. Then the <code>p</code> federate will not see the message from <code>s</code> before physical time <em>t</em> + <em>L</em>, where this physical time is measured by the physical clock on <code>s</code>’s host. If that clock differs from the clock on <code>p</code>’s host by <em>E</em>, then <code>p</code> will see the message at physical time <em>t</em> + <em>E</em> + <em>L</em>, as measured by its own clock. Let the value of the <strong>after</strong> specification (200 msec above) be <em>a</em>. Then the timestamp of the received message is <em>t</em> + <em>a</em>. The relationship between logical and physical times at the receiving end (the <code>p</code> federate), therefore, will depend on the relationship between <em>a</em> and <em>E</em> + <em>L</em>. If, for example, <em>E</em> + <em>L</em> > <em>a</em>, then federate <code>p</code> will lag behind physical time by at least <em>E</em> + <em>L</em> - <em>a</em>.</p>\n<p>Assume the RTI has granted a time advance to <em>t</em> to federate <code>s</code>. Hence, <code>s</code> is able to send a message with timestamp <em>t</em>. The RTI now cannot grant any time advance to <code>p</code> that is greater than or equal to <em>t</em> + <em>a</em> until the message has been delivered to <code>p</code>. In centralized coordination, all messages flow through the RTI, so the RTI will deliver a <strong>Tag Advance Grant</strong> (<strong>TAG</strong>) message to <code>p</code> only after it has delivered the message.</p>\n<p>If <em>a</em> > <em>E</em> + <em>L</em>, then the existence of this communication does not cause <code>p</code>’s logical time to lag behind physical time. This means that if we were to modify <code>p</code> to have a <strong>physical action</strong>, the RTI will be able to immediately grant a <strong>TAG</strong> to <code>p</code> to advance the timestamp of that physical action. However, if <em>a</em> &#x3C; <em>E</em> + <em>L</em>, then the RTI will delay granting a time advance to <code>p</code> by at least <em>E</em> + <em>L</em> - <em>a</em>. Hence, <em>E</em> + <em>L</em> - <em>a</em> represents an additional latency in the processing of physical actions! This latency could present a problem for meeting deadlines. For this reason, if there are physical actions or deadlines at a federate that receives network messages, it is desirable to have $after$ delays on the connection to that federate larger than any expected <em>E</em> + <em>L</em>. This way, there is no additional latency to processing physical actions at this federate and no additional risk of missing deadlines.</p>\n<p>If, in addition, the physical clocks on the hosts are allowed to drift with respect to one another, then <em>E</em> can grow without bound, and hence the lag between logical time and physical time in processing events can grow without bound. This is mitigated either by hosts that themselves realize some clock synchronization algorithm, such as <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol\">NTP</a> or <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol\">PTP</a>, or by utilizing Lingua Franca’s own built in <a href=\"#clock-synchronization\">clock synchronization</a>. If the federates lack physical actions and deadlines, however, then unsynchronized clocks present no semantic problem if you are using centralized coordination. However, because of logical time chases physical time, federates will slow to match the slowest clock of federates upstream of them.</p>\n<p>With centralized coordination, all messages (except those on <a href=\"#physical-connections\">physical connections</a>) go through the RTI. This can create a bottleneck and a single point of failure. To avoid this bottleneck, you can use decentralized coordination.</p>\n<h2 id=\"decentralized-coordination\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#decentralized-coordination\" aria-label=\"decentralized coordination permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Decentralized Coordination</h2>\n<p>The default coordination between mechanisms is <strong>centralized</strong>, equivalent to specifying the target property:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  coordination: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">centralized</span>\n</pre>\n<p>An alternative is <strong>decentralized</strong> coordination, which extends a technique realized in <a href=\"https://ptolemy.berkeley.edu/publications/papers/07/RTAS/\">PTIDES</a> and <a href=\"https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2491245\">Google Spanner</a>, a globally distributed database system:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  coordination: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">decentralized</span>\n</pre>\n<p>With decentralized coordination, the RTI coordinates startup, shutdown, and clock synchronization, but is otherwise not involved in the execution of the distributed program.</p>\n<p>In decentralized coordination, each federate and some reactions have a <strong>safe-to-process</strong> (<strong>STP</strong>) offset. When one federate communicates with another, it does so directly through a dedicated socket without going through the RTI. Moreover, it does not consult the RTI to advance logical time. Instead, it can advance its logical time to <em>t</em> when its physical clock matches or exceeds <em>t</em> + STP.</p>\n<p>By default, the STP is zero. An STP of zero is OK for any federate where either <em>every</em> logical connection into the federate has a sufficiently large $after$ clause, or the federate has only one upstream federate sending it messages and it has no local timers or actions. The value of the $after$ delay on each connection must exceed the sum of the <a href=\"#clock-synchronization\">clock synchronization</a> error <em>E</em>, a bound <em>L</em> on the network latency, and the time lag on the sender <em>D</em> (the physical time at which it sends the message minus the timestamp of the message). The sender’s time lag <em>D</em> can be enforced by using a $deadline$. For example:</p>\n<p>$start(DecentralizedTimerAfter)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  coordination</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">decentralized</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Federated.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">extends</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> Print {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Timer ticked at (</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">microstep</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">DecentralizedTimerAfter</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  coordination</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">decentralized</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Federated.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">extends</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> Print {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Timer ticked at </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">ts</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">DecentralizedTimerAfter</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">DecentralizedTimerAfter</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(DecentralizedTimerAfter)$</p>\n<p>This example inherits from the Federated example above.\nIn this example, as long as the messages from federate <code>c</code> arrive at federate <code>p</code> within 10 msec, all messages will be processed in tag order, as with an unfederated program.</p>\n<p>An alternative to the $after$ delays is to add an STP offset to downstream federates, as in the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(DecentralizedTimerSTP)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  coordination</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">decentralized</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Federated.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(STP_offset: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">extends</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> Print {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Timer ticked at (</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">microstep</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">DecentralizedTimerSTP</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  coordination</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">decentralized</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Federated.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(STP_offset </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">extends</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> Print {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Timer ticked at </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">ts</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">DecentralizedTimerSTP</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">DecentralizedTimerSTP</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(DecentralizedTimerSTP)$</p>\n<p>Here, a parameter named <code>STP_offset</code> (not case sensitive) gives a time value, and the federate waits this specified amount of time (physical time) beyond a logical time <em>t</em> before advancing its logical time to <em>t</em>. In the above example, reactions to the timer events will be delayed by the amount specified by the <code>STP_offset</code> parameter. Just as with the use of $after$, if the <code>STP_offset</code> exceeds the sum of network latency, clock synchronization error, and execution times, then all events will be processed in tag order.</p>\n<p>Of course, the assumptions about network latency, etc., can be violated in practice. Analogous to a deadline violation, Lingua Franca provides a mechanism for handling such a violation by providing an STP violation handler. The pattern is:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> User code</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">STP</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Error handling code</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>If the tag at which this reaction is to be invoked (the value returned by <code>lf_tag()</code>) exceeds the tag of an incoming message <code>in</code> (the current tag has already advanced beyond the intended tag of <code>in</code>), then the <code>STP</code> violation handler will be invoked instead of the normal reaction. Within the body of the STP handler, the code can access the intended tag of <code>in</code> using <code>in->intended_tag</code>, which has two fields, a timestamp <code>in->intended_tag.time</code> and a microstep <code>in->intended_tag.microstep</code>. The code can then ascertain the severity of the error and act accordingly. For example:</p>\n<p>$start(DecentralizedTimerAfterHandler)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  coordination</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">decentralized</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Federated.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> at (</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">microstep</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">STP</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">****** STP violation handler invoked at (</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">). </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Intended tag was (</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">intended_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_start</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">intended_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">microstep</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Timer ticked at (</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">microstep</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">DecentralizedTimerAfterHandler</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  coordination</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">decentralized</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Federated.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(inp) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">at (</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">STP</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">****** STP violation handler invoked at </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">). </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Intended tag was </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">intended_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">start</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">intended_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Timer ticked at </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">PrintTimer</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">ts</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">DecentralizedTimerAfterHandler</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">DecentralizedTimerAfterHandler</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(DecentralizedTimerAfterHandler)$</p>\n<p>For more advanced users, the LF API provides two functions that can be used to dynamically adjust the STP:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-c\"><span class=\"source-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">interval_t</span><span class=\"source-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c entity-name-function-c\">lf_get_stp_offset</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">void</span><span class=\"source-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c entity-name-function-c\">lf_set_stp_offset</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">interval_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c variable-parameter-probably-c\">offset</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Using these functions, however, is a pretty advanced operation.</p>\n<h2 id=\"physical-connections\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#physical-connections\" aria-label=\"physical connections permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Physical Connections</h2>\n<p>Coordinating the execution of the federates so that timestamps are preserved is tricky. If your application does not require the deterministic execution that results from preserving the timestamps, then you can alternatively specify a <strong>physical connection</strong> as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">source</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">~&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The tilde specifies that the timestamp of the sender should be discarded. A new timestamp will be assigned at the receiving end based on the local physical clock, much like a <strong>physical action</strong>. To distinguish it from a physical connection, the normal connection is called a <strong>logical connection</strong>.</p>\n<p>There are a number of subtleties with physical connections. One is that if you specify an <code>after</code> clause, for example like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">~&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>then what does this mean? At the receiving end, the timestamp assigned to the incoming event will be the current physical time plus 10 msec.</p>\n<h2 id=\"prerequisites-for-distributed-execution\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#prerequisites-for-distributed-execution\" aria-label=\"prerequisites for distributed execution permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Prerequisites for Distributed Execution</h2>\n<p>In the above example, all of the generated programs expect to run on localhost. This is the default. With these defaults, every federate has to run on the same machine as the RTI because localhost is not a host that is visible from other machines on the network. In order to run federates or the RTI on remote machines, you can specify a domain name or IP address for the RTI and/or federates.</p>\n<p>In order for a federated execution to work, there is some setup required on the machines to be used. First, each machine must be running on <code>ssh</code> server. On a Linux machine, this is typically done with a command like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">  </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">sudo</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">systemctl</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">start</span><span class=\"source-shell keyword-operator-pipe-shell\">|</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">enable&gt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">ssh.service</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Enable means to always start the service at startup, whereas start means to just start it this once. On macOS, open System Preferences from the Apple menu and click on the “Sharing” preference panel. Select the checkbox next to “Remote Login” to enable it.</p>\n<p>It will also be much more convenient if the launcher does not have to enter passwords to gain access to the remote machine. This can be accomplished by installing your public key (typically found in <code>~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub</code>) in <code>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</code> on the remote host.</p>\n<p>Second, the RTI must be installed on the remote machine. See <a href=\"#installation-of-the-rti\">instructions for installation the RTI</a>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"specifying-rti-hosts\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#specifying-rti-hosts\" aria-label=\"specifying rti hosts permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Specifying RTI Hosts</h2>\n<p>You can specify a domain name on which the RTI should run as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">DistributedCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">at</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">www</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">example</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">com</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>You can alternatively specify an IP address (either IPv4 or IPv6):</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">DistributedCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">at</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">10.0</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">.0</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">.198</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> { </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> }</span>\n</pre>\n<p>By default, the RTI starts a socket server on port 15045, if that port is available, and increments the port number by 1 until it finds an available port. The number of increments is limited by a target-specific number. In the C target, in rti.h, STARTING_PORT defines the number 15045 and PORT_RANGE_LIMIT limits the range of ports attempted (currently 1024).</p>\n<p>You can also specify a port for the RTI to use as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">DistributedCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">at</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">10.0</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">.0</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">.198</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">8080</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> { </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> }</span>\n</pre>\n<p>If you specify a specific port, then it will use that port if it is available and fail otherwise. The above changes this to port 8080.</p>\n<p>Note that if the machine uses DHCP to obtain its address, then the generated code may not work in the future since the address of the machine may change in the future.</p>\n<p>Address 0.0.0.0: The default host, <code>localhost</code> is used if no address is specified. Using <code>localhost</code> requires that the generated federates run on the local machine. This is ideal for testing. If you use <code>0.0.0.0</code>, then you are also specifying that the local machine (the one performing the code generation) will be the host, but now the process(es) running on this local machine can establish connections with processes on remote machines. The code generator will determine the IP address of the local machine, and any other hosts that need to communicate with reactors on the local host will use the current IP address of that local host at the time of code generation.</p>\n<h2 id=\"specifying-federate-hosts\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#specifying-federate-hosts\" aria-label=\"specifying federate hosts permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Specifying Federate Hosts</h2>\n<p>A federate may be mapped to a particular remote machine using a syntax like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">() </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">at</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> user</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">@</span><span class=\"source-lf\">host:port</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">path;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>port</code> is ignored in <strong>centralized</strong> mode because all communication is routed through the RTI, but in <strong>decentralized</strong> mode it will specify the port on which a socket server listens for incoming connections from other federates.</p>\n<p>If any federate has such a remote designator, then a <code>Federation_distribute.sh</code> shell script will be generated. This script will distribute the generated code for the RTI to the remote machine at the specified directory.</p>\n<p>You can also specify a user name on the remote machine for cases where the username will not match whoever launches the federation:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">DistributedCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">at</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> user</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">@</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">10.0</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">.0</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">.198</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">8080</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> { </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> }</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The general form of the host designation is</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">federated</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">DistributedCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">at</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> user</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">@</span><span class=\"source-lf\">host:port</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">path { </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> }</span>\n</pre>\n<p>where <code>user@</code>, <code>:port</code>, and <code>/path</code> are all optional. The <code>path</code> specifies the directory on the remote machine (relative to the home directory of the user) where the generated code will be put. The <code>host</code> should be an IPv4 address (e.g. <code>93.184.216.34</code>), IPv6 address (e.g. <code>2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946</code>), or a domain name (e.g. <code>www.example.com</code>). It can also be <code>localhost</code> or <code>0.0.0.0</code>. The host can be remote as long as it is accessible from the machine where the programs will be started.</p>\n<p>If <code>user@</code> is not given, then it is assumed that the username on the remote host is the same as on the machine that launches the programs. If <code>:port</code> is not given, then it defaults to port 15045. If <code>/path</code> is not given, then <code>~user/LinguaFrancaRemote</code> will be the root directory on the remote machine.</p>\n<h2 id=\"clock-synchronization\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#clock-synchronization\" aria-label=\"clock synchronization permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Clock Synchronization</h2>\n<p>Both centralized and decentralized coordination have some reliance on clock synchronization. First, the RTI determines the start time of all federates, and the actually physical start time will differ by the extent that their physical clocks differ. This is particularly problematic if clocks differ by hours or more, which is certainly possible. If the hosts on which you are running run a clock synchronization algorithm, such as <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol\">NTP</a> or <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol\">PTP</a>, then you may not need to be concerned about this at all. Windows, Mac, and most versions of Linux, by default, run NTP, which synchronizes their clocks to some remote host. NTP is not particularly precise, however, so clock synchronization error can be hundreds of milliseconds or larger. PTP protocols are much more precise, so if your hosts derive their physical clocks from a PTP implementation, then you probably don’t need to do anything further. Unfortunately, as of this writing, even though almost all networking hardware provides support for PTP, few operating systems utilize it. We expect this to change when people have finally understood the value of precise clock synchronization.</p>\n<p>If your host is not running any clock synchronization, or if it is running only NTP and your application needs tighter latencies, then Lingua Franca’s own built-in clock synchronization may provide better precision, depending on your network conditions. Like NTP, it realizes a software-only protocol, which are much less precise than hardware-supported protocols such as PTP, but if your hosts are on the same local area network, then network conditions may be such that the performance of LF clock synchronization will be much better than NTP. If your network is equipped with PTP, you will want to disable the clock synchronization in Lingua Franca by specifying in your target properties the following:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  clock</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">sync: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">off</span>\n</pre>\n<p>When a federation is mapped onto multiple machines, then, by default, any federate mapped to a machine that is not the one running the RTI will attempt during startup to synchronize its clock with the one on the machine running the RTI. The determination of whether the federate is running on the same machine is determined by comparing the string that comes after the <code>at</code> clause between the federate and the RTI. If they differ at all, then they will be treated as if the federate is running on a different machine even if it is actually running on the same machine. This default behavior can be obtained by either specifying nothing in the target properties or saying:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  clock</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">sync: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">initial</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This results in clock synchronization being done during startup only. To account for the possibility of your clocks drifting during execution of the program, you can alternatively specify:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  clock</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">sync: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">on</span>\n</pre>\n<p>With this specification, in addition to synchronization during startup, synchronization will be redone periodically during program execution.</p>\n<h3 id=\"clock-synchronization-options\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#clock-synchronization-options\" aria-label=\"clock synchronization options permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Clock Synchronization Options</h3>\n<p>A number of options can be specified using the <code>clock-sync-options</code> target parameter. For example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  clock</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">sync</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">options: {local</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">federates</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">on: </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, test</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">offset: </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The supported options are:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><code>local-federates-on</code>: Should be <code>true</code> or <code>false</code>. By default, if a federate is mapped to the same host as the RTI (using the <code>at</code> keyword), then clock synchronization is turned off. This assumes that the federate will be using the same clock as the RTI, so there is no point in performing clock synchronization. However, sometimes it is useful to force clock synchronization to be run even in this case, for example to test the performance of clock synchronization. To force clock synchronization on in this case, set this option to <code>true</code>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><code>test-offset</code>: The value should be a time value with units, e.g. <code>200 msec</code>. This will establish an artificial fixed offset for each federate’s clock of one plus the federate ID times the time value given. For example, with the value <code>200 msec</code>, a fixed offset of 200 milliseconds will be set on the clock for federate 0, 400 msec on the clock of federate 1, etc.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><code>period</code>: A time value (with units) that specifies how often runtime clock synchronization will be performed if it is turned on. The default is <code>5 msec</code>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><code>attenuation</code>: A positive integer specifying a divisor applied to the estimated clock error during runtime clock synchronization when adjusting the clock offset. The default is <code>10</code>. Making this number bigger reduces each adjustment to the clock. Making the number equal to <code>1</code> means that each round of clock synchronization fully applies its estimated clock synchronization error.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><code>trials</code>: The number of rounds of message exchange with the RTI in each clock synchronization round. This defaults to <code>10</code>.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Installation of the RTI","depth":2},{"value":"Minimal Example","depth":2},{"value":"Federation ID","depth":2},{"value":"Coordinated Start","depth":2},{"value":"Coordinated Shutdown","depth":2},{"value":"Communication Between Federates","depth":2},{"value":"Centralized Coordination","depth":2},{"value":"Decentralized Coordination","depth":2},{"value":"Physical Connections","depth":2},{"value":"Prerequisites for Distributed Execution","depth":2},{"value":"Specifying RTI Hosts","depth":2},{"value":"Specifying Federate Hosts","depth":2},{"value":"Clock Synchronization","depth":2},{"value":"Clock Synchronization Options","depth":3}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/distributed-execution","title":"Distributed Execution","oneline":"Distributed Execution (preliminary)","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Preambles","oneline":"Defining preambles in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/preambles"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Termination","oneline":"Terminating a Lingua Franca execution.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/termination"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-distributed-execution","slug":"/docs/handbook/distributed-execution","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Distributed Execution.md","previousID":"d9c76683-1fe5-55e0-b223-8e21c125f9cd","nextID":"ddf59040-674f-5833-a630-a62f39d0106e","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/eclipse-oomph","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"3e595239-ab86-56e2-b9b0-9c27eb10f750","excerpt":"Prerequisites Java 17 (download from Oracle) Each target language may have additional requirements. See the Target Language Details page and select your target…","html":"<h2 id=\"prerequisites\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#prerequisites\" aria-label=\"prerequisites permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Prerequisites</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Java 17 (<a href=\"https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/downloads/\">download from Oracle</a>)</li>\n<li>Each target language may have additional requirements. See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details#requirements\">Target Language Details</a> page and select your target language.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Note:</strong> Eclipse does not currently support Kotlin, the language used for some of the target code generators. If you plan to develop Kotlin code, we recommend <a href=\"/docs/handbook/intellij-kotlin\">using IntelliJ</a> instead of Eclipse.</p>\n<h2 id=\"oomph-setup\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#oomph-setup\" aria-label=\"oomph setup permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Oomph Setup</h2>\n<p>The Eclipse setup with Oomph allows to automatically create a fully configured Eclipse IDE for the development of Lingua Franca. Note that we recommend installing a new instance of Eclipse even if you already have one for other purposes. There is no problem having multiple Eclipse installations on the same machine, and separate installations help prevent cross-project problems.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>If you have previously installed Eclipse and you want to start fresh, then remove or move a hidden directory called <code>.p2</code> in your home directory. I do this:</li>\n</ol>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">mv</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">~/.p2</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">~/.p2.bak</span>\n</pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\n<p>Go to the <a href=\"https://www.eclipse.org/downloads/index.php\">Eclipse download site</a> (<a href=\"https://www.eclipse.org/downloads/index.php\">https://www.eclipse.org/downloads/index.php</a>) and download the Eclipse Installer for your platform. The site does not advertise that it ships the Oomph Eclipse Installer but downloading Eclipse with the orange download button will give you the installer.<br>\n<strong>You can skip this step if you already have the installer available on your system.</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Starting the installer for the first time will open a window that looks like the following (<strong>if you have previously followed these steps, skip to step 4</strong>):<br>\n<span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 740px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 102.50000000000001%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"simple view\"\n        title=\"simple view\"\n        src=\"/static/f4a101649d4b1e41e00a0c3a503db70c/50383/simple_view.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/f4a101649d4b1e41e00a0c3a503db70c/772e8/simple_view.png 200w,\n/static/f4a101649d4b1e41e00a0c3a503db70c/e17e5/simple_view.png 400w,\n/static/f4a101649d4b1e41e00a0c3a503db70c/50383/simple_view.png 740w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Click the Hamburger button at the top right corner and switch to “Advanced Mode”.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Oomph now wants you to select the base Eclipse distribution for your development. We recommend to use “Eclipse IDE for Java and DSL Developers”. As product version we recommend to use “Latest Release (…)“. <br>\n<strong>Important</strong>: Lingua Franca tools require Java 17. Under Java VM, please select Java 17.<br>\nThen press Next to continue with the project section.<br>\n<span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 87.5%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"product selection\"\n        title=\"product selection\"\n        src=\"/static/66c8041c09cfa1cc04a7840d40091504/5a190/product_selection.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/66c8041c09cfa1cc04a7840d40091504/772e8/product_selection.png 200w,\n/static/66c8041c09cfa1cc04a7840d40091504/e17e5/product_selection.png 400w,\n/static/66c8041c09cfa1cc04a7840d40091504/5a190/product_selection.png 800w,\n/static/66c8041c09cfa1cc04a7840d40091504/96658/product_selection.png 881w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Next, we need to register the Lingua Franca specific setup in Oomph <strong>(only the first time you use the installer)</strong>. Click the green Plus button at the top right corner. Select “GitHub Projects” as catalog and paste the following URL into the “Resource URI” field:\n<code>https://raw.githubusercontent.com/icyphy/lingua-franca/master/oomph/LinguaFranca.setup</code>.\nThen press OK.\nNOTE: to check out another branch instead, adjust the URL above accordingly. For instance, in order to install the setup from <code>foo-bar</code> branch, change the URL to <code>https://raw.githubusercontent.com/icyphy/lingua-franca/foo-bar/oomph/LinguaFranca.setup</code>. Also, in the subsequent screen in the wizard, select the particular branch of interest instead of default, which is <code>master</code>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Now Oomph lists the Lingua Franca setup in the ”<User>” directory of the “GitHub Projects” catalog. Check the Lingua Franca entry. A new entry for Lingua Franca will appear in the table at the bottom of the window. Select Lingua Franca and click Next.<br>\n<span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 70%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"project selection\"\n        title=\"project selection\"\n        src=\"/static/0184e40c407f8075e8a68794481bfbde/5a190/project_selection.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/0184e40c407f8075e8a68794481bfbde/772e8/project_selection.png 200w,\n/static/0184e40c407f8075e8a68794481bfbde/e17e5/project_selection.png 400w,\n/static/0184e40c407f8075e8a68794481bfbde/5a190/project_selection.png 800w,\n/static/0184e40c407f8075e8a68794481bfbde/a4262/project_selection.png 814w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Now you can further configure where and how your development Eclipse should be created. Check “Show all variables” to enable all possible configuration options. You can hover over the field labels to get a more detailed explanation of their effects.</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li>If you already have cloned the LF repository and you want Eclipse to use this location instead of cloning it into the new IDE environment, you should adjust the “Git clone location rule”.</li>\n<li>Preferably, you have a GitHub account with an SSH key uploaded to GitHub. Otherwise, you should adjust the “Lingua Franca GitHub repository” entry to use the https option in the drop-down menu. See <a href=\"https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/connecting-to-github-with-ssh/adding-a-new-ssh-key-to-your-github-account\">adding an SSH key to your GitHub account</a>.</li>\n<li>If the “JRE 17 location” is empty, you need to install and/or locate a JDK that has at least version 17.\n<span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 70%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"project configuration\"\n        title=\"project configuration\"\n        src=\"/static/290a52bb9ce31764f5b58bf91ae701e1/5a190/project_configuration.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/290a52bb9ce31764f5b58bf91ae701e1/772e8/project_configuration.png 200w,\n/static/290a52bb9ce31764f5b58bf91ae701e1/e17e5/project_configuration.png 400w,\n/static/290a52bb9ce31764f5b58bf91ae701e1/5a190/project_configuration.png 800w,\n/static/290a52bb9ce31764f5b58bf91ae701e1/a4262/project_configuration.png 814w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></li>\n</ul>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li>\n<p>Click Next to get a summary of what will happen during installation. Click Finish to start.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Once the basic installation is complete, your new Eclipse will start. If it fails to clone the GitHub repository, then you should use the back button in the Oomph dialog and change the way you are accessing the repo (ssh or https). See above. <br>\nThe setup may also fail to clone the repository via SHH if Eclipse cannot find the private ssh key that matches the public key you uploaded to GitHub. You can configure the location of your private key in Eclipse as follows. In the Eclipse IDE, click the menu entry Window -> Preferences (on Mac Apple-Menu -> Preferences) and navigate to General -> Network Connections -> SSH2 in the tree view on the left and configure the SSH home directory and key names according to your computer. After the repo has been cloned, you can safely close the initial Oomph dialog (if not dismissed automatically). You will see a Welcome page that you can close.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>In the new Eclipse, it may automatically start building the project, or it may pop up an “Eclipse Updater” dialog. If neither happens, you can click the button with the yellow and blue cycling arrows in the status bar at the bottom. Oomph will perform various operations to configure the Eclipse environment, including the initial code generation for the LF language. This may take some time. Wait until the setup is finished.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>If you get compile errors, make sure Eclipse is using Java 17. If you skipped the first step above (removing your <code>~/.p2</code> directory), then you may have legacy configuration information that causes Eclipse to mysteriously use an earlier version of Java. Lingua Franca requires Java 17, and will get compiler errors if it uses an earlier version. To fix this, go to the menu <code>Project->Properties</code> and select <code>Java Build Path</code>. Remove the entry for <code>JRE System Library [JRE for JavaSE-8]</code> (or similar). Choose <code>Add Library</code> on the right, and choose <code>JRE System Library</code>. You should now be able to choose <code>Workspace default JRE (JRE for JavaSE-17)</code>. A resulting rebuild should then compile correctly.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>When the setup dialog is closed, your LF development IDE is ready. Probably, Eclipse is still compiling some code but when this is finished as well, all error markers on the project should have disappeared. Now, you can start a runtime Eclipse to test the actual Lingua Franca end-user IDE. In the toolbar, click on the small arrow next to the green Start button. There may already be an entry named “Launch Runtime Eclipse”, but probably not. To create it, click on “Run Configurations…“. Expand the “Eclipse Application” entry, select “Launch Runtime Eclipse”, as follows:</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 66%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"run configurations\"\n        title=\"run configurations\"\n        src=\"/static/ffc3009c0d9b530f2d93463a1696f195/5a190/run_configurations.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/ffc3009c0d9b530f2d93463a1696f195/772e8/run_configurations.png 200w,\n/static/ffc3009c0d9b530f2d93463a1696f195/e17e5/run_configurations.png 400w,\n/static/ffc3009c0d9b530f2d93463a1696f195/5a190/run_configurations.png 800w,\n/static/ffc3009c0d9b530f2d93463a1696f195/d53ff/run_configurations.png 1068w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>Make sure that the Execution Environment shows a version of Java that is at least Java 17. The click on “Run” at the bottom.</p>\n<ol start=\"14\">\n<li>A new Eclipse starts where you can write LF programs and also get a diagram representation (but you fist need to open the diagram view by clicking on Window -> Show View -> Other and selecting Diagram in the “KIELER Lightweight Diagrams” folder). You can close the welcome window in the new Eclipse and proceed to creating a new project, as below.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"using-the-lingua-franca-ide\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#using-the-lingua-franca-ide\" aria-label=\"using the lingua franca ide permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Using the Lingua Franca IDE</h3>\n<p>Start the Lingua Franca IDE, create a project, and create your first LF program:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Select File->New->Project (a General Project is adequate).</li>\n<li>Give the project a name, like “test”.</li>\n<li>You may want to uncheck <code>Use default location</code> and specify a location that you can remember.</li>\n<li>Close the Eclipse welcome window, if it is open. It obscures the project.</li>\n<li>Right click on the project name and select New->File.</li>\n<li>Give the new a name like “HelloWorld.lf” (with .lf extension).</li>\n<li><strong>IMPORTANT:</strong> A dialog appears: Do you want to convert ‘test’ to an Xtext Project? Say YES.</li>\n<li>Start typing in Lingua-Franca! Try this:</li>\n</ul>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">HelloWorld</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  }</span>\n</pre>\n<p>When you save, generated code goes into your project directory, e.g. <code>/Users/yourname/test</code>. That directory now has two directories inside it, <code>src-gen</code> and <code>bin</code>. The first contains the generated C code and the second contains the resulting executable program. Run the program:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">    </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">~/lingua-franca-master/runtime-EclipseXtext/test</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">    </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">bin/HelloWorld</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The above directory assumes you chose default locations for everything. This should produce output that looks something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">---- Start execution at time Sun Mar 28 10:19:24 2021\n---- plus 769212000 nanoseconds.\nHello World.\n---- Elapsed logical time (in nsec): 0\n---- Elapsed physical time (in nsec): 562,000</pre>\n<p>This should print “Hello World”.</p>\n<p>We strongly recommend browsing the system tests, which provide a concise overview of the capabilities of Lingua Franca. You can set up a project in the IDE for this using <a href=\"/docs/handbook/regression-tests#browsing-and-editing-examples-in-the-lf-ide\">these instructions</a>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"working-on-the-lingua-franca-compiler\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#working-on-the-lingua-franca-compiler\" aria-label=\"working on the lingua franca compiler permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Working on the Lingua-Franca Compiler</h2>\n<p>The source code for the compiler is in the package <code>org.icyphy.linguafranca</code>.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>The grammar is in <code>src/org.icyphy/LinguaFranca.xtext</code></li>\n<li>The code generator for the C target is in <code>src/org.icyphy.generator/CGenerator.xtend</code></li>\n<li>The code generator for the TypeScript target is in <code>src/org.icyphy.generator/TypeScriptGenerator.xtend</code></li>\n<li>The code generator for the C++ target is in <code>src/org.icyphy.generator/CppGenerator.xtend</code></li>\n<li>The code generator for the Python target is in <code>src/org.icyphy.generator/PythonGenerator.xtend</code></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"troubleshooting\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#troubleshooting\" aria-label=\"troubleshooting permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Troubleshooting</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>GitHub uses port <code>443</code> for its ssh connections. In some systems, the default expected port by <code>git</code> can be 22, causing a timeout when cloning the repo. This can be fixed by adding the following to <code>~/.ssh/config</code>:\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Host github.com\n Hostname ssh.github.com\n Port 443</pre>\n</li>\n</ul>","headings":[{"value":"Prerequisites","depth":2},{"value":"Oomph Setup","depth":2},{"value":"Using the Lingua Franca IDE","depth":3},{"value":"Working on the Lingua-Franca Compiler","depth":2},{"value":"Troubleshooting","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/eclipse-oomph","title":"Developer Eclipse Setup","oneline":"Developer Eclipse setup with Oomph.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}}},"pageContext":{"slug":"/docs/handbook/eclipse-oomph","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/developer/Developer Eclipse Setup with Oomph.md","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.628Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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See the Target Language Details page and select your target…","html":"<h2 id=\"prerequisites\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#prerequisites\" aria-label=\"prerequisites permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Prerequisites</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Java 17 (<a href=\"https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/downloads/\">download from Oracle</a>)</li>\n<li>Each target language may have additional requirements. See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details#requirements\">Target Language Details</a> page and select your target language.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Note:</strong> Eclipse does not currently support Kotlin, the language used for some of the target code generators. If you plan to develop Kotlin code, we recommend <a href=\"/docs/handbook/intellij-kotlin\">using IntelliJ</a> instead of Eclipse.</p>\n<h2 id=\"oomph-setup\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#oomph-setup\" aria-label=\"oomph setup permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Oomph Setup</h2>\n<p>The Eclipse setup with Oomph allows to automatically create a fully configured Eclipse IDE for the development of Lingua Franca. Note that we recommend installing a new instance of Eclipse even if you already have one for other purposes. There is no problem having multiple Eclipse installations on the same machine, and separate installations help prevent cross-project problems.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>If you have previously installed Eclipse and you want to start fresh, then remove or move a hidden directory called <code>.p2</code> in your home directory. I do this:</li>\n</ol>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">mv</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">~/.p2</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">~/.p2.bak</span>\n</pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\n<p>Go to the <a href=\"https://www.eclipse.org/downloads/index.php\">Eclipse download site</a> (<a href=\"https://www.eclipse.org/downloads/index.php\">https://www.eclipse.org/downloads/index.php</a>) and download the Eclipse Installer for your platform. The site does not advertise that it ships the Oomph Eclipse Installer but downloading Eclipse with the orange download button will give you the installer.<br>\n<strong>You can skip this step if you already have the installer available on your system.</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Starting the installer for the first time will open a window that looks like the following (<strong>if you have previously followed these steps, skip to step 4</strong>):<br>\n<span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 740px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 102.50000000000001%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"simple view\"\n        title=\"simple view\"\n        src=\"/static/f4a101649d4b1e41e00a0c3a503db70c/50383/simple_view.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/f4a101649d4b1e41e00a0c3a503db70c/772e8/simple_view.png 200w,\n/static/f4a101649d4b1e41e00a0c3a503db70c/e17e5/simple_view.png 400w,\n/static/f4a101649d4b1e41e00a0c3a503db70c/50383/simple_view.png 740w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Click the Hamburger button at the top right corner and switch to “Advanced Mode”.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Oomph now wants you to select the base Eclipse distribution for your development. We recommend to use “Eclipse IDE for Java and DSL Developers”. As product version we recommend to use “Latest Release (…)“. <br>\n<strong>Important</strong>: Lingua Franca tools require Java 17. Under Java VM, please select Java 17.<br>\nThen press Next to continue with the project section.<br>\n<span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 87.5%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"product selection\"\n        title=\"product selection\"\n        src=\"/static/66c8041c09cfa1cc04a7840d40091504/5a190/product_selection.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/66c8041c09cfa1cc04a7840d40091504/772e8/product_selection.png 200w,\n/static/66c8041c09cfa1cc04a7840d40091504/e17e5/product_selection.png 400w,\n/static/66c8041c09cfa1cc04a7840d40091504/5a190/product_selection.png 800w,\n/static/66c8041c09cfa1cc04a7840d40091504/96658/product_selection.png 881w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Next, we need to register the Lingua Franca specific setup in Oomph <strong>(only the first time you use the installer)</strong>. Click the green Plus button at the top right corner. Select “GitHub Projects” as catalog and paste the following URL into the “Resource URI” field:\n<code>https://raw.githubusercontent.com/icyphy/lingua-franca/master/oomph/LinguaFranca.setup</code>.\nThen press OK.\nNOTE: to check out another branch instead, adjust the URL above accordingly. For instance, in order to install the setup from <code>foo-bar</code> branch, change the URL to <code>https://raw.githubusercontent.com/icyphy/lingua-franca/foo-bar/oomph/LinguaFranca.setup</code>. Also, in the subsequent screen in the wizard, select the particular branch of interest instead of default, which is <code>master</code>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Now Oomph lists the Lingua Franca setup in the ”<User>” directory of the “GitHub Projects” catalog. Check the Lingua Franca entry. A new entry for Lingua Franca will appear in the table at the bottom of the window. Select Lingua Franca and click Next.<br>\n<span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 70%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAOCAYAAAAvxDzwAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAACnUlEQVQ4y52TXW/TMBiF84f5E9xwww3cwWCDCJBA2QTbBGh8ibVjlAAbsLI2bfqx9CNumzi2EzuNkx2UABsXXMAsPT7ve45tyZZs9Dut9WGv4530u62Tftc5p+N4A9dpNb86n+yG8/ljw+l1WpX3e83AdZxBt+303c7xwG373XbzutHruV+6nQ6E4OfwnxoLAc45WBSBM3bmc84ghEC2TFGcnkIEPl49q8ObsCcG5/xDGFIwxnQcx4UQomCMFZzzirL/U0vKvOzzXBe6yIssHC4bdRtfmtNHhuDcZjTEfL7IGeNQSiHLNJZZdsbf+hKpFChdgJKFTpLyFqFlJElsz2YzBNNhvvA9QEtcYOhqzlPLePOd2dd25liv9fLtzwF2mgk2D2M8Pvgv9JODGPvtyDJsV9hPDyNsvevnm/tDvD3meHWssHOUVIf/I/pFM8Enl1kGoG0gA134OZ1PgCy5+JWL1DKklDYXCbq9Qe6NxqARg1QpVLqsKOtEyoqqVulZLn/VUqW6VCFiy5Axs9MkKh80R5GiIldIEw6tOKAViqXA6VJUfslplkDFUaWVp6UuNVPCMl4eTu3V3QAPGiJfq3Pc3OVYrXPcqxOs1SPcex/jfiPG2p7Ajd0yF1itRzD3QtyucazUBFZqXN+qcex8pZbhkei9S5bokjRtT5Q+Gkl9PE70gMS64yvdnirdJakuM9dXukdKpHZJqluTVH/zpD7ypGqOJNwJe2iwiDo0mICFBGE4h4opGBcI6M9vlkkGQQmCIMDKmxmubPnY+LBAIYNqT6448lRULCV/bgRBeNkn04ezGbk7JXNzEYTmeBaZnk9NfxGZNAzN6XhkDsfEvP16al7dHpsbDWJGATFHo7FJaWhSSu9QSi3Goks/APWiAG2lzLhKAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"project selection\"\n        title=\"project selection\"\n        src=\"/static/0184e40c407f8075e8a68794481bfbde/5a190/project_selection.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/0184e40c407f8075e8a68794481bfbde/772e8/project_selection.png 200w,\n/static/0184e40c407f8075e8a68794481bfbde/e17e5/project_selection.png 400w,\n/static/0184e40c407f8075e8a68794481bfbde/5a190/project_selection.png 800w,\n/static/0184e40c407f8075e8a68794481bfbde/a4262/project_selection.png 814w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Now you can further configure where and how your development Eclipse should be created. Check “Show all variables” to enable all possible configuration options. You can hover over the field labels to get a more detailed explanation of their effects.</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li>If you already have cloned the LF repository and you want Eclipse to use this location instead of cloning it into the new IDE environment, you should adjust the “Git clone location rule”.</li>\n<li>Preferably, you have a GitHub account with an SSH key uploaded to GitHub. Otherwise, you should adjust the “Lingua Franca GitHub repository” entry to use the https option in the drop-down menu. See <a href=\"https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/connecting-to-github-with-ssh/adding-a-new-ssh-key-to-your-github-account\">adding an SSH key to your GitHub account</a>.</li>\n<li>If the “JRE 17 location” is empty, you need to install and/or locate a JDK that has at least version 17.\n<span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 70%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"project configuration\"\n        title=\"project configuration\"\n        src=\"/static/290a52bb9ce31764f5b58bf91ae701e1/5a190/project_configuration.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/290a52bb9ce31764f5b58bf91ae701e1/772e8/project_configuration.png 200w,\n/static/290a52bb9ce31764f5b58bf91ae701e1/e17e5/project_configuration.png 400w,\n/static/290a52bb9ce31764f5b58bf91ae701e1/5a190/project_configuration.png 800w,\n/static/290a52bb9ce31764f5b58bf91ae701e1/a4262/project_configuration.png 814w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></li>\n</ul>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li>\n<p>Click Next to get a summary of what will happen during installation. Click Finish to start.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Once the basic installation is complete, your new Eclipse will start. If it fails to clone the GitHub repository, then you should use the back button in the Oomph dialog and change the way you are accessing the repo (ssh or https). See above. <br>\nThe setup may also fail to clone the repository via SHH if Eclipse cannot find the private ssh key that matches the public key you uploaded to GitHub. You can configure the location of your private key in Eclipse as follows. In the Eclipse IDE, click the menu entry Window -> Preferences (on Mac Apple-Menu -> Preferences) and navigate to General -> Network Connections -> SSH2 in the tree view on the left and configure the SSH home directory and key names according to your computer. After the repo has been cloned, you can safely close the initial Oomph dialog (if not dismissed automatically). You will see a Welcome page that you can close.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>In the new Eclipse, it may automatically start building the project, or it may pop up an “Eclipse Updater” dialog. If neither happens, you can click the button with the yellow and blue cycling arrows in the status bar at the bottom. Oomph will perform various operations to configure the Eclipse environment, including the initial code generation for the LF language. This may take some time. Wait until the setup is finished.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>If you get compile errors, make sure Eclipse is using Java 17. If you skipped the first step above (removing your <code>~/.p2</code> directory), then you may have legacy configuration information that causes Eclipse to mysteriously use an earlier version of Java. Lingua Franca requires Java 17, and will get compiler errors if it uses an earlier version. To fix this, go to the menu <code>Project->Properties</code> and select <code>Java Build Path</code>. Remove the entry for <code>JRE System Library [JRE for JavaSE-8]</code> (or similar). Choose <code>Add Library</code> on the right, and choose <code>JRE System Library</code>. You should now be able to choose <code>Workspace default JRE (JRE for JavaSE-17)</code>. A resulting rebuild should then compile correctly.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>When the setup dialog is closed, your LF development IDE is ready. Probably, Eclipse is still compiling some code but when this is finished as well, all error markers on the project should have disappeared. Now, you can start a runtime Eclipse to test the actual Lingua Franca end-user IDE. In the toolbar, click on the small arrow next to the green Start button. There may already be an entry named “Launch Runtime Eclipse”, but probably not. To create it, click on “Run Configurations…“. Expand the “Eclipse Application” entry, select “Launch Runtime Eclipse”, as follows:</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 66%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"run configurations\"\n        title=\"run configurations\"\n        src=\"/static/ffc3009c0d9b530f2d93463a1696f195/5a190/run_configurations.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/ffc3009c0d9b530f2d93463a1696f195/772e8/run_configurations.png 200w,\n/static/ffc3009c0d9b530f2d93463a1696f195/e17e5/run_configurations.png 400w,\n/static/ffc3009c0d9b530f2d93463a1696f195/5a190/run_configurations.png 800w,\n/static/ffc3009c0d9b530f2d93463a1696f195/d53ff/run_configurations.png 1068w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>Make sure that the Execution Environment shows a version of Java that is at least Java 17. The click on “Run” at the bottom.</p>\n<ol start=\"14\">\n<li>A new Eclipse starts where you can write LF programs and also get a diagram representation (but you fist need to open the diagram view by clicking on Window -> Show View -> Other and selecting Diagram in the “KIELER Lightweight Diagrams” folder). You can close the welcome window in the new Eclipse and proceed to creating a new project, as below.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"using-the-lingua-franca-ide\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#using-the-lingua-franca-ide\" aria-label=\"using the lingua franca ide permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Using the Lingua Franca IDE</h3>\n<p>Start the Lingua Franca IDE, create a project, and create your first LF program:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Select File->New->Project (a General Project is adequate).</li>\n<li>Give the project a name, like “test”.</li>\n<li>You may want to uncheck <code>Use default location</code> and specify a location that you can remember.</li>\n<li>Close the Eclipse welcome window, if it is open. It obscures the project.</li>\n<li>Right click on the project name and select New->File.</li>\n<li>Give the new a name like “HelloWorld.lf” (with .lf extension).</li>\n<li><strong>IMPORTANT:</strong> A dialog appears: Do you want to convert ‘test’ to an Xtext Project? Say YES.</li>\n<li>Start typing in Lingua-Franca! Try this:</li>\n</ul>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">HelloWorld</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  }</span>\n</pre>\n<p>When you save, generated code goes into your project directory, e.g. <code>/Users/yourname/test</code>. That directory now has two directories inside it, <code>src-gen</code> and <code>bin</code>. The first contains the generated C code and the second contains the resulting executable program. Run the program:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">    </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">~/lingua-franca-master/runtime-EclipseXtext/test</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">    </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">bin/HelloWorld</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The above directory assumes you chose default locations for everything. This should produce output that looks something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">---- Start execution at time Sun Mar 28 10:19:24 2021\n---- plus 769212000 nanoseconds.\nHello World.\n---- Elapsed logical time (in nsec): 0\n---- Elapsed physical time (in nsec): 562,000</pre>\n<p>This should print “Hello World”.</p>\n<p>We strongly recommend browsing the system tests, which provide a concise overview of the capabilities of Lingua Franca. You can set up a project in the IDE for this using <a href=\"/docs/handbook/regression-tests#browsing-and-editing-examples-in-the-lf-ide\">these instructions</a>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"working-on-the-lingua-franca-compiler\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#working-on-the-lingua-franca-compiler\" aria-label=\"working on the lingua franca compiler permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Working on the Lingua-Franca Compiler</h2>\n<p>The source code for the compiler is in the package <code>org.icyphy.linguafranca</code>.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>The grammar is in <code>src/org.icyphy/LinguaFranca.xtext</code></li>\n<li>The code generator for the C target is in <code>src/org.icyphy.generator/CGenerator.xtend</code></li>\n<li>The code generator for the TypeScript target is in <code>src/org.icyphy.generator/TypeScriptGenerator.xtend</code></li>\n<li>The code generator for the C++ target is in <code>src/org.icyphy.generator/CppGenerator.xtend</code></li>\n<li>The code generator for the Python target is in <code>src/org.icyphy.generator/PythonGenerator.xtend</code></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"troubleshooting\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#troubleshooting\" aria-label=\"troubleshooting permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Troubleshooting</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>GitHub uses port <code>443</code> for its ssh connections. In some systems, the default expected port by <code>git</code> can be 22, causing a timeout when cloning the repo. This can be fixed by adding the following to <code>~/.ssh/config</code>:\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Host github.com\n Hostname ssh.github.com\n Port 443</pre>\n</li>\n</ul>","headings":[{"value":"Prerequisites","depth":2},{"value":"Oomph Setup","depth":2},{"value":"Using the Lingua Franca IDE","depth":3},{"value":"Working on the Lingua-Franca Compiler","depth":2},{"value":"Troubleshooting","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/eclipse-oomph","title":"Developer Eclipse Setup","oneline":"Developer Eclipse setup with Oomph.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}}},"pageContext":{"slug":"/docs/handbook/eclipse-oomph","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/developer/Developer Eclipse Setup with Oomph.md","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.015Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/epoch-ide","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"d100933c-8d4a-5ac2-abe1-bc23888c00bc","excerpt":"Epoch is a standalone application based on Eclipse that provides a syntax-directed editor, compiler, and diagram synthesis tool for Lingua Franca programs…","html":"<p>Epoch is a standalone application based on Eclipse that provides a syntax-directed editor, compiler, and diagram synthesis tool for Lingua Franca programs.</p>\n<h2 id=\"usage\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#usage\" aria-label=\"usage permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Usage</h2>\n<p>By default, Epoch is set to “Build Automatically” in the Project menu. This means that the LF code generator and compiler will be invoked every time you change a file and whenever you open a new project (on all files in the project). Many people prefer to turn this feature off and invoke the code generator by hand by clicking on the gear icon at the upper left.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Usage","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/epoch-ide","title":"Epoch IDE","oneline":"Epoch IDE for Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Code Extension","oneline":"Visual Studio Code Extension for Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/code-extension"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Command Line Tools","oneline":"Command-line tools for Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/command-line-tools"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"2-epoch-ide","slug":"/docs/handbook/epoch-ide","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/tools/Epoch IDE.md","previousID":"d4f5d189-f55e-53a7-b318-58ba14f05d92","nextID":"f39daad8-6a05-5fb1-bcc1-715e43ce359f","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.631Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/epoch-ide","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"701fd411-be28-57bc-b1af-acab8f85cf1d","excerpt":"Epoch is a standalone application based on Eclipse that provides a syntax-directed editor, compiler, and diagram synthesis tool for Lingua Franca programs…","html":"<p>Epoch is a standalone application based on Eclipse that provides a syntax-directed editor, compiler, and diagram synthesis tool for Lingua Franca programs.</p>\n<h2 id=\"usage\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#usage\" aria-label=\"usage permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Usage</h2>\n<p>By default, Epoch is set to “Build Automatically” in the Project menu. This means that the LF code generator and compiler will be invoked every time you change a file and whenever you open a new project (on all files in the project). Many people prefer to turn this feature off and invoke the code generator by hand by clicking on the gear icon at the upper left.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Usage","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/epoch-ide","title":"Epoch IDE","oneline":"Epoch IDE for Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Code Extension","oneline":"Visual Studio Code Extension for Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/code-extension"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Command Line Tools","oneline":"Command-line tools for Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/command-line-tools"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"2-epoch-ide","slug":"/docs/handbook/epoch-ide","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/tools/Epoch IDE.md","previousID":"235f1196-3f3d-57bd-a2f6-22ac00082f94","nextID":"3843375e-c15b-5455-8678-0c0fa5f6264e","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/expressions/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/expressions/page-data.json
index 260404ba7..f29adec72 100644
--- a/page-data/docs/handbook/expressions/page-data.json
+++ b/page-data/docs/handbook/expressions/page-data.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/expressions","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"069cade1-b73b-5666-bf4c-4c419f5bffef","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ A subset of LF syntax is used to write expressions, which represent values in the target language. Expressions are used to initialize…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<p>A subset of LF syntax is used to write <em>expressions</em>, which represent values in the target language. Expressions are used to initialize state variable and to give values to parameters. Arbitrary expressions in the target language can always be given within delimiters <code>{= ... =}</code>, but simple forms do not require the delimiters. These simple forms are documented here.</p>\n<h2 id=\"basic-expressions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#basic-expressions\" aria-label=\"basic expressions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Basic expressions</h2>\n<p>The most basic expression forms, which are supported by all target languages, are the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Literals:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Numeric literals, e.g. <code>1</code>, <code>-120</code>, <code>1.5</code>, <code>3.14e10</code>. Note that the sign, if any, is part of the literal and must not be separated by whitespace.</li>\n<li>String literals, e.g. <code>\"abcd\"</code>. String literals always use double-quotes, even in languages which support other forms (like Python).</li>\n<li>Character literals. e.g. <code>'a'</code>. Single-quoted literals must be exactly one character long —even in Python.</li>\n<li>Boolean literals: <code>true</code>, <code>false</code>, <code>True</code>, <code>False</code>. The latter two are there for Python.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Parameter references, which are simple identifiers (e.g. <code>foo</code>). Any identifier in expression position must refer to a parameter of the enclosing reactor.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Time values, e.g. <code>1 msec</code> or <code>10 seconds</code>. The syntax of time values is <code>integer time_unit</code>, where <code>time_unit</code> is one of the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>nsec</strong> or <strong>ns</strong>: nanoseconds</li>\n<li><strong>usec</strong> or <strong>us</strong>: microseconds</li>\n<li><strong>msec</strong> or <strong>ms</strong>: milliseconds</li>\n<li><strong>sec</strong>, <strong>second</strong>, or <strong>s</strong>: seconds</li>\n<li><strong>minute</strong> or <strong>min</strong>: 60 seconds</li>\n<li><strong>hour</strong>: 60 minutes</li>\n<li><strong>day</strong>: 24 hours</li>\n<li><strong>week</strong>: 7 days</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Each of these units also support a plural version (e.g., <code>nsecs</code>, <code>minutes</code>, and <code>days</code>), which means the same thing.</p>\n<p>The time value <code>0</code> need not be given a unit, but for all other values, the unit is required.</p>\n<p>Time values are compatible with the <code>time</code> type.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Escaped target-language expression, e.g. <code>{= foo() =}</code>. This syntax is used to write any expression which does not fall into one of the other forms described here. The contents are not parsed and are used verbatim in the generated file.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>For instance, to have a 2-dimensional array as a parameter in C:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(param:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">[][] </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Both <code>int[][]</code> and <code>{ {1}, {2} }</code> are C fragments here, not LF.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>For instance, to assign a 2-dimensional list as an initial value to a parameter\nin the Python target:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(param(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-parenthesis-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-parenthesis-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-parenthesis-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-parenthesis-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">6</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-parenthesis-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-parenthesis-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"collections\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#collections\" aria-label=\"collections permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Collections</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>To avoid the awkwardness of using the code delimiters <code>{= ... =}</code>, Lingua Franca supports initialization of simple arrays and similar structures. The interpretation is slightly different in each target language.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>In C, a parameter or state may be given an array value as in the following example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(param: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">double</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[] </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">0.0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">1.0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">2.0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">param</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">param</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">param</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The parameter named <code>param</code> will become an array of length three. When instantiating this reactor, the default parameter value can be overridden using a similar syntax:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(param </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">3.3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">4.4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">5.5</span><span class=\"source-lf\">});</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a> for details and alternative syntaxes.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>In C++, initial values for a parameter or state can be used to pass arguments to a constructor, as in the following example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">[]</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Here, the type <code>int[]</code> is translated by the code generator into <code>std::vector</code> and the <code>(2, 0)</code> to constructor arguments, as in <code>new std::vector(2,0)</code>, which creates a vector of length 2 filled with elements with value 0. See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a> for details and alternative syntaxes.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>In Python, a parameter or state variable may be assigned a list expression as its initial value, as in the following example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(param </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>param</code> parameter and <code>x</code> state variable become Python lists.\nTheir elements may be accessed as arrays, for example <code>self.x[i]</code>, where <code>i</code> is an array index.</p>\n<p>The parameter may be overridden with a different list at instantiation:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(param </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">6</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">} )</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a> for more details.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>In TypeScript, a parameter or state variable may be assigned an array expression as its initial value, as in the following example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(param:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-class-builtin-ts\">Array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">&gt;=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-class-builtin-ts\">Array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">&gt;=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts meta-delimiter-decimal-period-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts meta-delimiter-decimal-period-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts meta-delimiter-decimal-period-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">TypeScript reactor documentation</a> for details and alternative syntaxes.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs warning\">\n<p>FIXME: Rust</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Basic expressions","depth":2},{"value":"Collections","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/expressions","title":"Expressions","oneline":"Expressions in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Target Language Details","oneline":"Detailed reference for each target langauge.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/target-language-details"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"3-expressions","slug":"/docs/handbook/expressions","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/reference/Expressions.md","nextID":"2298b252-5ab2-5467-a277-b81b286deee5","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.630Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/expressions","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"5002de77-4c7a-5740-bedf-9efa09e5ede6","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ A subset of LF syntax is used to write expressions, which represent values in the target language. Expressions are used to initialize…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<p>A subset of LF syntax is used to write <em>expressions</em>, which represent values in the target language. Expressions are used to initialize state variable and to give values to parameters. Arbitrary expressions in the target language can always be given within delimiters <code>{= ... =}</code>, but simple forms do not require the delimiters. These simple forms are documented here.</p>\n<h2 id=\"basic-expressions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#basic-expressions\" aria-label=\"basic expressions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Basic expressions</h2>\n<p>The most basic expression forms, which are supported by all target languages, are the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Literals:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Numeric literals, e.g. <code>1</code>, <code>-120</code>, <code>1.5</code>, <code>3.14e10</code>. Note that the sign, if any, is part of the literal and must not be separated by whitespace.</li>\n<li>String literals, e.g. <code>\"abcd\"</code>. String literals always use double-quotes, even in languages which support other forms (like Python).</li>\n<li>Character literals. e.g. <code>'a'</code>. Single-quoted literals must be exactly one character long —even in Python.</li>\n<li>Boolean literals: <code>true</code>, <code>false</code>, <code>True</code>, <code>False</code>. The latter two are there for Python.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Parameter references, which are simple identifiers (e.g. <code>foo</code>). Any identifier in expression position must refer to a parameter of the enclosing reactor.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Time values, e.g. <code>1 msec</code> or <code>10 seconds</code>. The syntax of time values is <code>integer time_unit</code>, where <code>time_unit</code> is one of the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>nsec</strong> or <strong>ns</strong>: nanoseconds</li>\n<li><strong>usec</strong> or <strong>us</strong>: microseconds</li>\n<li><strong>msec</strong> or <strong>ms</strong>: milliseconds</li>\n<li><strong>sec</strong>, <strong>second</strong>, or <strong>s</strong>: seconds</li>\n<li><strong>minute</strong> or <strong>min</strong>: 60 seconds</li>\n<li><strong>hour</strong>: 60 minutes</li>\n<li><strong>day</strong>: 24 hours</li>\n<li><strong>week</strong>: 7 days</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Each of these units also support a plural version (e.g., <code>nsecs</code>, <code>minutes</code>, and <code>days</code>), which means the same thing.</p>\n<p>The time value <code>0</code> need not be given a unit, but for all other values, the unit is required.</p>\n<p>Time values are compatible with the <code>time</code> type.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Escaped target-language expression, e.g. <code>{= foo() =}</code>. This syntax is used to write any expression which does not fall into one of the other forms described here. The contents are not parsed and are used verbatim in the generated file.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>For instance, to have a 2-dimensional array as a parameter in C:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(param:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">[][] </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Both <code>int[][]</code> and <code>{ {1}, {2} }</code> are C fragments here, not LF.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>For instance, to assign a 2-dimensional list as an initial value to a parameter\nin the Python target:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(param(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-parenthesis-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-parenthesis-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-parenthesis-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-parenthesis-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">6</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-parenthesis-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-parenthesis-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"collections\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#collections\" aria-label=\"collections permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Collections</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>To avoid the awkwardness of using the code delimiters <code>{= ... =}</code>, Lingua Franca supports initialization of simple arrays and similar structures. The interpretation is slightly different in each target language.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>In C, a parameter or state may be given an array value as in the following example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(param: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">double</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[] </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">0.0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">1.0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">2.0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">param</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">param</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">param</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The parameter named <code>param</code> will become an array of length three. When instantiating this reactor, the default parameter value can be overridden using a similar syntax:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(param </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">3.3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">4.4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">5.5</span><span class=\"source-lf\">});</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a> for details and alternative syntaxes.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>In C++, initial values for a parameter or state can be used to pass arguments to a constructor, as in the following example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">[]</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Here, the type <code>int[]</code> is translated by the code generator into <code>std::vector</code> and the <code>(2, 0)</code> to constructor arguments, as in <code>new std::vector(2,0)</code>, which creates a vector of length 2 filled with elements with value 0. See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a> for details and alternative syntaxes.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>In Python, a parameter or state variable may be assigned a list expression as its initial value, as in the following example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(param </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>param</code> parameter and <code>x</code> state variable become Python lists.\nTheir elements may be accessed as arrays, for example <code>self.x[i]</code>, where <code>i</code> is an array index.</p>\n<p>The parameter may be overridden with a different list at instantiation:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(param </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">6</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">} )</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a> for more details.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>In TypeScript, a parameter or state variable may be assigned an array expression as its initial value, as in the following example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(param:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-class-builtin-ts\">Array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">&gt;=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-class-builtin-ts\">Array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">&gt;=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts meta-delimiter-decimal-period-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts meta-delimiter-decimal-period-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts meta-delimiter-decimal-period-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">TypeScript reactor documentation</a> for details and alternative syntaxes.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs warning\">\n<p>FIXME: Rust</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Basic expressions","depth":2},{"value":"Collections","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/expressions","title":"Expressions","oneline":"Expressions in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Target Language Details","oneline":"Detailed reference for each target langauge.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/target-language-details"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"3-expressions","slug":"/docs/handbook/expressions","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/reference/Expressions.md","nextID":"15e2a8e5-dd68-55e9-839f-18c6d342e73c","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.015Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/extending-reactors/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/extending-reactors/page-data.json
index c2684ff77..278985432 100644
--- a/page-data/docs/handbook/extending-reactors/page-data.json
+++ b/page-data/docs/handbook/extending-reactors/page-data.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/extending-reactors","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"f97aca9e-139e-5aef-993e-5004cc79dea5","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ Extending a Base Reactor The Cpp target does not yet support extending reactors. Lingua Franca supports defining a reactor class as an…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<h2 id=\"extending-a-base-reactor\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#extending-a-base-reactor\" aria-label=\"extending a base reactor permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Extending a Base Reactor</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p><strong>The Cpp target does not yet support extending reactors.</strong></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>Lingua Franca supports defining a reactor class as an extension (or subclass), as in the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Extends)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">extends</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> A {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a, b) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Extends</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// the cpp target currently does not support reactor extends</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">extends</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> A {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a, b) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">extends</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> A {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a, b) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">b</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">out, ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">a).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">unwrap</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">));</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">extends</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> A {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a, b) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">out, ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">a).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">unwrap</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-arithmetic-rust\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">b).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">unwrap</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">));</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Extends)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/e09a75e3901fa7878fe6b7631623def4/Extends.svg\" width=\"350\">\n<p>Here, the base class <code>A</code> has a single output that it writes to in reaction to an input. The subclass inherits the input, the output, and the reaction of <code>A</code>, and adds its own input <code>b</code> and reaction. When an input event <code>a</code> arrives, both reactions will be invoked, but, once again, in a well-defined order. The reactions of the base class are invoked before those of the derived class. So in this case, <code>B</code> will overwrite the output produced by <code>A</code>.</p>\n<p>One limitation is that a subclass cannot have ports, actions, or state variables with the same names as those in the base class. The names must be unique.</p>\n<p>A subclass can extend more than one base class by just providing a comma-separated list of base classes. If reactions in multiple base classes are triggered at the same tag, they will be invoked in the same order that they appear in the comma-separated list.</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Extending a Base Reactor","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/extending-reactors","title":"Extending Reactors","oneline":"Extending reactors in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Causality Loops","oneline":"Causality loops in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/causality-loops"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-extending-reactors","slug":"/docs/handbook/extending-reactors","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Extending Reactors.md","previousID":"51ac051a-108f-527f-b7f7-3c83564ac351","nextID":"bdeee071-cc77-5857-b381-d0995d6c043b","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.631Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
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Lingua Franca supports defining a reactor class as an…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<h2 id=\"extending-a-base-reactor\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#extending-a-base-reactor\" aria-label=\"extending a base reactor permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Extending a Base Reactor</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p><strong>The Cpp target does not yet support extending reactors.</strong></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>Lingua Franca supports defining a reactor class as an extension (or subclass), as in the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Extends)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">extends</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> A {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a, b) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Extends</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// the cpp target currently does not support reactor extends</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">extends</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> A {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a, b) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">extends</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> A {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a, b) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">b</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">out, ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">a).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">unwrap</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">));</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">extends</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> A {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a, b) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">out, ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">a).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">unwrap</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-arithmetic-rust\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">b).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">unwrap</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">));</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Extends)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/e09a75e3901fa7878fe6b7631623def4/Extends.svg\" width=\"350\">\n<p>Here, the base class <code>A</code> has a single output that it writes to in reaction to an input. The subclass inherits the input, the output, and the reaction of <code>A</code>, and adds its own input <code>b</code> and reaction. When an input event <code>a</code> arrives, both reactions will be invoked, but, once again, in a well-defined order. The reactions of the base class are invoked before those of the derived class. So in this case, <code>B</code> will overwrite the output produced by <code>A</code>.</p>\n<p>One limitation is that a subclass cannot have ports, actions, or state variables with the same names as those in the base class. The names must be unique.</p>\n<p>A subclass can extend more than one base class by just providing a comma-separated list of base classes. If reactions in multiple base classes are triggered at the same tag, they will be invoked in the same order that they appear in the comma-separated list.</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Extending a Base Reactor","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/extending-reactors","title":"Extending Reactors","oneline":"Extending reactors in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Causality Loops","oneline":"Causality loops in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/causality-loops"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-extending-reactors","slug":"/docs/handbook/extending-reactors","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Extending Reactors.md","previousID":"de5af6b0-de72-5890-9668-c4f000ffdb2c","nextID":"ab880406-6c38-59c6-9a2c-a8f736013224","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/features/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/features/page-data.json
index d5987d795..65bb205b5 100644
--- a/page-data/docs/handbook/features/page-data.json
+++ b/page-data/docs/handbook/features/page-data.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/features","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"8e85c95f-17aa-5d06-9082-09cdc64bf1d0","excerpt":"Target/Feature Banks & Multiports Clock Synchronization Federation C Y Y Y C++ Y N N TS Y N N Python Y N N","html":"<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Target/Feature</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Banks &#x26; Multiports</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Clock Synchronization</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Federation</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>C</strong></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Y</td>\n<td align=\"center\">Y</td>\n<td align=\"center\">Y</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>C++</strong></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Y</td>\n<td align=\"center\">N</td>\n<td align=\"center\">N</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>TS</strong></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Y</td>\n<td align=\"center\">N</td>\n<td align=\"center\">N</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><strong>Python</strong></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Y</td>\n<td align=\"center\">N</td>\n<td align=\"center\">N</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>","headings":[],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/features","title":"Target-Supported Features","oneline":"Which features are supported by which target?","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}}},"pageContext":{"slug":"/docs/handbook/features","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/preliminary/Target-Supported Features.md","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.629Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/generic-types-interfaces-inheritance/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/generic-types-interfaces-inheritance/page-data.json
index 82e793feb..d01148f77 100644
--- a/page-data/docs/handbook/generic-types-interfaces-inheritance/page-data.json
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Generics Reactor classes can be…","html":"<p><em>The following topics are meant as collections of design ideas, with the purpose of refining them into concrete design proposals.</em></p>\n<h1 id=\"generics\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#generics\" aria-label=\"generics permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Generics</h1>\n<p>Reactor classes can be parameterized with type parameters as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;S, T&gt; {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:S;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:T;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<h2 id=\"type-constraints\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#type-constraints\" aria-label=\"type constraints permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Type Constraints</h2>\n<p>We could like to combine generics with type constraints of the form <code>S extends Bar</code>, where <code>Bar</code> refers to a reactor class or interface. The meaning of extending or implementing a reactor class will mean something slightly different from what this means in the target language — even if it features object orientation (OO).</p>\n<h1 id=\"interfaces\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#interfaces\" aria-label=\"interfaces permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Interfaces</h1>\n<p>While initially being tempted to distinguish interfaces from implementations, in an effort to promote simplicity, we (at least for the moment) propose not to. Only in case reactions and their signatures would be part of an interface and thus should be declared (without supplying an implementation) would there be a material difference between an interface and its implementation. Making reactions and their causality interfaces part of the reactor could prove useful, but it introduces a number of complications:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>…</li>\n</ul>\n<h1 id=\"inheritance\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#inheritance\" aria-label=\"inheritance permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Inheritance</h1>\n<ul>\n<li>A reactor can extend multiple base classes;</li>\n<li>Reactions are inherited in the order of declaration; and</li>\n<li>Equally-named ports and actions between subclass and superclass must also be equally typed.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"example\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#example\" aria-label=\"example permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Example</h2>","headings":[{"value":"Generics","depth":1},{"value":"Type Constraints","depth":2},{"value":"Interfaces","depth":1},{"value":"Inheritance","depth":1},{"value":"Example","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/generic-types-interfaces-inheritance","title":"Generic Types, Interfaces, and Inheritance","oneline":"Generic Types, Interfaces, and Inheritance (preliminary)","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}}},"pageContext":{"slug":"/docs/handbook/generic-types-interfaces-inheritance","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/preliminary/Generic Types, Interfaces, and Inheritance.md","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.629Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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Generics Reactor classes can be…","html":"<p><em>The following topics are meant as collections of design ideas, with the purpose of refining them into concrete design proposals.</em></p>\n<h1 id=\"generics\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#generics\" aria-label=\"generics permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Generics</h1>\n<p>Reactor classes can be parameterized with type parameters as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;S, T&gt; {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:S;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:T;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<h2 id=\"type-constraints\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#type-constraints\" aria-label=\"type constraints permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Type Constraints</h2>\n<p>We could like to combine generics with type constraints of the form <code>S extends Bar</code>, where <code>Bar</code> refers to a reactor class or interface. The meaning of extending or implementing a reactor class will mean something slightly different from what this means in the target language — even if it features object orientation (OO).</p>\n<h1 id=\"interfaces\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#interfaces\" aria-label=\"interfaces permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Interfaces</h1>\n<p>While initially being tempted to distinguish interfaces from implementations, in an effort to promote simplicity, we (at least for the moment) propose not to. Only in case reactions and their signatures would be part of an interface and thus should be declared (without supplying an implementation) would there be a material difference between an interface and its implementation. Making reactions and their causality interfaces part of the reactor could prove useful, but it introduces a number of complications:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>…</li>\n</ul>\n<h1 id=\"inheritance\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#inheritance\" aria-label=\"inheritance permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Inheritance</h1>\n<ul>\n<li>A reactor can extend multiple base classes;</li>\n<li>Reactions are inherited in the order of declaration; and</li>\n<li>Equally-named ports and actions between subclass and superclass must also be equally typed.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"example\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#example\" aria-label=\"example permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Example</h2>","headings":[{"value":"Generics","depth":1},{"value":"Type Constraints","depth":2},{"value":"Interfaces","depth":1},{"value":"Inheritance","depth":1},{"value":"Example","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/generic-types-interfaces-inheritance","title":"Generic Types, Interfaces, and Inheritance","oneline":"Generic Types, Interfaces, and Inheritance (preliminary)","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}}},"pageContext":{"slug":"/docs/handbook/generic-types-interfaces-inheritance","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/preliminary/Generic Types, Interfaces, and Inheritance.md","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.015Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/generics/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/generics/page-data.json
index 16b524984..d0f4c6b8f 100644
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For instance, it could be useful to implement a delay reactor that forwards all values it receives with a fixed delay, regardless of their datatype. For this pattern, it is not required to know the concrete type in advance, and we would like to reuse the same logic for different types. This can be achieved with generic reactors in LF. Consider the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(GenericDelay)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;T&gt;(delay: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-type-lflang\">T</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-type-lflang\">T</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">delay): </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">T</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule_copy</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> at time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;T&gt;(delay: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-type-lflang\">T</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-type-lflang\">T</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">delay): </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">T</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> at time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">py</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">GenericDelay</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">ts</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">GenericDelay</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">GenericDelay</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(GenericDelay)$</p>\n<p>The example above defines a generic reactor <code>Delay</code> which has a type parameter named <code>T</code>. Its input, output and logical action are all of type <code>T</code>. The logic implemented in the reactions is straightforward. The reaction to <code>in</code> schedules the logical action <code>a</code> with the configured delay and the received value. The reaction to <code>a</code> simply forwards this value to the output port at a later tag. The concrete type <code>T</code>, however, is not relevant for this implementation and will be filled in only when the reactor is instantiated. In our example, the main reactor instantiates <code>Delay</code>, specifying <code>int</code> as the type to be assigned to <code>T</code>. As a consequence, we can set an integer on <code>d</code>’s input port and receive an integer on its output. If we wanted instead to delay a string, we can do this as follows:</p>\n<p>$start(GenericString)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">GenericDelay.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> at time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">GenericDelay.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">{= </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> =}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> at time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">py</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">GenericString</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">ts</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">GenericString</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">GenericString</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(GenericString)$</p>\n<p>Reactor definitions may also specify multiple type parameters. Moreover, type parameters are not limited to ports and actions, but can also be used in state variables, parameters, or methods. For instance, we can define the following reactor:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Generic</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;T, U, V&gt;(bar: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">T</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">baz</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">U</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">V</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (x: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">T</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, y: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">U</span><span class=\"source-lf\">): </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">V</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-block-lflang\">/*</span><span class=\"source-lf comment-block-lflang\"> ... </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-block-lflang\">*/</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This reactor could be instantiated for example like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">g</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Generic</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">float</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">bool</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n</pre>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Generic Reactors","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/generics","title":"Generic Reactors","oneline":"Defining generic reactors in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Multiports and Banks","oneline":"Multiports and Banks of Reactors.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Preambles","oneline":"Defining preambles in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/preambles"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-generic-reactors","slug":"/docs/handbook/generics","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Generics.md","previousID":"d09fdeda-a7f8-5fc1-bd2d-d52c36208ae6","nextID":"9a30806d-026c-55f7-a21f-a5bf6d94d611","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.631Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
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For instance, it could be useful to implement a delay reactor that forwards all values it receives with a fixed delay, regardless of their datatype. For this pattern, it is not required to know the concrete type in advance, and we would like to reuse the same logic for different types. This can be achieved with generic reactors in LF. Consider the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(GenericDelay)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;T&gt;(delay: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-type-lflang\">T</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-type-lflang\">T</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">delay): </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">T</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule_copy</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> at time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;T&gt;(delay: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-type-lflang\">T</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-type-lflang\">T</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">delay): </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">T</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> at time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">py</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">GenericDelay</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">ts</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">GenericDelay</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">GenericDelay</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(GenericDelay)$</p>\n<p>The example above defines a generic reactor <code>Delay</code> which has a type parameter named <code>T</code>. Its input, output and logical action are all of type <code>T</code>. The logic implemented in the reactions is straightforward. The reaction to <code>in</code> schedules the logical action <code>a</code> with the configured delay and the received value. The reaction to <code>a</code> simply forwards this value to the output port at a later tag. The concrete type <code>T</code>, however, is not relevant for this implementation and will be filled in only when the reactor is instantiated. In our example, the main reactor instantiates <code>Delay</code>, specifying <code>int</code> as the type to be assigned to <code>T</code>. As a consequence, we can set an integer on <code>d</code>’s input port and receive an integer on its output. If we wanted instead to delay a string, we can do this as follows:</p>\n<p>$start(GenericString)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">GenericDelay.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> at time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">GenericDelay.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">{= </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> =}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> at time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">py</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">GenericString</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">ts</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">GenericString</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">GenericString</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(GenericString)$</p>\n<p>Reactor definitions may also specify multiple type parameters. Moreover, type parameters are not limited to ports and actions, but can also be used in state variables, parameters, or methods. For instance, we can define the following reactor:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Generic</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;T, U, V&gt;(bar: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">T</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">baz</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">U</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">V</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (x: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">T</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, y: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">U</span><span class=\"source-lf\">): </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">V</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-block-lflang\">/*</span><span class=\"source-lf comment-block-lflang\"> ... </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-block-lflang\">*/</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This reactor could be instantiated for example like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">g</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Generic</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">float</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">bool</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n</pre>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Generic Reactors","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/generics","title":"Generic Reactors","oneline":"Defining generic reactors in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Multiports and Banks","oneline":"Multiports and Banks of Reactors.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Preambles","oneline":"Defining preambles in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/preambles"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-generic-reactors","slug":"/docs/handbook/generics","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Generics.md","previousID":"9ff63bbf-2bdf-553e-a96d-52355866ec94","nextID":"d9c76683-1fe5-55e0-b223-8e21c125f9cd","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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--- a/page-data/docs/handbook/import-system/page-data.json
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@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/import-system","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"35a6a726-3e13-567a-a247-da180c98e93a","excerpt":"The following topics are meant as collections of design ideas, with the purpose of refining them into concrete design proposals. Current Implementation of…","html":"<p><em>The following topics are meant as collections of design ideas, with the purpose of refining them into concrete design proposals.</em></p>\n<h1 id=\"current-implementation-of-imports\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#current-implementation-of-imports\" aria-label=\"current implementation of imports permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Current Implementation of Imports</h1>\n<p>The import functionality in Lingua Franca is limited to:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">import HelloWorld.lf</pre>\n<p>This can be useful if the <code>.lf</code> file is located in the same directory as the file containing the main reactor.</p>\n<p>However, several shortcomings exist in this current system which we shall discuss next.</p>\n<h2 id=\"duplicate-reactor-names\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#duplicate-reactor-names\" aria-label=\"duplicate reactor names permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Duplicate Reactor Names</h2>\n<p>Reactors with the same name can cause issues. For example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">import CatsAndPuppies.lf // Contains a Puppy reactor\nimport MeanPuppies.lf   // Contains another Puppy reactor</pre>\n<p>There is no way for the LF program to distinguish between the two <code>Puppy</code> reactors.</p>\n<p><strong>Note.</strong> With a relatively trivial extension to the current LF import mechanism, it is possible to detect duplicates, but there is no way to circumvent them in the current LF program (i.e., the original names might have to be changed).</p>\n<h2 id=\"selective-importing\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#selective-importing\" aria-label=\"selective importing permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Selective Importing</h2>\n<p>Selective importing is not possible. For example, using</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">import CatsAndPuppies.lf</pre>\n<p>will import all the reactors contained in the <code>.lf</code> file. It would be desirable to selectively import a subset of reactors in another <code>.lf</code> file.</p>\n<h2 id=\"qualified-paths\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#qualified-paths\" aria-label=\"qualified paths permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Qualified Paths</h2>\n<p>Currently, there is no elegant way of importing modules that are not in the same directory.</p>\n<h2 id=\"renaming\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#renaming\" aria-label=\"renaming permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Renaming</h2>\n<p>All the reactors imported will have the name originally given to them by the original programmer. It might make sense to rename them for the current LF program.</p>\n<h2 id=\"packages\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#packages\" aria-label=\"packages permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Packages</h2>\n<p>With the current import solution that only uses files, implementing packages in Lingua Franca is not feasible.</p>\n<h1 id=\"proposed-solution\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#proposed-solution\" aria-label=\"proposed solution permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Proposed Solution</h1>\n<p>With inspirations from Python, we propose the following import mechanism:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">&quot;import&quot; LF_Trunc_File/module (&quot;,&quot; LF_Trunc_File/module)* \n              | &quot;from&quot; LFTruncFile/module &quot;import&quot; reactor [&quot;as&quot; name]\n                (&quot;,&quot; reactor [&quot;as&quot; name] )*\n              | &quot;from&quot; LF_Trunc_File/module &quot;import&quot; &quot;*&quot; </pre>\n<p>Before discussing some examples, let’s discuss <code>LF_Trunc_File/module</code>. First and foremost, <code>LF_Truc_File</code> stands for Lingua Franca Truncated File, which is a <code>name.lf</code> file with the <code>.lf</code> removed. Therefore, the legacy support for import can be carried over as:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">import HelloWorld</pre>\n<p>Second, the <code>module</code> would introduce the notion of packages to Lingua Franca. The content of a module can be located in any path. To enable this facility, modules provide a Lingua Franca Meta file (LFM) that introduces the package name, and the absolute or relative paths of all the LF files that are included in that package. For example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">// CatsAndPuppies.LFM\npackage CatsAndPuppies // Optional. The file name would be interpreted as the package name.\nimport /home/user/linguafranca/pets/Cats.lf // Absolute paths\nimport pets/Puppies.lf // Relative paths</pre>\n<p>For a package to be accessible, the <code>LFM</code> file needs to be discoverable. For example, it can be automatically added to the current directory or “installed” in a known Lingua Franca path (e.g., <code>/usr/local/LF/packages</code> or <code>/home/user/linguafranca/packages</code>).</p>\n<p>With that in mind, let’s discuss some examples on how this might work next.\nThe content of the <code>HelloWorld.lf</code> example is as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">target C; \nreactor SayHello {\n    timer t;\n    reaction(t) {=\n        printf(&quot;Hello World.\\n&quot;);\n    =}\n}\nmain reactor HelloWorldTest {\n    a = new HelloWorld();\n}</pre>\n<p>Let us create a <code>Greetings.lf</code> program based on HelloWorld.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">target C; \nimport HelloWorld\n\nmain reactor Greetings {\n    a = new SayHello();\n}</pre>\n<p>To generate code for <code>Greetings.lf</code>, Lingua Franca first searches for a <code>HelloWorld.lf</code> file in the same directory as <code>Greetings.lf</code>. If not found, it will look for a <code>HelloWorld.LFM</code> in the known paths. If none is found, an error is raised.</p>\n<p>Now we can demonstrate selective import. For example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">target C; \nfrom HelloWorld import SayHello\n\nmain reactor Greetings {\n    a = new SayHello();\n}</pre>\n<p>Finally, renaming can be done by using the <code>as</code> predicate:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">target C; \nfrom HelloWorld import SayHello as SayGreetings\n\nmain reactor Greetings {\n    a = new SayHeGreetings();\n}</pre>","headings":[{"value":"Current Implementation of Imports","depth":1},{"value":"Duplicate Reactor Names","depth":2},{"value":"Selective Importing","depth":2},{"value":"Qualified Paths","depth":2},{"value":"Renaming","depth":2},{"value":"Packages","depth":2},{"value":"Proposed Solution","depth":1}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/import-system","title":"Import System","oneline":"Import System (preliminary)","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}}},"pageContext":{"slug":"/docs/handbook/import-system","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/preliminary/Import System.md","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.629Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/import-system","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"4f193470-c244-5392-8875-25389d7cd383","excerpt":"The following topics are meant as collections of design ideas, with the purpose of refining them into concrete design proposals. Current Implementation of…","html":"<p><em>The following topics are meant as collections of design ideas, with the purpose of refining them into concrete design proposals.</em></p>\n<h1 id=\"current-implementation-of-imports\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#current-implementation-of-imports\" aria-label=\"current implementation of imports permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Current Implementation of Imports</h1>\n<p>The import functionality in Lingua Franca is limited to:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">import HelloWorld.lf</pre>\n<p>This can be useful if the <code>.lf</code> file is located in the same directory as the file containing the main reactor.</p>\n<p>However, several shortcomings exist in this current system which we shall discuss next.</p>\n<h2 id=\"duplicate-reactor-names\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#duplicate-reactor-names\" aria-label=\"duplicate reactor names permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Duplicate Reactor Names</h2>\n<p>Reactors with the same name can cause issues. For example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">import CatsAndPuppies.lf // Contains a Puppy reactor\nimport MeanPuppies.lf   // Contains another Puppy reactor</pre>\n<p>There is no way for the LF program to distinguish between the two <code>Puppy</code> reactors.</p>\n<p><strong>Note.</strong> With a relatively trivial extension to the current LF import mechanism, it is possible to detect duplicates, but there is no way to circumvent them in the current LF program (i.e., the original names might have to be changed).</p>\n<h2 id=\"selective-importing\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#selective-importing\" aria-label=\"selective importing permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Selective Importing</h2>\n<p>Selective importing is not possible. For example, using</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">import CatsAndPuppies.lf</pre>\n<p>will import all the reactors contained in the <code>.lf</code> file. It would be desirable to selectively import a subset of reactors in another <code>.lf</code> file.</p>\n<h2 id=\"qualified-paths\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#qualified-paths\" aria-label=\"qualified paths permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Qualified Paths</h2>\n<p>Currently, there is no elegant way of importing modules that are not in the same directory.</p>\n<h2 id=\"renaming\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#renaming\" aria-label=\"renaming permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Renaming</h2>\n<p>All the reactors imported will have the name originally given to them by the original programmer. It might make sense to rename them for the current LF program.</p>\n<h2 id=\"packages\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#packages\" aria-label=\"packages permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Packages</h2>\n<p>With the current import solution that only uses files, implementing packages in Lingua Franca is not feasible.</p>\n<h1 id=\"proposed-solution\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#proposed-solution\" aria-label=\"proposed solution permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Proposed Solution</h1>\n<p>With inspirations from Python, we propose the following import mechanism:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">&quot;import&quot; LF_Trunc_File/module (&quot;,&quot; LF_Trunc_File/module)* \n              | &quot;from&quot; LFTruncFile/module &quot;import&quot; reactor [&quot;as&quot; name]\n                (&quot;,&quot; reactor [&quot;as&quot; name] )*\n              | &quot;from&quot; LF_Trunc_File/module &quot;import&quot; &quot;*&quot; </pre>\n<p>Before discussing some examples, let’s discuss <code>LF_Trunc_File/module</code>. First and foremost, <code>LF_Truc_File</code> stands for Lingua Franca Truncated File, which is a <code>name.lf</code> file with the <code>.lf</code> removed. Therefore, the legacy support for import can be carried over as:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">import HelloWorld</pre>\n<p>Second, the <code>module</code> would introduce the notion of packages to Lingua Franca. The content of a module can be located in any path. To enable this facility, modules provide a Lingua Franca Meta file (LFM) that introduces the package name, and the absolute or relative paths of all the LF files that are included in that package. For example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">// CatsAndPuppies.LFM\npackage CatsAndPuppies // Optional. The file name would be interpreted as the package name.\nimport /home/user/linguafranca/pets/Cats.lf // Absolute paths\nimport pets/Puppies.lf // Relative paths</pre>\n<p>For a package to be accessible, the <code>LFM</code> file needs to be discoverable. For example, it can be automatically added to the current directory or “installed” in a known Lingua Franca path (e.g., <code>/usr/local/LF/packages</code> or <code>/home/user/linguafranca/packages</code>).</p>\n<p>With that in mind, let’s discuss some examples on how this might work next.\nThe content of the <code>HelloWorld.lf</code> example is as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">target C; \nreactor SayHello {\n    timer t;\n    reaction(t) {=\n        printf(&quot;Hello World.\\n&quot;);\n    =}\n}\nmain reactor HelloWorldTest {\n    a = new HelloWorld();\n}</pre>\n<p>Let us create a <code>Greetings.lf</code> program based on HelloWorld.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">target C; \nimport HelloWorld\n\nmain reactor Greetings {\n    a = new SayHello();\n}</pre>\n<p>To generate code for <code>Greetings.lf</code>, Lingua Franca first searches for a <code>HelloWorld.lf</code> file in the same directory as <code>Greetings.lf</code>. If not found, it will look for a <code>HelloWorld.LFM</code> in the known paths. If none is found, an error is raised.</p>\n<p>Now we can demonstrate selective import. For example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">target C; \nfrom HelloWorld import SayHello\n\nmain reactor Greetings {\n    a = new SayHello();\n}</pre>\n<p>Finally, renaming can be done by using the <code>as</code> predicate:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">target C; \nfrom HelloWorld import SayHello as SayGreetings\n\nmain reactor Greetings {\n    a = new SayHeGreetings();\n}</pre>","headings":[{"value":"Current Implementation of Imports","depth":1},{"value":"Duplicate Reactor Names","depth":2},{"value":"Selective Importing","depth":2},{"value":"Qualified Paths","depth":2},{"value":"Renaming","depth":2},{"value":"Packages","depth":2},{"value":"Proposed Solution","depth":1}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/import-system","title":"Import System","oneline":"Import System (preliminary)","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}}},"pageContext":{"slug":"/docs/handbook/import-system","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/preliminary/Import System.md","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.015Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"0d5f08dc-f62c-56c3-b83d-20bcfbd11d65","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ In this section, we will endow reactors with inputs and outputs. Input and Output Declarations Input and output declarations have the form…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<p>In this section, we will endow reactors with inputs and outputs.</p>\n<h2 id=\"input-and-output-declarations\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#input-and-output-declarations\" aria-label=\"input and output declarations permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Input and Output Declarations</h2>\n<p>Input and output declarations have the form:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-ts lf-rs lf-cpp\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;:&lt;type&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">type</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<p>For example, the following reactor doubles its input and sends the result to the output:</p>\n<p>$start(Double)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Double</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Double</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Double</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Double</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">2</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Double</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">y, ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">x).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">unwrap</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-arithmetic-rust\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Double)$</p>\n<p>Notice how the input value is accessed and how the output value is set. This is done differently for each target language. See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a> for detailed documentation of these mechanisms.\nSetting an output within a reaction will trigger downstream reactions at the same <a href=\"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers#logical-time\">Logical Time</a> that the reaction is invoked (or, more precisely, at the same <a href=\"/docs/handbook/superdense-time#tag-vs-time\">tag</a>). If a particular output port is set more than once at any tag, the last set value will be the one that downstream reactions see. Since the order in which reactions of a reactor are invoked at a logical time is deterministic, and whether inputs are present depends only on their timestamps, the final value set for an output will also be deterministic.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The <strong>type</strong> of a port is a type in the target language plus the special type $time$. A type may also be specified using a <strong>code block</strong>, delimited by the same delimiters <code>{= ... =}</code> that separate target language code from Lingua Franca code in reactions. Any valid target-language type designator can be given within these delimiters.</p>\n</div>\n<p>The $reaction$ declaration above indicates that an input event on port <code>x</code> is a <strong>trigger</strong> and that an output event on port <code>y</code> is a (potential) <strong>effect</strong>. A reaction can declare more than one trigger or effect by just listing them separated by commas (See <a href=\"/docs/handbook/reactions\">Reactions</a> for details). For example, the following reactor has two triggers and tests each input for presence before using it:</p>\n<p>$start(Destination)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py support-function-builtin-python\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py support-function-builtin-python\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py support-function-builtin-python\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python support-function-builtin-python\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-undefined-ts\">undefined</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-undefined-ts\">undefined</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs storage-modifier-mut-rust\">mut</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-constant-core-rust\">Some</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">x) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> x;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-constant-core-rust\">Some</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">y) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> y;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Received {}.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">, sum);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Destination)$</p>\n<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> if a reaction fails to test for the presence of an input and reads its value anyway, then the result it will get is target dependent.\n<span class=\"lf-c\">In the C target, the value read will be the most recently seen input value, or, if no input event has occurred at an earlier logical time, then zero or NULL, depending on the data type of the input.</span>\n<span class=\"lf-cpp\">In the C++ target, a smart pointer is returned for present values and <code>nullptr</code> if the value is not present.</span>\n<span class=\"lf-py\">In the Python target, the value will be <code>None</code> if the input is not present.</span>\n<span class=\"lf-ts\">In the TS target, the value will be <strong>undefined</strong> if the input is not present, a legitimate value in TypeScript.</span>\n<span class=\"lf-rs warning\">FIXME.</span></p>\n<h2 id=\"setting-an-output-multiple-times\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#setting-an-output-multiple-times\" aria-label=\"setting an output multiple times permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Setting an Output Multiple Times</h2>\n<p>If one or more reactions set an output multiple times at the same <a href=\"/docs/handbook/superdense-time#tag-vs-time\">tag</a>, then only the last value set will be seen by any downstream reactors.</p>\n<p>If a reaction wishes to test whether an output has been previously set at the current tag by some other reaction, it can test it in the same way it tests inputs for presence.</p>\n<h2 id=\"mutable-inputs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#mutable-inputs\" aria-label=\"mutable inputs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Mutable Inputs</h2>\n<p>Normally, a reaction does not modify the value of an input. An input is said to be <strong>immutable</strong>. The degree to which this is enforced varies by target language. Most of the target languages make it rather difficult to enforce, so the programmer needs to avoid modifying the input. Modifying an input value may lead to nondeterministic results.</p>\n<p>Occasionally, it is useful to modify an input. For example, the input may be a large data structure, and a reaction may wish to make a small modification and forward the result to an output. To accomplish this, the programmer should declare the input $mutable$ as follows:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">mutable</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;:&lt;type&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">mutable</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<p>This is a directive to the code generator indicating that reactions that read this input may also modify the value of the input. The code generator will attempt to optimize the scheduling to avoid copying the input value, but this may not be possible, in which case it will automatically insert a copy operation, making it safe to modify the input. The target-specific reference documentation has more details about how this works.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Input and Output Declarations","depth":2},{"value":"Setting an Output Multiple Times","depth":2},{"value":"Mutable Inputs","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs","title":"Inputs and Outputs","oneline":"Inputs, outputs, and reactions in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"A First Reactor","oneline":"Writing your first Lingua Franca reactor.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Parameters and State Variables","oneline":"Parameters and state variables in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-inputs-and-outputs","slug":"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Inputs and Outputs.md","previousID":"019c89cd-efb9-5676-a6b0-05b04f606d3a","nextID":"3af5735d-7d46-5bd0-b069-21d6c92f9c29","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-19T17:23:16.962Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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Input and Output Declarations Input and output declarations have the form…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<p>In this section, we will endow reactors with inputs and outputs.</p>\n<h2 id=\"input-and-output-declarations\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#input-and-output-declarations\" aria-label=\"input and output declarations permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Input and Output Declarations</h2>\n<p>Input and output declarations have the form:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-ts lf-rs lf-cpp\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;:&lt;type&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">type</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<p>For example, the following reactor doubles its input and sends the result to the output:</p>\n<p>$start(Double)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Double</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Double</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Double</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Double</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">2</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Double</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">y, ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">x).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">unwrap</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-arithmetic-rust\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Double)$</p>\n<p>Notice how the input value is accessed and how the output value is set. This is done differently for each target language. See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a> for detailed documentation of these mechanisms.\nSetting an output within a reaction will trigger downstream reactions at the same <a href=\"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers#logical-time\">Logical Time</a> that the reaction is invoked (or, more precisely, at the same <a href=\"/docs/handbook/superdense-time#tag-vs-time\">tag</a>). If a particular output port is set more than once at any tag, the last set value will be the one that downstream reactions see. Since the order in which reactions of a reactor are invoked at a logical time is deterministic, and whether inputs are present depends only on their timestamps, the final value set for an output will also be deterministic.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The <strong>type</strong> of a port is a type in the target language plus the special type $time$. A type may also be specified using a <strong>code block</strong>, delimited by the same delimiters <code>{= ... =}</code> that separate target language code from Lingua Franca code in reactions. Any valid target-language type designator can be given within these delimiters.</p>\n</div>\n<p>The $reaction$ declaration above indicates that an input event on port <code>x</code> is a <strong>trigger</strong> and that an output event on port <code>y</code> is a (potential) <strong>effect</strong>. A reaction can declare more than one trigger or effect by just listing them separated by commas (See <a href=\"/docs/handbook/reactions\">Reactions</a> for details). For example, the following reactor has two triggers and tests each input for presence before using it:</p>\n<p>$start(Destination)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py support-function-builtin-python\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py support-function-builtin-python\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py support-function-builtin-python\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python support-function-builtin-python\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-undefined-ts\">undefined</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-undefined-ts\">undefined</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs storage-modifier-mut-rust\">mut</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-constant-core-rust\">Some</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">x) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> x;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-constant-core-rust\">Some</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">y) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> y;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Received {}.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">, sum);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Destination)$</p>\n<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> if a reaction fails to test for the presence of an input and reads its value anyway, then the result it will get is target dependent.\n<span class=\"lf-c\">In the C target, the value read will be the most recently seen input value, or, if no input event has occurred at an earlier logical time, then zero or NULL, depending on the data type of the input.</span>\n<span class=\"lf-cpp\">In the C++ target, a smart pointer is returned for present values and <code>nullptr</code> if the value is not present.</span>\n<span class=\"lf-py\">In the Python target, the value will be <code>None</code> if the input is not present.</span>\n<span class=\"lf-ts\">In the TS target, the value will be <strong>undefined</strong> if the input is not present, a legitimate value in TypeScript.</span>\n<span class=\"lf-rs warning\">FIXME.</span></p>\n<h2 id=\"setting-an-output-multiple-times\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#setting-an-output-multiple-times\" aria-label=\"setting an output multiple times permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Setting an Output Multiple Times</h2>\n<p>If one or more reactions set an output multiple times at the same <a href=\"/docs/handbook/superdense-time#tag-vs-time\">tag</a>, then only the last value set will be seen by any downstream reactors.</p>\n<p>If a reaction wishes to test whether an output has been previously set at the current tag by some other reaction, it can test it in the same way it tests inputs for presence.</p>\n<h2 id=\"mutable-inputs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#mutable-inputs\" aria-label=\"mutable inputs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Mutable Inputs</h2>\n<p>Normally, a reaction does not modify the value of an input. An input is said to be <strong>immutable</strong>. The degree to which this is enforced varies by target language. Most of the target languages make it rather difficult to enforce, so the programmer needs to avoid modifying the input. Modifying an input value may lead to nondeterministic results.</p>\n<p>Occasionally, it is useful to modify an input. For example, the input may be a large data structure, and a reaction may wish to make a small modification and forward the result to an output. To accomplish this, the programmer should declare the input $mutable$ as follows:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">mutable</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;:&lt;type&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">mutable</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<p>This is a directive to the code generator indicating that reactions that read this input may also modify the value of the input. The code generator will attempt to optimize the scheduling to avoid copying the input value, but this may not be possible, in which case it will automatically insert a copy operation, making it safe to modify the input. The target-specific reference documentation has more details about how this works.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Input and Output Declarations","depth":2},{"value":"Setting an Output Multiple Times","depth":2},{"value":"Mutable Inputs","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs","title":"Inputs and Outputs","oneline":"Inputs, outputs, and reactions in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"A First Reactor","oneline":"Writing your first Lingua Franca reactor.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Parameters and State Variables","oneline":"Parameters and state variables in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-inputs-and-outputs","slug":"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Inputs and Outputs.md","previousID":"7ab4c09f-77ee-57d7-ac47-116061262590","nextID":"20781702-b6a5-5a16-b4d8-b4c45cd76fa3","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/intellij","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"f67919db-325d-5d5a-890c-b1b6187d17d3","excerpt":"Prerequisites Java 17 (download from Oracle) IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition (download from Jetbrains) Cloning lingua-franca repository If you have not done so…","html":"<h2 id=\"prerequisites\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#prerequisites\" aria-label=\"prerequisites permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Prerequisites</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Java 17 (<a href=\"https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/downloads/\">download from Oracle</a>)</li>\n<li>IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition (<a href=\"https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/download/\">download from Jetbrains</a>)</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"cloning-lingua-franca-repository\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#cloning-lingua-franca-repository\" aria-label=\"cloning lingua franca repository permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Cloning lingua-franca repository</h2>\n<p>If you have not done so already, clone the lingua-franca repository into your working directory.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">git</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">clone</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">git@github.com:lf-lang/lingua-franca.git</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">lingua-franca</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">lingua-franca</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">git</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">submodule</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">update</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-init</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-recursive</span>\n</pre>\n<h2 id=\"opening-lingua-franca-as-intellij-project\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#opening-lingua-franca-as-intellij-project\" aria-label=\"opening lingua franca as intellij project permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Opening lingua-franca as IntelliJ Project</h2>\n<p>To import the Lingua Franca repository as a project, simply run <code>./gradlew openIdea</code>.\nThis will create some project files and then open the project in IntelliJ.</p>\n<p>When you open the project for the first time, you will see a small pop-up in the lower right corner.</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 380px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 21%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAECAYAAACOXx+WAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAtUlEQVQY03WP227CMBBE82NVoRTjJsG7dnDiXAgUIfX/v+BUTgripQ9HMzsrzWqLN1NxiDMigtOAE49Tv+rDv+YaODrFlhW2rBetakfthM12R/FRKTLdSamnGyZSZpxo00Dbj3QL2a9Z3p/atB75Q3yDNpG9sRTGGFQ9oU2MlyvjfGH+vnG+3haNaeAoHul/cHGiid2z5EGeNZzWwvftDmNL9oevJ5/GEpq4vJT96+4/ckfu+gU1pJpOIJhBRAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"gradle import\"\n        title=\"gradle import\"\n        src=\"/static/f781c6350fb010f0118766fb11a9f3fd/3f520/gradle_import.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/f781c6350fb010f0118766fb11a9f3fd/772e8/gradle_import.png 200w,\n/static/f781c6350fb010f0118766fb11a9f3fd/3f520/gradle_import.png 380w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 380px) 100vw, 380px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>Click on <kbd>Load Gradle Project</kbd> to import the Gradle configurations.</p>\n<p>If you are prompted to a pop-up window asking if you trust the Gradle project, click <kbd>Trust Project</kbd>.</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 413px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 51.5%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"trust gradle project\"\n        title=\"trust gradle project\"\n        src=\"/static/37791edd7b42ebeecfed9e32fd213cb5/6c1e7/trust_gradle_project.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/37791edd7b42ebeecfed9e32fd213cb5/772e8/trust_gradle_project.png 200w,\n/static/37791edd7b42ebeecfed9e32fd213cb5/e17e5/trust_gradle_project.png 400w,\n/static/37791edd7b42ebeecfed9e32fd213cb5/6c1e7/trust_gradle_project.png 413w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 413px) 100vw, 413px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>Once the repository is imported as a Gradle project, you will see a <kbd>Gradle</kbd> tab on the right.</p>\n<p>Once the indexing finishes, you can expand the Gradle project and see the set of Tasks.</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 487px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 150%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"expand gradle tab\"\n        title=\"expand gradle tab\"\n        src=\"/static/73c0d8bbae560e6776d4debfde4b49e4/7b439/expand_gradle_tab.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/73c0d8bbae560e6776d4debfde4b49e4/772e8/expand_gradle_tab.png 200w,\n/static/73c0d8bbae560e6776d4debfde4b49e4/e17e5/expand_gradle_tab.png 400w,\n/static/73c0d8bbae560e6776d4debfde4b49e4/7b439/expand_gradle_tab.png 487w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 487px) 100vw, 487px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>You can run any Gradle command from IntelliJ simply by clicking on the <kbd>Execute Gradle Task</kbd> icon in the Gradle tab. You are then prompted for the precise command to run.</p>\n<h2 id=\"setting-up-run-configurations\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#setting-up-run-configurations\" aria-label=\"setting up run configurations permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Setting up run configurations</h2>\n<p>You can set up a run configuration for running and debugging various Gradle tasks from the <kbd>Gradle</kbd> tab, including the code generation through <code>lfc</code>.\nTo set up a run configuration for the run task of <code>lfc</code>, expand the <kbd>application</kbd> task group under <kbd>org.lflang > Tasks</kbd>, right-click on <kbd>⚙️ run</kbd>, and select <kbd>Modify Run Configuration…</kbd>.\nThis will create a custom run/debug configuration for you.</p>\n<p>In the <kbd>Create Run Configuration</kbd> dialog, click on the text box next to <kbd>Run</kbd>, select <code>cli:lfc:run</code> from the drop-down menu, and append arguments to be passed to <code>lfc</code> using the <code>--args</code> flag. For instance, to invoke <code>lfc</code> on <code>test/Cpp/src/HelloWorld.lf</code>, enter <code>cli:lfc:run --args 'test/Cpp/src/HelloWorld.lf'</code> Then click <kbd>OK</kbd>.</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 103%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"run config lf program\"\n        title=\"run config lf program\"\n        src=\"/static/a088deca25a157c418776740953ea154/5a190/run_config_lf_program.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/a088deca25a157c418776740953ea154/772e8/run_config_lf_program.png 200w,\n/static/a088deca25a157c418776740953ea154/e17e5/run_config_lf_program.png 400w,\n/static/a088deca25a157c418776740953ea154/5a190/run_config_lf_program.png 800w,\n/static/a088deca25a157c418776740953ea154/c1b63/run_config_lf_program.png 1200w,\n/static/a088deca25a157c418776740953ea154/669eb/run_config_lf_program.png 1244w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>You will see a new run/debug config added to the top-level menu bar, as shown below.\nYou can always change the config, for example, changing the <code>--args</code>, by clicking <kbd>Edit Configurations</kbd> via a drop-down menu.</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 446px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 28.500000000000004%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"new runlfc config\"\n        title=\"new runlfc config\"\n        src=\"/static/aa61dd97bfba023c197ad4cc9a54141c/6244b/new_runlfc_config.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/aa61dd97bfba023c197ad4cc9a54141c/772e8/new_runlfc_config.png 200w,\n/static/aa61dd97bfba023c197ad4cc9a54141c/e17e5/new_runlfc_config.png 400w,\n/static/aa61dd97bfba023c197ad4cc9a54141c/6244b/new_runlfc_config.png 446w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 446px) 100vw, 446px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<h2 id=\"running-and-debugging\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#running-and-debugging\" aria-label=\"running and debugging permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Running and Debugging</h2>\n<p>Using the newly added config, you can run and debug the code generator by clicking the play button and the debug button.</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 320px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 34%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"run debug buttons\"\n        title=\"run debug buttons\"\n        src=\"/static/8cdc1520d508c9dc54f810fcb1f599c7/72799/run_debug_buttons.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/8cdc1520d508c9dc54f810fcb1f599c7/772e8/run_debug_buttons.png 200w,\n/static/8cdc1520d508c9dc54f810fcb1f599c7/72799/run_debug_buttons.png 320w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>Set up breakpoints before starting the debugger by clicking the space right next to the line numbers.\nWhile debugging, you can run code step-by-step by using the debugger tools.</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 73.00000000000001%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"debugger screen\"\n        title=\"debugger screen\"\n        src=\"/static/263547e3edbf7da8e19092af856d5af4/5a190/debugger_screen.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/263547e3edbf7da8e19092af856d5af4/772e8/debugger_screen.png 200w,\n/static/263547e3edbf7da8e19092af856d5af4/e17e5/debugger_screen.png 400w,\n/static/263547e3edbf7da8e19092af856d5af4/5a190/debugger_screen.png 800w,\n/static/263547e3edbf7da8e19092af856d5af4/25260/debugger_screen.png 1113w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>By clicking the play button, <code>lfc</code> will be invoked, and if compilation is successful, its output can be found, relative to package root of the file under compilation, in <code>bin</code> if the target is a compiled language (e.g., C) or in <code>src-gen</code> if the target is an interpreted language (e.g., TypeScript).  For the <code>HelloWorld.lf</code> example above, the binary can be found in <code>test/Cpp/bin/HelloWorld</code> and can be executed in the terminal.</p>\n<h2 id=\"integration-tests\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#integration-tests\" aria-label=\"integration tests permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Integration Tests</h2>\n<p>You can also run the integration test from IntelliJ. You will find the <kbd>targetTest</kbd> and <kbd>singleTest</kbd> tasks in the Gradle tab under <kbd>org.lflang > Tasks > other</kbd>. Make sure to add a run configuration as shown above and append <code>-Ptarget=...'</code> to the <code>targetTest</code> command or <code>-DsingleTest=...</code> to your <code>singleTest</code> command to specify the target (e.g., <code>C</code>) or the specific test that you would like to run.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Prerequisites","depth":2},{"value":"Cloning lingua-franca repository","depth":2},{"value":"Opening lingua-franca as IntelliJ Project","depth":2},{"value":"Setting up run configurations","depth":2},{"value":"Running and Debugging","depth":2},{"value":"Integration Tests","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/intellij","title":"Developer IntelliJ Setup","oneline":"Developer IntelliJ Setup.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Developer Setup","oneline":"Setting up Lingua Franca for developers.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/developer-setup"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Regression Tests","oneline":"Regression Tests for Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/regression-tests"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"5-developer-intellij-setup","slug":"/docs/handbook/intellij","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/developer/Developer IntelliJ Setup.md","previousID":"ee7cc121-549c-5a51-8df8-837d70d2047d","nextID":"84dc8ec9-7d59-5bfc-8087-6b3e9f476b80","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.628Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/intellij","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"57e21136-002a-540c-84e6-b179b7e75eb2","excerpt":"Prerequisites Java 17 (download from Oracle) IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition (download from Jetbrains) Cloning lingua-franca repository If you have not done so…","html":"<h2 id=\"prerequisites\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#prerequisites\" aria-label=\"prerequisites permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Prerequisites</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Java 17 (<a href=\"https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/downloads/\">download from Oracle</a>)</li>\n<li>IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition (<a href=\"https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/download/\">download from Jetbrains</a>)</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"cloning-lingua-franca-repository\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#cloning-lingua-franca-repository\" aria-label=\"cloning lingua franca repository permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Cloning lingua-franca repository</h2>\n<p>If you have not done so already, clone the lingua-franca repository into your working directory.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">git</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">clone</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">git@github.com:lf-lang/lingua-franca.git</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">lingua-franca</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">lingua-franca</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">git</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">submodule</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">update</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-init</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-recursive</span>\n</pre>\n<h2 id=\"opening-lingua-franca-as-intellij-project\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#opening-lingua-franca-as-intellij-project\" aria-label=\"opening lingua franca as intellij project permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Opening lingua-franca as IntelliJ Project</h2>\n<p>To import the Lingua Franca repository as a project, simply run <code>./gradlew openIdea</code>.\nThis will create some project files and then open the project in IntelliJ.</p>\n<p>When you open the project for the first time, you will see a small pop-up in the lower right corner.</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 380px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 21%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAECAYAAACOXx+WAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAtUlEQVQY03WP227CMBBE82NVoRTjJsG7dnDiXAgUIfX/v+BUTgripQ9HMzsrzWqLN1NxiDMigtOAE49Tv+rDv+YaODrFlhW2rBetakfthM12R/FRKTLdSamnGyZSZpxo00Dbj3QL2a9Z3p/atB75Q3yDNpG9sRTGGFQ9oU2MlyvjfGH+vnG+3haNaeAoHul/cHGiid2z5EGeNZzWwvftDmNL9oevJ5/GEpq4vJT96+4/ckfu+gU1pJpOIJhBRAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"gradle import\"\n        title=\"gradle import\"\n        src=\"/static/f781c6350fb010f0118766fb11a9f3fd/3f520/gradle_import.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/f781c6350fb010f0118766fb11a9f3fd/772e8/gradle_import.png 200w,\n/static/f781c6350fb010f0118766fb11a9f3fd/3f520/gradle_import.png 380w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 380px) 100vw, 380px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>Click on <kbd>Load Gradle Project</kbd> to import the Gradle configurations.</p>\n<p>If you are prompted to a pop-up window asking if you trust the Gradle project, click <kbd>Trust Project</kbd>.</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 413px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 51.5%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"trust gradle project\"\n        title=\"trust gradle project\"\n        src=\"/static/37791edd7b42ebeecfed9e32fd213cb5/6c1e7/trust_gradle_project.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/37791edd7b42ebeecfed9e32fd213cb5/772e8/trust_gradle_project.png 200w,\n/static/37791edd7b42ebeecfed9e32fd213cb5/e17e5/trust_gradle_project.png 400w,\n/static/37791edd7b42ebeecfed9e32fd213cb5/6c1e7/trust_gradle_project.png 413w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 413px) 100vw, 413px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>Once the repository is imported as a Gradle project, you will see a <kbd>Gradle</kbd> tab on the right.</p>\n<p>Once the indexing finishes, you can expand the Gradle project and see the set of Tasks.</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 487px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 150%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"expand gradle tab\"\n        title=\"expand gradle tab\"\n        src=\"/static/73c0d8bbae560e6776d4debfde4b49e4/7b439/expand_gradle_tab.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/73c0d8bbae560e6776d4debfde4b49e4/772e8/expand_gradle_tab.png 200w,\n/static/73c0d8bbae560e6776d4debfde4b49e4/e17e5/expand_gradle_tab.png 400w,\n/static/73c0d8bbae560e6776d4debfde4b49e4/7b439/expand_gradle_tab.png 487w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 487px) 100vw, 487px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>You can run any Gradle command from IntelliJ simply by clicking on the <kbd>Execute Gradle Task</kbd> icon in the Gradle tab. You are then prompted for the precise command to run.</p>\n<h2 id=\"setting-up-run-configurations\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#setting-up-run-configurations\" aria-label=\"setting up run configurations permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Setting up run configurations</h2>\n<p>You can set up a run configuration for running and debugging various Gradle tasks from the <kbd>Gradle</kbd> tab, including the code generation through <code>lfc</code>.\nTo set up a run configuration for the run task of <code>lfc</code>, expand the <kbd>application</kbd> task group under <kbd>org.lflang > Tasks</kbd>, right-click on <kbd>⚙️ run</kbd>, and select <kbd>Modify Run Configuration…</kbd>.\nThis will create a custom run/debug configuration for you.</p>\n<p>In the <kbd>Create Run Configuration</kbd> dialog, click on the text box next to <kbd>Run</kbd>, select <code>cli:lfc:run</code> from the drop-down menu, and append arguments to be passed to <code>lfc</code> using the <code>--args</code> flag. For instance, to invoke <code>lfc</code> on <code>test/Cpp/src/HelloWorld.lf</code>, enter <code>cli:lfc:run --args 'test/Cpp/src/HelloWorld.lf'</code> Then click <kbd>OK</kbd>.</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 103%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAVCAYAAABG1c6oAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAACeklEQVQ4y31Uy46jMBDkmybRjCYYsI1fPAOEJKOR9rJ72uv+v1SrbiAhGzaHUgN2l7u6y0T7/R673R4U397eOAohkKYpRyklsixDkiQc6fuC9/d37HY7TBw7fHx8IMpUDqkNUqXhihLGB44EGwooYx8gMgmZW+TWQ+YGKrfQxvF7IhUibT0na+vQ9AOq9oj62KFqO5RNC+08I3cBmpM0pM5hHJE4WB9gfMFrVFykjEOmDQ5Jhk+RPuAgUsSpfILQASIvEauAWAfEqWKVTEjsoaqRkvTcIssNH8DPtOnfd22gig55NUKXJ6hygLL3KiMiCnWDomlZIkVXVqiOHYq64W8ltaHrORKqprmhqGv4qoKlnhcVIjqRmqpmUK+o/C2pd6gbRHYHrTEhlUtEhGwmo+ZrmixNUudTXB38CHsbXkS9saGE9QXbZBkQ2ygEWOdhZuQ+bMOFWXI52caXFcMVE+pjz37Ur0geCD0XZUKJaKtHVCFLtn6SY91Dn+k7gYimOJHSWkSJyvrbxnXSureLsfXcZ8ojhxCmZ41U6klyf77ieBoxXK4Yzld04xnd6Yx+vKAbL+jPF15rugGhbtmTpGJLHd+U4zDy5rY/cVyeiZR9WVRcFd2eeCZa22WNSBrLyTQIIiIDL8/tcJqNXrN8aRxLfEmorGPJ/XiXSJURGUXCcL7c5JKil4TLVOM10nV/sqd+Lbdik/B/Jz1Dz3i9Lzqsmvx86vxOlYkYh/gAkYiHXx3l3H53STZNmWywJSFeyKSFqH9A9b9wKL7Yi9RPX9acSy4o6ulnHC2GJfZtwgyxchDDb5jvP/hsfvI1owHS4GioNLDx+sV3+S8PLu+0s+GhNgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"run config lf program\"\n        title=\"run config lf program\"\n        src=\"/static/a088deca25a157c418776740953ea154/5a190/run_config_lf_program.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/a088deca25a157c418776740953ea154/772e8/run_config_lf_program.png 200w,\n/static/a088deca25a157c418776740953ea154/e17e5/run_config_lf_program.png 400w,\n/static/a088deca25a157c418776740953ea154/5a190/run_config_lf_program.png 800w,\n/static/a088deca25a157c418776740953ea154/c1b63/run_config_lf_program.png 1200w,\n/static/a088deca25a157c418776740953ea154/669eb/run_config_lf_program.png 1244w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>You will see a new run/debug config added to the top-level menu bar, as shown below.\nYou can always change the config, for example, changing the <code>--args</code>, by clicking <kbd>Edit Configurations</kbd> via a drop-down menu.</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 446px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 28.500000000000004%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"new runlfc config\"\n        title=\"new runlfc config\"\n        src=\"/static/aa61dd97bfba023c197ad4cc9a54141c/6244b/new_runlfc_config.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/aa61dd97bfba023c197ad4cc9a54141c/772e8/new_runlfc_config.png 200w,\n/static/aa61dd97bfba023c197ad4cc9a54141c/e17e5/new_runlfc_config.png 400w,\n/static/aa61dd97bfba023c197ad4cc9a54141c/6244b/new_runlfc_config.png 446w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 446px) 100vw, 446px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<h2 id=\"running-and-debugging\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#running-and-debugging\" aria-label=\"running and debugging permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Running and Debugging</h2>\n<p>Using the newly added config, you can run and debug the code generator by clicking the play button and the debug button.</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 320px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 34%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"run debug buttons\"\n        title=\"run debug buttons\"\n        src=\"/static/8cdc1520d508c9dc54f810fcb1f599c7/72799/run_debug_buttons.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/8cdc1520d508c9dc54f810fcb1f599c7/772e8/run_debug_buttons.png 200w,\n/static/8cdc1520d508c9dc54f810fcb1f599c7/72799/run_debug_buttons.png 320w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>Set up breakpoints before starting the debugger by clicking the space right next to the line numbers.\nWhile debugging, you can run code step-by-step by using the debugger tools.</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 73.00000000000001%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"debugger screen\"\n        title=\"debugger screen\"\n        src=\"/static/263547e3edbf7da8e19092af856d5af4/5a190/debugger_screen.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/263547e3edbf7da8e19092af856d5af4/772e8/debugger_screen.png 200w,\n/static/263547e3edbf7da8e19092af856d5af4/e17e5/debugger_screen.png 400w,\n/static/263547e3edbf7da8e19092af856d5af4/5a190/debugger_screen.png 800w,\n/static/263547e3edbf7da8e19092af856d5af4/25260/debugger_screen.png 1113w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>By clicking the play button, <code>lfc</code> will be invoked, and if compilation is successful, its output can be found, relative to package root of the file under compilation, in <code>bin</code> if the target is a compiled language (e.g., C) or in <code>src-gen</code> if the target is an interpreted language (e.g., TypeScript).  For the <code>HelloWorld.lf</code> example above, the binary can be found in <code>test/Cpp/bin/HelloWorld</code> and can be executed in the terminal.</p>\n<h2 id=\"integration-tests\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#integration-tests\" aria-label=\"integration tests permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Integration Tests</h2>\n<p>You can also run the integration test from IntelliJ. You will find the <kbd>targetTest</kbd> and <kbd>singleTest</kbd> tasks in the Gradle tab under <kbd>org.lflang > Tasks > other</kbd>. Make sure to add a run configuration as shown above and append <code>-Ptarget=...'</code> to the <code>targetTest</code> command or <code>-DsingleTest=...</code> to your <code>singleTest</code> command to specify the target (e.g., <code>C</code>) or the specific test that you would like to run.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Prerequisites","depth":2},{"value":"Cloning lingua-franca repository","depth":2},{"value":"Opening lingua-franca as IntelliJ Project","depth":2},{"value":"Setting up run configurations","depth":2},{"value":"Running and Debugging","depth":2},{"value":"Integration Tests","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/intellij","title":"Developer IntelliJ Setup","oneline":"Developer IntelliJ Setup.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Developer Setup","oneline":"Setting up Lingua Franca for developers.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/developer-setup"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Regression Tests","oneline":"Regression Tests for Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/regression-tests"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"5-developer-intellij-setup","slug":"/docs/handbook/intellij","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/developer/Developer IntelliJ Setup.md","previousID":"81b7347d-2806-53c1-91ad-c7b12d062d3c","nextID":"b004db16-2d0f-54e3-a2a8-d9d6f510eea1","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.015Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/language-specification","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"c2e972ab-22b8-5e5c-a7e3-dc84db242a87","excerpt":"A Lingua Franca file, which has a .lf extension, contains the following: One target specification. Zero or more import statements. One or more reactor blocks…","html":"<p>A Lingua Franca file, which has a .lf extension, contains the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>One <a href=\"target-declaration\"><strong>target</strong> specification</a>.</li>\n<li>Zero or more <a href=\"#import-statement\"><strong>import</strong> statements</a>.</li>\n<li>One or more <a href=\"#reactor-block\"><strong>reactor</strong></a> blocks, which contain <a href=\"#reaction-declaration\"><strong>reaction</strong> declarations</a>.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>If one of the reactors in the file is designated <code>main</code> or <code>federated</code>, then the file defines an executable application. Otherwise, it defines one or more library reactors that can be imported into other LF files. For example, an LF file might be structured like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The name of the main reactor (<code>C</code> above) is optional. If given, it must match the filename (<code>C.lf</code> in the above example).</p>\n<p>This example specifies and instantiates two reactors, one of which sends messages to the other. A minimal but complete Lingua Franca file with one reactor is this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">HelloWorld</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>See the <a href=\"Writing-Reactors-in-C#a-minimal-example\">C target documentation</a> for details about this example.</p>\n<h2 id=\"target-language-specification\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#target-language-specification\" aria-label=\"target language specification permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Target Language Specification</h2>\n<p>Every Lingua Franca program begins with a <a href=\"/docs/handbook/language-specification\">target language specification</a> that specifies the language in which reactions are written. This is also the language of the program(s) generated by the Lingua Franca compiler.</p>\n<h2 id=\"import-statement\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#import-statement\" aria-label=\"import statement permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Import Statement</h2>\n<p>An import statement has the form:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>import</strong> { <em>reactor1</em>, <em>reactor2</em> <strong>as</strong> <em>alias2</em>, […] } <strong>from</strong> ”<em>path</em>“;</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>where <em>path</em> specifies another Lingua Franca file relative to the location of the current file.</p>\n<h2 id=\"reactor-block\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reactor-block\" aria-label=\"reactor block permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reactor Block</h2>\n<p>A <strong>reactor</strong> is a software component that reacts to input events, timer events, and internal events. It has private state variables that are not visible to any other reactor. Its reactions can consist of altering its own state, sending messages to other reactors, or affecting the environment through some kind of actuation or side effect.</p>\n<p>The general structure of a reactor block is as follows:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>reactor</strong> <em>name</em> (<em><a href=\"#parameter-declaration\">parameters</a></em>) {<br/> >   <em><a href=\"#state-declaration\">state declarations</a></em><br/> >   <em><a href=\"#method-declaration\">method declarations</a></em><br/> >   <em><a href=\"#input-declaration\">input declarations</a></em><br/> >   <em><a href=\"#output-declaration\">output declarations</a></em><br/> >   <em><a href=\"#timer-declaration\">timer declarations</a></em><br/> >   <em><a href=\"#action-declaration\">action declarations</a></em><br/> >   <em><a href=\"#reaction-declaration\">reaction declarations</a></em><br/> >   <em><a href=\"#contained-reactors\">contained reactors</a></em><br/> >    … <br/>\n}</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Parameter, inputs, outputs, timers, actions, and contained reactors all have names, and the names are required to be distinct from one another.</p>\n<p>If the <strong>reactor</strong> keyword is preceded by <strong>main</strong>, then this reactor will be instantiated and run by the generated code. If an imported LF file contains a main reactor, that reactor is ignored. Only reactors that not designated <code>main</code> are imported. This makes it easy to create a library of reusable reactors that each come with a test case or demonstration in the form of a main reactor.</p>\n<h3 id=\"parameter-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#parameter-declaration\" aria-label=\"parameter declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Parameter Declaration</h3>\n<p>A reactor class definition can define parameters as follows:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>reactor</strong> <em>ClassName</em>(<em>paramName1</em>:<em>type</em>(<em>expr</em>), <em>paramName2</em>:<em>type</em>(<em>expr</em>)) {<br/> >    … <br/>\n}</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Each parameter may have a <em>type annotation</em>, written <code>:type</code>, and must have a <em>default value</em>, written <code>(expr)</code>.</p>\n<p>The type annotation specifies a type in the target language, which is necessary for some target languages. For instance in C you might write</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(size: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<details>\n<summary>Introduction to basic LF types and expressions... click to expand</summary>\n<p>One useful type predefined by LF is the <code>time</code> type, which represents time durations. Values of this type may be written with <em>time expressions</em>, like <code>100 msec</code> or <code>1 second</code> (see <a href=\"#basic-expressions\">Basic expressions</a> for a reference).</p>\n<p>For instance, you can write the following in any target language:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(period: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Container types may also be written e.g. <code>int[]</code>, which is translated to a target-specific array or list type. The acceptable expressions for these types vary across targets (see <a href=\"#complex-expressions\">Complex expressions</a>), for instance in C, you can initialize an array parameter as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(my_array:int[](</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">   </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>If the type or expression uses syntax that Lingua Franca does not support, you can use <code>{= ... =}</code> delimiters to enclose them and escape them. For instance to have a 2-dimensional array as a parameter in C:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(param:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">[][] </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Both <code>int[][]</code> and <code> {% raw %}{{1}, {2}} {% endraw %}</code> are C fragments here, not LF.</p>\n</details>\n<p>Other forms for types and expressions are described in <a href=\"#appendix-lf-types\">LF types</a> and <a href=\"#appendix-lf-expressions\">LF expressions</a>.</p>\n<p>How parameters may be used in the body of a reaction depends on the target. For example, in the <a href=\"writing-reactors-in-c#using-parameters\">C target</a>, a <code>self</code> struct is provided that contains the parameter values. The following example illustrates this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Gain</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(scale:int(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">scale</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This reactor, given any input event <code>x</code> will produce an output <code>y</code> with value equal to the input scaled by the <code>scale</code> parameter. The default value of the <code>scale</code> parameter is 2, but this can be changed when the <code>Gain</code> reactor is <a href=\"#contained-reactors\">instantiated</a>. The <code>lf_set()</code> is the mechanism provided by the <a href=\"Writing-Reactors-in-C#reaction-body\">C target</a> for setting the value of outputs. The parameter <code>scale</code> and input <code>x</code> are just referenced in the C code as shown above.</p>\n<h3 id=\"state-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#state-declaration\" aria-label=\"state declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>State Declaration</h3>\n<p>A state declaration has one of the forms:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>state</strong> <em>name</em>:<em>type</em>(<em>initial_value</em>);<br>\n<strong>state</strong> <em>name</em>(<em>parameter</em>);</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>In the first form, the <a href=\"#appendix-lf-types\">type annotation</a> is only required in some targets. The initial value may be any <a href=\"#appendix-lf-expressions\">expression</a>, including a special <a href=\"#initializer-pseudo-expressions\">initializer forms</a>.</p>\n<p>In the second form, the state variable inherits its type from the specified <em>parameter</em>, which also provides the initial value for the state variable.</p>\n<p>How state variables may be used in the body of a reaction depends on the target. For example, in the <a href=\"writing-reactors-in-c#using-state-variables\">C target</a>, a <code>self</code> struct is provided that contains the state values. The following example illustrates this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> c </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"method-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#method-declaration\" aria-label=\"method declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Method Declaration</h3>\n<p>A method declaration has one of the forms:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>method</strong> <em>name</em>();<br>\n<strong>method</strong> <em>name</em>():<em>type</em>;<br>\n<strong>method</strong> <em>name</em>(<em>arg1_name</em>:arg1<em>type, _arg2_name</em>:arg2<em>type, …);\n<strong>method</strong> _name</em>(<em>arg1_name</em>:arg1<em>type, _arg2_name</em>:arg2<em>type, …):_type</em>;</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>The first form defines a method with no arguments and no return value. The second form defines a method with the return type <em>type</em> but no arguments. The third form defines a method with arguments given by their name and type, but without a return value. Finally, the fourth form is similar to the third, but adds a return type.</p>\n<p>The <strong>method</strong> keyword can optionally be prefixed with the <strong>const</strong> qualifier, which indicates that the method is “read-only”. This is relevant for some target languages such as C++.</p>\n<p>See the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/wiki/Writing-Reactors-in-Cpp#using-methods\">C++ documentation</a> for a usage example.</p>\n<h3 id=\"input-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#input-declaration\" aria-label=\"input declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Input Declaration</h3>\n<p>An input declaration has the form:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>input</strong> <em>name</em>:<em>type</em>;</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>The <code>Gain</code> reactor given above provides an example. The <em>type</em> is just like parameter types.</p>\n<p>An input may have the modifier <strong>mutable</strong>, as follows:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>mutable input</strong> <em>name</em>:<em>type</em></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>This is a directive to the code generator indicating that reactions that read this input will also modify the value of the input. Without this modifier, inputs are <strong>immutable</strong>; modifying them is disallowed. The precise mechanism for making use of mutable inputs is target-language specific. See, for example, the <a href=\"writing-reactors-in-c#Sending-and-Receiving-Arrays-and-Structs\">C language target</a>.</p>\n<p>An input port may have more than one <strong>channel</strong>. See <a href=\"Multiports-and-Banks-of-Reactors#multiports\">multiports documentation</a>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"output-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#output-declaration\" aria-label=\"output declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Output Declaration</h3>\n<p>An output declaration has the form:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>output</strong> <em>name</em>:<em>type</em>;</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>The <code>Gain</code> reactor given above provides an example. The <em>type</em> is just like parameter types.</p>\n<p>An output port may have more than one <strong>channel</strong>. See <a href=\"Multiports-and-Banks-of-Reactors#multiports\">multiports documentation</a>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"timer-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#timer-declaration\" aria-label=\"timer declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Timer Declaration</h3>\n<p>A timer, like an input and an action, causes reactions to be invoked. Unlike an action, it is triggered automatically by the scheduler. This declaration is used when you want to invoke reactions once at specific times or periodically. A timer declaration has the form:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>timer</strong> <em>name</em>(<em>offset</em>, <em>period</em>);</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>For example,</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> foo(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This specifies a timer named <code>foo</code> that will first trigger 10 milliseconds after the start of execution and then repeatedly trigger at intervals of 100 ms. The units are optional, and if they are not included, then the number will be interpreted in a target-dependent way. The units supported are the same as in <a href=\"#parameter-declaration\">parameter declarations</a> described above.</p>\n<p>The times specified are logical times. Specifically, if two timers have the same <em>offset</em> and <em>period</em>, then they are logically simultaneous. No observer will be able to see that one timer has triggered and the other has not. Even though these are logical times, the runtime system will make an effort to align those times to physical times. Such alignment can never be perfect, and its accuracy will depend on the execution platform.</p>\n<p>Both arguments are optional, with both having default value zero. An <em>offset</em> of zero or greater specifies the minimum time delay between the time at the start of execution and when the action is triggered. The <em>period</em> is zero or greater, where a value of zero specifies that the reactions should be triggered exactly once,\nwhereas a value greater than zero specifies that they should be triggered repeatedly with the period given.</p>\n<p>To cause a reaction to be invoked at the start of execution, a special <strong>startup</strong> trigger is provided:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> perform initialization </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <strong>startup</strong> trigger is equivalent to a timer with no <em>offset</em> or <em>period</em>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"action-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#action-declaration\" aria-label=\"action declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Action Declaration</h3>\n<p>An <strong>action</strong>, like an input, can cause reactions to be invoked. Whereas inputs are provided by other reactors, actions are scheduled by this reactor itself, either in response to some observed external event or as a delayed response to some input event. The action can be scheduled by a reactor by invoking a <a href=\"#scheduling-future-reactions\"><strong>schedule</strong> function</a> in a reaction or in an asynchronous callback function.</p>\n<p>An action declaration is either physical or logical:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>physical action</strong> <em>name</em>(<em>min_delay</em>, <em>min_spacing</em>, <em>policy</em>):<em>type</em>;<br> > <strong>logical action</strong> <em>name</em>(<em>min_delay</em>, <em>min_spacing</em>, <em>policy</em>):<em>type</em>;<br></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>The <em>min_delay</em>, <em>min_spacing</em>, and <em>policy</em> are all optional. If only one argument is given in parentheses, then it is interpreted as an <em>min_delay</em>, if two are given, then they are interpreted as <em>min_delay</em> and <em>min_spacing</em>, etc. The <em>min_delay</em> and <em>min_spacing</em> have to be a time value. The <em>policy</em> argument is a string that can be one of the following: <code>'defer'</code> (default), <code>'drop'</code>, or <code>'replace'</code>.</p>\n<p>An action will trigger at a logical time that depends on the arguments given to the schedule function, the <em>min_delay</em>, <em>min_spacing</em>, and <em>policy</em> arguments above, and whether the action is physical or logical.</p>\n<p>If the <strong>logical</strong> keyword is given, then the tag assigned to the event resulting from a call to <a href=\"#scheduling-future-reactions\"><strong>schedule</strong> function</a> is computed as follows. First, let <em>t</em> be the <em>current logical time</em>. For a logical action, the <code>schedule</code> function must be invoked from within a reaction (synchronously), so <em>t</em> is just the logical time of that reaction.</p>\n<p>The (preliminary) tag of the action is then just <em>t</em> plus <em>min_delay</em> plus the <em>offset</em> argument to <a href=\"#scheduling-future-reactions\"><strong>schedule</strong> function</a>.</p>\n<p>If the <strong>physical</strong> keyword is given, then the physical clock on the local platform is used as the timestamp assigned to the action. Moreover, for a physical action, unlike a logical action, the <code>schedule</code> function can be invoked from outside of any reaction (asynchronously), e.g. from an interrupt service routine or callback function.</p>\n<p>If a <em>min_spacing</em> has been declared, then a minimum distance between the tags of two subsequently scheduled events on the same action is enforced. If the preliminary tag is closer to the tag of the previously scheduled event (if there is one), then <em>policy</em> determines how the given constraints is enforced.</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>'drop'</code>: the new event is dropped and <code>schedule</code> returns without having modified the event queue.</li>\n<li><code>'replace'</code>: the payload of the new event is assigned to the preceding event if it is still pending in the event queue; no new event is added to the event queue in this case. If the preceding event has already been pulled from the event queue, the default <code>'defer'</code> policy is applied.</li>\n<li><code>'defer'</code>: the event is added to the event queue with a tag that is equal to earliest time that satisfies the minimal spacing requirement. Assuming the tag of the preceding event is <em>t_prev</em>, then the tag of the new event simply becomes <em>t_prev</em> + <em>min_spacing</em>.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Note that while the <code>'defer'</code> policy is conservative in the sense that it does not discard events, it could potentially cause an unbounded growth of the event queue.</p>\n<p>In all cases, the logical time of a new event will always be strictly greater than the logical time at which it is scheduled by at least one microstep (see the <a href=\"#Time\">Time</a> section).</p>\n<p>The default <em>min_delay</em> is zero. The default <em>min_spacing</em> is undefined (meaning that no minimum spacing constraint is enforced). If a <code>min_spacing</code> is defined, it has to be strictly greater than zero, and greater than or equal to the time precision of the target (for the C target, it is one nanosecond).</p>\n<p>The <em>min_delay</em> parameter in the <strong>action</strong> declaration is static (set at compile time), while the <em>offset</em> parameter given to the schedule function may be dynamically set at runtime. Hence, for static analysis and scheduling, the <strong>action</strong>’s’ <em>min_delay</em> parameter can be assumed to be a <em>minimum delay</em> for analysis purposes.</p>\n<h4 id=\"discussion\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#discussion\" aria-label=\"discussion permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Discussion</h4>\n<p>Logical actions are used to schedule events at a future logical time relative to the current logical time. Physical time is ignored. They must be scheduled within reactions, and the timestamp of the scheduled event will be relative to the current logical time of the reaction that schedules them. It is an error to schedule a logical action asynchronously, outside of the context of a reaction. Asynchronous actions are required to be <strong>physical</strong>.</p>\n<p>Physical actions are typically used to assign timestamps to externally triggered events, such as the arrival of a network message or the acquisition of sensor data, where the time at which these external events occurs is of interest. There are (at least) three interesting use cases:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>An asynchronous event, such as a callback function or interrupt service routine (ISR), is invoked at a physical time <em>t</em> and schedules an action with timestamp <em>T</em>=<em>t</em>. To get this behavior, just set the physical action to have <em>min_delay</em> = 0 and call the schedule function with <em>offset</em> = 0. The <em>min_spacing</em> can be useful here to prevent these external events from overwhelming the software system.</li>\n<li>A periodic task that is occasionally modified by a sporadic sensor. In this case, you can set <em>min_delay</em> = <em>period</em> and call schedule with <em>offset</em> = 0. The resulting timestamp of the sporadic sensor event will always align with the periodic events. This is similar to periodic polling, but without the overhead of polling the sensor when nothing interesting is happening.</li>\n<li>You can impose a minimum physical time delay between an event’s occurrence, such as a push of a button, and system response by adjusting the <em>offset</em>.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"actions-with-values\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#actions-with-values\" aria-label=\"actions with values permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Actions With Values</h3>\n<p>If an action is declared with a <em>type</em>, then it can carry a <strong>value</strong>, a data value passed to the <strong>schedule</strong> function. This value will be available to any reaction that is triggered by the action. The specific mechanism, however, is target-language dependent. See the <a href=\"Writing-reactors-in-C#actions-with-values\">C target</a> for an example.</p>\n<h2 id=\"reaction-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reaction-declaration\" aria-label=\"reaction declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reaction Declaration</h2>\n<p>A reaction is defined within a reactor using the following syntax:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>reaction</strong>(<em>triggers</em>) <em>uses</em> -> <em>effects</em> {=<br/> >    … target language code … <br/>\n=}</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>The <em>uses</em> and <em>effects</em> fields are optional. A simple example appears in the “hello world” example given above:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        printf(</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang constant-character-escape\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>In this example, <code>t</code> is a <strong>trigger</strong> (a timer named <code>t</code>). When that timer fires, the reaction will be invoked. Triggers can be <a href=\"#timer-declaration\">timers</a>, <a href=\"#input-declaration\">inputs</a>, <a href=\"#output-declaration\">outputs</a> of contained reactors, or <a href=\"#action-declaration\">actions</a>. A comma-separated list of triggers can be given, in which case any of the specified triggers can trigger the reaction. If, at any logical time instant, more than one of the triggers fires, the reaction will nevertheless be invoked only once.</p>\n<p>The <em>uses</em> field specifies <a href=\"#input-declaration\">inputs</a> that the reaction observes but that do not trigger the reaction. This field can also be a comma-separated list of inputs. Since the input does not trigger the reaction, the body of the reaction will normally need to test for presence of the input before using it. How to do this is target specific. See <a href=\"Writing-Reactors-in-C#Inputs-and-Outputs\">how this is done in the C target</a>.</p>\n<p>The <em>effects</em> field, occurring after the right arrow, declares which <a href=\"#output-declaration\">outputs</a> and <a href=\"#action-declaration\">actions</a> the target code <em>may</em> produce or schedule. The <em>effects</em> field may also specify <a href=\"#input-declaration\">inputs</a> of contained reactors, provided that those inputs do not have any other sources of data. These declarations make it <em>possible</em> for the reaction to send outputs or enable future actions, but they do not <em>require</em> that the reaction code do that.</p>\n<h3 id=\"target-code\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#target-code\" aria-label=\"target code permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Target Code</h3>\n<p>The body of the reaction is code in the target language surrounded by <code>{=</code> and <code>=}</code>. This code is not parsed by the Lingua Franca compiler. It is used verbatim in the program that is generated.</p>\n<p>The target provides language-dependent mechanisms for referring to inputs, outputs, and actions in the target code. These mechanisms can be different in each target language, but all target languages provide the same basic set of mechanisms. These mechanisms include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Obtaining the current logical time (logical time does not advance during the execution of a reaction, so the execution of a reaction is logically instantaneous).</li>\n<li>Determining whether inputs are present at the current logical time and reading their value if they are. If a reaction is triggered by exactly one input, then that input will always be present. But if there are multiple triggers, or if the input is specified in the <em>uses</em> field, then the input may not be present when the reaction is invoked.</li>\n<li>Setting output values. Reactions in a reactor may set an output value more than once at any instant of logical time, but only the last of the values set will be sent on the output port.</li>\n<li>Scheduling future actions.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>In the <a href=\"Writing-Reactors-in-C#Reaction-Body\">C target</a>, for example, the following reactor will add two inputs if they are present at the time of a reaction:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Add</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(in1, in2) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        int result </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        if (in1</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">is_present) result </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> in1</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">value;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        if (in2</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">is_present) result </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> in2</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">value;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        lf_set(out, result);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>See the <a href=\"Writing-Reactors-in-C#Reaction-Body\">C target</a> for an example of how these things are specified in C.</p>\n<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> if a reaction fails to test for the presence of an input and reads its value anyway, then the result it will get is undefined and may be target dependent. In the C target, as of this writing, the value read will be the most recently seen input value, or, if no input event has occurred at an earlier logical time, then zero or NULL, depending on the data type of the input. In the TS target, the value will be <strong>undefined</strong>, a legitimate value in TypeScript.</p>\n<h3 id=\"scheduling-future-reactions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#scheduling-future-reactions\" aria-label=\"scheduling future reactions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Scheduling Future Reactions</h3>\n<p>Each target language provides some mechanism for scheduling future reactions. Typically, this takes the form of a <code>schedule</code> function that takes as an argument an <a href=\"#Action-Declaration\">action</a>, a time interval, and (perhaps optionally), a payload. For example, in the <a href=\"Writing-Reactors-in-C#Reaction-Body\">C target</a>, in the following program, each reaction to the timer <code>t</code> schedules another reaction to occur 100 msec later:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">MSEC</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Nanoseconds since start: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>When executed, this will produce the following output:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Start execution at time Sun Aug 11 04:11:57 2019\nplus 919310000 nanoseconds.\nNanoseconds since start: 100000000.\nNanoseconds since start: 1100000000.\nNanoseconds since start: 2100000000.\n...</pre>\n<p>This action has no data type and carries no value, but, as explained below, an action can carry a value.</p>\n<h3 id=\"asynchronous-callbacks\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#asynchronous-callbacks\" aria-label=\"asynchronous callbacks permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Asynchronous Callbacks</h3>\n<p>In targets that support multitasking, the <code>schedule</code> function, which schedules future reactions, may be safely invoked on a <strong>physical action</strong> in code that is not part of a reaction. For example, in the multithreaded version of the <a href=\"Writing-Reactors-in-C#Reaction-Body\">C target</a>, <code>schedule</code> may be invoked in an interrupt service routine. The reaction(s) that are scheduled are guaranteed to occur at a time that is strictly larger than the current logical time of any reactions that are being interrupted.</p>\n<h3 id=\"superdense-time\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#superdense-time\" aria-label=\"superdense time permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Superdense Time</h3>\n<p>Lingua Franca uses a concept known as <strong>superdense time</strong>, where two time values that appear to be the same are not logically simultaneous. At every logical time value, for example midnight on January 1, 1970, there exist a logical sequence of <strong>microsteps</strong> that are not simultaneous. The <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/Microsteps.lf\">Microsteps</a> example illustrates this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Time since start: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">  x is present.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">  y is present.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Microsteps</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">repeat</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">start) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, repeat </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">repeat</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">repeat) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>Destination</code> reactor has two inputs, <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>, and it simply reports at each logical time where either is present what is the logical time and which is present. The <code>Microsteps</code> reactor initializes things with a reaction to the one-time timer event <code>start</code> by sending data to the <code>x</code> input of <code>Destination</code>. It then schedules a <code>repeat</code> action.</p>\n<p>Note that time delay in the call to <code>schedule</code> is zero. However, any reaction scheduled by <code>schedule</code> is required to occur <strong>strictly later</strong> than current logical time. In Lingua Franca, this is handled by scheduling the <code>repeat</code> reaction to occur one <strong>microstep</strong> later. The output printed, therefore, will look like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Time since start: 0.\n  x is present.\nTime since start: 0.\n  y is present.</pre>\n<p>Note that the numerical time reported by <code>get_elapsed_logical_time()</code> has not advanced in the second reaction, but the fact that <code>x</code> is not present in the second reaction proves that the first reaction and the second are not logically simultaneous. The second occurs one microstep later.</p>\n<p>Note that it is possible to write code that will prevent logical time from advancing except by microsteps. For example, we could replace the reaction to <code>repeat</code> in <code>Main</code> with this one:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">repeat) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, repeat </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">repeat</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This would create what is known as a <strong>stuttering Zeno</strong> condition, where logical time cannot advance. The output will be an unbounded sequence like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Time since start: 0.\n  x is present.\nTime since start: 0.\n  y is present.\nTime since start: 0.\n  y is present.\nTime since start: 0.\n  y is present.\n...</pre>\n<h3 id=\"startup-and-shutdown-reactions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#startup-and-shutdown-reactions\" aria-label=\"startup and shutdown reactions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Startup and Shutdown Reactions</h3>\n<p>Two special triggers are supported, <strong>startup</strong> and <strong>shutdown</strong>. A reaction that specifies the <strong>startup</strong> trigger will be invoked at the start of execution of the model. The following two syntaxes have exactly the same effect:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>and</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>In other words, <strong>startup</strong> is a timer that triggers once at the first logical time of execution. As with any other reaction, the reaction can also be triggered by inputs and can produce outputs or schedule actions.</p>\n<p>The <strong>shutdown</strong> trigger is slightly different. A shutdown reaction is specified as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">   </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">shutdown</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This reaction will be invoked when the program terminates normally (there are no more events, some reaction has called a <code>request_stop()</code> utility provided in the target language, or the execution was specified to last a finite logical time). The reaction will be invoked at a logical time one microstep <em>later</em> than the last logical time of the execution. In other words, the presence of this reaction means that the program will execute one extra logical time cycle beyond what it would have otherwise, and that logical time is one microstep later than what would have otherwise been the last logical time.</p>\n<p>If the reaction produces outputs, then downstream reactors will also be invoked at that later logical time. If the reaction schedules future reactions, those will be ignored. After the completion of this final logical time cycle, one microstep later than the normal termination, the program will exit.</p>\n<h2 id=\"contained-reactors\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#contained-reactors\" aria-label=\"contained reactors permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Contained Reactors</h2>\n<p>Reactors can contain instances of other reactors defined in the same file or in an imported file. Assuming the above <a href=\"#state-declaration\">Count reactor</a> is stored in a file <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/lib/Count.lf\">Count.lf</a>, then <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/CountTest.lf\">CountTest</a> is an example that imports and instantiates it to test the reactor:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Test</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Received</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> %</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.\\</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">n</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&quot;, </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        (</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)++;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> != </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">ERROR</span><span class=\"source-lf\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Expected</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> %</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">but</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">got</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> %</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">\\</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">n</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.&quot;, </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    =}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">shutdown</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> != </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">ERROR</span><span class=\"source-lf\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Test</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">should</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">have</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">reacted</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">times</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">but</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">reacted</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> %</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">times</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.\\</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">n</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&quot;, </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    =}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">CountTest</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> = </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">test</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> = </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Test</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> -&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">test</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>An instance is created with the syntax:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><em>instance_name</em> = <strong>new</strong> <em>class_name</em>(<em>parameters</em>);</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>A bank with several instances can be created in one such statement, as explained in the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks#banks-of-reactors\">banks of reactors documentation</a>.</p>\n<p>The <em>parameters</em> argument has the form:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><em>parameter1_name</em> = <em>parameter1_value</em>, <em>parameter2_name</em> = <em>parameter2_value</em>, …</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Connections between ports are specified with the syntax:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><em>output_port</em> -> <em>input_port</em></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>where the ports are either <em>instance_name.port_name</em> or just <em>port_name</em>, where the latter form denotes a port belonging to the reactor that contains the instances.</p>\n<h3 id=\"physical-connections\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#physical-connections\" aria-label=\"physical connections permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Physical Connections</h3>\n<p>A subtle and rarely used variant is a <strong>physical connection</strong>, denoted <code>~></code>. In such a connection, the logical time at the recipient is derived from the local physical clock rather than being equal to the logical time at the sender. The physical time will always exceed the logical time of the sender, so this type of connection incurs a nondeterministic positive logical time delay. Physical connections are useful sometimes in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/distributed-execution\">Distributed Execution</a> in situations where the nondeterministic logical delay is tolerable. Such connections are more efficient because timestamps need not be transmitted and messages do not need to flow through through a centralized coordinator (if a centralized coordinator is being used).</p>\n<h3 id=\"connections-with-delays\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#connections-with-delays\" aria-label=\"connections with delays permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Connections with Delays</h3>\n<p>Connections may include a <strong>logical delay</strong> using the <strong>after</strong> keyword, as follows:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><em>output_port</em> -> <em>input_port</em> <strong>after</strong> 10 <strong>msec</strong></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>This means that the logical time of the message delivered to the <em>input_port</em> will be 10 milliseconds larger than the logical time of the reaction that wrote to <em>output_port</em>. If the time value is greater than zero, then the event will appear at microstep 0. If it is equal to zero, then it will appear at the current microstep plus one.</p>\n<p>When there are multiports or banks of reactors, several channels can be connected with a single connection statement. See <a href=\"Multiports-and-Banks-of-Reactors#banks-of-reactors\">Multiports and Banks of Reactors</a>.</p>\n<p>The following example defines a reactor that adds a counting sequence to its input. It uses the above Count and Add reactors (see <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/Hierarchy2.lf\">Hierarchy2</a>):</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Add</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">AddCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> = </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">add</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> = </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Add</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> -&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">add</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">in1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> -&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">add</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">in2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">add</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> -&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>A reactor that contains other reactors may, within a reaction, send data to the contained reactor. The following example illustrates this (see <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/SendingInside.lf\">SendingInside</a>):</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Printer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Inside reactor received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">SendingInside</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Printer</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Running this will print:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Inside reactor received: 1</pre>\n<h2 id=\"deadlines\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#deadlines\" aria-label=\"deadlines permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Deadlines</h2>\n<p>Lingua Franca includes a notion of a <strong>deadline</strong>, which is a relation between logical time and physical time. Specifically, a program may specify that the invocation of a reaction must occur within some physical-time interval of the logical timestamp of the message. If a reaction is invoked at logical time 12 noon, for example, and the reaction has a deadline of one hour, then the reaction is required to be invoked before the physical-time clock of the execution platform reaches 1 PM. If the deadline is violated, then the specified deadline handler is invoked instead of the reaction. For example (see <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/Deadline.lf\">Deadline</a>):</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">() {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">; </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// Produced if the deadline is violated.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> d {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        printf(</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Normal reaction.</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang constant-character-escape\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">} </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        printf(</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Deadline violation detected.</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang constant-character-escape\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        lf_set(d, x</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">value);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This reactor specifies a deadline of 10 milliseconds (this can be a parameter of the reactor). If the reaction to <code>x</code> is triggered later in physical time than 10 msec past the timestamp of <code>x</code>, then the second body of code is executed instead of the first. That second body of code has access to anything the first body of code has access to, including the input <code>x</code> and the output <code>d</code>. The output can be used to notify the rest of the system that a deadline violation occurred.</p>\n<p>The amount of the deadline, of course, can be given by a parameter.</p>\n<p>A sometimes useful pattern is when a container reactor reacts to deadline violations in a contained reactor. The <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/DeadlineHandledAbove.lf\">DeadlineHandledAbove</a> example illustrates this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">() {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">deadline_violation</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">bool</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> deadline_violation </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        ... normal code to execute ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Deadline violation detected.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">deadline_violation</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-language-true-cpp\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">DeadlineHandledAbove</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">deadline_violation</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        ... handle the deadline violation ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<h2 id=\"comments\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#comments\" aria-label=\"comments permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Comments</h2>\n<p>Lingua Franca files can have C/C++/Java-style comments and/or Python-style comments. All of the following are valid comments:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// Single-line C-style comment.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-block-lflang\">/*</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf comment-block-lflang\">       Multi-line C-style comment.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf comment-block-lflang\">     </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-block-lflang\">*/</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\"># Single-line Python-style comment.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-triple-lflang\">&#039;&#039;&#039;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-triple-lflang\">       Multi-line Python-style comment.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-triple-lflang\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-triple-lflang\">&#039;&#039;&#039;</span>\n</pre>\n<h2 id=\"appendix-lf-types\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#appendix-lf-types\" aria-label=\"appendix lf types permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Appendix: LF types</h2>\n<p>Type annotations may be written in many places in LF, including <a href=\"#Parameter-declaration\">parameter declarations</a>, <a href=\"#State-declaration\">state variable declarations</a>, <a href=\"#Input-declaration\">input</a> and <a href=\"#Output-declaration\">output declarations</a>. In some targets, they are required, because the target language requires them too.</p>\n<p>Assigning meaning to type annotations is entirely offloaded to the target compiler, as LF does not feature a type system (yet?). However, LF’s syntax for types supports a few idioms that have target-specific meaning. Types may have the following forms:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>the <strong>time</strong> type is reserved by LF, its values represent time durations. The <strong>time</strong> type accepts <em>time expressions</em> for values, e.g. <code>100 msec</code>, or <code>0</code> (see <a href=\"#basic-expressions\">Basic expressions</a> for a reference).</li>\n<li>identifiers are valid types (e.g. <code>int</code>, <code>size_t</code>), and may be followed by type arguments (e.g. <code>vector&#x3C;int></code>).</li>\n<li>the syntactic forms <code>type[]</code> and <code>type[integer]</code> correspond to target-specific array types. The second form is available only in languages which support fixed-size array types (e.g. in C++, <code>std::array&#x3C;5></code>).</li>\n<li>the syntactic form <code>{= some type =}</code> allows writing an arbitrary type as target code. This is useful in target languages which have complex type grammar (e.g. in TypeScript, <code>{= int | null =}</code>).</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Also note that to use strings conveniently in the C target, the “type” <code>string</code> is an alias for <code>{=char*=}</code>.</p>\n<p>(Types ending with a <code>*</code> are treated specially by the C target. See <a href=\"Writing-Reactors-in-C#sending-and-receiving-arrays-and-structs\">Sending and Receiving Arrays and Structs</a> in the C target documentation.)</p>\n<h2 id=\"appendix-lf-expressions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#appendix-lf-expressions\" aria-label=\"appendix lf expressions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Appendix: LF expressions</h2>\n<p>A subset of LF syntax is used to write <em>expressions</em>, which represent target language values. Expressions are used in <a href=\"#State-declaration\">state variable</a> initializers, default values for <a href=\"#Parameter-declarations\">parameters</a>, and <a href=\"#Contained-reactors\">parameter assignments</a>.</p>\n<p>Expressions in LF support only simple forms, that are intended to be common across languages. Their precise meaning (e.g. the target language types they are compatible with) is target-specific and not specified here.</p>\n<h3 id=\"basic-expressions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#basic-expressions\" aria-label=\"basic expressions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Basic expressions</h3>\n<p>The most basic expression forms, which are supported by all target languages, are the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Literals:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Numeric literals, e.g. <code>1</code>, <code>-120</code>, <code>1.5</code>. Note that the sign, if any, is part of the literal and must not be separated by whitespace.</li>\n<li>String literals, e.g. <code>\"abcd\"</code>. String literals always use double-quotes, even in languages which support other forms (like Python).</li>\n<li>Character literals. e.g. <code>'a'</code>. Single-quoted literals must be exactly one character long —even in Python.</li>\n<li>Boolean literals: <code>true</code>, <code>false</code>, <code>True</code>, <code>False</code>. The latter two are there for Python.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Parameter references, which are simple identifiers (e.g. <code>foo</code>). Any identifier in expression position must refer to a parameter of the enclosing reactor.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Time values, e.g. <code>1 msec</code> or <code>10 seconds</code>. The syntax of time values is <code>integer time_unit</code>, where <code>time_unit</code> is one of the following</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>nsec</strong>: nanoseconds</li>\n<li><strong>usec</strong>: microseconds</li>\n<li><strong>msec</strong>: milliseconds</li>\n<li><strong>sec</strong> or <strong>second</strong>: seconds</li>\n<li><strong>minute</strong>: 60 seconds</li>\n<li><strong>hour</strong>: 60 minutes</li>\n<li><strong>day</strong>: 24 hours</li>\n<li><strong>week</strong>: 7 days</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Each of these units also support a pluralized version (e.g. <code>nsecs</code>, <code>minutes</code>, <code>days</code>), which means the same thing.</p>\n<p>The time value <code>0</code> may have no unit. Except in this specific case, the unit is always required.</p>\n<p>Time values are compatible with the <code>time</code> type.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Escaped target-language expression, e.g. <code>{= foo() =}</code>. This syntax is used to write any expression which does not fall into one of the other forms described here. The contents are not parsed and are used verbatim in the generated file.</p>\n<p>The variables in scope are target-specific.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"complex-expressions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#complex-expressions\" aria-label=\"complex expressions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Complex expressions</h3>\n<p>Some targets may make use of a few other syntactic forms for expressions. These syntactic forms may be ascribed a different meaning by different targets, to keep the source language close in meaning to the target language.</p>\n<p>We describe here these syntactic forms and what meaning they have in each target.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bracket-list syntax, e.g. <code>[1, 2, 3]</code>. This syntax is used to create a list in Python. It is not supported by any other target at the moment.\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-python\"><span class=\"source-python\">state</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">x</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-definition-list-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">3</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-definition-list-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n</pre>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h4 id=\"initializer-pseudo-expressions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#initializer-pseudo-expressions\" aria-label=\"initializer pseudo expressions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Initializer pseudo-expressions</h4>\n<p>Some “expression” forms are only acceptable as the initializer of a state variable or parameter, but not in other places (like inside a list expression). These are</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Tuple syntax, e.g. <code>(1, 2, 3)</code>. This syntax is used:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>in the Python target, to create a tuple value. Tuples are different from lists in that they are immutable.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>in C++, to pass arguments to a constructor:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cpp\"><span class=\"source-cpp\">state x:</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">[]</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>In that example, the initializer expression is translated to <code>new std::vector(1,2)</code>. See also <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/wiki/Writing-Reactors-in-Cpp#using-state-variables\">C++ target documentation</a>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>in C and all other targets, to create a target-specific array value. In the Python target, this is accomplished by the bracket-list syntax <code>[1,2,3]</code> instead. Note that to create a zero- or one-element array, fat braces are usually required. For instance in C:</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-c\"><span class=\"source-c\">  state x: </span><span class=\"source-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">int</span><span class=\"source-c storage-modifier-array-bracket-square-c\">[]</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c constant-numeric-decimal-c\">1</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c punctuation-separator-delimiter-c\">,</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c constant-numeric-decimal-c\">2</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c punctuation-separator-delimiter-c\">,</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c constant-numeric-decimal-c\">3</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span><span class=\"source-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c comment-line-double-slash-c punctuation-definition-comment-c\">//</span><span class=\"source-c comment-line-double-slash-c\"> creates an int array, basically `int x[] = {1,2,3};`</span>\n<span class=\"source-c\">  state x: </span><span class=\"source-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">int</span><span class=\"source-c storage-modifier-array-bracket-square-c\">[]</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c constant-numeric-decimal-c\">1</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span><span class=\"source-c\">     </span><span class=\"source-c comment-line-double-slash-c punctuation-definition-comment-c\">//</span><span class=\"source-c comment-line-double-slash-c\"> `int x[] = 1;` - type error!</span>\n<span class=\"source-c\">  state x: </span><span class=\"source-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">int</span><span class=\"source-c storage-modifier-array-bracket-square-c\">[]</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-c\">{</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-c\">{</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c meta-block-c constant-numeric-decimal-c\">1</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-c\">}</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-c\">}</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c\">  </span><span class=\"source-c comment-line-double-slash-c punctuation-definition-comment-c\">//</span><span class=\"source-c comment-line-double-slash-c\"> one element array: `int x[] = {1};`</span>\n</pre>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Brace-list syntax, e.g. <code>{1, 2, 3}</code>. This syntax is at the moment only supported by the C++ target. It’s used to initialize a vector with the initializer list syntax instead of a constructor call.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>","headings":[{"value":"Target Language Specification","depth":2},{"value":"Import Statement","depth":2},{"value":"Reactor Block","depth":2},{"value":"Parameter Declaration","depth":3},{"value":"State Declaration","depth":3},{"value":"Method Declaration","depth":3},{"value":"Input Declaration","depth":3},{"value":"Output Declaration","depth":3},{"value":"Timer Declaration","depth":3},{"value":"Action Declaration","depth":3},{"value":"Discussion","depth":4},{"value":"Actions With Values","depth":3},{"value":"Reaction Declaration","depth":2},{"value":"Target Code","depth":3},{"value":"Scheduling Future Reactions","depth":3},{"value":"Asynchronous Callbacks","depth":3},{"value":"Superdense Time","depth":3},{"value":"Startup and Shutdown Reactions","depth":3},{"value":"Contained Reactors","depth":2},{"value":"Physical Connections","depth":3},{"value":"Connections with Delays","depth":3},{"value":"Deadlines","depth":2},{"value":"Comments","depth":2},{"value":"Appendix: LF types","depth":2},{"value":"Appendix: LF expressions","depth":2},{"value":"Basic expressions","depth":3},{"value":"Complex expressions","depth":3},{"value":"Initializer pseudo-expressions","depth":4}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/language-specification","title":"Language Specification","oneline":"Language Specification for Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}}},"pageContext":{"slug":"/docs/handbook/language-specification","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/obsolete/Language Specification.md","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.629Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/language-specification","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"71ea83b3-e77d-5dfb-a0d9-c5f2dfa023e6","excerpt":"A Lingua Franca file, which has a .lf extension, contains the following: One target specification. Zero or more import statements. One or more reactor blocks…","html":"<p>A Lingua Franca file, which has a .lf extension, contains the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>One <a href=\"target-declaration\"><strong>target</strong> specification</a>.</li>\n<li>Zero or more <a href=\"#import-statement\"><strong>import</strong> statements</a>.</li>\n<li>One or more <a href=\"#reactor-block\"><strong>reactor</strong></a> blocks, which contain <a href=\"#reaction-declaration\"><strong>reaction</strong> declarations</a>.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>If one of the reactors in the file is designated <code>main</code> or <code>federated</code>, then the file defines an executable application. Otherwise, it defines one or more library reactors that can be imported into other LF files. For example, an LF file might be structured like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The name of the main reactor (<code>C</code> above) is optional. If given, it must match the filename (<code>C.lf</code> in the above example).</p>\n<p>This example specifies and instantiates two reactors, one of which sends messages to the other. A minimal but complete Lingua Franca file with one reactor is this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">HelloWorld</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>See the <a href=\"Writing-Reactors-in-C#a-minimal-example\">C target documentation</a> for details about this example.</p>\n<h2 id=\"target-language-specification\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#target-language-specification\" aria-label=\"target language specification permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Target Language Specification</h2>\n<p>Every Lingua Franca program begins with a <a href=\"/docs/handbook/language-specification\">target language specification</a> that specifies the language in which reactions are written. This is also the language of the program(s) generated by the Lingua Franca compiler.</p>\n<h2 id=\"import-statement\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#import-statement\" aria-label=\"import statement permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Import Statement</h2>\n<p>An import statement has the form:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>import</strong> { <em>reactor1</em>, <em>reactor2</em> <strong>as</strong> <em>alias2</em>, […] } <strong>from</strong> ”<em>path</em>“;</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>where <em>path</em> specifies another Lingua Franca file relative to the location of the current file.</p>\n<h2 id=\"reactor-block\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reactor-block\" aria-label=\"reactor block permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reactor Block</h2>\n<p>A <strong>reactor</strong> is a software component that reacts to input events, timer events, and internal events. It has private state variables that are not visible to any other reactor. Its reactions can consist of altering its own state, sending messages to other reactors, or affecting the environment through some kind of actuation or side effect.</p>\n<p>The general structure of a reactor block is as follows:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>reactor</strong> <em>name</em> (<em><a href=\"#parameter-declaration\">parameters</a></em>) {<br/> >   <em><a href=\"#state-declaration\">state declarations</a></em><br/> >   <em><a href=\"#method-declaration\">method declarations</a></em><br/> >   <em><a href=\"#input-declaration\">input declarations</a></em><br/> >   <em><a href=\"#output-declaration\">output declarations</a></em><br/> >   <em><a href=\"#timer-declaration\">timer declarations</a></em><br/> >   <em><a href=\"#action-declaration\">action declarations</a></em><br/> >   <em><a href=\"#reaction-declaration\">reaction declarations</a></em><br/> >   <em><a href=\"#contained-reactors\">contained reactors</a></em><br/> >    … <br/>\n}</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Parameter, inputs, outputs, timers, actions, and contained reactors all have names, and the names are required to be distinct from one another.</p>\n<p>If the <strong>reactor</strong> keyword is preceded by <strong>main</strong>, then this reactor will be instantiated and run by the generated code. If an imported LF file contains a main reactor, that reactor is ignored. Only reactors that not designated <code>main</code> are imported. This makes it easy to create a library of reusable reactors that each come with a test case or demonstration in the form of a main reactor.</p>\n<h3 id=\"parameter-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#parameter-declaration\" aria-label=\"parameter declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Parameter Declaration</h3>\n<p>A reactor class definition can define parameters as follows:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>reactor</strong> <em>ClassName</em>(<em>paramName1</em>:<em>type</em>(<em>expr</em>), <em>paramName2</em>:<em>type</em>(<em>expr</em>)) {<br/> >    … <br/>\n}</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Each parameter may have a <em>type annotation</em>, written <code>:type</code>, and must have a <em>default value</em>, written <code>(expr)</code>.</p>\n<p>The type annotation specifies a type in the target language, which is necessary for some target languages. For instance in C you might write</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(size: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<details>\n<summary>Introduction to basic LF types and expressions... click to expand</summary>\n<p>One useful type predefined by LF is the <code>time</code> type, which represents time durations. Values of this type may be written with <em>time expressions</em>, like <code>100 msec</code> or <code>1 second</code> (see <a href=\"#basic-expressions\">Basic expressions</a> for a reference).</p>\n<p>For instance, you can write the following in any target language:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(period: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Container types may also be written e.g. <code>int[]</code>, which is translated to a target-specific array or list type. The acceptable expressions for these types vary across targets (see <a href=\"#complex-expressions\">Complex expressions</a>), for instance in C, you can initialize an array parameter as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(my_array:int[](</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">   </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>If the type or expression uses syntax that Lingua Franca does not support, you can use <code>{= ... =}</code> delimiters to enclose them and escape them. For instance to have a 2-dimensional array as a parameter in C:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(param:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">[][] </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Both <code>int[][]</code> and <code> {% raw %}{{1}, {2}} {% endraw %}</code> are C fragments here, not LF.</p>\n</details>\n<p>Other forms for types and expressions are described in <a href=\"#appendix-lf-types\">LF types</a> and <a href=\"#appendix-lf-expressions\">LF expressions</a>.</p>\n<p>How parameters may be used in the body of a reaction depends on the target. For example, in the <a href=\"writing-reactors-in-c#using-parameters\">C target</a>, a <code>self</code> struct is provided that contains the parameter values. The following example illustrates this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Gain</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(scale:int(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">scale</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This reactor, given any input event <code>x</code> will produce an output <code>y</code> with value equal to the input scaled by the <code>scale</code> parameter. The default value of the <code>scale</code> parameter is 2, but this can be changed when the <code>Gain</code> reactor is <a href=\"#contained-reactors\">instantiated</a>. The <code>lf_set()</code> is the mechanism provided by the <a href=\"Writing-Reactors-in-C#reaction-body\">C target</a> for setting the value of outputs. The parameter <code>scale</code> and input <code>x</code> are just referenced in the C code as shown above.</p>\n<h3 id=\"state-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#state-declaration\" aria-label=\"state declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>State Declaration</h3>\n<p>A state declaration has one of the forms:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>state</strong> <em>name</em>:<em>type</em>(<em>initial_value</em>);<br>\n<strong>state</strong> <em>name</em>(<em>parameter</em>);</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>In the first form, the <a href=\"#appendix-lf-types\">type annotation</a> is only required in some targets. The initial value may be any <a href=\"#appendix-lf-expressions\">expression</a>, including a special <a href=\"#initializer-pseudo-expressions\">initializer forms</a>.</p>\n<p>In the second form, the state variable inherits its type from the specified <em>parameter</em>, which also provides the initial value for the state variable.</p>\n<p>How state variables may be used in the body of a reaction depends on the target. For example, in the <a href=\"writing-reactors-in-c#using-state-variables\">C target</a>, a <code>self</code> struct is provided that contains the state values. The following example illustrates this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> c </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"method-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#method-declaration\" aria-label=\"method declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Method Declaration</h3>\n<p>A method declaration has one of the forms:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>method</strong> <em>name</em>();<br>\n<strong>method</strong> <em>name</em>():<em>type</em>;<br>\n<strong>method</strong> <em>name</em>(<em>arg1_name</em>:arg1<em>type, _arg2_name</em>:arg2<em>type, …);\n<strong>method</strong> _name</em>(<em>arg1_name</em>:arg1<em>type, _arg2_name</em>:arg2<em>type, …):_type</em>;</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>The first form defines a method with no arguments and no return value. The second form defines a method with the return type <em>type</em> but no arguments. The third form defines a method with arguments given by their name and type, but without a return value. Finally, the fourth form is similar to the third, but adds a return type.</p>\n<p>The <strong>method</strong> keyword can optionally be prefixed with the <strong>const</strong> qualifier, which indicates that the method is “read-only”. This is relevant for some target languages such as C++.</p>\n<p>See the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/wiki/Writing-Reactors-in-Cpp#using-methods\">C++ documentation</a> for a usage example.</p>\n<h3 id=\"input-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#input-declaration\" aria-label=\"input declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Input Declaration</h3>\n<p>An input declaration has the form:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>input</strong> <em>name</em>:<em>type</em>;</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>The <code>Gain</code> reactor given above provides an example. The <em>type</em> is just like parameter types.</p>\n<p>An input may have the modifier <strong>mutable</strong>, as follows:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>mutable input</strong> <em>name</em>:<em>type</em></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>This is a directive to the code generator indicating that reactions that read this input will also modify the value of the input. Without this modifier, inputs are <strong>immutable</strong>; modifying them is disallowed. The precise mechanism for making use of mutable inputs is target-language specific. See, for example, the <a href=\"writing-reactors-in-c#Sending-and-Receiving-Arrays-and-Structs\">C language target</a>.</p>\n<p>An input port may have more than one <strong>channel</strong>. See <a href=\"Multiports-and-Banks-of-Reactors#multiports\">multiports documentation</a>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"output-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#output-declaration\" aria-label=\"output declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Output Declaration</h3>\n<p>An output declaration has the form:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>output</strong> <em>name</em>:<em>type</em>;</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>The <code>Gain</code> reactor given above provides an example. The <em>type</em> is just like parameter types.</p>\n<p>An output port may have more than one <strong>channel</strong>. See <a href=\"Multiports-and-Banks-of-Reactors#multiports\">multiports documentation</a>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"timer-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#timer-declaration\" aria-label=\"timer declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Timer Declaration</h3>\n<p>A timer, like an input and an action, causes reactions to be invoked. Unlike an action, it is triggered automatically by the scheduler. This declaration is used when you want to invoke reactions once at specific times or periodically. A timer declaration has the form:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>timer</strong> <em>name</em>(<em>offset</em>, <em>period</em>);</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>For example,</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> foo(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This specifies a timer named <code>foo</code> that will first trigger 10 milliseconds after the start of execution and then repeatedly trigger at intervals of 100 ms. The units are optional, and if they are not included, then the number will be interpreted in a target-dependent way. The units supported are the same as in <a href=\"#parameter-declaration\">parameter declarations</a> described above.</p>\n<p>The times specified are logical times. Specifically, if two timers have the same <em>offset</em> and <em>period</em>, then they are logically simultaneous. No observer will be able to see that one timer has triggered and the other has not. Even though these are logical times, the runtime system will make an effort to align those times to physical times. Such alignment can never be perfect, and its accuracy will depend on the execution platform.</p>\n<p>Both arguments are optional, with both having default value zero. An <em>offset</em> of zero or greater specifies the minimum time delay between the time at the start of execution and when the action is triggered. The <em>period</em> is zero or greater, where a value of zero specifies that the reactions should be triggered exactly once,\nwhereas a value greater than zero specifies that they should be triggered repeatedly with the period given.</p>\n<p>To cause a reaction to be invoked at the start of execution, a special <strong>startup</strong> trigger is provided:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> perform initialization </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <strong>startup</strong> trigger is equivalent to a timer with no <em>offset</em> or <em>period</em>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"action-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#action-declaration\" aria-label=\"action declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Action Declaration</h3>\n<p>An <strong>action</strong>, like an input, can cause reactions to be invoked. Whereas inputs are provided by other reactors, actions are scheduled by this reactor itself, either in response to some observed external event or as a delayed response to some input event. The action can be scheduled by a reactor by invoking a <a href=\"#scheduling-future-reactions\"><strong>schedule</strong> function</a> in a reaction or in an asynchronous callback function.</p>\n<p>An action declaration is either physical or logical:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>physical action</strong> <em>name</em>(<em>min_delay</em>, <em>min_spacing</em>, <em>policy</em>):<em>type</em>;<br> > <strong>logical action</strong> <em>name</em>(<em>min_delay</em>, <em>min_spacing</em>, <em>policy</em>):<em>type</em>;<br></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>The <em>min_delay</em>, <em>min_spacing</em>, and <em>policy</em> are all optional. If only one argument is given in parentheses, then it is interpreted as an <em>min_delay</em>, if two are given, then they are interpreted as <em>min_delay</em> and <em>min_spacing</em>, etc. The <em>min_delay</em> and <em>min_spacing</em> have to be a time value. The <em>policy</em> argument is a string that can be one of the following: <code>'defer'</code> (default), <code>'drop'</code>, or <code>'replace'</code>.</p>\n<p>An action will trigger at a logical time that depends on the arguments given to the schedule function, the <em>min_delay</em>, <em>min_spacing</em>, and <em>policy</em> arguments above, and whether the action is physical or logical.</p>\n<p>If the <strong>logical</strong> keyword is given, then the tag assigned to the event resulting from a call to <a href=\"#scheduling-future-reactions\"><strong>schedule</strong> function</a> is computed as follows. First, let <em>t</em> be the <em>current logical time</em>. For a logical action, the <code>schedule</code> function must be invoked from within a reaction (synchronously), so <em>t</em> is just the logical time of that reaction.</p>\n<p>The (preliminary) tag of the action is then just <em>t</em> plus <em>min_delay</em> plus the <em>offset</em> argument to <a href=\"#scheduling-future-reactions\"><strong>schedule</strong> function</a>.</p>\n<p>If the <strong>physical</strong> keyword is given, then the physical clock on the local platform is used as the timestamp assigned to the action. Moreover, for a physical action, unlike a logical action, the <code>schedule</code> function can be invoked from outside of any reaction (asynchronously), e.g. from an interrupt service routine or callback function.</p>\n<p>If a <em>min_spacing</em> has been declared, then a minimum distance between the tags of two subsequently scheduled events on the same action is enforced. If the preliminary tag is closer to the tag of the previously scheduled event (if there is one), then <em>policy</em> determines how the given constraints is enforced.</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>'drop'</code>: the new event is dropped and <code>schedule</code> returns without having modified the event queue.</li>\n<li><code>'replace'</code>: the payload of the new event is assigned to the preceding event if it is still pending in the event queue; no new event is added to the event queue in this case. If the preceding event has already been pulled from the event queue, the default <code>'defer'</code> policy is applied.</li>\n<li><code>'defer'</code>: the event is added to the event queue with a tag that is equal to earliest time that satisfies the minimal spacing requirement. Assuming the tag of the preceding event is <em>t_prev</em>, then the tag of the new event simply becomes <em>t_prev</em> + <em>min_spacing</em>.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Note that while the <code>'defer'</code> policy is conservative in the sense that it does not discard events, it could potentially cause an unbounded growth of the event queue.</p>\n<p>In all cases, the logical time of a new event will always be strictly greater than the logical time at which it is scheduled by at least one microstep (see the <a href=\"#Time\">Time</a> section).</p>\n<p>The default <em>min_delay</em> is zero. The default <em>min_spacing</em> is undefined (meaning that no minimum spacing constraint is enforced). If a <code>min_spacing</code> is defined, it has to be strictly greater than zero, and greater than or equal to the time precision of the target (for the C target, it is one nanosecond).</p>\n<p>The <em>min_delay</em> parameter in the <strong>action</strong> declaration is static (set at compile time), while the <em>offset</em> parameter given to the schedule function may be dynamically set at runtime. Hence, for static analysis and scheduling, the <strong>action</strong>’s’ <em>min_delay</em> parameter can be assumed to be a <em>minimum delay</em> for analysis purposes.</p>\n<h4 id=\"discussion\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#discussion\" aria-label=\"discussion permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Discussion</h4>\n<p>Logical actions are used to schedule events at a future logical time relative to the current logical time. Physical time is ignored. They must be scheduled within reactions, and the timestamp of the scheduled event will be relative to the current logical time of the reaction that schedules them. It is an error to schedule a logical action asynchronously, outside of the context of a reaction. Asynchronous actions are required to be <strong>physical</strong>.</p>\n<p>Physical actions are typically used to assign timestamps to externally triggered events, such as the arrival of a network message or the acquisition of sensor data, where the time at which these external events occurs is of interest. There are (at least) three interesting use cases:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>An asynchronous event, such as a callback function or interrupt service routine (ISR), is invoked at a physical time <em>t</em> and schedules an action with timestamp <em>T</em>=<em>t</em>. To get this behavior, just set the physical action to have <em>min_delay</em> = 0 and call the schedule function with <em>offset</em> = 0. The <em>min_spacing</em> can be useful here to prevent these external events from overwhelming the software system.</li>\n<li>A periodic task that is occasionally modified by a sporadic sensor. In this case, you can set <em>min_delay</em> = <em>period</em> and call schedule with <em>offset</em> = 0. The resulting timestamp of the sporadic sensor event will always align with the periodic events. This is similar to periodic polling, but without the overhead of polling the sensor when nothing interesting is happening.</li>\n<li>You can impose a minimum physical time delay between an event’s occurrence, such as a push of a button, and system response by adjusting the <em>offset</em>.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"actions-with-values\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#actions-with-values\" aria-label=\"actions with values permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Actions With Values</h3>\n<p>If an action is declared with a <em>type</em>, then it can carry a <strong>value</strong>, a data value passed to the <strong>schedule</strong> function. This value will be available to any reaction that is triggered by the action. The specific mechanism, however, is target-language dependent. See the <a href=\"Writing-reactors-in-C#actions-with-values\">C target</a> for an example.</p>\n<h2 id=\"reaction-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reaction-declaration\" aria-label=\"reaction declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reaction Declaration</h2>\n<p>A reaction is defined within a reactor using the following syntax:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>reaction</strong>(<em>triggers</em>) <em>uses</em> -> <em>effects</em> {=<br/> >    … target language code … <br/>\n=}</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>The <em>uses</em> and <em>effects</em> fields are optional. A simple example appears in the “hello world” example given above:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        printf(</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang constant-character-escape\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>In this example, <code>t</code> is a <strong>trigger</strong> (a timer named <code>t</code>). When that timer fires, the reaction will be invoked. Triggers can be <a href=\"#timer-declaration\">timers</a>, <a href=\"#input-declaration\">inputs</a>, <a href=\"#output-declaration\">outputs</a> of contained reactors, or <a href=\"#action-declaration\">actions</a>. A comma-separated list of triggers can be given, in which case any of the specified triggers can trigger the reaction. If, at any logical time instant, more than one of the triggers fires, the reaction will nevertheless be invoked only once.</p>\n<p>The <em>uses</em> field specifies <a href=\"#input-declaration\">inputs</a> that the reaction observes but that do not trigger the reaction. This field can also be a comma-separated list of inputs. Since the input does not trigger the reaction, the body of the reaction will normally need to test for presence of the input before using it. How to do this is target specific. See <a href=\"Writing-Reactors-in-C#Inputs-and-Outputs\">how this is done in the C target</a>.</p>\n<p>The <em>effects</em> field, occurring after the right arrow, declares which <a href=\"#output-declaration\">outputs</a> and <a href=\"#action-declaration\">actions</a> the target code <em>may</em> produce or schedule. The <em>effects</em> field may also specify <a href=\"#input-declaration\">inputs</a> of contained reactors, provided that those inputs do not have any other sources of data. These declarations make it <em>possible</em> for the reaction to send outputs or enable future actions, but they do not <em>require</em> that the reaction code do that.</p>\n<h3 id=\"target-code\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#target-code\" aria-label=\"target code permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Target Code</h3>\n<p>The body of the reaction is code in the target language surrounded by <code>{=</code> and <code>=}</code>. This code is not parsed by the Lingua Franca compiler. It is used verbatim in the program that is generated.</p>\n<p>The target provides language-dependent mechanisms for referring to inputs, outputs, and actions in the target code. These mechanisms can be different in each target language, but all target languages provide the same basic set of mechanisms. These mechanisms include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Obtaining the current logical time (logical time does not advance during the execution of a reaction, so the execution of a reaction is logically instantaneous).</li>\n<li>Determining whether inputs are present at the current logical time and reading their value if they are. If a reaction is triggered by exactly one input, then that input will always be present. But if there are multiple triggers, or if the input is specified in the <em>uses</em> field, then the input may not be present when the reaction is invoked.</li>\n<li>Setting output values. Reactions in a reactor may set an output value more than once at any instant of logical time, but only the last of the values set will be sent on the output port.</li>\n<li>Scheduling future actions.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>In the <a href=\"Writing-Reactors-in-C#Reaction-Body\">C target</a>, for example, the following reactor will add two inputs if they are present at the time of a reaction:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Add</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(in1, in2) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        int result </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        if (in1</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">is_present) result </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> in1</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">value;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        if (in2</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">is_present) result </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> in2</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">value;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        lf_set(out, result);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>See the <a href=\"Writing-Reactors-in-C#Reaction-Body\">C target</a> for an example of how these things are specified in C.</p>\n<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> if a reaction fails to test for the presence of an input and reads its value anyway, then the result it will get is undefined and may be target dependent. In the C target, as of this writing, the value read will be the most recently seen input value, or, if no input event has occurred at an earlier logical time, then zero or NULL, depending on the data type of the input. In the TS target, the value will be <strong>undefined</strong>, a legitimate value in TypeScript.</p>\n<h3 id=\"scheduling-future-reactions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#scheduling-future-reactions\" aria-label=\"scheduling future reactions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Scheduling Future Reactions</h3>\n<p>Each target language provides some mechanism for scheduling future reactions. Typically, this takes the form of a <code>schedule</code> function that takes as an argument an <a href=\"#Action-Declaration\">action</a>, a time interval, and (perhaps optionally), a payload. For example, in the <a href=\"Writing-Reactors-in-C#Reaction-Body\">C target</a>, in the following program, each reaction to the timer <code>t</code> schedules another reaction to occur 100 msec later:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">MSEC</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Nanoseconds since start: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>When executed, this will produce the following output:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Start execution at time Sun Aug 11 04:11:57 2019\nplus 919310000 nanoseconds.\nNanoseconds since start: 100000000.\nNanoseconds since start: 1100000000.\nNanoseconds since start: 2100000000.\n...</pre>\n<p>This action has no data type and carries no value, but, as explained below, an action can carry a value.</p>\n<h3 id=\"asynchronous-callbacks\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#asynchronous-callbacks\" aria-label=\"asynchronous callbacks permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Asynchronous Callbacks</h3>\n<p>In targets that support multitasking, the <code>schedule</code> function, which schedules future reactions, may be safely invoked on a <strong>physical action</strong> in code that is not part of a reaction. For example, in the multithreaded version of the <a href=\"Writing-Reactors-in-C#Reaction-Body\">C target</a>, <code>schedule</code> may be invoked in an interrupt service routine. The reaction(s) that are scheduled are guaranteed to occur at a time that is strictly larger than the current logical time of any reactions that are being interrupted.</p>\n<h3 id=\"superdense-time\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#superdense-time\" aria-label=\"superdense time permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Superdense Time</h3>\n<p>Lingua Franca uses a concept known as <strong>superdense time</strong>, where two time values that appear to be the same are not logically simultaneous. At every logical time value, for example midnight on January 1, 1970, there exist a logical sequence of <strong>microsteps</strong> that are not simultaneous. The <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/Microsteps.lf\">Microsteps</a> example illustrates this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Time since start: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">  x is present.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">  y is present.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Microsteps</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">repeat</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">start) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, repeat </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">repeat</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">repeat) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>Destination</code> reactor has two inputs, <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>, and it simply reports at each logical time where either is present what is the logical time and which is present. The <code>Microsteps</code> reactor initializes things with a reaction to the one-time timer event <code>start</code> by sending data to the <code>x</code> input of <code>Destination</code>. It then schedules a <code>repeat</code> action.</p>\n<p>Note that time delay in the call to <code>schedule</code> is zero. However, any reaction scheduled by <code>schedule</code> is required to occur <strong>strictly later</strong> than current logical time. In Lingua Franca, this is handled by scheduling the <code>repeat</code> reaction to occur one <strong>microstep</strong> later. The output printed, therefore, will look like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Time since start: 0.\n  x is present.\nTime since start: 0.\n  y is present.</pre>\n<p>Note that the numerical time reported by <code>get_elapsed_logical_time()</code> has not advanced in the second reaction, but the fact that <code>x</code> is not present in the second reaction proves that the first reaction and the second are not logically simultaneous. The second occurs one microstep later.</p>\n<p>Note that it is possible to write code that will prevent logical time from advancing except by microsteps. For example, we could replace the reaction to <code>repeat</code> in <code>Main</code> with this one:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">repeat) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, repeat </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">repeat</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This would create what is known as a <strong>stuttering Zeno</strong> condition, where logical time cannot advance. The output will be an unbounded sequence like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Time since start: 0.\n  x is present.\nTime since start: 0.\n  y is present.\nTime since start: 0.\n  y is present.\nTime since start: 0.\n  y is present.\n...</pre>\n<h3 id=\"startup-and-shutdown-reactions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#startup-and-shutdown-reactions\" aria-label=\"startup and shutdown reactions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Startup and Shutdown Reactions</h3>\n<p>Two special triggers are supported, <strong>startup</strong> and <strong>shutdown</strong>. A reaction that specifies the <strong>startup</strong> trigger will be invoked at the start of execution of the model. The following two syntaxes have exactly the same effect:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>and</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>In other words, <strong>startup</strong> is a timer that triggers once at the first logical time of execution. As with any other reaction, the reaction can also be triggered by inputs and can produce outputs or schedule actions.</p>\n<p>The <strong>shutdown</strong> trigger is slightly different. A shutdown reaction is specified as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">   </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">shutdown</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This reaction will be invoked when the program terminates normally (there are no more events, some reaction has called a <code>request_stop()</code> utility provided in the target language, or the execution was specified to last a finite logical time). The reaction will be invoked at a logical time one microstep <em>later</em> than the last logical time of the execution. In other words, the presence of this reaction means that the program will execute one extra logical time cycle beyond what it would have otherwise, and that logical time is one microstep later than what would have otherwise been the last logical time.</p>\n<p>If the reaction produces outputs, then downstream reactors will also be invoked at that later logical time. If the reaction schedules future reactions, those will be ignored. After the completion of this final logical time cycle, one microstep later than the normal termination, the program will exit.</p>\n<h2 id=\"contained-reactors\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#contained-reactors\" aria-label=\"contained reactors permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Contained Reactors</h2>\n<p>Reactors can contain instances of other reactors defined in the same file or in an imported file. Assuming the above <a href=\"#state-declaration\">Count reactor</a> is stored in a file <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/lib/Count.lf\">Count.lf</a>, then <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/CountTest.lf\">CountTest</a> is an example that imports and instantiates it to test the reactor:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Test</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Received</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> %</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.\\</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">n</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&quot;, </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        (</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)++;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> != </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">ERROR</span><span class=\"source-lf\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Expected</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> %</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">but</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">got</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> %</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">\\</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">n</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.&quot;, </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    =}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">shutdown</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> != </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">ERROR</span><span class=\"source-lf\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Test</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">should</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">have</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">reacted</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">times</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">but</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">reacted</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> %</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">times</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.\\</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">n</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&quot;, </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    =}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">CountTest</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> = </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">test</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> = </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Test</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> -&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">test</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>An instance is created with the syntax:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><em>instance_name</em> = <strong>new</strong> <em>class_name</em>(<em>parameters</em>);</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>A bank with several instances can be created in one such statement, as explained in the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks#banks-of-reactors\">banks of reactors documentation</a>.</p>\n<p>The <em>parameters</em> argument has the form:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><em>parameter1_name</em> = <em>parameter1_value</em>, <em>parameter2_name</em> = <em>parameter2_value</em>, …</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Connections between ports are specified with the syntax:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><em>output_port</em> -> <em>input_port</em></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>where the ports are either <em>instance_name.port_name</em> or just <em>port_name</em>, where the latter form denotes a port belonging to the reactor that contains the instances.</p>\n<h3 id=\"physical-connections\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#physical-connections\" aria-label=\"physical connections permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Physical Connections</h3>\n<p>A subtle and rarely used variant is a <strong>physical connection</strong>, denoted <code>~></code>. In such a connection, the logical time at the recipient is derived from the local physical clock rather than being equal to the logical time at the sender. The physical time will always exceed the logical time of the sender, so this type of connection incurs a nondeterministic positive logical time delay. Physical connections are useful sometimes in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/distributed-execution\">Distributed Execution</a> in situations where the nondeterministic logical delay is tolerable. Such connections are more efficient because timestamps need not be transmitted and messages do not need to flow through through a centralized coordinator (if a centralized coordinator is being used).</p>\n<h3 id=\"connections-with-delays\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#connections-with-delays\" aria-label=\"connections with delays permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Connections with Delays</h3>\n<p>Connections may include a <strong>logical delay</strong> using the <strong>after</strong> keyword, as follows:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><em>output_port</em> -> <em>input_port</em> <strong>after</strong> 10 <strong>msec</strong></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>This means that the logical time of the message delivered to the <em>input_port</em> will be 10 milliseconds larger than the logical time of the reaction that wrote to <em>output_port</em>. If the time value is greater than zero, then the event will appear at microstep 0. If it is equal to zero, then it will appear at the current microstep plus one.</p>\n<p>When there are multiports or banks of reactors, several channels can be connected with a single connection statement. See <a href=\"Multiports-and-Banks-of-Reactors#banks-of-reactors\">Multiports and Banks of Reactors</a>.</p>\n<p>The following example defines a reactor that adds a counting sequence to its input. It uses the above Count and Add reactors (see <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/Hierarchy2.lf\">Hierarchy2</a>):</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Add</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">AddCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> = </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">add</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> = </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Add</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> -&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">add</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">in1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> -&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">add</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">in2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">add</span><span class=\"source-lf\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> -&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>A reactor that contains other reactors may, within a reaction, send data to the contained reactor. The following example illustrates this (see <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/SendingInside.lf\">SendingInside</a>):</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Printer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Inside reactor received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">SendingInside</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Printer</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Running this will print:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Inside reactor received: 1</pre>\n<h2 id=\"deadlines\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#deadlines\" aria-label=\"deadlines permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Deadlines</h2>\n<p>Lingua Franca includes a notion of a <strong>deadline</strong>, which is a relation between logical time and physical time. Specifically, a program may specify that the invocation of a reaction must occur within some physical-time interval of the logical timestamp of the message. If a reaction is invoked at logical time 12 noon, for example, and the reaction has a deadline of one hour, then the reaction is required to be invoked before the physical-time clock of the execution platform reaches 1 PM. If the deadline is violated, then the specified deadline handler is invoked instead of the reaction. For example (see <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/Deadline.lf\">Deadline</a>):</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">() {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">; </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// Produced if the deadline is violated.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> d {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        printf(</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Normal reaction.</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang constant-character-escape\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">} </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        printf(</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Deadline violation detected.</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang constant-character-escape\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">        lf_set(d, x</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">value);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This reactor specifies a deadline of 10 milliseconds (this can be a parameter of the reactor). If the reaction to <code>x</code> is triggered later in physical time than 10 msec past the timestamp of <code>x</code>, then the second body of code is executed instead of the first. That second body of code has access to anything the first body of code has access to, including the input <code>x</code> and the output <code>d</code>. The output can be used to notify the rest of the system that a deadline violation occurred.</p>\n<p>The amount of the deadline, of course, can be given by a parameter.</p>\n<p>A sometimes useful pattern is when a container reactor reacts to deadline violations in a contained reactor. The <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/DeadlineHandledAbove.lf\">DeadlineHandledAbove</a> example illustrates this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">() {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">deadline_violation</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">bool</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> deadline_violation </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        ... normal code to execute ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Deadline violation detected.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">deadline_violation</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-language-true-cpp\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">DeadlineHandledAbove</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Deadline</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">deadline_violation</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        ... handle the deadline violation ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<h2 id=\"comments\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#comments\" aria-label=\"comments permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Comments</h2>\n<p>Lingua Franca files can have C/C++/Java-style comments and/or Python-style comments. All of the following are valid comments:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// Single-line C-style comment.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-block-lflang\">/*</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf comment-block-lflang\">       Multi-line C-style comment.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf comment-block-lflang\">     </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-block-lflang\">*/</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\"># Single-line Python-style comment.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-triple-lflang\">&#039;&#039;&#039;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-triple-lflang\">       Multi-line Python-style comment.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-triple-lflang\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-triple-lflang\">&#039;&#039;&#039;</span>\n</pre>\n<h2 id=\"appendix-lf-types\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#appendix-lf-types\" aria-label=\"appendix lf types permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Appendix: LF types</h2>\n<p>Type annotations may be written in many places in LF, including <a href=\"#Parameter-declaration\">parameter declarations</a>, <a href=\"#State-declaration\">state variable declarations</a>, <a href=\"#Input-declaration\">input</a> and <a href=\"#Output-declaration\">output declarations</a>. In some targets, they are required, because the target language requires them too.</p>\n<p>Assigning meaning to type annotations is entirely offloaded to the target compiler, as LF does not feature a type system (yet?). However, LF’s syntax for types supports a few idioms that have target-specific meaning. Types may have the following forms:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>the <strong>time</strong> type is reserved by LF, its values represent time durations. The <strong>time</strong> type accepts <em>time expressions</em> for values, e.g. <code>100 msec</code>, or <code>0</code> (see <a href=\"#basic-expressions\">Basic expressions</a> for a reference).</li>\n<li>identifiers are valid types (e.g. <code>int</code>, <code>size_t</code>), and may be followed by type arguments (e.g. <code>vector&#x3C;int></code>).</li>\n<li>the syntactic forms <code>type[]</code> and <code>type[integer]</code> correspond to target-specific array types. The second form is available only in languages which support fixed-size array types (e.g. in C++, <code>std::array&#x3C;5></code>).</li>\n<li>the syntactic form <code>{= some type =}</code> allows writing an arbitrary type as target code. This is useful in target languages which have complex type grammar (e.g. in TypeScript, <code>{= int | null =}</code>).</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Also note that to use strings conveniently in the C target, the “type” <code>string</code> is an alias for <code>{=char*=}</code>.</p>\n<p>(Types ending with a <code>*</code> are treated specially by the C target. See <a href=\"Writing-Reactors-in-C#sending-and-receiving-arrays-and-structs\">Sending and Receiving Arrays and Structs</a> in the C target documentation.)</p>\n<h2 id=\"appendix-lf-expressions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#appendix-lf-expressions\" aria-label=\"appendix lf expressions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Appendix: LF expressions</h2>\n<p>A subset of LF syntax is used to write <em>expressions</em>, which represent target language values. Expressions are used in <a href=\"#State-declaration\">state variable</a> initializers, default values for <a href=\"#Parameter-declarations\">parameters</a>, and <a href=\"#Contained-reactors\">parameter assignments</a>.</p>\n<p>Expressions in LF support only simple forms, that are intended to be common across languages. Their precise meaning (e.g. the target language types they are compatible with) is target-specific and not specified here.</p>\n<h3 id=\"basic-expressions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#basic-expressions\" aria-label=\"basic expressions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Basic expressions</h3>\n<p>The most basic expression forms, which are supported by all target languages, are the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Literals:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Numeric literals, e.g. <code>1</code>, <code>-120</code>, <code>1.5</code>. Note that the sign, if any, is part of the literal and must not be separated by whitespace.</li>\n<li>String literals, e.g. <code>\"abcd\"</code>. String literals always use double-quotes, even in languages which support other forms (like Python).</li>\n<li>Character literals. e.g. <code>'a'</code>. Single-quoted literals must be exactly one character long —even in Python.</li>\n<li>Boolean literals: <code>true</code>, <code>false</code>, <code>True</code>, <code>False</code>. The latter two are there for Python.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Parameter references, which are simple identifiers (e.g. <code>foo</code>). Any identifier in expression position must refer to a parameter of the enclosing reactor.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Time values, e.g. <code>1 msec</code> or <code>10 seconds</code>. The syntax of time values is <code>integer time_unit</code>, where <code>time_unit</code> is one of the following</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>nsec</strong>: nanoseconds</li>\n<li><strong>usec</strong>: microseconds</li>\n<li><strong>msec</strong>: milliseconds</li>\n<li><strong>sec</strong> or <strong>second</strong>: seconds</li>\n<li><strong>minute</strong>: 60 seconds</li>\n<li><strong>hour</strong>: 60 minutes</li>\n<li><strong>day</strong>: 24 hours</li>\n<li><strong>week</strong>: 7 days</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Each of these units also support a pluralized version (e.g. <code>nsecs</code>, <code>minutes</code>, <code>days</code>), which means the same thing.</p>\n<p>The time value <code>0</code> may have no unit. Except in this specific case, the unit is always required.</p>\n<p>Time values are compatible with the <code>time</code> type.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Escaped target-language expression, e.g. <code>{= foo() =}</code>. This syntax is used to write any expression which does not fall into one of the other forms described here. The contents are not parsed and are used verbatim in the generated file.</p>\n<p>The variables in scope are target-specific.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"complex-expressions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#complex-expressions\" aria-label=\"complex expressions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Complex expressions</h3>\n<p>Some targets may make use of a few other syntactic forms for expressions. These syntactic forms may be ascribed a different meaning by different targets, to keep the source language close in meaning to the target language.</p>\n<p>We describe here these syntactic forms and what meaning they have in each target.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bracket-list syntax, e.g. <code>[1, 2, 3]</code>. This syntax is used to create a list in Python. It is not supported by any other target at the moment.\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-python\"><span class=\"source-python\">state</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">x</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-definition-list-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">3</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-definition-list-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n</pre>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h4 id=\"initializer-pseudo-expressions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#initializer-pseudo-expressions\" aria-label=\"initializer pseudo expressions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Initializer pseudo-expressions</h4>\n<p>Some “expression” forms are only acceptable as the initializer of a state variable or parameter, but not in other places (like inside a list expression). These are</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Tuple syntax, e.g. <code>(1, 2, 3)</code>. This syntax is used:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>in the Python target, to create a tuple value. Tuples are different from lists in that they are immutable.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>in C++, to pass arguments to a constructor:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cpp\"><span class=\"source-cpp\">state x:</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">[]</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>In that example, the initializer expression is translated to <code>new std::vector(1,2)</code>. See also <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/wiki/Writing-Reactors-in-Cpp#using-state-variables\">C++ target documentation</a>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>in C and all other targets, to create a target-specific array value. In the Python target, this is accomplished by the bracket-list syntax <code>[1,2,3]</code> instead. Note that to create a zero- or one-element array, fat braces are usually required. For instance in C:</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-c\"><span class=\"source-c\">  state x: </span><span class=\"source-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">int</span><span class=\"source-c storage-modifier-array-bracket-square-c\">[]</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c constant-numeric-decimal-c\">1</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c punctuation-separator-delimiter-c\">,</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c constant-numeric-decimal-c\">2</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c punctuation-separator-delimiter-c\">,</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c constant-numeric-decimal-c\">3</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span><span class=\"source-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c comment-line-double-slash-c punctuation-definition-comment-c\">//</span><span class=\"source-c comment-line-double-slash-c\"> creates an int array, basically `int x[] = {1,2,3};`</span>\n<span class=\"source-c\">  state x: </span><span class=\"source-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">int</span><span class=\"source-c storage-modifier-array-bracket-square-c\">[]</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c constant-numeric-decimal-c\">1</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span><span class=\"source-c\">     </span><span class=\"source-c comment-line-double-slash-c punctuation-definition-comment-c\">//</span><span class=\"source-c comment-line-double-slash-c\"> `int x[] = 1;` - type error!</span>\n<span class=\"source-c\">  state x: </span><span class=\"source-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">int</span><span class=\"source-c storage-modifier-array-bracket-square-c\">[]</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-c\">{</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-c\">{</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c meta-block-c constant-numeric-decimal-c\">1</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-c\">}</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-c\">}</span><span class=\"source-c meta-parens-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c\">  </span><span class=\"source-c comment-line-double-slash-c punctuation-definition-comment-c\">//</span><span class=\"source-c comment-line-double-slash-c\"> one element array: `int x[] = {1};`</span>\n</pre>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Brace-list syntax, e.g. <code>{1, 2, 3}</code>. This syntax is at the moment only supported by the C++ target. It’s used to initialize a vector with the initializer list syntax instead of a constructor call.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>","headings":[{"value":"Target Language Specification","depth":2},{"value":"Import Statement","depth":2},{"value":"Reactor Block","depth":2},{"value":"Parameter Declaration","depth":3},{"value":"State Declaration","depth":3},{"value":"Method Declaration","depth":3},{"value":"Input Declaration","depth":3},{"value":"Output Declaration","depth":3},{"value":"Timer Declaration","depth":3},{"value":"Action Declaration","depth":3},{"value":"Discussion","depth":4},{"value":"Actions With Values","depth":3},{"value":"Reaction Declaration","depth":2},{"value":"Target Code","depth":3},{"value":"Scheduling Future Reactions","depth":3},{"value":"Asynchronous Callbacks","depth":3},{"value":"Superdense Time","depth":3},{"value":"Startup and Shutdown Reactions","depth":3},{"value":"Contained Reactors","depth":2},{"value":"Physical Connections","depth":3},{"value":"Connections with Delays","depth":3},{"value":"Deadlines","depth":2},{"value":"Comments","depth":2},{"value":"Appendix: LF types","depth":2},{"value":"Appendix: LF expressions","depth":2},{"value":"Basic expressions","depth":3},{"value":"Complex expressions","depth":3},{"value":"Initializer pseudo-expressions","depth":4}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/language-specification","title":"Language Specification","oneline":"Language Specification for Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}}},"pageContext":{"slug":"/docs/handbook/language-specification","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/obsolete/Language Specification.md","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.015Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/logical-execution-time/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/logical-execution-time/page-data.json
index 62c27726f..52812bf70 100644
--- a/page-data/docs/handbook/logical-execution-time/page-data.json
+++ b/page-data/docs/handbook/logical-execution-time/page-data.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
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diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/methods/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/methods/page-data.json
index 99489984c..303b7317a 100644
--- a/page-data/docs/handbook/methods/page-data.json
+++ b/page-data/docs/handbook/methods/page-data.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/methods","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"d7a3a975-58e3-5824-bced-e53c01d541b1","excerpt":"Method Declaration The $target-language$ target does not currently support methods. Sometimes logic needs to be shared between reactions. In this case, methods…","html":"<h2 id=\"method-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#method-declaration\" aria-label=\"method declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Method Declaration</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not currently support methods.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-c lf-py\">\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-c\">\n<p>Sometimes logic needs to be shared between reactions. In this case, methods can be used to implement the shared logic, and these methods can then be called from reaction bodies. A method declaration has one of the forms:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;() {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;():&lt;type&gt; {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;(&lt;argument_name&gt;:&lt;type&gt;, </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;(&lt;argument_name&gt;:&lt;type&gt;, </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">):&lt;type&gt; {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The first form defines a method with no arguments and no return value. The second form defines a method with the return type <code>&#x3C;type></code> but no arguments. The third form defines a method with a comma-separated list of arguments given by their name and type, but without a return value. Finally, the fourth form is similar to the third, but adds a return type.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>A method declaration has the forms:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;() {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>The $method$ keyword can optionally be prefixed with the $const$ qualifier, which indicates that the method has only read access to the reactor’s state.</p>\n</div>\n<p>Methods are particularly useful in reactors that need to perform certain operations on state variables and/or parameters that are shared between reactions or that are too complex to be implemented in a single reaction. Analogous to class methods, methods in LF can access all state variables and parameters, and can be invoked from all reaction bodies or from other methods. Methods may also recursively invoke themselves. Consider the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Methods)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Methods</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-function-member-lflang\"> getFoo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(): </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-return-cpp\">return</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-function-member-lflang\"> add</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Foo is initialized to </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">getFoo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">add</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">40</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">2 + 40 = </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">getFoo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Methods</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">const</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-function-member-lflang\"> getFoo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(): </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-return-cpp\">return</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-function-member-lflang\"> add</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    foo </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Foo is initialized to </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">getFoo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-single-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-single-cpp constant-character-escape\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-single-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">add</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">40</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">2 + 40 = </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">getFoo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-single-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-single-cpp constant-character-escape\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-single-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Methods</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-function-member-lflang\"> getFoo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">() </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">return</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">foo</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-function-member-lflang\"> add</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Foo is initialized to </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">getFoo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">add</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">40</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">2 + 40 = </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">getFoo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">ts</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Methods</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Methods</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Methods)$</p>\n<p>This reactor defines two methods <code>getFoo</code> and <code>add</code>.\n<span class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<code>getFoo</code> is qualified as a const method, which indicates that it has read-only\naccess to the state variables. This is directly translated to a C++ const method\nin the code generation process.\n</span>\nThe <code>getFoo</code> method receives no arguments and returns an integer (<code>int</code>)\nindicating the current value of the <code>foo</code> state variable. The <code>add</code> method\nreturns nothing\n<span class=\"lf-cpp lf-c\">\n(<code>void</code>)\n</span>\nand receives one integer argument, which it uses to increment <code>foo</code>. Both\nmethods are visible in all reactions of the reactor. In this example, the\nreaction to startup calls both methods in order to read and modify its state.</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Method Declaration","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/methods","title":"Methods","oneline":"Methods in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Reactions","oneline":"Reactions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/reactions"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Causality Loops","oneline":"Causality loops in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/causality-loops"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-methods","slug":"/docs/handbook/methods","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Methods.md","previousID":"c481b157-4aed-5965-9ba1-40637916d1a3","nextID":"51ac051a-108f-527f-b7f7-3c83564ac351","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-19T17:23:16.963Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/methods","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"dd7daec6-0b6f-5466-ad7a-8b8332d3f262","excerpt":"Method Declaration The $target-language$ target does not currently support methods. Sometimes logic needs to be shared between reactions. In this case, methods…","html":"<h2 id=\"method-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#method-declaration\" aria-label=\"method declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Method Declaration</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not currently support methods.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-c lf-py\">\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-c\">\n<p>Sometimes logic needs to be shared between reactions. In this case, methods can be used to implement the shared logic, and these methods can then be called from reaction bodies. A method declaration has one of the forms:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;() {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;():&lt;type&gt; {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;(&lt;argument_name&gt;:&lt;type&gt;, </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;(&lt;argument_name&gt;:&lt;type&gt;, </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">):&lt;type&gt; {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The first form defines a method with no arguments and no return value. The second form defines a method with the return type <code>&#x3C;type></code> but no arguments. The third form defines a method with a comma-separated list of arguments given by their name and type, but without a return value. Finally, the fourth form is similar to the third, but adds a return type.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>A method declaration has the forms:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;() {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>The $method$ keyword can optionally be prefixed with the $const$ qualifier, which indicates that the method has only read access to the reactor’s state.</p>\n</div>\n<p>Methods are particularly useful in reactors that need to perform certain operations on state variables and/or parameters that are shared between reactions or that are too complex to be implemented in a single reaction. Analogous to class methods, methods in LF can access all state variables and parameters, and can be invoked from all reaction bodies or from other methods. Methods may also recursively invoke themselves. Consider the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Methods)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Methods</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-function-member-lflang\"> getFoo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(): </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-return-cpp\">return</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-function-member-lflang\"> add</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Foo is initialized to </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">getFoo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">add</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">40</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">2 + 40 = </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">getFoo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Methods</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">const</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-function-member-lflang\"> getFoo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(): </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-return-cpp\">return</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-function-member-lflang\"> add</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    foo </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Foo is initialized to </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">getFoo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-single-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-single-cpp constant-character-escape\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-single-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">add</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">40</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">2 + 40 = </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">getFoo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-single-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-single-cpp constant-character-escape\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-single-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Methods</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-function-member-lflang\"> getFoo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">() </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">return</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">foo</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">method</span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-function-member-lflang\"> add</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Foo is initialized to </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">getFoo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">add</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">40</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">2 + 40 = </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">getFoo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">ts</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Methods</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Methods</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Methods)$</p>\n<p>This reactor defines two methods <code>getFoo</code> and <code>add</code>.\n<span class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<code>getFoo</code> is qualified as a const method, which indicates that it has read-only\naccess to the state variables. This is directly translated to a C++ const method\nin the code generation process.\n</span>\nThe <code>getFoo</code> method receives no arguments and returns an integer (<code>int</code>)\nindicating the current value of the <code>foo</code> state variable. The <code>add</code> method\nreturns nothing\n<span class=\"lf-cpp lf-c\">\n(<code>void</code>)\n</span>\nand receives one integer argument, which it uses to increment <code>foo</code>. Both\nmethods are visible in all reactions of the reactor. In this example, the\nreaction to startup calls both methods in order to read and modify its state.</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Method Declaration","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/methods","title":"Methods","oneline":"Methods in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Reactions","oneline":"Reactions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/reactions"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Causality Loops","oneline":"Causality loops in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/causality-loops"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-methods","slug":"/docs/handbook/methods","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Methods.md","previousID":"25ac2513-8979-52dd-9176-b0db61f55dc9","nextID":"de5af6b0-de72-5890-9668-c4f000ffdb2c","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/modal-models","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"0d99c267-efc9-5c05-8eab-96200ad909c2","excerpt":"Modal Reactors are currently not supported in $target-language$. $page-showing-target$ The basic idea of modal reactors is to partition a reactor into disjoint…","html":"<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-rs lf-ts\">\n<p><strong>Modal Reactors are currently not supported in $target-language$.</strong></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py\">\n<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<p>The basic idea of <em>modal reactors</em> is to partition a reactor into disjoint subsets of reactions (or other components) that are associated with mutually exclusive <em>modes</em>.\nIn a modal reactor, only a single mode can be active at a particular logical time instant, meaning that activity in other modes is automatically suspended.\nTransitioning between modes switches the reactor’s behavior and provides control over continuing or resetting the previous history of the entered mode.</p>\n<h2 id=\"syntax\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#syntax\" aria-label=\"syntax permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Syntax</h2>\n<p>Modes can be defined in any reactor, except federated ones.\nEach mode requires a unique (per reactor) name and can declare contents that are local to this mode.\nThere must be exactly one mode marked as $initial$.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TwoModes</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">initial</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">mode</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> One {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">mode</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> Two {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>A mode can contain local state variables, timers, actions, reactions, reactor instantiations, and connections.\nWhile modes cannot be nested in modes directly, hierarchical composition is possible through the instantiation of modal reactors.\nThe main exception in allowed contents in modes are port declarations, as these are only possible on reactor level.\nYet, modes share the scope with their reactor and, hence, can access ports, state variables, and parameters of the reactor.\nOnly the contents of other modes are excluded.\nA modal reactor can still have reactions, reactor instantiations, etc., that are not located in modes and will consequently be executed independently from mode activity.</p>\n<p>Mode transitions are declared within reactions.\nIf a reactor has modes, reactions inside modes are allowed to list them as effects.\nSuch an effect enables the use of the target language API to set the next mode.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">trig) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> Two </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">trig</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set_mode</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">Two</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(trig) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> Two </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">trig</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">Two</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>You can also specify the type of the transition by adding the modifier <code>reset(&#x3C;mode>)</code> or <code>history(&#x3C;mode>)</code> in the effects of the\nreaction signature (i.e., after the <code>-></code>). For example, a history transition to the state <code>Two</code> is enabled by listing <code>history(Two)</code>\namong the effects of the reaction. The <code>reset</code> variant is implicitly assumed when the mode is listed without modifier.</p>\n<h2 id=\"execution-semantics\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#execution-semantics\" aria-label=\"execution semantics permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Execution Semantics</h2>\n<p>The basic effect of modes is that only parts that are contained in the currently active mode (or outside any mode) are executed at any point in time.\nThis also holds for parts that are nested in multiple <em>ancestor modes</em> due to hierarchy; consequently, all those ancestors must be active in order to execute.\nReactions in inactive modes are simply not executed, while all components that model timing behavior, namely timers, scheduled actions, and delayed connections, are subject to a concept of <em>local time</em>.\nThat means while a mode is inactive, the progress of time is suspended locally.\nHow the timing components behave when a mode becomes active depends on the transition type.\nA mode can be <em>reset</em> upon entry, returning it to its initial state.\nAlternatively, it may be entered preserving its <em>history</em>, which only has an actual effect if the mode was active before.\nIn the latter case all timing components will continue their delays or period as if no time had passed during inactivity of the mode.\nThe following section will provide a more detailed explanation of this effect.</p>\n<p>Upon reactor startup, the initial mode of each modal reactor is active, others are inactive.\nIf at a tag <em>(t, m)</em>, all reactions of this reactor and all its contents have finished executing, and a new mode was set in a reaction, the current mode will be deactivated and the new one will be activated for future execution.\nThis means no reaction of the newly active mode will execute at tag <em>(t, m)</em>; the earliest possible reaction in the new mode occurs one microstep later, at <em>(t, m+1)</em>.\nHence, if the newly active mode has for example a timer that will elapse with an offset of zero, it will trigger at <em>(t, m+1)</em>.\nIn case the mode itself does not require an immediate execution in the next microstep, it depends on future events, just as in the normal behavior of LF.\nHence, modes in the same reactor are always mutually exclusive w.r.t. superdense time.</p>\n<p>A transition is triggered if a new mode is set in a reaction body.\nAs with setting output ports in reaction, a new mode can be set multiple times in the same or different reactions.\nIn the end, the fixed ordering of reactions determines the last effective value that will be used.\nThe new mode does not have to be a different one; it is possible for a mode to reset itself via a reset transition.</p>\n<p>In case a mode is entered with the reset behavior:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>all contained modal reactors are reset to their initial mode (recursively),</li>\n<li>all contained timers are reset and start again awaiting their initial offset,</li>\n<li>all contained state variables that are marked for automatic reset are reset to their initial value,</li>\n<li>any contained reactions triggered by <code>reset</code> are executed, and</li>\n<li>all events (actions, timers, delayed connections) that were previously scheduled from within this mode are discarded.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Note that <em>contained</em> refers to all contents defined locally in the mode and in local reactor instances (recursively) that are not otherwise enclosed in modes of lower levels.</p>\n<p>Whenever a mode is entered with a reset transition, the subsequent timing behavior is as if the mode was never executed before.\nIf there are state variables that need to be reset or reinitialized, then this can be done in a reaction triggered by <code>reset</code> or by marking the state variable for automatic reset (e.g.,\n<span class=\"lf-c\"><code>reset state x:int(0)</code></span>\n<span class=\"lf-cpp warning\">FIXME</span>\n<span class=\"lf-py\"><code>reset state x(0)</code></span>\n<span class=\"lf-ts warning\">FIXME</span>\n<span class=\"lf-rs warning\">FIXME</span>\n).\nState variables are not reset automatically to their initial conditions because it is idiomatic for reactors to allocate resources or initialize subsystems (e.g., allocate memory or sockets, register an interrupt, or start a server) in reactions triggered by the <code>startup</code>, and to store references to these resources in state variables.\nIf these were to be automatically reset, those references would be lost.</p>\n<p>On the other hand, if a mode has been active prior and is then re-entered via a <code>history</code> transition, no reset is performed.\nEvents originating from timers, scheduled actions, and delayed connections are adjusted to reflect a remaining delay equal to the remaining delay recorded at the instant the mode was previously deactivated.\nAs a consequence, a mode has a notion of local time that elapses only when the mode is active.</p>\n<h3 id=\"local-time\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#local-time\" aria-label=\"local time permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Local Time</h3>\n<p>From the perspective of timers and actions, time is suspended when a mode is inactive.\nThis also applies to indirectly nested reactors within modes and connections with logical delays, if their source lies within a mode.</p>\n<img alt=\"Illustration of local time (model)\" src=\"/2f08a5bc0dec1964fb2deca53c8eda26/local_time.svg\" width=\"400\">\n<p>The above LF model illustrates the different characteristics of local time affecting timers and actions in the presence of the two transition types.</p>\n<p>It consists of two modes <code>One</code> (the initial mode) and <code>Two</code>, both in the <code>Modal</code> reactor.\nThe <code>next</code> input toggles between these modes and is controlled by a reaction at the top level that is triggered by the timer <code>T</code>.\nAfter one second, a mode switch is triggered periodically with a period one second.\nEach mode has a timer <code>T1</code>/<code>T2</code> that triggers a reaction after an initial offset of 100 msec and then periodically after 750 msec.\nThis reaction then schedules a logical action with a delay of 500 msec (the actual target code does not add an additional delay over the minimum specified).\nThis action triggers the second reaction, which writes to the output <code>out</code>.\nThe main difference between the modes is that <code>One</code> is entered via a history transition, continuing its behavior, while <code>Two</code> is reset.\n(History behavior is indicated by an “H” on the transition edge because it enters into the entire history of the mode.)</p>\n<img alt=\"Illustration of local time (trace)\" src=\"/3daf523a4a056b712f5ef23e707463fd/local_time_trace.svg\" width=\"600\">\n<p>Above is the execution trace of the first 4 seconds of this program.\nBelow the timeline is the currently active mode and above the timeline are the model elements that are executed at certain points in time, together with indicating triggering and their relation through time.\nFor example, at 100 msec, the initial offset of timer <code>T1</code> elapses, which leads to the scheduling of the logical action in this mode.\nThe action triggers the reaction 500 msec later, at 600 msec, and thus causes an output.\nThe timing diagram illustrates the different handling of time between history transitions and reset transitions.\nSpecifically, when mode <code>One</code> is re-entered via a history transition, at time 2000 msec, the action triggered by <code>T1</code> before, at time 850 msec, resumes.\nIn contrast, when mode <code>Two</code> is re-entered via a reset transition, at time 3000 msec, the action triggered by <code>T2</code> before, at time 1850 msec, gets discarded.</p>\n<img alt=\"Illustration of local time (plot)\" src=\"/662cffcd589fa7f337f8a972f07a0a73/local_time_plot.svg\" width=\"300\">\n<p>The above plot illustrates the relation between global time in the environment and the localized time for each timer in the model.\nSince the top-level reactor <code>TimingExample</code> is not enclosed by any mode, its time always corresponds to the global time.\nMode <code>One</code> is the initial mode and hence progresses in sync with <code>TimingExample</code> for the first second.\nDuring inactivity of mode One the timer is suspended and does not advance in time.\nAt 2000 msec it continues relative to this time.\n<code>T2</code> only starts advancing when the mode becomes active at 1000 msec.\nThe reentry via reset at 3000 msec causes the local time to be reset to zero.</p>\n<h3 id=\"startup-and-shutdown\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#startup-and-shutdown\" aria-label=\"startup and shutdown permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Startup and Shutdown</h3>\n<p>A challenge for modal execution is the handling <code>startup</code> and <code>shutdown</code> behavior.\nThese are commonly used for managing memory for state variables, handling connections to sensors or actuators, or starting/joining external threads.\nIf reactions to these triggers are located inside modes they are subject to a special execution regime.</p>\n<p>First, <code>startup</code> reactions are invoked at most once at the first activation of a mode.\nSecond, <code>shutdown</code> reactions are executed when the reactor shuts down, <strong><em>irrespective</em></strong> of mode activity, but only if the enclosing modes have been activated at least once.\nHence, every startup has a corresponding shutdown.\nThird, as mentioned before, the new <code>reset</code> trigger for reactions can be used, if a startup behavior should be re-executed if a mode is entered with a reset transition.</p>\n<p>Note that this may have unexpected implications:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Startup behavior inside modes may occur during execution and not only at program start.</li>\n<li>Multiple shutdown reactions may be executed, bypassing mutual exclusion of modes.</li>\n<li>Reactors that are designed without consideration of modes and use only <code>startup</code> (not <code>reset</code>) to trigger an execution chain, may not work in modes and cease to function if re-entered with a reset.</li>\n</ul>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Syntax","depth":2},{"value":"Execution Semantics","depth":2},{"value":"Local Time","depth":3},{"value":"Startup and Shutdown","depth":3}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/modal-models","title":"Modal Reactors","oneline":"Modal Reactors","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Superdense Time","oneline":"Superdense time in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/superdense-time"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Deadlines","oneline":"Deadlines in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/deadlines"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-modal-reactors","slug":"/docs/handbook/modal-models","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Modal Models.md","previousID":"f56af5b2-d72c-5209-9ce8-29efc3807a0a","nextID":"aed51006-1665-5177-9ed2-b47737108896","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.632Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/modal-models","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"3ab36bba-9f0e-54a5-bfd0-55f5e5259ca5","excerpt":"Modal Reactors are currently not supported in $target-language$. $page-showing-target$ The basic idea of modal reactors is to partition a reactor into disjoint…","html":"<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-rs lf-ts\">\n<p><strong>Modal Reactors are currently not supported in $target-language$.</strong></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py\">\n<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<p>The basic idea of <em>modal reactors</em> is to partition a reactor into disjoint subsets of reactions (or other components) that are associated with mutually exclusive <em>modes</em>.\nIn a modal reactor, only a single mode can be active at a particular logical time instant, meaning that activity in other modes is automatically suspended.\nTransitioning between modes switches the reactor’s behavior and provides control over continuing or resetting the previous history of the entered mode.</p>\n<h2 id=\"syntax\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#syntax\" aria-label=\"syntax permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Syntax</h2>\n<p>Modes can be defined in any reactor, except federated ones.\nEach mode requires a unique (per reactor) name and can declare contents that are local to this mode.\nThere must be exactly one mode marked as $initial$.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TwoModes</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">initial</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">mode</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> One {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">mode</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> Two {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>A mode can contain local state variables, timers, actions, reactions, reactor instantiations, and connections.\nWhile modes cannot be nested in modes directly, hierarchical composition is possible through the instantiation of modal reactors.\nThe main exception in allowed contents in modes are port declarations, as these are only possible on reactor level.\nYet, modes share the scope with their reactor and, hence, can access ports, state variables, and parameters of the reactor.\nOnly the contents of other modes are excluded.\nA modal reactor can still have reactions, reactor instantiations, etc., that are not located in modes and will consequently be executed independently from mode activity.</p>\n<p>Mode transitions are declared within reactions.\nIf a reactor has modes, reactions inside modes are allowed to list them as effects.\nSuch an effect enables the use of the target language API to set the next mode.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">trig) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> Two </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">trig</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set_mode</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">Two</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(trig) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> Two </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">trig</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">Two</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>You can also specify the type of the transition by adding the modifier <code>reset(&#x3C;mode>)</code> or <code>history(&#x3C;mode>)</code> in the effects of the\nreaction signature (i.e., after the <code>-></code>). For example, a history transition to the state <code>Two</code> is enabled by listing <code>history(Two)</code>\namong the effects of the reaction. The <code>reset</code> variant is implicitly assumed when the mode is listed without modifier.</p>\n<h2 id=\"execution-semantics\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#execution-semantics\" aria-label=\"execution semantics permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Execution Semantics</h2>\n<p>The basic effect of modes is that only parts that are contained in the currently active mode (or outside any mode) are executed at any point in time.\nThis also holds for parts that are nested in multiple <em>ancestor modes</em> due to hierarchy; consequently, all those ancestors must be active in order to execute.\nReactions in inactive modes are simply not executed, while all components that model timing behavior, namely timers, scheduled actions, and delayed connections, are subject to a concept of <em>local time</em>.\nThat means while a mode is inactive, the progress of time is suspended locally.\nHow the timing components behave when a mode becomes active depends on the transition type.\nA mode can be <em>reset</em> upon entry, returning it to its initial state.\nAlternatively, it may be entered preserving its <em>history</em>, which only has an actual effect if the mode was active before.\nIn the latter case all timing components will continue their delays or period as if no time had passed during inactivity of the mode.\nThe following section will provide a more detailed explanation of this effect.</p>\n<p>Upon reactor startup, the initial mode of each modal reactor is active, others are inactive.\nIf at a tag <em>(t, m)</em>, all reactions of this reactor and all its contents have finished executing, and a new mode was set in a reaction, the current mode will be deactivated and the new one will be activated for future execution.\nThis means no reaction of the newly active mode will execute at tag <em>(t, m)</em>; the earliest possible reaction in the new mode occurs one microstep later, at <em>(t, m+1)</em>.\nHence, if the newly active mode has for example a timer that will elapse with an offset of zero, it will trigger at <em>(t, m+1)</em>.\nIn case the mode itself does not require an immediate execution in the next microstep, it depends on future events, just as in the normal behavior of LF.\nHence, modes in the same reactor are always mutually exclusive w.r.t. superdense time.</p>\n<p>A transition is triggered if a new mode is set in a reaction body.\nAs with setting output ports in reaction, a new mode can be set multiple times in the same or different reactions.\nIn the end, the fixed ordering of reactions determines the last effective value that will be used.\nThe new mode does not have to be a different one; it is possible for a mode to reset itself via a reset transition.</p>\n<p>In case a mode is entered with the reset behavior:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>all contained modal reactors are reset to their initial mode (recursively),</li>\n<li>all contained timers are reset and start again awaiting their initial offset,</li>\n<li>all contained state variables that are marked for automatic reset are reset to their initial value,</li>\n<li>any contained reactions triggered by <code>reset</code> are executed, and</li>\n<li>all events (actions, timers, delayed connections) that were previously scheduled from within this mode are discarded.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Note that <em>contained</em> refers to all contents defined locally in the mode and in local reactor instances (recursively) that are not otherwise enclosed in modes of lower levels.</p>\n<p>Whenever a mode is entered with a reset transition, the subsequent timing behavior is as if the mode was never executed before.\nIf there are state variables that need to be reset or reinitialized, then this can be done in a reaction triggered by <code>reset</code> or by marking the state variable for automatic reset (e.g.,\n<span class=\"lf-c\"><code>reset state x:int(0)</code></span>\n<span class=\"lf-cpp warning\">FIXME</span>\n<span class=\"lf-py\"><code>reset state x(0)</code></span>\n<span class=\"lf-ts warning\">FIXME</span>\n<span class=\"lf-rs warning\">FIXME</span>\n).\nState variables are not reset automatically to their initial conditions because it is idiomatic for reactors to allocate resources or initialize subsystems (e.g., allocate memory or sockets, register an interrupt, or start a server) in reactions triggered by the <code>startup</code>, and to store references to these resources in state variables.\nIf these were to be automatically reset, those references would be lost.</p>\n<p>On the other hand, if a mode has been active prior and is then re-entered via a <code>history</code> transition, no reset is performed.\nEvents originating from timers, scheduled actions, and delayed connections are adjusted to reflect a remaining delay equal to the remaining delay recorded at the instant the mode was previously deactivated.\nAs a consequence, a mode has a notion of local time that elapses only when the mode is active.</p>\n<h3 id=\"local-time\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#local-time\" aria-label=\"local time permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Local Time</h3>\n<p>From the perspective of timers and actions, time is suspended when a mode is inactive.\nThis also applies to indirectly nested reactors within modes and connections with logical delays, if their source lies within a mode.</p>\n<img alt=\"Illustration of local time (model)\" src=\"/2f08a5bc0dec1964fb2deca53c8eda26/local_time.svg\" width=\"400\">\n<p>The above LF model illustrates the different characteristics of local time affecting timers and actions in the presence of the two transition types.</p>\n<p>It consists of two modes <code>One</code> (the initial mode) and <code>Two</code>, both in the <code>Modal</code> reactor.\nThe <code>next</code> input toggles between these modes and is controlled by a reaction at the top level that is triggered by the timer <code>T</code>.\nAfter one second, a mode switch is triggered periodically with a period one second.\nEach mode has a timer <code>T1</code>/<code>T2</code> that triggers a reaction after an initial offset of 100 msec and then periodically after 750 msec.\nThis reaction then schedules a logical action with a delay of 500 msec (the actual target code does not add an additional delay over the minimum specified).\nThis action triggers the second reaction, which writes to the output <code>out</code>.\nThe main difference between the modes is that <code>One</code> is entered via a history transition, continuing its behavior, while <code>Two</code> is reset.\n(History behavior is indicated by an “H” on the transition edge because it enters into the entire history of the mode.)</p>\n<img alt=\"Illustration of local time (trace)\" src=\"/3daf523a4a056b712f5ef23e707463fd/local_time_trace.svg\" width=\"600\">\n<p>Above is the execution trace of the first 4 seconds of this program.\nBelow the timeline is the currently active mode and above the timeline are the model elements that are executed at certain points in time, together with indicating triggering and their relation through time.\nFor example, at 100 msec, the initial offset of timer <code>T1</code> elapses, which leads to the scheduling of the logical action in this mode.\nThe action triggers the reaction 500 msec later, at 600 msec, and thus causes an output.\nThe timing diagram illustrates the different handling of time between history transitions and reset transitions.\nSpecifically, when mode <code>One</code> is re-entered via a history transition, at time 2000 msec, the action triggered by <code>T1</code> before, at time 850 msec, resumes.\nIn contrast, when mode <code>Two</code> is re-entered via a reset transition, at time 3000 msec, the action triggered by <code>T2</code> before, at time 1850 msec, gets discarded.</p>\n<img alt=\"Illustration of local time (plot)\" src=\"/662cffcd589fa7f337f8a972f07a0a73/local_time_plot.svg\" width=\"300\">\n<p>The above plot illustrates the relation between global time in the environment and the localized time for each timer in the model.\nSince the top-level reactor <code>TimingExample</code> is not enclosed by any mode, its time always corresponds to the global time.\nMode <code>One</code> is the initial mode and hence progresses in sync with <code>TimingExample</code> for the first second.\nDuring inactivity of mode One the timer is suspended and does not advance in time.\nAt 2000 msec it continues relative to this time.\n<code>T2</code> only starts advancing when the mode becomes active at 1000 msec.\nThe reentry via reset at 3000 msec causes the local time to be reset to zero.</p>\n<h3 id=\"startup-and-shutdown\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#startup-and-shutdown\" aria-label=\"startup and shutdown permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Startup and Shutdown</h3>\n<p>A challenge for modal execution is the handling <code>startup</code> and <code>shutdown</code> behavior.\nThese are commonly used for managing memory for state variables, handling connections to sensors or actuators, or starting/joining external threads.\nIf reactions to these triggers are located inside modes they are subject to a special execution regime.</p>\n<p>First, <code>startup</code> reactions are invoked at most once at the first activation of a mode.\nSecond, <code>shutdown</code> reactions are executed when the reactor shuts down, <strong><em>irrespective</em></strong> of mode activity, but only if the enclosing modes have been activated at least once.\nHence, every startup has a corresponding shutdown.\nThird, as mentioned before, the new <code>reset</code> trigger for reactions can be used, if a startup behavior should be re-executed if a mode is entered with a reset transition.</p>\n<p>Note that this may have unexpected implications:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Startup behavior inside modes may occur during execution and not only at program start.</li>\n<li>Multiple shutdown reactions may be executed, bypassing mutual exclusion of modes.</li>\n<li>Reactors that are designed without consideration of modes and use only <code>startup</code> (not <code>reset</code>) to trigger an execution chain, may not work in modes and cease to function if re-entered with a reset.</li>\n</ul>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Syntax","depth":2},{"value":"Execution Semantics","depth":2},{"value":"Local Time","depth":3},{"value":"Startup and Shutdown","depth":3}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/modal-models","title":"Modal Reactors","oneline":"Modal Reactors","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Superdense Time","oneline":"Superdense time in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/superdense-time"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Deadlines","oneline":"Deadlines in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/deadlines"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-modal-reactors","slug":"/docs/handbook/modal-models","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Modal Models.md","previousID":"1986cb1b-8feb-57bc-8088-50548df2f061","nextID":"cb17ff3f-7a86-5f3b-95f7-e7d1f4e920c0","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks/page-data.json
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--- a/page-data/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks/page-data.json
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@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"a05a2219-f20e-50a8-a0b8-2038ac3b8475","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ Lingua Franca provides a compact syntax for ports that can send or receive over multiple channels and another syntax for multiple…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<p>Lingua Franca provides a compact syntax for ports that can send or receive over multiple channels and another syntax for multiple instances of a reactor class. These are respectively called <strong>multiports</strong> and <strong>banks of reactors</strong>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"multiports\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#multiports\" aria-label=\"multiports permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Multiports</h2>\n<p>To declare an input or output port to be a <strong>multiport</strong>, use the following syntax:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-rs lf-ts\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[&lt;width&gt;] &lt;name&gt;:&lt;type&gt;;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">width</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;] &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">type</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[&lt;width&gt;] &lt;name&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">width</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;] &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<p>where <code>&#x3C;width></code> is a positive integer. This can be given either as an integer literal or a parameter name. <span class=\"lf-cpp\"> The width can also be given by target code enclosed in <code>{=...=}</code>.</span> Consider the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Multiport)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> out_width</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[4] in:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> in_width</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Sum of received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-other-unit-suffix-integer-cpp\">ul</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">size</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[4] in:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-other-unit-suffix-integer-cpp\">ul</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">size</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Sum of received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">port</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">enumerate</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">port</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] inp;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(inp) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py support-function-builtin-python\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">port</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">port</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py support-function-builtin-python\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">port</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Sum of received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python support-function-builtin-python\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-loop-ts\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-ts\">length</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] inp:number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(inp) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-loop-ts\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-ts\">length</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">const</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-constant-ts\">val</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-array-literal-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">val</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">val</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Sum of received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">usize</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> (i, o) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> out.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">into_iter</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">enumerate</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">o, i);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] inp:usize;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(inp) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs storage-modifier-mut-rust\">mut</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> inp {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-constant-core-rust\">Some</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(v) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-sigil-rust\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">i) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> v;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Sum of received: {}.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">, sum);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Multiport)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/29754e4b78ddb9373347935a82ebc6fc/Multiport.svg\" width=\"300\">\n<p>Executing this program will yield:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Sum of received: 6.</pre>\n<p>The <code>Source</code> reactor has a four-way multiport output and the <code>Destination</code> reactor has a four-way multiport input. These channels are connected all at once on one line, the second line from the last. Notice that the generated diagram shows multiports with hollow triangles. Whether it shows the widths is controlled by an option in the diagram generator.</p>\n<p>The <code>Source</code> reactor specifies <code>out</code> as an effect of its reaction using the syntax <code>-> out</code>. This brings into scope of the reaction body a way to access the width of the port and a way to write to each channel of the port.</p>\n<p><strong>NOTE</strong>: In <code>Destination</code>, the reaction is triggered by <code>in</code>, not by some individual channel of the multiport input. Hence, it is important when using multiport inputs to test for presence of the input on each channel, as done above with the syntax:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    if (in[i]</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">is_present) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    if (in[i]</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">is_present()) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    if </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">port</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    if (val) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    if let Some(v) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">ctx</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(&amp;i) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n</pre>\n<p>An event on any one of the channels is sufficient to trigger the reaction.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>In the Python target, multiports can be iterated on in a for loop (e.g., <code>for p in out</code>) or enumerated (e.g., <code>for i, p in enumerate(out)</code>) and the length of the multiport can be obtained by using the <code>len()</code> (e.g., <code>len(out)</code>) expression.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<h2 id=\"sparse-inputs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#sparse-inputs\" aria-label=\"sparse inputs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Sparse Inputs</h2>\n<p>Sometimes, a program needs a wide multiport input, but when reactions are triggered by this input, few of the channels are present.\nIn this case, it can be inefficient to iterate over all the channels to determine which are present.\nIf you know that a multiport input will be <strong>sparse</strong> in this way, then you can provide a hint to the compiler and use a more efficient iterator to access the port. For example:</p>\n<p>$start(Sparse)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Sparse</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">@</span><span class=\"source-lf\">sparse</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[100] in:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Create an iterator over the input channels.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-struct-declare-cpp\">struct</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-type-struct-cpp\">lf_multiport_iterator_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-declare-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_multiport_iterator</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Get the least index of a channel with present inputs.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> channel </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_multiport_next</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Iterate until no more channels have present inputs.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-while-cpp\">while</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">channel </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&gt;=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> on channel </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">channel</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> channel</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Get the next channel with a present input.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      channel </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_multiport_next</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Sparse</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">py</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Sparse</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">ts</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Sparse</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Sparse</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Sparse)$</p>\n<p>Notice the <code>@sparse</code> annotation on the input declaration.\nThis provides a hint to the compiler to optimize for sparse inputs.\nThen, instead of iterating over all input channels, this code uses the built-in function <code>lf_multiport_iterator()</code> to construct an iterator. The function <code>lf_multiport_next()</code> returns the first (and later, the next) channel index that is present. It returns -1 when no more channels have present inputs.</p>\n<p>The multiport iterator can be used for any input multiport, even if it is not marked sparse.\nBut if it is not marked sparse, then the <code>lf_multiport_next()</code> function will not optimize for sparse inputs and will simply iterate over the channels until it finds one that is present.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"parameterized-widths\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#parameterized-widths\" aria-label=\"parameterized widths permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Parameterized Widths</h2>\n<p>The width of a port may be given by a parameter. For example, the above <code>Source</code> reactor can be rewritten</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(width:int </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">width</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>Parameters to the main reactor can be overwritten on the command line interface when running the generated program. As a consequence, the scale of the application can be determined at run time rather than at compile time.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"connecting-reactors-with-different-widths\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#connecting-reactors-with-different-widths\" aria-label=\"connecting reactors with different widths permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Connecting Reactors with Different Widths</h2>\n<p>Assume that the <code>Source</code> and <code>Destination</code> reactors above both use a parameter <code>width</code> to specify the width of their ports. Then the following connection is valid:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(width </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a2</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(width </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(width </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a1</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a2</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The first three ports of <code>b</code> will received input from <code>a1</code>, and the last two ports will receive input from <code>a2</code>. Parallel composition can appear on either side of a connection. For example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a1</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a2</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b1</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b2</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b3</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>If the total width on the left does not match the total width on the right, then a warning is issued. If the left side is wider than the right, then output data will be discarded. If the right side is wider than the left, then input channels will be absent.</p>\n<p>Any given port can appear only once on the right side of the <code>-></code> connection operator, so all connections to a multiport destination must be made in one single connection statement.</p>\n<h2 id=\"banks-of-reactors\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#banks-of-reactors\" aria-label=\"banks of reactors permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Banks of Reactors</h2>\n<p>Using a similar notation, it is possible to create a bank of reactors. For example, we can create a bank of four instances of <code>Source</code> and four instances of <code>Destination</code> and connect them as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Source();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Destination();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/3f1faa764e8b469f6c41593d9e9bc75d/BankToBankMultiport.svg\" width=\"300\">\n<p>If the <code>Source</code> and <code>Destination</code> reactors have multiport inputs and outputs, as in the examples above, then a warning will be issued if the total width on the left does not match the total width on the right. For example, the following is balanced:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Source(width </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Destination(width </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>There will be three instances of <code>Source</code>, each with an output of width four, and four instances of <code>Destination</code>, each with an input of width 3, for a total of 12 connections.</p>\n<p>To distinguish the instances in a bank of reactors, the reactor can define a parameter called <strong>bank_index</strong><span class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-rs\"> with any type that can be assigned a non-negative integer value (for example, <code>int</code>, <code>size_t</code>, or <code>uint32_t</code>)</span>. If such a parameter is defined for the reactor, then when the reactor is instantiated in a bank, each instance will be assigned a number between 0 and <em>n</em>-1, where <em>n</em> is the number of reactor instances in the bank. For example, the following source reactor increments the output it produces by the value of <code>bank_index</code> on each reaction to the timer:</p>\n<p>$start(MultiportSource)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MultiportSource</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MultiportSource</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    s </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MultiportSource</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">bank_index</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MultiportSource</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-language-this-ts\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getBankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MultiportSource</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> bank_index</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">out, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.s);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.s </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.bank_index;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(MultiportSource)$</p>\n<p>The width of a bank may also be given by a parameter, as in</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  source_bank_width:int </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  destination_bank_width:int </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[source_bank_width] Source(width </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[destination_bank_width] Destination(width </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py\">\n<h2 id=\"initializing-bank-members-from-a-table\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#initializing-bank-members-from-a-table\" aria-label=\"initializing bank members from a table permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Initializing Bank Members from a Table</h2>\n<p>It is often convenient to initialize parameters of bank members from a table.\nHere is an example:</p>\n<p>$start(BankIndex)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> table[] </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index:int </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, value:int </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, value: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] A(value </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">table</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">BankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">table</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-end-python\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, value </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python storage-type-format-python\">:d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">, value: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python storage-type-format-python\">:d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">format</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] A(value </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-item-access-python meta-indexed-name-python\">table</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-item-access-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-item-access-python meta-item-access-arguments-python\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-item-access-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">ts</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">BankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">BankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(BankIndex)$</p>\n<p>The global <code>table</code> defined in the $preamble$ is used to initialize the <code>value</code> parameter of each bank member. The result of running this is something like:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">bank_index: 0, value: 4\nbank_index: 1, value: 3\nbank_index: 2, value: 2\nbank_index: 3, value: 1</pre>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"contained-banks\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#contained-banks\" aria-label=\"contained banks permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Contained Banks</h2>\n<p>Banks of reactors can be nested. For example, note the following program:</p>\n<p>$start(ChildBank)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  bank_index:int </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">My bank index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  bank_index:int </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  bank_index:int </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">My bank index:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> bank_index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  bank_index:int </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  bank_index </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">My bank index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  bank_index </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">My bank index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-language-this-ts\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getBankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  bank_index:usize </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> bank_index;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">My bank index: {}.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.bank_index);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  bank_index:usize </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(ChildBank)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/b9ec13ff7f77404abdbab27d7fc03420/ChildBank.svg\" width=\"150\">\n<p>In this program, the <code>Parent</code> reactor contains a bank of <code>Child</code> reactor instances\nwith a width of 2. In the main reactor, a bank of <code>Parent</code> reactors is\ninstantiated with a width of 2, therefore, creating 4 <code>Child</code> instances in the program in total.\nThe output of this program will be:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">My bank index: 0.\nMy bank index: 1.\nMy bank index: 0.\nMy bank index: 1.</pre>\n<p>The order of these outputs will be nondeterministic if the execution is multithreaded (which it will be by default) because there is no dependence between the reactions, and, hence, they can execute in parallel.</p>\n<p>The bank index of a container (parent) reactor can be passed down to\ncontained (child) reactors. For example, note the following program:</p>\n<p>$start(ChildParentBank)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, parent_bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">My bank index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">. My parent&#039;s bank index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">parent_bank_index</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child(parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">bank_index)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">), parent_bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">My bank index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> bank_index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> My parent&#039;s bank index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> parent_bank_index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child(parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">bank_index)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">My bank index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">. </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">My parent</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&#039;s bank index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child(parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">bank_index)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(parentBankIndex: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">My bank index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-language-this-ts\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getBankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\"> My parent&#039;s bank index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">parentBankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child(parentBankIndex </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-language-this-ts\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getBankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">usize</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, parent_bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">usize</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> bank_index</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> parent_bank_index</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">My bank index: {}. My parent&#039;s bank index: {}.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.bank_index,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.parent_bank_index,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    );</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">usize</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child(parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">bank_index)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(ChildParentBank)$</p>\n<p>In this example, the bank index of the <code>Parent</code> reactor is passed to the\n<code>parent_bank_index</code> parameter of the <code>Child</code> reactor instances.\nThe output from this program will be:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">My bank index: 1. My parent&#039;s bank index: 1.\nMy bank index: 0. My parent&#039;s bank index: 0.\nMy bank index: 0. My parent&#039;s bank index: 1.\nMy bank index: 1. My parent&#039;s bank index: 0.</pre>\n<p>Again, note that the order of these outputs is nondeterministic.</p>\n<p>Finally, members of contained banks of reactors can be individually addressed in\nthe body of reactions of the parent reactor if their input/output port appears\nin the reaction signature. For example, note the following program:</p>\n<p>$start(ChildParentBank2)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, parent_bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child(parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">bank_index)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> c_width</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> from child </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">), parent_bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">parent_bank_index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child(parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">bank_index)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-other-unit-suffix-integer-cpp\">ul</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">size</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> from child </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child(parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">bank_index)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">child</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">enumerate</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">child</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> from child </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(parentBankIndex: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">parentBankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-language-this-ts\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getBankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child(parentBankIndex </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-language-this-ts\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getBankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-loop-ts\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-ts\">length</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-array-literal-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-property-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts\"> from child </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">ChildParentBank2</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(ChildParentBank2)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/c276d5da071337a0c7a652653603314f/ChildParentBank2.svg\" width=\"250\">\n<p>Running this program will give something like the following:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Received 0 from child 0.\nReceived 1 from child 1.\nReceived 2 from child 0.\nReceived 3 from child 1.</pre>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>Note the usage of <code>c_width</code>, which holds the width of the <code>c</code> bank of reactors.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>Note that <code>len(c)</code> can be used to get the width of the bank, and <code>for p in c</code> or <code>for (i, p) in enumerate(c)</code> can be used to iterate over the bank members.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>Note that <code>c.size()</code> can be used to get the width of the bank <code>c</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>Note that that bank instance <code>c</code> in TypeScript is an array, so <code>c.length</code> is the width of the bank, and the bank members are referenced by indexing the array, as in <code>c[i]</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs warning\">\n<p>FIXME: How to get the width of the bank in target code?</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"combining-banks-and-multiports\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#combining-banks-and-multiports\" aria-label=\"combining banks and multiports permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Combining Banks and Multiports</h2>\n<p>Banks of reactors may be combined with multiports, as in the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(MultiportToBank)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> out_width</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Destination </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MultiportToBank</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Destination()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">size</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Destination </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> bank_index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MultiportToBank</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Destination()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">port</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">enumerate</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">port</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(inp) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Destination </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MultiportToBank</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Destination()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">     </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-loop-ts\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-ts\">length</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(inp) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Destination </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-language-this-ts\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getBankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\"> received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MultiportToBank</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Destination()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">usize</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> (i, o) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> out.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">into_iter</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">enumerate</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">o, i);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">usize</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> bank_index</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">usize</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(inp) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Destination {} received {}.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.bank_index,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">inp).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">unwrap</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    );</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MultiportToBank</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Destination()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(MultiportToBank)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/23141fd9324ecba4ef77cb43c5d112c2/MultiportToBank.svg\" width=\"300\">\n<p>The three outputs from the <code>Source</code> instance <code>a</code> will be sent, respectively, to each of three instances of <code>Destination</code>, <code>b[0]</code>, <code>b[1]</code>, and <code>b[2]</code>. The result of the program will be something like the following:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Destination 0 received 0.\nDestination 1 received 1.\nDestination 2 received 2.</pre>\n<p>Again, the order is nondeterministic in a multithreaded context.</p>\n<p>The reactors in a bank may themselves have multiports. In all cases, the number of ports on the left of a connection must match the number on the right, unless the ones on the left are iterated, as explained next.</p>\n<h2 id=\"broadcast-connections\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#broadcast-connections\" aria-label=\"broadcast connections permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Broadcast Connections</h2>\n<p>Occasionally, you will want to have fewer ports on the left of a connection and have their outputs used repeatedly to broadcast to the ports on the right. In the following example, the outputs from an ordinary port are broadcast to the inputs of all instances of a bank of reactors:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> write to out </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(in) {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> read from in </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">ThreadedThreaded</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(width:int(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[width] Destination();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  (</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The syntax <code>(a.out)+</code> means “repeat the output port <code>a.out</code> one or more times as needed to supply all the input ports of <code>d.in</code>.” The content inside the parentheses can be a comma-separated list of ports, the ports inside can be ordinary ports or multiports, and the reactors inside can be ordinary reactors or banks of reactors. In all cases, the number of ports inside the parentheses on the left must divide the number of ports on the right.</p>\n<h2 id=\"interleaved-connections\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#interleaved-connections\" aria-label=\"interleaved connections permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Interleaved Connections</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-py\">\n<p>Sometimes, we don’t want to broadcast messages to all reactors, but need more fine-grained control as to which reactor within a bank receives a message. If we have separate source and destination reactors, this can be done by combining multiports and banks as was shown in <a href=\"#Combining-Banks-and-Multiports\">Combining Banks and Multiports</a>. Setting a value on the index <em>n</em> of the output multiport, will result in a message to the <em>n</em>-th reactor instance within the destination bank. However, this pattern gets slightly more complicated, if we want to exchange addressable messages between instances of the same bank. This pattern is shown in the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Interleaved)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Node</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(num_nodes: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">size_t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[num_nodes] in:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">num_nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Bank index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> sent 42 on channel 1.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> in_width</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Bank index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> on channel </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> i</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(num_nodes: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">size_t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[num_nodes] Node(num_nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">num_nodes)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">interleaved</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Node</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(num_nodes: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">size_t</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">), bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[num_nodes] in:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">num_nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Bank index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> bank_index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> sent 42 on channel 1.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-other-unit-suffix-integer-cpp\">ul</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">size</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Bank index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> bank_index</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> on channel</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(num_nodes: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">size_t</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[num_nodes] Node(num_nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">num_nodes)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">interleaved</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Node</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(num_nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[num_nodes] inp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">num_nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-item-access-python meta-indexed-name-python\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-item-access-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-item-access-python meta-item-access-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-item-access-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Bank index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> sent 42 on channel 1.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(inp) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">port</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">enumerate</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">port</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Bank index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">port</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> on channel </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(num_nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[num_nodes] Node(num_nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">num_nodes)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">interleaved</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">ts</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Interleaved</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Node</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(numNodes: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[numNodes] inp: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">numNodes</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">42</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Bank index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-language-this-ts\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getBankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\"> sent 42 on channel 1.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (inp) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-loop-ts\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-ts\">length</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-expression-in-ts\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts constant-language-undefined-ts\">undefined</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\">                </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts\">Bank index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-language-this-ts\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getBankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts\"> received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts keyword-operator-expression-in-ts\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-array-literal-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts\"> on channel </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(numNodes: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[numNodes] Node(numNodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">numNodes);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">interleaved</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Interleaved</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Interleaved)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/258a5fe3777be090f5cb5c507453cca0/Interleaved.svg\" width=\"250\">\n<p>In the above program, four instance of <code>Node</code> are created, and, at startup, each instance sends 42 to its second (index 1) output channel. The result is that the second bank member (<code>bank_index</code> 1) will receive the number 42 on each input channel of its multiport input. Running this program gives something like the following:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Bank index 0 sent 42 on channel 1.\nBank index 1 sent 42 on channel 1.\nBank index 2 sent 42 on channel 1.\nBank index 3 sent 42 on channel 1.\nBank index 1 received 42 on channel 0.\nBank index 1 received 42 on channel 1.\nBank index 1 received 42 on channel 2.\nBank index 1 received 42 on channel 3.</pre>\n<p>In bank index 1, the 0-th channel receives from <code>bank_index</code> 0, the 1-th channel from <code>bank_index</code> 1, etc. In effect, the choice of output channel specifies the destination reactor in the bank, and the input channel specifies the source reactor from which the input comes.</p>\n<p>This style of connection is accomplished using the new keyword $interleaved$ in the connection. Normally, a port reference such as <code>nodes.out</code> where <code>nodes</code> is a bank and <code>out</code> is a multiport, would list all the individual ports by first iterating over the banks and then, for each bank index, iterating over the ports. If we consider the tuple (b,p) to denote the index b within the bank and the index p within the multiport, then the following list is created: (0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,0), (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (3,0), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3). However, if we use $interleaved$<code>(nodes.out)</code> instead, the connection logic will iterate over the ports first and then the banks, creating the following list: (0,0), (1,0), (2,0), (3,0), (0,1), (1,1), (2,1), (3,1), (0,2), (1,2), (2,2), (3,2), (0,3), (1,3), (2,3), (3,3). By combining a normal port reference with a interleaved reference, we can construct a fully connected network. The figure below visualizes this how this pattern would look without banks or multiports:</p>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \">\n      <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 41%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAICAYAAAD5nd/tAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAABFUlEQVQoz2WRWY6DQAxEuf/p8gMCIgQoQICwJKxhdfQ8IoNmWiq57bbL5bZRlqXUdS2v10st6LpO+r6XYRikKAqJ41iR57nGeQfjOMr7/f6CmJGmqbiuKxBfr1e53W7Stq02ANyP4mmaviTE8ZdlUR9LMyNJEvF9X6qqEs/z9E7Ruq6aBOZ51uTD540c1KOaqbIs0ykMlJ0PhRBw9n3/Fz8jiiIxTVMQdblcfghRdi6mO12Pb7AsS+73u46/bZsSkYN9Pp8KmqG2aZpfQpIPUuRD+Hg8xLZtCYJASVHDnzuOo9/D+NTRAAsM5j8fSPlk7AF88lgaisIwVEKW8vcYqEEyWwPIRvUZjA4YC3Cnju2j6lgU+ACjF2SpxRB4xAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" title=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/static/cb66843b5bdfb407803cdb23b9ac032d/5a190/AddressableDesugared.png\" srcset=\"/static/cb66843b5bdfb407803cdb23b9ac032d/772e8/AddressableDesugared.png 200w,\n/static/cb66843b5bdfb407803cdb23b9ac032d/e17e5/AddressableDesugared.png 400w,\n/static/cb66843b5bdfb407803cdb23b9ac032d/5a190/AddressableDesugared.png 800w,\n/static/cb66843b5bdfb407803cdb23b9ac032d/c1328/AddressableDesugared.png 866w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\">\n    </span>\n<p>If we were to use a normal connection <code>nodes.out -> nodes.in;</code> instead of the $interleaved$ connection, then the following pattern would be created:</p>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \">\n      <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 19.499999999999996%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAECAYAAACOXx+WAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAq0lEQVQY002P2QqFMBBD+/8fp6ggFsWFWvdd3yMJeLkPwwwnk2lq7vvGcRy4rkt1nic+VpYlrLW/quta2r+H+6zneTBNE0zXddi2DeyseZ7hvRfjwqe3bYt939H3PYZhkEa2LItmepxzMHEc60iapsiyTGIURWJ5niMMQ5nYqRVFgSRJxOjloaZpEASBZkMjI6/rqhcIx3EUYzIypmQyfpGMMzk7977kVVXhBQW2KBQ7FufrAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" title=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/static/b3afd97dc2d0e5ab66010187b43f5007/5a190/AddressableNaiveDesugared.png\" srcset=\"/static/b3afd97dc2d0e5ab66010187b43f5007/772e8/AddressableNaiveDesugared.png 200w,\n/static/b3afd97dc2d0e5ab66010187b43f5007/e17e5/AddressableNaiveDesugared.png 400w,\n/static/b3afd97dc2d0e5ab66010187b43f5007/5a190/AddressableNaiveDesugared.png 800w,\n/static/b3afd97dc2d0e5ab66010187b43f5007/3534c/AddressableNaiveDesugared.png 808w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\">\n    </span>\n<p>Effectively, this connects each reactor instance to itself, which isn’t very useful.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs lf-ts\">\n<p>The $interleaved$ keyword is not supported by $target-language$.</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Multiports","depth":2},{"value":"Sparse Inputs","depth":2},{"value":"Parameterized Widths","depth":2},{"value":"Connecting Reactors with Different Widths","depth":2},{"value":"Banks of Reactors","depth":2},{"value":"Initializing Bank Members from a Table","depth":2},{"value":"Contained Banks","depth":2},{"value":"Combining Banks and Multiports","depth":2},{"value":"Broadcast Connections","depth":2},{"value":"Interleaved Connections","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks","title":"Multiports and Banks","oneline":"Multiports and Banks of Reactors.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Deadlines","oneline":"Deadlines in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/deadlines"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Generic Reactors","oneline":"Defining generic reactors in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/generics"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-multiports-and-banks","slug":"/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Multiports and Banks.md","previousID":"aed51006-1665-5177-9ed2-b47737108896","nextID":"5f1dedc0-73ac-5882-907f-b4635639878c","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.632Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"9347e103-d59f-5190-ba87-89f54110e437","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ Lingua Franca provides a compact syntax for ports that can send or receive over multiple channels and another syntax for multiple…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<p>Lingua Franca provides a compact syntax for ports that can send or receive over multiple channels and another syntax for multiple instances of a reactor class. These are respectively called <strong>multiports</strong> and <strong>banks of reactors</strong>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"multiports\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#multiports\" aria-label=\"multiports permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Multiports</h2>\n<p>To declare an input or output port to be a <strong>multiport</strong>, use the following syntax:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-rs lf-ts\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[&lt;width&gt;] &lt;name&gt;:&lt;type&gt;;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">width</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;] &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">type</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[&lt;width&gt;] &lt;name&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">width</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;] &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<p>where <code>&#x3C;width></code> is a positive integer. This can be given either as an integer literal or a parameter name. <span class=\"lf-cpp\"> The width can also be given by target code enclosed in <code>{=...=}</code>.</span> Consider the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Multiport)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> out_width</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[4] in:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> in_width</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Sum of received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-other-unit-suffix-integer-cpp\">ul</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">size</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[4] in:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-other-unit-suffix-integer-cpp\">ul</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">size</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Sum of received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">port</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">enumerate</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">port</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] inp;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(inp) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py support-function-builtin-python\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">port</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">port</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py support-function-builtin-python\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">port</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Sum of received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python support-function-builtin-python\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-loop-ts\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-ts\">length</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] inp:number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(inp) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-loop-ts\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-ts\">length</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">const</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-constant-ts\">val</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-array-literal-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">val</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">val</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Sum of received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">usize</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> (i, o) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> out.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">into_iter</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">enumerate</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">o, i);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] inp:usize;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(inp) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs storage-modifier-mut-rust\">mut</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> inp {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-constant-core-rust\">Some</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(v) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-sigil-rust\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">i) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> v;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Sum of received: {}.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">, sum);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Multiport)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/29754e4b78ddb9373347935a82ebc6fc/Multiport.svg\" width=\"300\">\n<p>Executing this program will yield:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Sum of received: 6.</pre>\n<p>The <code>Source</code> reactor has a four-way multiport output and the <code>Destination</code> reactor has a four-way multiport input. These channels are connected all at once on one line, the second line from the last. Notice that the generated diagram shows multiports with hollow triangles. Whether it shows the widths is controlled by an option in the diagram generator.</p>\n<p>The <code>Source</code> reactor specifies <code>out</code> as an effect of its reaction using the syntax <code>-> out</code>. This brings into scope of the reaction body a way to access the width of the port and a way to write to each channel of the port.</p>\n<p><strong>NOTE</strong>: In <code>Destination</code>, the reaction is triggered by <code>in</code>, not by some individual channel of the multiport input. Hence, it is important when using multiport inputs to test for presence of the input on each channel, as done above with the syntax:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    if (in[i]</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">is_present) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    if (in[i]</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">is_present()) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    if </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">port</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    if (val) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    if let Some(v) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">ctx</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(&amp;i) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n</pre>\n<p>An event on any one of the channels is sufficient to trigger the reaction.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>In the Python target, multiports can be iterated on in a for loop (e.g., <code>for p in out</code>) or enumerated (e.g., <code>for i, p in enumerate(out)</code>) and the length of the multiport can be obtained by using the <code>len()</code> (e.g., <code>len(out)</code>) expression.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<h2 id=\"sparse-inputs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#sparse-inputs\" aria-label=\"sparse inputs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Sparse Inputs</h2>\n<p>Sometimes, a program needs a wide multiport input, but when reactions are triggered by this input, few of the channels are present.\nIn this case, it can be inefficient to iterate over all the channels to determine which are present.\nIf you know that a multiport input will be <strong>sparse</strong> in this way, then you can provide a hint to the compiler and use a more efficient iterator to access the port. For example:</p>\n<p>$start(Sparse)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Sparse</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">@</span><span class=\"source-lf\">sparse</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[100] in:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Create an iterator over the input channels.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-struct-declare-cpp\">struct</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-type-struct-cpp\">lf_multiport_iterator_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-declare-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_multiport_iterator</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Get the least index of a channel with present inputs.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> channel </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_multiport_next</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Iterate until no more channels have present inputs.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-while-cpp\">while</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">channel </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&gt;=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> on channel </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">channel</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> channel</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Get the next channel with a present input.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      channel </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_multiport_next</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Sparse</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">py</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Sparse</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">ts</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Sparse</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Sparse</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Sparse)$</p>\n<p>Notice the <code>@sparse</code> annotation on the input declaration.\nThis provides a hint to the compiler to optimize for sparse inputs.\nThen, instead of iterating over all input channels, this code uses the built-in function <code>lf_multiport_iterator()</code> to construct an iterator. The function <code>lf_multiport_next()</code> returns the first (and later, the next) channel index that is present. It returns -1 when no more channels have present inputs.</p>\n<p>The multiport iterator can be used for any input multiport, even if it is not marked sparse.\nBut if it is not marked sparse, then the <code>lf_multiport_next()</code> function will not optimize for sparse inputs and will simply iterate over the channels until it finds one that is present.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"parameterized-widths\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#parameterized-widths\" aria-label=\"parameterized widths permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Parameterized Widths</h2>\n<p>The width of a port may be given by a parameter. For example, the above <code>Source</code> reactor can be rewritten</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(width:int </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">width</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>Parameters to the main reactor can be overwritten on the command line interface when running the generated program. As a consequence, the scale of the application can be determined at run time rather than at compile time.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"connecting-reactors-with-different-widths\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#connecting-reactors-with-different-widths\" aria-label=\"connecting reactors with different widths permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Connecting Reactors with Different Widths</h2>\n<p>Assume that the <code>Source</code> and <code>Destination</code> reactors above both use a parameter <code>width</code> to specify the width of their ports. Then the following connection is valid:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(width </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a2</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(width </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(width </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a1</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a2</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The first three ports of <code>b</code> will received input from <code>a1</code>, and the last two ports will receive input from <code>a2</code>. Parallel composition can appear on either side of a connection. For example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a1</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a2</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b1</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b2</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b3</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>If the total width on the left does not match the total width on the right, then a warning is issued. If the left side is wider than the right, then output data will be discarded. If the right side is wider than the left, then input channels will be absent.</p>\n<p>Any given port can appear only once on the right side of the <code>-></code> connection operator, so all connections to a multiport destination must be made in one single connection statement.</p>\n<h2 id=\"banks-of-reactors\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#banks-of-reactors\" aria-label=\"banks of reactors permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Banks of Reactors</h2>\n<p>Using a similar notation, it is possible to create a bank of reactors. For example, we can create a bank of four instances of <code>Source</code> and four instances of <code>Destination</code> and connect them as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Source();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Destination();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/3f1faa764e8b469f6c41593d9e9bc75d/BankToBankMultiport.svg\" width=\"300\">\n<p>If the <code>Source</code> and <code>Destination</code> reactors have multiport inputs and outputs, as in the examples above, then a warning will be issued if the total width on the left does not match the total width on the right. For example, the following is balanced:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Source(width </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Destination(width </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>There will be three instances of <code>Source</code>, each with an output of width four, and four instances of <code>Destination</code>, each with an input of width 3, for a total of 12 connections.</p>\n<p>To distinguish the instances in a bank of reactors, the reactor can define a parameter called <strong>bank_index</strong><span class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-rs\"> with any type that can be assigned a non-negative integer value (for example, <code>int</code>, <code>size_t</code>, or <code>uint32_t</code>)</span>. If such a parameter is defined for the reactor, then when the reactor is instantiated in a bank, each instance will be assigned a number between 0 and <em>n</em>-1, where <em>n</em> is the number of reactor instances in the bank. For example, the following source reactor increments the output it produces by the value of <code>bank_index</code> on each reaction to the timer:</p>\n<p>$start(MultiportSource)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MultiportSource</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MultiportSource</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    s </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MultiportSource</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">bank_index</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MultiportSource</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-language-this-ts\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getBankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MultiportSource</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> bank_index</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">out, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.s);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.s </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.bank_index;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(MultiportSource)$</p>\n<p>The width of a bank may also be given by a parameter, as in</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  source_bank_width:int </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  destination_bank_width:int </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[source_bank_width] Source(width </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[destination_bank_width] Destination(width </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py\">\n<h2 id=\"initializing-bank-members-from-a-table\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#initializing-bank-members-from-a-table\" aria-label=\"initializing bank members from a table permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Initializing Bank Members from a Table</h2>\n<p>It is often convenient to initialize parameters of bank members from a table.\nHere is an example:</p>\n<p>$start(BankIndex)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> table[] </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index:int </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, value:int </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, value: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] A(value </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">table</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">BankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">table</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-end-python\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, value </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python storage-type-format-python\">:d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">, value: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python storage-type-format-python\">:d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">format</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] A(value </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-item-access-python meta-indexed-name-python\">table</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-item-access-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-item-access-python meta-item-access-arguments-python\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-item-access-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">ts</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">BankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">BankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(BankIndex)$</p>\n<p>The global <code>table</code> defined in the $preamble$ is used to initialize the <code>value</code> parameter of each bank member. The result of running this is something like:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">bank_index: 0, value: 4\nbank_index: 1, value: 3\nbank_index: 2, value: 2\nbank_index: 3, value: 1</pre>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"contained-banks\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#contained-banks\" aria-label=\"contained banks permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Contained Banks</h2>\n<p>Banks of reactors can be nested. For example, note the following program:</p>\n<p>$start(ChildBank)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  bank_index:int </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">My bank index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  bank_index:int </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  bank_index:int </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">My bank index:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> bank_index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  bank_index:int </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  bank_index </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">My bank index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  bank_index </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">My bank index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-language-this-ts\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getBankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  bank_index:usize </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> bank_index;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">My bank index: {}.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.bank_index);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  bank_index:usize </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(ChildBank)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/b9ec13ff7f77404abdbab27d7fc03420/ChildBank.svg\" width=\"150\">\n<p>In this program, the <code>Parent</code> reactor contains a bank of <code>Child</code> reactor instances\nwith a width of 2. In the main reactor, a bank of <code>Parent</code> reactors is\ninstantiated with a width of 2, therefore, creating 4 <code>Child</code> instances in the program in total.\nThe output of this program will be:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">My bank index: 0.\nMy bank index: 1.\nMy bank index: 0.\nMy bank index: 1.</pre>\n<p>The order of these outputs will be nondeterministic if the execution is multithreaded (which it will be by default) because there is no dependence between the reactions, and, hence, they can execute in parallel.</p>\n<p>The bank index of a container (parent) reactor can be passed down to\ncontained (child) reactors. For example, note the following program:</p>\n<p>$start(ChildParentBank)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, parent_bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">My bank index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">. My parent&#039;s bank index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">parent_bank_index</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child(parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">bank_index)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">), parent_bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">My bank index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> bank_index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> My parent&#039;s bank index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> parent_bank_index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child(parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">bank_index)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">My bank index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">. </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">My parent</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&#039;s bank index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child(parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">bank_index)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(parentBankIndex: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">My bank index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-language-this-ts\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getBankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\"> My parent&#039;s bank index: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">parentBankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child(parentBankIndex </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-language-this-ts\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getBankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">usize</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, parent_bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">usize</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> bank_index</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> parent_bank_index</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">My bank index: {}. My parent&#039;s bank index: {}.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.bank_index,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.parent_bank_index,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    );</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">usize</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child(parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">bank_index)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(ChildParentBank)$</p>\n<p>In this example, the bank index of the <code>Parent</code> reactor is passed to the\n<code>parent_bank_index</code> parameter of the <code>Child</code> reactor instances.\nThe output from this program will be:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">My bank index: 1. My parent&#039;s bank index: 1.\nMy bank index: 0. My parent&#039;s bank index: 0.\nMy bank index: 0. My parent&#039;s bank index: 1.\nMy bank index: 1. My parent&#039;s bank index: 0.</pre>\n<p>Again, note that the order of these outputs is nondeterministic.</p>\n<p>Finally, members of contained banks of reactors can be individually addressed in\nthe body of reactions of the parent reactor if their input/output port appears\nin the reaction signature. For example, note the following program:</p>\n<p>$start(ChildParentBank2)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, parent_bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child(parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">bank_index)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> c_width</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> from child </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">), parent_bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">parent_bank_index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child(parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">bank_index)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-other-unit-suffix-integer-cpp\">ul</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">size</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> from child </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child(parent_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">bank_index)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">child</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">enumerate</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">child</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> from child </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Child</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(parentBankIndex: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">parentBankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-language-this-ts\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getBankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Parent</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Child(parentBankIndex </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-language-this-ts\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getBankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-loop-ts\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-ts\">length</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-array-literal-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-property-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts\"> from child </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Parent()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">ChildParentBank2</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(ChildParentBank2)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/c276d5da071337a0c7a652653603314f/ChildParentBank2.svg\" width=\"250\">\n<p>Running this program will give something like the following:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Received 0 from child 0.\nReceived 1 from child 1.\nReceived 2 from child 0.\nReceived 3 from child 1.</pre>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>Note the usage of <code>c_width</code>, which holds the width of the <code>c</code> bank of reactors.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>Note that <code>len(c)</code> can be used to get the width of the bank, and <code>for p in c</code> or <code>for (i, p) in enumerate(c)</code> can be used to iterate over the bank members.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>Note that <code>c.size()</code> can be used to get the width of the bank <code>c</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>Note that that bank instance <code>c</code> in TypeScript is an array, so <code>c.length</code> is the width of the bank, and the bank members are referenced by indexing the array, as in <code>c[i]</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs warning\">\n<p>FIXME: How to get the width of the bank in target code?</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"combining-banks-and-multiports\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#combining-banks-and-multiports\" aria-label=\"combining banks and multiports permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Combining Banks and Multiports</h2>\n<p>Banks of reactors may be combined with multiports, as in the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(MultiportToBank)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> out_width</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Destination </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MultiportToBank</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Destination()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">size</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Destination </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> bank_index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MultiportToBank</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Destination()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">port</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">enumerate</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">port</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(inp) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Destination </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MultiportToBank</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Destination()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">     </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-loop-ts\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-ts\">length</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(inp) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Destination </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-language-this-ts\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getBankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\"> received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MultiportToBank</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Destination()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">usize</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> (i, o) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> out.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">into_iter</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">enumerate</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">o, i);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">usize</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> bank_index</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">usize</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(inp) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Destination {} received {}.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.bank_index,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">inp).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">unwrap</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    );</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MultiportToBank</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] Destination()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(MultiportToBank)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/23141fd9324ecba4ef77cb43c5d112c2/MultiportToBank.svg\" width=\"300\">\n<p>The three outputs from the <code>Source</code> instance <code>a</code> will be sent, respectively, to each of three instances of <code>Destination</code>, <code>b[0]</code>, <code>b[1]</code>, and <code>b[2]</code>. The result of the program will be something like the following:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Destination 0 received 0.\nDestination 1 received 1.\nDestination 2 received 2.</pre>\n<p>Again, the order is nondeterministic in a multithreaded context.</p>\n<p>The reactors in a bank may themselves have multiports. In all cases, the number of ports on the left of a connection must match the number on the right, unless the ones on the left are iterated, as explained next.</p>\n<h2 id=\"broadcast-connections\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#broadcast-connections\" aria-label=\"broadcast connections permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Broadcast Connections</h2>\n<p>Occasionally, you will want to have fewer ports on the left of a connection and have their outputs used repeatedly to broadcast to the ports on the right. In the following example, the outputs from an ordinary port are broadcast to the inputs of all instances of a bank of reactors:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> write to out </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(in) {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> read from in </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">ThreadedThreaded</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(width:int(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[width] Destination();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  (</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The syntax <code>(a.out)+</code> means “repeat the output port <code>a.out</code> one or more times as needed to supply all the input ports of <code>d.in</code>.” The content inside the parentheses can be a comma-separated list of ports, the ports inside can be ordinary ports or multiports, and the reactors inside can be ordinary reactors or banks of reactors. In all cases, the number of ports inside the parentheses on the left must divide the number of ports on the right.</p>\n<h2 id=\"interleaved-connections\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#interleaved-connections\" aria-label=\"interleaved connections permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Interleaved Connections</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-py\">\n<p>Sometimes, we don’t want to broadcast messages to all reactors, but need more fine-grained control as to which reactor within a bank receives a message. If we have separate source and destination reactors, this can be done by combining multiports and banks as was shown in <a href=\"#Combining-Banks-and-Multiports\">Combining Banks and Multiports</a>. Setting a value on the index <em>n</em> of the output multiport, will result in a message to the <em>n</em>-th reactor instance within the destination bank. However, this pattern gets slightly more complicated, if we want to exchange addressable messages between instances of the same bank. This pattern is shown in the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Interleaved)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Node</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(num_nodes: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">size_t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[num_nodes] in:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">num_nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Bank index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> sent 42 on channel 1.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> in_width</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Bank index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> on channel </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> i</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(num_nodes: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">size_t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[num_nodes] Node(num_nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">num_nodes)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">interleaved</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Node</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(num_nodes: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">size_t</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">), bank_index: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[num_nodes] in:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">num_nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Bank index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> bank_index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> sent 42 on channel 1.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-other-unit-suffix-integer-cpp\">ul</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">size</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Bank index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> bank_index</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> on channel</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(num_nodes: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">size_t</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[num_nodes] Node(num_nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">num_nodes)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">interleaved</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Node</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(num_nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[num_nodes] inp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">num_nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-item-access-python meta-indexed-name-python\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-item-access-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-item-access-python meta-item-access-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-item-access-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Bank index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> sent 42 on channel 1.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(inp) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">port</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">enumerate</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">port</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Bank index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">port</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> on channel </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(num_nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[num_nodes] Node(num_nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">num_nodes)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">interleaved</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">ts</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Interleaved</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Node</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(numNodes: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[numNodes] inp: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">numNodes</span><span class=\"source-lf\">] </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">42</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Bank index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-language-this-ts\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getBankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\"> sent 42 on channel 1.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (inp) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-loop-ts\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-ts\">length</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-expression-in-ts\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts constant-language-undefined-ts\">undefined</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\">                </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts\">Bank index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-language-this-ts\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getBankIndex</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts\"> received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts keyword-operator-expression-in-ts\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-array-literal-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts\"> on channel </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(numNodes: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[numNodes] Node(numNodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">numNodes);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">interleaved</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">nodes</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inp</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf\">WARNING: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">No</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> source file found: </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">code</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">rs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf\">src</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">Interleaved</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">lf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Interleaved)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/258a5fe3777be090f5cb5c507453cca0/Interleaved.svg\" width=\"250\">\n<p>In the above program, four instance of <code>Node</code> are created, and, at startup, each instance sends 42 to its second (index 1) output channel. The result is that the second bank member (<code>bank_index</code> 1) will receive the number 42 on each input channel of its multiport input. Running this program gives something like the following:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Bank index 0 sent 42 on channel 1.\nBank index 1 sent 42 on channel 1.\nBank index 2 sent 42 on channel 1.\nBank index 3 sent 42 on channel 1.\nBank index 1 received 42 on channel 0.\nBank index 1 received 42 on channel 1.\nBank index 1 received 42 on channel 2.\nBank index 1 received 42 on channel 3.</pre>\n<p>In bank index 1, the 0-th channel receives from <code>bank_index</code> 0, the 1-th channel from <code>bank_index</code> 1, etc. In effect, the choice of output channel specifies the destination reactor in the bank, and the input channel specifies the source reactor from which the input comes.</p>\n<p>This style of connection is accomplished using the new keyword $interleaved$ in the connection. Normally, a port reference such as <code>nodes.out</code> where <code>nodes</code> is a bank and <code>out</code> is a multiport, would list all the individual ports by first iterating over the banks and then, for each bank index, iterating over the ports. If we consider the tuple (b,p) to denote the index b within the bank and the index p within the multiport, then the following list is created: (0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,0), (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (3,0), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3). However, if we use $interleaved$<code>(nodes.out)</code> instead, the connection logic will iterate over the ports first and then the banks, creating the following list: (0,0), (1,0), (2,0), (3,0), (0,1), (1,1), (2,1), (3,1), (0,2), (1,2), (2,2), (3,2), (0,3), (1,3), (2,3), (3,3). By combining a normal port reference with a interleaved reference, we can construct a fully connected network. The figure below visualizes this how this pattern would look without banks or multiports:</p>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \">\n      <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 41%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAICAYAAAD5nd/tAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAABFUlEQVQoz2WRWY6DQAxEuf/p8gMCIgQoQICwJKxhdfQ8IoNmWiq57bbL5bZRlqXUdS2v10st6LpO+r6XYRikKAqJ41iR57nGeQfjOMr7/f6CmJGmqbiuKxBfr1e53W7Stq02ANyP4mmaviTE8ZdlUR9LMyNJEvF9X6qqEs/z9E7Ruq6aBOZ51uTD540c1KOaqbIs0ykMlJ0PhRBw9n3/Fz8jiiIxTVMQdblcfghRdi6mO12Pb7AsS+73u46/bZsSkYN9Pp8KmqG2aZpfQpIPUuRD+Hg8xLZtCYJASVHDnzuOo9/D+NTRAAsM5j8fSPlk7AF88lgaisIwVEKW8vcYqEEyWwPIRvUZjA4YC3Cnju2j6lgU+ACjF2SpxRB4xAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" title=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/static/cb66843b5bdfb407803cdb23b9ac032d/5a190/AddressableDesugared.png\" srcset=\"/static/cb66843b5bdfb407803cdb23b9ac032d/772e8/AddressableDesugared.png 200w,\n/static/cb66843b5bdfb407803cdb23b9ac032d/e17e5/AddressableDesugared.png 400w,\n/static/cb66843b5bdfb407803cdb23b9ac032d/5a190/AddressableDesugared.png 800w,\n/static/cb66843b5bdfb407803cdb23b9ac032d/c1328/AddressableDesugared.png 866w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\">\n    </span>\n<p>If we were to use a normal connection <code>nodes.out -> nodes.in;</code> instead of the $interleaved$ connection, then the following pattern would be created:</p>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \">\n      <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 19.499999999999996%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAECAYAAACOXx+WAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAq0lEQVQY002P2QqFMBBD+/8fp6ggFsWFWvdd3yMJeLkPwwwnk2lq7vvGcRy4rkt1nic+VpYlrLW/quta2r+H+6zneTBNE0zXddi2DeyseZ7hvRfjwqe3bYt939H3PYZhkEa2LItmepxzMHEc60iapsiyTGIURWJ5niMMQ5nYqRVFgSRJxOjloaZpEASBZkMjI6/rqhcIx3EUYzIypmQyfpGMMzk7977kVVXhBQW2KBQ7FufrAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" title=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/static/b3afd97dc2d0e5ab66010187b43f5007/5a190/AddressableNaiveDesugared.png\" srcset=\"/static/b3afd97dc2d0e5ab66010187b43f5007/772e8/AddressableNaiveDesugared.png 200w,\n/static/b3afd97dc2d0e5ab66010187b43f5007/e17e5/AddressableNaiveDesugared.png 400w,\n/static/b3afd97dc2d0e5ab66010187b43f5007/5a190/AddressableNaiveDesugared.png 800w,\n/static/b3afd97dc2d0e5ab66010187b43f5007/3534c/AddressableNaiveDesugared.png 808w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\">\n    </span>\n<p>Effectively, this connects each reactor instance to itself, which isn’t very useful.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs lf-ts\">\n<p>The $interleaved$ keyword is not supported by $target-language$.</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Multiports","depth":2},{"value":"Sparse Inputs","depth":2},{"value":"Parameterized Widths","depth":2},{"value":"Connecting Reactors with Different Widths","depth":2},{"value":"Banks of Reactors","depth":2},{"value":"Initializing Bank Members from a Table","depth":2},{"value":"Contained Banks","depth":2},{"value":"Combining Banks and Multiports","depth":2},{"value":"Broadcast Connections","depth":2},{"value":"Interleaved Connections","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks","title":"Multiports and Banks","oneline":"Multiports and Banks of Reactors.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Deadlines","oneline":"Deadlines in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/deadlines"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Generic Reactors","oneline":"Defining generic reactors in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/generics"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-multiports-and-banks","slug":"/docs/handbook/multiports-and-banks","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Multiports and Banks.md","previousID":"cb17ff3f-7a86-5f3b-95f7-e7d1f4e920c0","nextID":"2a0b9619-72b6-5ee7-8a38-83ff8d48005a","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/overview","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"8f970923-b62b-5e4e-8bc3-14a5aecc70ea","excerpt":"Lingua Franca (LF) is a polyglot coordination language for concurrent and possibly time-sensitive applications ranging from low-level embedded code to…","html":"<p>Lingua Franca (LF) is a polyglot coordination language for concurrent and possibly time-sensitive applications ranging from low-level embedded code to distributed cloud and edge applications. An LF program specifies the interactions between components called reactors. The emphasis of the framework is on ensuring deterministic interaction with explicit management of timing. The logic of each reactor is written in one of a suite of target languages (currently C, C++, Python, and TypeScript) and can integrate legacy code in those languages. A code generator synthesizes one or more programs in the target language, which are then compiled using standard toolchains. If the application has exploitable parallelism, then it executes transparently on multiple cores without compromising determinacy. A distributed application translates into multiple programs and scripts to launch those programs on distributed machines. The communication fabric connecting components is synthesized as part of the programs.</p>\n<p>Lingua Franca programs are compositions of <a href=\"#reactors\">reactors</a>, whose functionality is decomposed into reaction, which are written in the target languages. Reactors are similar to actors, software components that send each other messages, but unlike classical actors, messages are timestamped, and concurrent composition of reactors is deterministic by default. When nondeterministic interactions are tolerable or desired, they must be explicitly coded. LF itself is a polyglot composition language, not a complete programming language. LF describes the interfaces and composition of reactors. See our <a href=\"/publications-and-presentations\">publications and presentations</a> on reactors and Lingua Franca.</p>\n<p>The language and compiler infrastructure is very much under development. An IDE based on Eclipse and Xtext is under development, and command-line tools are also provided. LF is, by design, extensible. To support a new target language, a code generator and a runtime system capable of coordinating the execution of a composition of reactors must be developed.</p>\n<p>The C runtime consists of a few thousand lines of extensively commented code, occupies tens of kilobytes for a minimal application, and is extremely fast, making it suitable even for deeply embedded microcontroller platforms. It has been tested on Linux, Windows, and Mac platforms, as well as some bare-iron platforms. On POSIX-compliant platforms, it supports multithreaded execution, automatically exploiting multiple cores while preserving determinism. It includes features for real-time execution and is particularly well suited to take advantage of platforms with predictable execution times, such as <a href=\"https://ptolemy.berkeley.edu/projects/chess/pret/\">PRET machines</a>. A distributed execution mechanism is under development that takes advantage of clock synchronization when that is available to achieve truly distributed coordination while maintaining determinism.</p>\n<h2 id=\"reactors\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reactors\" aria-label=\"reactors permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reactors</h2>\n<p>Reactors are informally described via the following principles:</p>\n<ol>\n<li><em>Components</em> — Reactors can have input ports, actions, and timers, all of which are triggers. They can also have output ports, local state, parameters, and an ordered list of reactions.</li>\n<li><em>Composition</em> — A reactor may contain other reactors and manage their connections. The connections define the flow of messages, and two reactors can be connected if they are contained by the same reactor or one is directly contained in the other (i.e., connections span at most one level of hierarchy). An output port may be connected to multiple input ports, but an input port can only be connected to a single output port.</li>\n<li><em>Events</em> — Messages sent from one reactor to another, and timer and action events each have a timestamp, a value on a logical time line. These are timestamped events that can trigger reactions. Each port, timer, and action can have at most one such event at any logical time. An event may carry a value that will be passed as an argument to triggered reactions.</li>\n<li><em>Reactions</em> — A reaction is a procedure in a target language that is invoked in response to a trigger event, and only in response to a trigger event. A reaction can read input ports, even those that do not trigger it, and can produce outputs, but it must declare all inputs that it may read and output ports to which it may write. All inputs that it reads and outputs that it produces bear the same timestamp as its triggering event. I.e., the reaction itself is logically instantaneous, so any output events it produces are logically simultaneous with the triggering event (the two events bear the same timestamp).</li>\n<li><em>Flow of Time</em> — Successive invocations of any single reaction occur at strictly increasing logical times. Any messages that are not read by a reaction triggered at the timestamp of the message are lost.</li>\n<li><em>Mutual Exclusion</em> — The execution of any two reactions of the same reactor are mutually exclusive (atomic with respect to one another). Moreover, any two reactions that are invoked at the same logical time are invoked in the order specified by the reactor definition. This avoids race conditions between reactions accessing the reactor state variables.</li>\n<li><em>Determinism</em> — A Lingua Franca program is deterministic unless the programmer explicit uses nondeterministic constructs. Given the same input data, a composition of reactors has exactly one correct behavior. This makes Lingua Franca programs <em>testable</em>.</li>\n<li><em>Concurrency</em> — Dependencies between reactions are explicitly declared in a Lingua Franca program, and reactions that are not dependent on one another can be executed in parallel on a multicore machine. If the target provides a distributed runtime, using <a href=\"https://ptolemy.berkeley.edu/projects/chess/ptides/\">Ptides</a> for example, then execution can also be distributed across networks.</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"time\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#time\" aria-label=\"time permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Time</h2>\n<p>Lingua Franca has a notion of logical time, where every message occurs at a logical instant and reactions to messages are logically instantaneous. At a logical time instant, each reactor <a href=\"#input-declaration\">input</a> will either have a message (the input is <strong>present</strong>) or will not (the input is <strong>absent</strong>). <a href=\"#reaction-declaration\">Reactions</a> belonging to the reactor may be <strong>triggered</strong> by a present input. Reactions may also be triggered by <a href=\"#timer-declaration\">timers</a> or <a href=\"#action-declaration\">actions</a>. A reaction may produce <a href=\"#output-declaration\">outputs</a>, in which case, inputs to which the output is <strong>connected</strong> will become present at the same logical time instant. Outputs, therefore, are <strong>logically simultaneous</strong> with the inputs that cause them. A reaction may also <strong>schedule</strong> <a href=\"#action-declaration\">actions</a> which will trigger reactions of the same reactor at a <em>later</em> logical time.</p>\n<p>In the C target,\na timestamp is an unsigned 64-bit integer which, on most platforms,\nspecifies the number of nanoseconds since January 1, 1970.\nSince a 64-bit number has a limited range,\nthis measure of time instants will overflow in approximately the year 2554.\nWhen an LF program starts executing, logical time is (normally) set to the current physical time provided by the operating system.\n(On some embedded platforms without real-time clocks, it will be set instead to zero.)</p>\n<p>At the starting logical time, reactions that specify a <strong>startup</strong> trigger will execute. Also, any reactions that are triggered by a timer with a zero offset will execute. Any outputs produced by these reactions will have the same logical time and will trigger execution of any downstream reactions. Those downstream reactions will be invoked at the same logical time unless some connection to the downstream reactor uses the <strong>after</strong> keyword to specify a time delay. After all reactions at the starting logical time have completed, then time will advance to the logical time of the earliest next event. The earliest next event may be specified by a timer, by an <strong>after</strong> keyword on a connection, or by a <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions\">logical or physical action</a>. Once logical time advances, any reactions that are triggered by events at that logical will be invoked, as will any reactions triggered by outputs produced by those reactions.</p>\n<p>Time in Lingua Franca is actually <a href=\"https://ptolemy.berkeley.edu/publications/papers/05/OperationalSemantics/\">superdense time</a>, meaning that a logical time may have the same numerical value but also be <em>strictly later</em> than another logical time. When an <a href=\"#action-declaration\">action</a> is scheduled with a delay of zero, it occurs at such a strictly later time, one <strong>microstep</strong> later. See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions\">actions description</a>. The <strong>after</strong> keyword with a time delay of 0 (zero) will also cause the downstream reactions to execute in the next microstep.</p>\n<p>At any logical time, if any two reactions belonging to the same reactor are triggered, they will be executed\natomically in the order in which they are defined in the reactor. Dependencies across reactors (connections with no <strong>after</strong>) will also result in sequential execution. Specifically, if any reaction of reactor <em>A</em> produces an output that triggers a reaction of reactor <em>B</em>, then <em>B</em>’s reaction will execute only after <em>A</em>’s reaction has completed execution. Modulo these two ordering constraints, reactions may execute in parallel on multiple cores or even across networks.</p>\n<p>Reactions are given in a <strong>target language</strong>, whereas inputs, outputs, actions, and the dependencies among them are defined in Lingua Franca. LF is, therefore, a kind of <strong>coordination language</strong> rather than a programming language.</p>\n<h2 id=\"real-time-systems\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#real-time-systems\" aria-label=\"real time systems permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Real-Time Systems</h2>\n<p>Reactions may have delays and deadlines associated with them. This information can be used to perform earliest deadline first (EDF) scheduling. Also, in combination with execution-time analysis of reactions, it should be possible to determine at compile time whether the imposed deadlines can be met, although these analysis tools have not yet been developed. Of particular interest is to deploy reactors on platforms such as <a href=\"https://github.com/pretis/flexpret\">FlexPRET</a> and <a href=\"http://patmos.compute.dtu.dk/\">Patmos</a>, which are designed for predictable timing; execution-time estimates for these architectures will be much tighter than currently possible with ordinary microprocessors.</p>\n<h3 id=\"schedulability-analysis-of-lf-programs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#schedulability-analysis-of-lf-programs\" aria-label=\"schedulability analysis of lf programs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Schedulability Analysis of LF Programs</h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Start with classic schedulability test: critical instant (Liu and Layland)\n<ul>\n<li>Possible not the worst-case?</li>\n<li>Question: can not producing an output lead to a timing anomaly?</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Classic schedulability analysis becomes messy when deadline with locks for communication (priority inversion, locking protocols to avoid it, recursive schedulability analysis)\n<ul>\n<li>We do not use shared data protected by locks +1</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>First (pessimistic) approach: all input events and timers fire at the same time, check all execution chains (reactions in actors) need to finish before the actuator deadlines.</li>\n<li>Delays (timer, after, scheduled actions) break the dependency chain\n<ul>\n<li>Schedulability analysis can be broken up into sub-chains +1</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>For now assume no preemptions, this also enables WCET analysis of reactions</li>\n<li>We could also use a big hammer: model the LF program as timed automata and do model checking (e.g., UupAal)</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"to-do-list\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#to-do-list\" aria-label=\"to do list permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>To Do List</h2>\n<p>Lingua Franca is a work in progress. See our <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/projects\">project page</a> for an overview of ongoing and future work.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Reactors","depth":2},{"value":"Time","depth":2},{"value":"Real-Time Systems","depth":2},{"value":"Schedulability Analysis of LF Programs","depth":3},{"value":"To Do List","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/overview","title":"Overview","oneline":"Overview of Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Tutorial Video","oneline":"Tutorial video presented by the Lingua Franca team.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/tutorial-video"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"0-overview","slug":"/docs/handbook/overview","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Overview.md","nextID":"de94be89-1695-5a03-9ee4-ae89a211d453","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.632Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/overview","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"8f275b71-8f6a-5273-83d2-6037d55a4966","excerpt":"Lingua Franca (LF) is a polyglot coordination language for concurrent and possibly time-sensitive applications ranging from low-level embedded code to…","html":"<p>Lingua Franca (LF) is a polyglot coordination language for concurrent and possibly time-sensitive applications ranging from low-level embedded code to distributed cloud and edge applications. An LF program specifies the interactions between components called reactors. The emphasis of the framework is on ensuring deterministic interaction with explicit management of timing. The logic of each reactor is written in one of a suite of target languages (currently C, C++, Python, and TypeScript) and can integrate legacy code in those languages. A code generator synthesizes one or more programs in the target language, which are then compiled using standard toolchains. If the application has exploitable parallelism, then it executes transparently on multiple cores without compromising determinacy. A distributed application translates into multiple programs and scripts to launch those programs on distributed machines. The communication fabric connecting components is synthesized as part of the programs.</p>\n<p>Lingua Franca programs are compositions of <a href=\"#reactors\">reactors</a>, whose functionality is decomposed into reaction, which are written in the target languages. Reactors are similar to actors, software components that send each other messages, but unlike classical actors, messages are timestamped, and concurrent composition of reactors is deterministic by default. When nondeterministic interactions are tolerable or desired, they must be explicitly coded. LF itself is a polyglot composition language, not a complete programming language. LF describes the interfaces and composition of reactors. See our <a href=\"/publications-and-presentations\">publications and presentations</a> on reactors and Lingua Franca.</p>\n<p>The language and compiler infrastructure is very much under development. An IDE based on Eclipse and Xtext is under development, and command-line tools are also provided. LF is, by design, extensible. To support a new target language, a code generator and a runtime system capable of coordinating the execution of a composition of reactors must be developed.</p>\n<p>The C runtime consists of a few thousand lines of extensively commented code, occupies tens of kilobytes for a minimal application, and is extremely fast, making it suitable even for deeply embedded microcontroller platforms. It has been tested on Linux, Windows, and Mac platforms, as well as some bare-iron platforms. On POSIX-compliant platforms, it supports multithreaded execution, automatically exploiting multiple cores while preserving determinism. It includes features for real-time execution and is particularly well suited to take advantage of platforms with predictable execution times, such as <a href=\"https://ptolemy.berkeley.edu/projects/chess/pret/\">PRET machines</a>. A distributed execution mechanism is under development that takes advantage of clock synchronization when that is available to achieve truly distributed coordination while maintaining determinism.</p>\n<h2 id=\"reactors\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reactors\" aria-label=\"reactors permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reactors</h2>\n<p>Reactors are informally described via the following principles:</p>\n<ol>\n<li><em>Components</em> — Reactors can have input ports, actions, and timers, all of which are triggers. They can also have output ports, local state, parameters, and an ordered list of reactions.</li>\n<li><em>Composition</em> — A reactor may contain other reactors and manage their connections. The connections define the flow of messages, and two reactors can be connected if they are contained by the same reactor or one is directly contained in the other (i.e., connections span at most one level of hierarchy). An output port may be connected to multiple input ports, but an input port can only be connected to a single output port.</li>\n<li><em>Events</em> — Messages sent from one reactor to another, and timer and action events each have a timestamp, a value on a logical time line. These are timestamped events that can trigger reactions. Each port, timer, and action can have at most one such event at any logical time. An event may carry a value that will be passed as an argument to triggered reactions.</li>\n<li><em>Reactions</em> — A reaction is a procedure in a target language that is invoked in response to a trigger event, and only in response to a trigger event. A reaction can read input ports, even those that do not trigger it, and can produce outputs, but it must declare all inputs that it may read and output ports to which it may write. All inputs that it reads and outputs that it produces bear the same timestamp as its triggering event. I.e., the reaction itself is logically instantaneous, so any output events it produces are logically simultaneous with the triggering event (the two events bear the same timestamp).</li>\n<li><em>Flow of Time</em> — Successive invocations of any single reaction occur at strictly increasing logical times. Any messages that are not read by a reaction triggered at the timestamp of the message are lost.</li>\n<li><em>Mutual Exclusion</em> — The execution of any two reactions of the same reactor are mutually exclusive (atomic with respect to one another). Moreover, any two reactions that are invoked at the same logical time are invoked in the order specified by the reactor definition. This avoids race conditions between reactions accessing the reactor state variables.</li>\n<li><em>Determinism</em> — A Lingua Franca program is deterministic unless the programmer explicit uses nondeterministic constructs. Given the same input data, a composition of reactors has exactly one correct behavior. This makes Lingua Franca programs <em>testable</em>.</li>\n<li><em>Concurrency</em> — Dependencies between reactions are explicitly declared in a Lingua Franca program, and reactions that are not dependent on one another can be executed in parallel on a multicore machine. If the target provides a distributed runtime, using <a href=\"https://ptolemy.berkeley.edu/projects/chess/ptides/\">Ptides</a> for example, then execution can also be distributed across networks.</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"time\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#time\" aria-label=\"time permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Time</h2>\n<p>Lingua Franca has a notion of logical time, where every message occurs at a logical instant and reactions to messages are logically instantaneous. At a logical time instant, each reactor <a href=\"#input-declaration\">input</a> will either have a message (the input is <strong>present</strong>) or will not (the input is <strong>absent</strong>). <a href=\"#reaction-declaration\">Reactions</a> belonging to the reactor may be <strong>triggered</strong> by a present input. Reactions may also be triggered by <a href=\"#timer-declaration\">timers</a> or <a href=\"#action-declaration\">actions</a>. A reaction may produce <a href=\"#output-declaration\">outputs</a>, in which case, inputs to which the output is <strong>connected</strong> will become present at the same logical time instant. Outputs, therefore, are <strong>logically simultaneous</strong> with the inputs that cause them. A reaction may also <strong>schedule</strong> <a href=\"#action-declaration\">actions</a> which will trigger reactions of the same reactor at a <em>later</em> logical time.</p>\n<p>In the C target,\na timestamp is an unsigned 64-bit integer which, on most platforms,\nspecifies the number of nanoseconds since January 1, 1970.\nSince a 64-bit number has a limited range,\nthis measure of time instants will overflow in approximately the year 2554.\nWhen an LF program starts executing, logical time is (normally) set to the current physical time provided by the operating system.\n(On some embedded platforms without real-time clocks, it will be set instead to zero.)</p>\n<p>At the starting logical time, reactions that specify a <strong>startup</strong> trigger will execute. Also, any reactions that are triggered by a timer with a zero offset will execute. Any outputs produced by these reactions will have the same logical time and will trigger execution of any downstream reactions. Those downstream reactions will be invoked at the same logical time unless some connection to the downstream reactor uses the <strong>after</strong> keyword to specify a time delay. After all reactions at the starting logical time have completed, then time will advance to the logical time of the earliest next event. The earliest next event may be specified by a timer, by an <strong>after</strong> keyword on a connection, or by a <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions\">logical or physical action</a>. Once logical time advances, any reactions that are triggered by events at that logical will be invoked, as will any reactions triggered by outputs produced by those reactions.</p>\n<p>Time in Lingua Franca is actually <a href=\"https://ptolemy.berkeley.edu/publications/papers/05/OperationalSemantics/\">superdense time</a>, meaning that a logical time may have the same numerical value but also be <em>strictly later</em> than another logical time. When an <a href=\"#action-declaration\">action</a> is scheduled with a delay of zero, it occurs at such a strictly later time, one <strong>microstep</strong> later. See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions\">actions description</a>. The <strong>after</strong> keyword with a time delay of 0 (zero) will also cause the downstream reactions to execute in the next microstep.</p>\n<p>At any logical time, if any two reactions belonging to the same reactor are triggered, they will be executed\natomically in the order in which they are defined in the reactor. Dependencies across reactors (connections with no <strong>after</strong>) will also result in sequential execution. Specifically, if any reaction of reactor <em>A</em> produces an output that triggers a reaction of reactor <em>B</em>, then <em>B</em>’s reaction will execute only after <em>A</em>’s reaction has completed execution. Modulo these two ordering constraints, reactions may execute in parallel on multiple cores or even across networks.</p>\n<p>Reactions are given in a <strong>target language</strong>, whereas inputs, outputs, actions, and the dependencies among them are defined in Lingua Franca. LF is, therefore, a kind of <strong>coordination language</strong> rather than a programming language.</p>\n<h2 id=\"real-time-systems\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#real-time-systems\" aria-label=\"real time systems permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Real-Time Systems</h2>\n<p>Reactions may have delays and deadlines associated with them. This information can be used to perform earliest deadline first (EDF) scheduling. Also, in combination with execution-time analysis of reactions, it should be possible to determine at compile time whether the imposed deadlines can be met, although these analysis tools have not yet been developed. Of particular interest is to deploy reactors on platforms such as <a href=\"https://github.com/pretis/flexpret\">FlexPRET</a> and <a href=\"http://patmos.compute.dtu.dk/\">Patmos</a>, which are designed for predictable timing; execution-time estimates for these architectures will be much tighter than currently possible with ordinary microprocessors.</p>\n<h3 id=\"schedulability-analysis-of-lf-programs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#schedulability-analysis-of-lf-programs\" aria-label=\"schedulability analysis of lf programs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Schedulability Analysis of LF Programs</h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Start with classic schedulability test: critical instant (Liu and Layland)\n<ul>\n<li>Possible not the worst-case?</li>\n<li>Question: can not producing an output lead to a timing anomaly?</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Classic schedulability analysis becomes messy when deadline with locks for communication (priority inversion, locking protocols to avoid it, recursive schedulability analysis)\n<ul>\n<li>We do not use shared data protected by locks +1</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>First (pessimistic) approach: all input events and timers fire at the same time, check all execution chains (reactions in actors) need to finish before the actuator deadlines.</li>\n<li>Delays (timer, after, scheduled actions) break the dependency chain\n<ul>\n<li>Schedulability analysis can be broken up into sub-chains +1</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>For now assume no preemptions, this also enables WCET analysis of reactions</li>\n<li>We could also use a big hammer: model the LF program as timed automata and do model checking (e.g., UupAal)</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"to-do-list\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#to-do-list\" aria-label=\"to do list permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>To Do List</h2>\n<p>Lingua Franca is a work in progress. See our <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/projects\">project page</a> for an overview of ongoing and future work.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Reactors","depth":2},{"value":"Time","depth":2},{"value":"Real-Time Systems","depth":2},{"value":"Schedulability Analysis of LF Programs","depth":3},{"value":"To Do List","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/overview","title":"Overview","oneline":"Overview of Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Tutorial Video","oneline":"Tutorial video presented by the Lingua Franca team.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/tutorial-video"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"0-overview","slug":"/docs/handbook/overview","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Overview.md","nextID":"9c60c2f7-2bab-51e5-bbc5-e7957b224b3a","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"66f3ee8a-8733-5be1-baff-eae4b5001cea","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ Parameter Declaration A reactor class definition can parameterized as follows: Each parameter has a type annotation, written :<type…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<h2 id=\"parameter-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#parameter-declaration\" aria-label=\"parameter declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Parameter Declaration</h2>\n<p>A reactor class definition can parameterized as follows:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;class</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt;(&lt;param</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt;:&lt;type&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;expr&gt;, </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Each parameter has a <em>type annotation</em>, written <code>:&#x3C;type></code>, where <code>&#x3C;type></code> has one of the following forms:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>An identifier, such as <code>int</code><span class=\"lf-cpp\">, possibly followed by a type argument, e.g. <code>vector&#x3C;int></code></span>.</li>\n<li>An array type <code>type[]</code><span class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-rs\"> and <code>type[integer]</code></span>.</li>\n<li>The keyword $time$, which designates a time value.</li>\n<li>A code block delimited by <code>{= ... =}</code>, where the contents is any valid type in the target language.</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp\">\n<ul>\n<li>A pointer type, such as <code>int*</code>.</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>Types ending with a <code>*</code> are treated specially by the C target. See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a>.</p>\n<p>To use strings conveniently in the C target, the “type” <code>string</code> is an alias for <code>{=const char*=}</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>For example, <code>{= int | null =}</code> defines nullable integer type in TypeScript.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;class</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt;(&lt;param</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;expr&gt;, </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<p>Depending on the target, the type may be a <a href=\"/docs/handbook/generics\">generic type</a>, which means that the type is parameter determined at the time the reactor class is instantiated.</p>\n<p>Each parameter must have a <em>default value</em>, written <code>&#x3C;param-name> = &#x3C;expr></code>. An expression may be a numeric constant, a string enclosed in quotation marks, a time value such as <code>10 msec</code>, a list of values, or target-language code enclosed in <code>{= ... =}</code>, for example. See <a href=\"/docs/handbook/expressions\">Expressions</a> for full details on what expressions are valid.</p>\n<p>For example, the <code>Double</code> reactor on the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs\">previous page</a> can be replaced with a more general parameterized reactor <code>Scale</code> as follows:</p>\n<p>$start(Scale)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">factor</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">factor </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">factor</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-undefined-ts\">undefined</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">factor</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">factor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> factor</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> x </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">x).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">unwrap</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">y, x </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-arithmetic-rust\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.factor);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Scale)$</p>\n<p>This reactor, given any input event <code>x</code> will produce an output <code>y</code> with value equal to the input scaled by the <code>factor</code> parameter. The default value of the <code>factor</code> parameter is 2, but this can be changed when the <code>Scale</code> reactor is instantiated.</p>\n<p>Notice how, within the body of a reaction, the code accesses the parameter value. This is different for each target language. <span class=\"lf-c\">In the C target, a <code>self</code> struct is provided that contains the parameter values.</span></p>\n<h2 id=\"state-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#state-declaration\" aria-label=\"state declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>State Declaration</h2>\n<p>A reactor declares a state variable as follows:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;:&lt;type&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;value&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The type can any of the same forms as for a parameter.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;value&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<p>The <code>&#x3C;value></code> is an initial value and, like parameter values, can be given as an <a href=\"/docs/handbook/expressions\">expression</a> or target language code with delimiters <code>{= ... =}</code>. The initial value can also be given as a parameter name. The value can be accessed and modified in a target-language-dependent way as illustrated by the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Count)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">y, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.count);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.count </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Count)$</p>\n<p>This reactor has an integer state variable named <code>count</code>, and each time its reaction is invoked, it outputs the value of that state variable and increments it. The reaction is triggered by a $timer$, discussed in the next section.</p>\n<h2 id=\"reset-state-variables\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reset-state-variables\" aria-label=\"reset state variables permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reset State Variables</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $reset$ keyword is not supported in $target-language$ because <a href=\"/docs/handbook/modal-models\">modal reactors</a> are not supported.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py\">\n<p>A state variable declaration may be qualified with a $reset$ keyword as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reset</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">type</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;value&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reset</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;value&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>When this is done, if the state variable or the reactor is within a mode of a <a href=\"/docs/handbook/modal-models\">modal reactor</a>, then when the mode is entered via a reset transition, the state variable will be reset to its initial value. For details, see the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/modal-models\">Modal Reactors</a> section.</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Parameter Declaration","depth":2},{"value":"State Declaration","depth":2},{"value":"Reset State Variables","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables","title":"Parameters and State Variables","oneline":"Parameters and state variables in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Inputs and Outputs","oneline":"Inputs, outputs, and reactions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Time and Timers","oneline":"Time and timers in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-parameters-and-state-variables","slug":"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Parameters and State Variables.md","previousID":"a685c048-723e-5564-b25c-a3dbf0259a06","nextID":"1f7aa663-eee3-55ea-b4f2-18101a3c8f47","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.632Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"6b93641e-db40-5450-88fc-265623991a01","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ Parameter Declaration A reactor class definition can parameterized as follows: Each parameter has a type annotation, written :<type…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<h2 id=\"parameter-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#parameter-declaration\" aria-label=\"parameter declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Parameter Declaration</h2>\n<p>A reactor class definition can parameterized as follows:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;class</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt;(&lt;param</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt;:&lt;type&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;expr&gt;, </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Each parameter has a <em>type annotation</em>, written <code>:&#x3C;type></code>, where <code>&#x3C;type></code> has one of the following forms:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>An identifier, such as <code>int</code><span class=\"lf-cpp\">, possibly followed by a type argument, e.g. <code>vector&#x3C;int></code></span>.</li>\n<li>An array type <code>type[]</code><span class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-rs\"> and <code>type[integer]</code></span>.</li>\n<li>The keyword $time$, which designates a time value.</li>\n<li>A code block delimited by <code>{= ... =}</code>, where the contents is any valid type in the target language.</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp\">\n<ul>\n<li>A pointer type, such as <code>int*</code>.</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>Types ending with a <code>*</code> are treated specially by the C target. See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a>.</p>\n<p>To use strings conveniently in the C target, the “type” <code>string</code> is an alias for <code>{=const char*=}</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>For example, <code>{= int | null =}</code> defines nullable integer type in TypeScript.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;class</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt;(&lt;param</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf\">name&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;expr&gt;, </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<p>Depending on the target, the type may be a <a href=\"/docs/handbook/generics\">generic type</a>, which means that the type is parameter determined at the time the reactor class is instantiated.</p>\n<p>Each parameter must have a <em>default value</em>, written <code>&#x3C;param-name> = &#x3C;expr></code>. An expression may be a numeric constant, a string enclosed in quotation marks, a time value such as <code>10 msec</code>, a list of values, or target-language code enclosed in <code>{= ... =}</code>, for example. See <a href=\"/docs/handbook/expressions\">Expressions</a> for full details on what expressions are valid.</p>\n<p>For example, the <code>Double</code> reactor on the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs\">previous page</a> can be replaced with a more general parameterized reactor <code>Scale</code> as follows:</p>\n<p>$start(Scale)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">factor</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">factor </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">factor</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-undefined-ts\">undefined</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">factor</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(factor: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">factor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> factor</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> x </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">x).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">unwrap</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">y, x </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-arithmetic-rust\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.factor);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Scale)$</p>\n<p>This reactor, given any input event <code>x</code> will produce an output <code>y</code> with value equal to the input scaled by the <code>factor</code> parameter. The default value of the <code>factor</code> parameter is 2, but this can be changed when the <code>Scale</code> reactor is instantiated.</p>\n<p>Notice how, within the body of a reaction, the code accesses the parameter value. This is different for each target language. <span class=\"lf-c\">In the C target, a <code>self</code> struct is provided that contains the parameter values.</span></p>\n<h2 id=\"state-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#state-declaration\" aria-label=\"state declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>State Declaration</h2>\n<p>A reactor declares a state variable as follows:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;:&lt;type&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;value&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The type can any of the same forms as for a parameter.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;value&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<p>The <code>&#x3C;value></code> is an initial value and, like parameter values, can be given as an <a href=\"/docs/handbook/expressions\">expression</a> or target language code with delimiters <code>{= ... =}</code>. The initial value can also be given as a parameter name. The value can be accessed and modified in a target-language-dependent way as illustrated by the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Count)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">y, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.count);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.count </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Count)$</p>\n<p>This reactor has an integer state variable named <code>count</code>, and each time its reaction is invoked, it outputs the value of that state variable and increments it. The reaction is triggered by a $timer$, discussed in the next section.</p>\n<h2 id=\"reset-state-variables\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reset-state-variables\" aria-label=\"reset state variables permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reset State Variables</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $reset$ keyword is not supported in $target-language$ because <a href=\"/docs/handbook/modal-models\">modal reactors</a> are not supported.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py\">\n<p>A state variable declaration may be qualified with a $reset$ keyword as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reset</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">type</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;value&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reset</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;value&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>When this is done, if the state variable or the reactor is within a mode of a <a href=\"/docs/handbook/modal-models\">modal reactor</a>, then when the mode is entered via a reset transition, the state variable will be reset to its initial value. For details, see the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/modal-models\">Modal Reactors</a> section.</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Parameter Declaration","depth":2},{"value":"State Declaration","depth":2},{"value":"Reset State Variables","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables","title":"Parameters and State Variables","oneline":"Parameters and state variables in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Inputs and Outputs","oneline":"Inputs, outputs, and reactions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Time and Timers","oneline":"Time and timers in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-parameters-and-state-variables","slug":"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Parameters and State Variables.md","previousID":"dcdc6b32-76b0-570a-a6f8-23bb570863c7","nextID":"bba867ed-95b9-5017-b4f1-350e621e99da","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/preambles","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"04454ae8-90fa-5cde-9d47-b2be4b6d8531","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ Preamble Reactions may contain arbitrary target-language code, but often it is convenient for that code to invoke external libraries or to…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<h2 id=\"preamble\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#preamble\" aria-label=\"preamble permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Preamble</h2>\n<p>Reactions may contain arbitrary target-language code, but often it is convenient for that code to invoke external libraries or to share procedure definitions. For either purpose, a reactor may include a $preamble$ section.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>For example, the following reactor uses the <code>math</code> C library for its trigonometric functions:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp punctuation-definition-directive-cpp\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp\">include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp\">math.h</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">The cosine of 1 is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">cos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will print:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">The cosine of 1 is 0.540302.</pre>\n<p>By putting the <code>#include</code> in the $preamble$, the library becomes available in all reactions of this reactor.\nIf you wish to have the library available in all reactors in the same file, you can provide the $preamble$ outside the reactor, as shown here:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp punctuation-definition-directive-cpp\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp\">include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp\">math.h</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Cos</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">The cosine of 1 is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">cos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Sin</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">The sine of 1 is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">sin</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Cos</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Sin</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>You can also use the $preamble$ to define functions that are shared across reactions within a reactor, as in this example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp entity-name-function-definition-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp variable-parameter-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-control-return-cpp\">return</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">42 plus 42 is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">42 plus 1 is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Not surprisingly, this will print:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">42 plus 42 is 84.\n42 plus 1 is 43.</pre>\n<p>(The order in which these are printed is arbitrary because the reactions can execute in parallel.)</p>\n<p>To share a function across <em>reactors</em>, however, is a bit trickers.\nA $preamble$ that is put outside the $reactor$ definition can only contain\n<em>declarations</em> not <em>definitions</em> of functions or variables.\nThe following code, for example will <strong>fail to compile</strong>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp entity-name-function-definition-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp variable-parameter-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-control-return-cpp\">return</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">42 plus 42 is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Add_1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">42 plus 1 is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Add_1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The compiler will issue a <strong>duplicate symbol</strong> error because the function definition gets repeated in the separate C files generated for the two reactor classes, <code>Add_42</code> and <code>Add_1</code>. When the compiled C code gets linked, the linker will find two definitions for the function <code>add_42</code>.</p>\n<p>To correct this compile error, the file-level preamble should contain only a <em>declaration</em>, not a <em>definition</em>, as here:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp entity-name-function-definition-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp variable-parameter-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">42 plus 42 is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Add_1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">42 plus 1 is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp entity-name-function-definition-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp variable-parameter-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-control-return-cpp\">return</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Add_1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The function <em>definition</em> here is put into the main reactor, but it can be put in any reactor defined in the file.</p>\n<p>Most header files contain only declarations, and hence can be safely included\nusing <code>#include</code> in a file-level $preamble$. If you wish to use a header file that includes both declarations and definitions, then you will need to include it within each reactor that uses it.</p>\n<p>If you wish to share <em>variables</em> across reactors, similar constraints apply.\nNote that sharing variables across reactors is <strong>strongly discouraged</strong> because it can undermine the determinacy of Lingua Franca, and you may have to implement mutual-exclusion locks to access such variables. But it is occassionaly justfiable, as in the following example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-modifier-specifier-extern-cpp\">extern</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-modifier-specifier-const-cpp\">const</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">char</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> shared_string[]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Reactor A says </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> shared_string</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Reactor B says </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> shared_string</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-modifier-specifier-const-cpp\">const</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">char</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> shared_string[] </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Hello</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Notice the use of the <code>extern</code> keyword in C, which is required because the <em>definition</em> of the <code>shared_string</code> variable will be in a separate (code-generated) C file, the one for <code>main</code>, not the ones for <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>.</p>\n<p>One subtlety is that if you define symbols that you will use in $input$, $output$, or $state$ declarations, then the symbols <em>must</em> be defined in a file-level $preamble$.\nSpecifically, the following code will <strong>fail to compile</strong>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-typedef-cpp\">typedef</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">State is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The compiler will issue an <strong>unknown type name</strong> error. To correct this, just move the declaration to a file-level $preamble$:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-typedef-cpp\">typedef</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">State is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>For example, the following reactor uses the <code>charconv</code> header from the c++ standard library to convert a string to an integer:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">private</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp punctuation-definition-directive-cpp\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp\">include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp\">charconv</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp punctuation-definition-directive-cpp\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp\">include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">string raw </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-cpp storage-type-built-in-cpp\">size_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> result </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">from_chars</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">raw</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">data</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">raw</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">data</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">raw</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">size</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">result</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">ec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">errc</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">invalid_argument</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">cerr </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Could not convert.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-else-cpp\">else</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Converted string: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> raw </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> to integer: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> number </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will print:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">[INFO]  Starting the execution\nConverted string: 42 to integer: 42\n[INFO]  Terminating the execution</pre>\n<p>By putting the #include in the preamble, the library becomes available in all reactions of this reactor. Note the private qualifier before the preamble keyword.\nThis ensures that the preamble is only visible to the reactions defined in this reactor and not to any other reactors. In contrast,\nthe public qualifier ensures that the preamble is also visible to other reactors in files that import the reactor defining the public preamble.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">public</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-head-struct-cpp storage-type-struct-cpp\">struct</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp entity-name-type-struct-cpp\">MyStruct</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-head-struct-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-struct-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\"> foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">string bar</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-struct-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">private</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp entity-name-function-definition-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp variable-parameter-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">noexcept </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-control-return-cpp\">return</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-type-lflang\">MyStruct</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">baz</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> value </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> and &#039;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">bar</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>It defines both a public and a private preamble. The public preamble defines the type MyStruct. This type definition will be visible to all elements of the\nPreamble reactor as well as to all reactors defined in files that import Preamble. The private preamble defines the function <code>add_42(int i)</code>.\nThis function will only be usable to reactions within the Preamble reactor.</p>\n<p>You can think of public and private preambles as the equivalent of header files and source files in C++. In fact, the public preamble will be translated to a\nheader file and the private preamble to a source file. As a rule of thumb, all types that are used in port or action definitions as well as in state variables\nor parameters should be defined in a public preamble. Also, declarations of functions to be shared across reactors should be placed in the public preamble.\nEverything else, like function definitions or types that are used only within reactions, should be placed in a private preamble.</p>\n<p>Note that preambles can also be specified on the file level. These file level preambles are visible to all reactors within the file.\nAn example of this can be found in <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/target/PreambleFile.lf\">PreambleFile.lf</a>.</p>\n<p>Admittedly, the precise interactions of preambles and imports can become confusing. The preamble mechanism will likely be refined in future revisions.</p>\n<p>Note that functions defined in the preamble cannot access members such as state variables of the reactor unless they are explicitly passed as arguments.\nIf access to the inner state of a reactor is required, <a href=\"/docs/handbook/methods#method-declaration\">methods</a> present a viable and easy to use alternative.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>For example, the following reactor uses the <code>platform</code> module to print the platform information and a defined method to add 42 to an integer:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">\t\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> platform</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">\t\tdef add_42(self, i):</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">\t\t\treturn i + 42</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">\t\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py string-quoted-single-python\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">\t\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-type-python\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">\t\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Converted string </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python storage-type-format-python\">:s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\"> to int </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python storage-type-format-python\">:d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">format</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">\t\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">42 plus 42 is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">\t\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Your platform is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">platform</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">system</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>On a Linux machine, this will print:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Converted string 42 to int 42.\n42 plus 42 is 84\nYour platform is Linux</pre>\n<p>By putting import in the $preamble$, the module becomes available in all reactions of this reactor using the <code>self</code> modifier.</p>\n<p><strong>Note:</strong> Preambles will be put in the generated Python class for the given reactor, and thus is part of the instance of the reactor. This means that anything you put in the preamble will be specific to a particular reactor instance and cannot be used to share information between different instantiations of the reactor (this is a feature, not a bug, because it helps ensure determinacy). For more information about implementation details of the Python target, see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details#python-target-implementation-details\">Implementation Details</a>.</p>\n<p>Alternatively, you can define a $preamble$ outside any reactor definition. Such a $preamble$ can be used for functions such as import or to define a global function. The following example shows importing the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Python/src/include/hello.py\">hello</a> module:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  files</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">hello</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-other-lflang\">py</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> hello</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Notice the usage of the <code>files</code> target property to move the <code>hello.py</code> module located in the <code>include</code> folder of the test directory into the working directory (located in <code>src-gen/NAME</code>).</p>\n<p>For another example, the following program uses the built-in Python <code>input()</code> function to get typed input from the user:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> threading</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    def external(self, a):</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      while (True):</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">        from_user = input() # Blocking</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">        a.schedule(0, from_user)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">thread</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">secs</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">secs</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">threading</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">Thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-parameter-function-call-python\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">external</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-parameter-function-call-python\">args</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-parenthesis-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-parenthesis-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">start</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Type something.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">A time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> nsec after start, received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Waiting ...</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Within the $preamble$, we specify to import the <code>threading</code> Python module and define a function that will be started in a separate thread in the reaction to $startup$. The thread function named <code>external</code> blocks when <code>input()</code> is called until the user types something and hits the return or enter key. Usually, you do not want a Lingua Franca program to block waiting for input. In the above reactor, a $timer$ is used to repeatedly trigger a reaction that reminds the user that it is waiting for input.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>For example, the following reactor uses Node’s built-in path module to extract the base name from a path:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts keyword-control-import-ts\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts constant-language-import-export-all-ts\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts keyword-control-as-ts\">as</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts variable-other-readwrite-alias-ts\">path</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts keyword-control-from-ts\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts string-quoted-single-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts string-quoted-single-ts\">path</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts string-quoted-single-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">var</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">filename</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">path</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">basename</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts string-quoted-single-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts string-quoted-single-ts\">/Users/Refsnes/demo_path.js</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts string-quoted-single-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">filename</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will print:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">demo_path.js</pre>\n<p>By putting the <code>import</code> in the <strong>preamble</strong>, the library becomes available in all reactions of this reactor. Oddly, it also becomes available in all subsequently defined reactors in the same file. It’s a bit more complicated to <a href=\"#using-node-modules\">set up Node.js modules from npm</a> that aren’t built-in, but the reaction code to <code>import</code> them is the same as what you see here.</p>\n<p>You can also use the preamble to define functions that are shared across reactions and reactors:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts storage-type-function-ts\">function</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-definition-function-ts entity-name-function-ts\">add42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-parameters-begin-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts variable-parameter-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts meta-type-annotation-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-parameters-end-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts keyword-control-flow-ts\">return</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">radix</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-ts\">parseInt</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">radix</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Converted string </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\"> to number </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">42 plus 42 is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">add42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Not surprisingly, this will print:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Converted string 42 to number 42\n42 plus 42 is 84</pre>\n<h3 id=\"using-node-modules\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#using-node-modules\" aria-label=\"using node modules permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Using Node Modules</h3>\n<p>Installing Node.js modules for TypeScript reactors with <code>npm</code> is essentially the same as installing modules for an ordinary Node.js program. First, write a Lingua Franca program (<code>Foo.lf</code>) and compile it. It may not type check if if you’re <a href=\"#preamble\">importing modules in the preamble</a> and you haven’t installed the modules yet, but compiling your program will cause the TypeScript code generator to <a href=\"#typescript-target-implementation-details\">produce a project</a> for your program. There should now be a package.json file in the same directory as your .lf file. Open a terminal and navigate to that directory. You can use the standard <a href=\"https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/install\"><code>npm install</code></a> command to install modules for your TypeScript reactors.</p>\n<p>The important takeaway here is with the package.json file and the compiled JavaScript in the Foo/dist/ directory, you have a standard Node.js program that executes as such. You can modify and debug it just as you would a Node.js program.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs warning\">\n<p>FIXME: Add $preamble$ example.</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Preamble","depth":2},{"value":"Using Node Modules","depth":3}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/preambles","title":"Preambles","oneline":"Defining preambles in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Generic Reactors","oneline":"Defining generic reactors in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/generics"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Distributed Execution","oneline":"Distributed Execution (preliminary)","permalink":"/docs/handbook/distributed-execution"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-preambles","slug":"/docs/handbook/preambles","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Preambles.md","previousID":"5f1dedc0-73ac-5882-907f-b4635639878c","nextID":"fac84eb6-489b-5361-9187-7dc6ad9f5022","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-19T17:23:16.963Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/preambles","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"7f5f499e-179a-51f4-a401-ed9dbd103eb9","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ Preamble Reactions may contain arbitrary target-language code, but often it is convenient for that code to invoke external libraries or to…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<h2 id=\"preamble\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#preamble\" aria-label=\"preamble permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Preamble</h2>\n<p>Reactions may contain arbitrary target-language code, but often it is convenient for that code to invoke external libraries or to share procedure definitions. For either purpose, a reactor may include a $preamble$ section.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>For example, the following reactor uses the <code>math</code> C library for its trigonometric functions:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp punctuation-definition-directive-cpp\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp\">include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp\">math.h</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">The cosine of 1 is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">cos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will print:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">The cosine of 1 is 0.540302.</pre>\n<p>By putting the <code>#include</code> in the $preamble$, the library becomes available in all reactions of this reactor.\nIf you wish to have the library available in all reactors in the same file, you can provide the $preamble$ outside the reactor, as shown here:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp punctuation-definition-directive-cpp\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp\">include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp\">math.h</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Cos</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">The cosine of 1 is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">cos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Sin</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">The sine of 1 is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">sin</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Cos</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Sin</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>You can also use the $preamble$ to define functions that are shared across reactions within a reactor, as in this example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp entity-name-function-definition-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp variable-parameter-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-control-return-cpp\">return</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">42 plus 42 is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">42 plus 1 is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Not surprisingly, this will print:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">42 plus 42 is 84.\n42 plus 1 is 43.</pre>\n<p>(The order in which these are printed is arbitrary because the reactions can execute in parallel.)</p>\n<p>To share a function across <em>reactors</em>, however, is a bit trickers.\nA $preamble$ that is put outside the $reactor$ definition can only contain\n<em>declarations</em> not <em>definitions</em> of functions or variables.\nThe following code, for example will <strong>fail to compile</strong>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp entity-name-function-definition-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp variable-parameter-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-control-return-cpp\">return</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">42 plus 42 is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Add_1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">42 plus 1 is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Add_1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The compiler will issue a <strong>duplicate symbol</strong> error because the function definition gets repeated in the separate C files generated for the two reactor classes, <code>Add_42</code> and <code>Add_1</code>. When the compiled C code gets linked, the linker will find two definitions for the function <code>add_42</code>.</p>\n<p>To correct this compile error, the file-level preamble should contain only a <em>declaration</em>, not a <em>definition</em>, as here:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp entity-name-function-definition-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp variable-parameter-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">42 plus 42 is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Add_1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">42 plus 1 is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp entity-name-function-definition-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp variable-parameter-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-control-return-cpp\">return</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Add_1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The function <em>definition</em> here is put into the main reactor, but it can be put in any reactor defined in the file.</p>\n<p>Most header files contain only declarations, and hence can be safely included\nusing <code>#include</code> in a file-level $preamble$. If you wish to use a header file that includes both declarations and definitions, then you will need to include it within each reactor that uses it.</p>\n<p>If you wish to share <em>variables</em> across reactors, similar constraints apply.\nNote that sharing variables across reactors is <strong>strongly discouraged</strong> because it can undermine the determinacy of Lingua Franca, and you may have to implement mutual-exclusion locks to access such variables. But it is occassionaly justfiable, as in the following example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-modifier-specifier-extern-cpp\">extern</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-modifier-specifier-const-cpp\">const</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">char</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> shared_string[]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Reactor A says </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> shared_string</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Reactor B says </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> shared_string</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-modifier-specifier-const-cpp\">const</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">char</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> shared_string[] </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Hello</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">A</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">b</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">B</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Notice the use of the <code>extern</code> keyword in C, which is required because the <em>definition</em> of the <code>shared_string</code> variable will be in a separate (code-generated) C file, the one for <code>main</code>, not the ones for <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>.</p>\n<p>One subtlety is that if you define symbols that you will use in $input$, $output$, or $state$ declarations, then the symbols <em>must</em> be defined in a file-level $preamble$.\nSpecifically, the following code will <strong>fail to compile</strong>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-typedef-cpp\">typedef</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">State is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The compiler will issue an <strong>unknown type name</strong> error. To correct this, just move the declaration to a file-level $preamble$:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-typedef-cpp\">typedef</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">State is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>For example, the following reactor uses the <code>charconv</code> header from the c++ standard library to convert a string to an integer:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">private</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp punctuation-definition-directive-cpp\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp\">include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp\">charconv</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp punctuation-definition-directive-cpp\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp\">include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">string raw </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-cpp storage-type-built-in-cpp\">size_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> result </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">from_chars</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">raw</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">data</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">raw</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">data</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">raw</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">size</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">result</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">ec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">errc</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">invalid_argument</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">cerr </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Could not convert.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-else-cpp\">else</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Converted string: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> raw </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> to integer: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> number </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will print:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">[INFO]  Starting the execution\nConverted string: 42 to integer: 42\n[INFO]  Terminating the execution</pre>\n<p>By putting the #include in the preamble, the library becomes available in all reactions of this reactor. Note the private qualifier before the preamble keyword.\nThis ensures that the preamble is only visible to the reactions defined in this reactor and not to any other reactors. In contrast,\nthe public qualifier ensures that the preamble is also visible to other reactors in files that import the reactor defining the public preamble.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">public</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-head-struct-cpp storage-type-struct-cpp\">struct</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp entity-name-type-struct-cpp\">MyStruct</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-head-struct-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-struct-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\"> foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">string bar</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-struct-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">private</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp entity-name-function-definition-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp variable-parameter-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">noexcept </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-control-return-cpp\">return</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-type-lflang\">MyStruct</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">baz</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> value </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> and &#039;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">bar</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>It defines both a public and a private preamble. The public preamble defines the type MyStruct. This type definition will be visible to all elements of the\nPreamble reactor as well as to all reactors defined in files that import Preamble. The private preamble defines the function <code>add_42(int i)</code>.\nThis function will only be usable to reactions within the Preamble reactor.</p>\n<p>You can think of public and private preambles as the equivalent of header files and source files in C++. In fact, the public preamble will be translated to a\nheader file and the private preamble to a source file. As a rule of thumb, all types that are used in port or action definitions as well as in state variables\nor parameters should be defined in a public preamble. Also, declarations of functions to be shared across reactors should be placed in the public preamble.\nEverything else, like function definitions or types that are used only within reactions, should be placed in a private preamble.</p>\n<p>Note that preambles can also be specified on the file level. These file level preambles are visible to all reactors within the file.\nAn example of this can be found in <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/target/PreambleFile.lf\">PreambleFile.lf</a>.</p>\n<p>Admittedly, the precise interactions of preambles and imports can become confusing. The preamble mechanism will likely be refined in future revisions.</p>\n<p>Note that functions defined in the preamble cannot access members such as state variables of the reactor unless they are explicitly passed as arguments.\nIf access to the inner state of a reactor is required, <a href=\"/docs/handbook/methods#method-declaration\">methods</a> present a viable and easy to use alternative.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>For example, the following reactor uses the <code>platform</code> module to print the platform information and a defined method to add 42 to an integer:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">\t\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> platform</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">\t\tdef add_42(self, i):</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">\t\t\treturn i + 42</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">\t\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py string-quoted-single-python\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">\t\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-type-python\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">\t\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Converted string </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python storage-type-format-python\">:s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\"> to int </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python storage-type-format-python\">:d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">format</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">\t\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">42 plus 42 is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">add_42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">\t\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Your platform is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">platform</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">system</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>On a Linux machine, this will print:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Converted string 42 to int 42.\n42 plus 42 is 84\nYour platform is Linux</pre>\n<p>By putting import in the $preamble$, the module becomes available in all reactions of this reactor using the <code>self</code> modifier.</p>\n<p><strong>Note:</strong> Preambles will be put in the generated Python class for the given reactor, and thus is part of the instance of the reactor. This means that anything you put in the preamble will be specific to a particular reactor instance and cannot be used to share information between different instantiations of the reactor (this is a feature, not a bug, because it helps ensure determinacy). For more information about implementation details of the Python target, see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details#python-target-implementation-details\">Implementation Details</a>.</p>\n<p>Alternatively, you can define a $preamble$ outside any reactor definition. Such a $preamble$ can be used for functions such as import or to define a global function. The following example shows importing the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Python/src/include/hello.py\">hello</a> module:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  files</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">hello</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-other-lflang\">py</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> hello</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Notice the usage of the <code>files</code> target property to move the <code>hello.py</code> module located in the <code>include</code> folder of the test directory into the working directory (located in <code>src-gen/NAME</code>).</p>\n<p>For another example, the following program uses the built-in Python <code>input()</code> function to get typed input from the user:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> threading</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    def external(self, a):</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      while (True):</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">        from_user = input() # Blocking</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">        a.schedule(0, from_user)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">thread</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">secs</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">secs</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">threading</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">Thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-parameter-function-call-python\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">external</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-parameter-function-call-python\">args</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-parenthesis-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-parenthesis-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">thread</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">start</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Type something.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">A time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> nsec after start, received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Waiting ...</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Within the $preamble$, we specify to import the <code>threading</code> Python module and define a function that will be started in a separate thread in the reaction to $startup$. The thread function named <code>external</code> blocks when <code>input()</code> is called until the user types something and hits the return or enter key. Usually, you do not want a Lingua Franca program to block waiting for input. In the above reactor, a $timer$ is used to repeatedly trigger a reaction that reminds the user that it is waiting for input.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>For example, the following reactor uses Node’s built-in path module to extract the base name from a path:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts keyword-control-import-ts\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts constant-language-import-export-all-ts\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts keyword-control-as-ts\">as</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts variable-other-readwrite-alias-ts\">path</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts keyword-control-from-ts\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts string-quoted-single-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts string-quoted-single-ts\">path</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-import-ts string-quoted-single-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">var</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">filename</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">path</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">basename</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts string-quoted-single-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts string-quoted-single-ts\">/Users/Refsnes/demo_path.js</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts string-quoted-single-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">filename</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will print:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">demo_path.js</pre>\n<p>By putting the <code>import</code> in the <strong>preamble</strong>, the library becomes available in all reactions of this reactor. Oddly, it also becomes available in all subsequently defined reactors in the same file. It’s a bit more complicated to <a href=\"#using-node-modules\">set up Node.js modules from npm</a> that aren’t built-in, but the reaction code to <code>import</code> them is the same as what you see here.</p>\n<p>You can also use the preamble to define functions that are shared across reactions and reactors:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts storage-type-function-ts\">function</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-definition-function-ts entity-name-function-ts\">add42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-parameters-begin-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts variable-parameter-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts meta-type-annotation-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-parameters-end-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts keyword-control-flow-ts\">return</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">radix</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-ts\">parseInt</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">radix</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Converted string </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\"> to number </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">42 plus 42 is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">add42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Not surprisingly, this will print:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Converted string 42 to number 42\n42 plus 42 is 84</pre>\n<h3 id=\"using-node-modules\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#using-node-modules\" aria-label=\"using node modules permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Using Node Modules</h3>\n<p>Installing Node.js modules for TypeScript reactors with <code>npm</code> is essentially the same as installing modules for an ordinary Node.js program. First, write a Lingua Franca program (<code>Foo.lf</code>) and compile it. It may not type check if if you’re <a href=\"#preamble\">importing modules in the preamble</a> and you haven’t installed the modules yet, but compiling your program will cause the TypeScript code generator to <a href=\"#typescript-target-implementation-details\">produce a project</a> for your program. There should now be a package.json file in the same directory as your .lf file. Open a terminal and navigate to that directory. You can use the standard <a href=\"https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/install\"><code>npm install</code></a> command to install modules for your TypeScript reactors.</p>\n<p>The important takeaway here is with the package.json file and the compiled JavaScript in the Foo/dist/ directory, you have a standard Node.js program that executes as such. You can modify and debug it just as you would a Node.js program.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs warning\">\n<p>FIXME: Add $preamble$ example.</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Preamble","depth":2},{"value":"Using Node Modules","depth":3}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/preambles","title":"Preambles","oneline":"Defining preambles in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Generic Reactors","oneline":"Defining generic reactors in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/generics"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Distributed Execution","oneline":"Distributed Execution (preliminary)","permalink":"/docs/handbook/distributed-execution"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-preambles","slug":"/docs/handbook/preambles","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Preambles.md","previousID":"2a0b9619-72b6-5ee7-8a38-83ff8d48005a","nextID":"79d9c9b2-eee4-5652-9541-c483de60119e","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/proof-import","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"63a49b1c-0387-58d6-8acf-d885be694679","excerpt":"This is a collection of thoughts on the design of a reliable package and import system that is ready for future applications. At this stage, this page mostly…","html":"<p>This is a collection of thoughts on the design of a reliable package and import system that is ready for future applications. At this stage, this page mostly represents my personal view (Christian Menard). I will also focus on the C++ target here as this is the target I know best. The C target is not a good example for these considerations as there is a fundamental design issue with the C target. Since the code generator places all code in a single generated <code>.c</code> file and does things like <code>#include reactor.c</code> to avoid the need for Makefiles, it circumvents many of the issues that come with imports that I will outline here. It simply ignores file scopes and namespaces altogether.</p>\n<h1 id=\"the-status-quo\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-status-quo\" aria-label=\"the status quo permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The status quo</h1>\n<p>The current import system is lean and simple. Write <code>import Bar.lf</code> in <code>Foo.lf</code> and every reactor defined in <code>Bar.lf</code> will be visible in the file scope <code>Foo.lf</code>. <code>Bar.lf</code> is looked up simply by scanning the directory <code>Foo.lf</code> is placed in. This works well for the simple programs and tests we have right now, but does not scale. I identify the following problems:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>There is no notion of separate namespaces. Every reactor that <code>Bar.lf</code> defines becomes visible in <code>Foo.lf</code>. If both files define a Reactor <code>Foo</code>, there is a name clash and the import would be ill-formed. There should be a mechanism to distinguish the two definitions of <code>Foo</code>, such as using fully qualified names: <code>Foo.Foo</code> and <code>Bar.Foo</code>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>There is no concept for importing files from a directory structure. It is unclear how <code>Foo.lf</code> could import <code>my/lib/Bar.lf</code>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>There is no concept for packages or libraries that can be installed on the system. How could we import Reactors from a library that someone else provided?</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p>These are the more obvious issues that we have talked about. However, there are more subtle ones that we haven’t been discussed in depth (or at least not in the context of the import system design discussion). The open question is: What does importing a LF file actually mean? Obviously, an import should bring Reactors defined in another files into local scope. But what should happen with the other structures that are part of an LF file, namely target properties and preambles? That is not specified and our targets use a best practice approach. But this is far away from a good design that is scalable and future proof.</p>\n<h2 id=\"a-quick-dive-into-the-c-code-generator\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#a-quick-dive-into-the-c-code-generator\" aria-label=\"a quick dive into the c code generator permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>A quick dive into the C++ code generator</h2>\n<p>Before I discuss the problems with preambles and target properties, I would like to give you a quick overview of how the C++ code generator works. Consider the following LF program consisting of two files <code>Foo.lf</code> and <code>Bar.lf</code>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">// Bar.lf\n\nreactor Bar {\n reaction(startup) {=\n   // do something bar like\n =}\n}</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">// Foo.lf\n\nimport Bar.lf\n\nreactor Foo {\n bar = new Bar();\n reaction(startup) {=\n   // do something foo like\n =}\n}</pre>\n<p>Now let us have a look on what the C++ code generator does. It will produce a file structure like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">CMakeLists.txt\nmain.cc\nBar/\n  Bar.cc\n  Bar.hh\nFoo/\n  Foo.cc\n  Foo.hh</pre>\n<p>We can ignore <code>CMakeLists.txt</code> and <code>main.cc</code> for our discussion here. The former specifies how the whole program can be build and the latter contains the <code>main()</code> function and some code that is required to get the application up and running. For each processed <code>&#x3C;file>.lf</code> file, the code generator creates a directory <code>&#x3C;file></code>. For each reactor <code>&#x3C;reactor></code> defined in <code>&#x3C;file>.lf</code>, it will create <code>&#x3C;file>/&#x3C;reactor>.cc</code> and <code>&#x3C;file>/&#x3C;reactor>.hh</code>. The header file declares a class representing the reactor like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">// Bar/Bar.hh\n\n# pragma once\n\n#include &quot;reactor-cpp/reactor-cpp.hh&quot;\n\nclass Bar : public reactor::Reacor {\n private:\n  // default actions\n  reactor::StartupAction startup {&quot;startup&quot;, this};\n  reactor::ShutdownAction shutdown {&quot;shutdown&quot;, this};\n\n public:\n  /* ... */\n\n private:\n  // reaction bodies\n  r0_body();\n};</pre>\n<p>The corresponding <code>Bar/Bar.cc</code> will look something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">#include &quot;Bar/Bar.hh&quot;\n\n/* ... */\n\nBar::r0_body() {\n  // do something bar like\n}</pre>\n<p>Similarly, <code>Foo.hh</code> and <code>Foo.cc</code> will be generated. However, since <code>Foo.lf</code> imports <code>Bar.lf</code> and instantiated the reactor <code>Bar</code> it must be made visible. This is done by an include directive in the generated code like so:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">// Foo/Foo.hh\n###\n# pragma once\n\n#include &quot;reactor-cpp/reactor-cpp.hh&quot;\n#include &quot;Bar/Bar.hh&quot;\n\nclass Foo : public reactor::Reacor {\n private:\n  // default actions\n  reactor::StartupAction startup;\n  reactor::ShutdownAction shutdown;\n\n  // reactor instances\n  Bar bar;\n public:\n  /* ... */\n\n private:\n  // reaction bodies\n  r0_body();\n};</pre>\n<h2 id=\"the-problem-with-preambles\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-problem-with-preambles\" aria-label=\"the problem with preambles permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The problem with preambles</h2>\n<p>The problems with preamble in the context of imports were already discussed in a <a href=\"https://github.com/pulls\">related issue</a>, but I would like to summarize the problem here. While the examples above worked nicely even with imports, things get messy as soon as we introduce a preamble. Let’s try this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">// Bar.lf\n\nreactor Bar {\n preamble {=\n   struct bar_t {\n     int x;\n     std::string y;\n   };\n\n   bar_t bar_func {\n     return bar_t(42, &quot;hello&quot;)\n   }\n =}\n output out:bar_t;\n reaction(startup) -&gt; out {=\n   out.set(bar_fuc());\n =}\n}</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">// Foo.lf\n\nimport Bar.lf\n\nreactor Foo\n bar = new Bar();\n reaction(bar.out) {=\n   auto&amp; value = bar.out.get();\n   std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;Received {&quot; &lt;&lt; value-&gt;x &lt;&lt; &quot;, &quot; &lt;&lt; value-&gt;y &lt;&lt; &quot;}\\n&quot;;\n =}\n}</pre>\n<p>This would be expected to print <code>Received {32, hello}</code>. However, before we can even compile this program, we need to talk about what should happen with the preamble during code generation and how the import affects it. So where should the preamble go? The first thing that comes to mind, is to embed it in the header file <code>Bar.hh</code> something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">// Bar/Bar.hh\n\n# pragma once\n\n#include &quot;reactor-cpp/reactor-cpp.hh&quot;\n\n// preamble\nstruct bar_t {\n  int x;\n  std::string y;\n};\n\nbar_t bar_func {\n  return bar_t(42, &quot;hello&quot;)\n}\n\nclass Bar : public reactor::Reacor {\n /* ... */\n};</pre>\n<p>If we embed the preamble like this and compile the program ,then the compiler is actually happy and processes all <code>*.cc</code> files without any complaints. <strong>But</strong>, there is a huge problem while linking the binary. The linker sees multiple definitions of <code>bar_func</code> and has no idea which one to use. Why is that? Well, the definition of <code>bar_func</code> is contained in a header file. This should never be done in C/C++! Since includes translate to a plain-text replacement by the preprocessor, <code>Bar.cc</code> will contain the full definition of <code>bar_func</code>. As <code>Foo.cc</code> imports <code>Foo.hh</code> which imports <code>Bar.hh</code>, also Foo.cc will contain the full definition. And since <code>main.cc</code> also has to include <code>Foo.hh</code>, <code>main.cc</code> will also contain the full definition of <code>bar_func</code>. So we have multiple definitions of the same function and the linker rightfully reports this as an error.</p>\n<p>So what should we do? We could place the preamble in <code>Bar.cc</code> instead. This ensures that only <code>Bar.cc</code> sees the definition of <code>bar_func</code>. But then the compiler complains. Neither <code>Bar.hh</code> nor <code>Foo.hh</code> see type declaration of <code>bar_t</code>. Note that there is a dependency of <code>Foo.lf</code> on the preamble in <code>Bar.lf</code>. The import system should somehow take care of this dependency! Also note that this has not appeared as a problem in C as the code generator places everything in the same compilation unit. <code>Foo</code> will see the preamble of <code>Bar</code> as long as <code>Foo</code> is generated before <code>Bar</code>.</p>\n<p>But how to solve it for C++ where the code is split in multiple compilation units (which really should be happening in C as well)? What we do at the moment is annotating the preamble with <code>private</code> and <code>public</code> keywords. This helps to split the preamble up and decide what to place in the header and what to place in the source file. For instance:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">// Bar.lf\n\nreactor Bar {\n public preamble {=\n   struct bar_t {\n     int x;\n     std::string y;\n   };\n =}\n private preamble {=\n   bar_t bar_func {\n     return bar_t(42, &quot;hello&quot;)\n   }\n =}\n output out:bar_t;\n reaction(startup) -&gt; out {=\n   out.set(bar_fuc());\n =}\n}</pre>\n<p>This makes the type <code>bar_t</code> visible as part of the public interface of <code>Bar</code>. Both the code generated for <code>Bar</code> and the code generated for <code>Foo</code> will see the definition of <code>bar_t</code>. This is realized by placing the public preamble in <code>Bar.hh</code> The function <code>bar_func</code> is part of <code>Bar</code>’s private interface. It is only visible with the reactor definition of <code>Bar</code> and is not propagated by an import. This is realized by simply placing the private preamble in <code>Bar.cc</code>. This makes the compiler finally happy and when get an executable program private and public preambles provide a mechanism to define what is propagated on an import and what is not. I think this is an important distinction even in languages other than C/C++ that do not have this weird separation of source and header file.</p>\n<p>I am sorry for this lengthy diversion into things that happened in the past where we actually want to talk about how things should work in the future. However, understanding this issue is important and when talking about other solutions we should not forget that it exists.</p>\n<h2 id=\"the-problem-with-target-properties\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-problem-with-target-properties\" aria-label=\"the problem with target properties permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The problem with target properties</h2>\n<p>It is also not well-defined what should happen with target properties when importing a <code>.lf</code> file. Apparently the common practice is simply ignoring the existence of other target declarations and only considering the target declaration of the <code>.lf</code> that contains the main reactor. I think this works reasonably well for our small programs. But it will cause problems when either programs become larger or we introduce new target properties where it is unclear what piece of code they reference. Let us have a look at the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/wiki/Writing-Reactors-in-Cpp#the-c-target-declaration\">existing target properties for C++</a>. How should those different properties be handled on an import? Which scope do they actually apply to? We haven’t really talked about this.</p>\n<p><code>fast</code>, <code>keepalive</code>, <code>threads</code> and <code>timeout</code> are easy. They apply to the main reactor. Since we do not import main reactors from other files, it is clear that we really want to use the properties defined in the main compilation unit. So our current strategy works in this case. Although there are still some subtleties. For instance, if a library file defines <code>keepalive=true</code> and <code>fast=false</code> because it uses physical actions, should any file importing this library file be allowed to override these properties. Probably not, because it doesn’t make sense if physical actions are involved. But a careless user of the library might not be aware of that. So maybe it isn’t that clear after all.</p>\n<p><code>build-type</code>, <code>cmake-include</code>, <code>compile</code>, <code>logging</code> and <code>no-runtime-validation</code> influence how the application is build. They are used for generating the <code>CMakeLists.txt</code> file. So their is quite clear: they apply to the whole compilation of the given application. Again it is a simple solution to only consider the target properties of the file containing the main reactor since this can be considered the file that ‘drives’ the compilation. But what if an imported <code>.lf</code> relies on an external library and uses the <code>cmake-include</code> property to tell CMake to look this library up, make the library header files visible and link our generated code to that library (fortunately this can be done with 2 lines in CMake). Should this target property really be ignored by our import? Probably not, because it will lead to compile errors if the author of the main <code>.lf</code> file does not configure <code>cmake-include</code> properly. So there should be some kind of merging mechanism for <code>cmake-include</code>. Should this be done for the other properties as well? I am not sure and I actually don’t know how the merging would work.</p>\n<p>So this raises a lot of questions that we currently have no answer to. I believe we need to find answers for these questions in order to create a well working import and package system. This gets only more complicated when we add more properties such as the proposed <code>files</code> directive. We should really consider what properties actually apply to and if they influence the way imports work.</p>\n<h3 id=\"the-work-in-progress\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-work-in-progress\" aria-label=\"the work in progress permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The work in progress</h3>\n<p>To be continued… I want to describe here what is happening on the <code>new_import</code> and the (potential) problems this brings.</p>\n<h3 id=\"possible-solutions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#possible-solutions\" aria-label=\"possible solutions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Possible solutions</h3>\n<p>To be continued… I would like to show a few possible solutions that have come to mind and that we discussed already.</p>\n<h2 id=\"concrete-proposal\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#concrete-proposal\" aria-label=\"concrete proposal permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Concrete proposal</h2>\n<p>With the risk of overlooking some of the issues discussed above, I’d like to outline a concrete proposal. To me, at least, it is easier to reason about these issues in a context with a few more constraints. Hopefully, this can serve as a starting point that we can tweak/adjust as needed. Note: this proposal borrows from the previous proposal written by Soroush. Based on my experience with Xtext, I have confidence that what is described below is feasible to implement.</p>\n<h3 id=\"importexport\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#importexport\" aria-label=\"importexport permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Import/export</h3>\n<ol>\n<li>One LF file can contain multiple reactor definitions.</li>\n<li>There can be at most one main reactor per file.</li>\n<li>Any reactor class defined outside of the current file has to be imported explicitly.</li>\n<li>The visibility of a reactor class can be limited using a modifier in the class definition.</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Should the default visibility be public or private? I have no strong preference either way.</em></li>\n</ul>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>An <code>import</code> statement <strong>must</strong> specify which reactor classes to import. This is necessary because if we populate a global scope using the <code>uriImport</code> mechanism, the local scope provider needs to know which definition to link to if there happen to exist multiple among the set of included files. We could <em>potentially</em> relax this constraint and only report the situation where we know for a fact that there is ambiguity and needs to be resolved by making the imports explicit. We could also deprecate the use of unqualified imports (the original syntax), therefore allow it but warn that it might not work as expected.</li>\n<li>An LF file in an <code>import</code> statement is specified by a path relative to the directory of the file in which the <code>import</code> statement occurs or relative to a series of directories in a wider search path.</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Eclipse uses <code>.project</code> files to identify the root of a project; we can look for that.</em></li>\n<li><em>We can look for our own kind of manifest files as well. These can list additional locations to search. This is compatible with the idea of developing a package system. I personally like this approach better than using an environment variable.</em></li>\n</ul>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li>I personally find fully qualified names excess generality and have never felt compelled to use them in Java. IMO, they lead to code that’s difficult to read and a pain to format. To keep things simple, I suggest we don’t support them. Instead, we should provide a mechanism for renaming imported reactor classes to avoid naming conflicts.</li>\n<li><em>Open question: do we want scope modifiers for imports? It seems that extra import statements could be used to increase visibility, so it might not be needed.</em></li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"syntax\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#syntax\" aria-label=\"syntax permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Syntax</h3>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Import := &#039;import&#039; &lt;ID&gt; &lt;Rename&gt;? (&#039;,&#039; &lt;ID&gt; &lt;Rename&gt;?)* &#039;from&#039; &lt;PATH&gt;\n\nRename := &#039;as&#039; &lt;ID&gt;</pre>\n<p><em>Note: This syntax could be extended to support packages in addition to paths. But it doesn’t make much sense to have this until we have a package manager and package registry.</em></p>\n<p><em>Current state of the discussion: one unifying syntax vs. different syntax for references to files and packages.</em></p>\n<h2 id=\"preambles\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#preambles\" aria-label=\"preambles permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Preambles</h2>\n<p>A preamble allows for the inclusion of verbatim target code that may be necessary for reactors to function. Currently, there are two scopes in which preambles can appear: (1) file scope and (2) reactor class scope. Moreover, there exist visibility modifiers to label preambles <code>private</code> or <code>public</code>. A <code>public</code> preamble is intended to contain code that is necessary for the use of a reactor that is in scope. A <code>private</code> preamble is intended to contain code that is necessary for the implementation of a reactor that is in scope. Only the C++ code generator can currently effectively separate these LF scope levels. It achieves this by putting each reactor class definition in its own file. LF file scope preambles are currently not supported by the C target, but this appears to be unintentional and would be easy to fix. Reactor class scope preambles are supported by the C target, but there is no isolation of scope; the preamble of one reactor is visible to the one defined after it. To fix this, I see two options: (1) follow the same approach as <code>CppGenerator</code> and output separate files, which also means that a Makefile has to be generated in order to compile the result, or (2) leverage block scope within a single file, but this will become complicated and make the generated C code even less humanly readable.</p>\n<p><em>We could put aside the problem of name clashes due to the absence of scope isolation in generated C code and fix this later. For the time being, the problem can be circumvented using <code>.h</code> files.</em></p>\n<h2 id=\"target-properties\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#target-properties\" aria-label=\"target properties permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Target Properties</h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Each file declares a target.</li>\n<li>All code in all reactors in the same file must agree with the specified target.</li>\n<li>Additional target properties may be specified.</li>\n<li>Target properties are not inherited through imports.</li>\n<li>Any property that needs to be inherited through an import (such as the requirement to link against the pthread library) must be specified as a build dependency instead.</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"build-dependencies\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#build-dependencies\" aria-label=\"build dependencies permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Build Dependencies</h2>\n<ol>\n<li>It must be possible to specify build dependencies, such as <code>files</code>, <code>sources</code>, and <code>protobufs</code>.</li>\n<li>We could either allow these definitions to go directly in the <code>.lf</code> file, or we could decide to specify them in a package description (i.e., separate file). We could potentially allow both.</li>\n<li>Build dependencies are inherited through imports (or from package descriptions), and they are never shadowed, always <em>joined</em>.</li>\n</ol>\n<h1 id=\"unique-reactor-names\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#unique-reactor-names\" aria-label=\"unique reactor names permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Unique Reactor Names</h1>\n<p>The new import system as described above ensures that reactor names within a single <code>.lf</code> file are unique. In case reactors with the same name are imported from different <code>.lf</code> files, the renaming mechanism needs to be used in order to resolve the name conflict. The same applies if the given <code>.lf</code> file defines some reactors and tries to import other reactors with the same name. For instance, consider the LF file in Example 1 below. In the scope of this file, three reactor declarations are visible: <code>Foo</code>, <code>Bar</code> and <code>Baz</code>, although the actual reactors have the same name <code>Foo</code>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"examples\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#examples\" aria-label=\"examples permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Examples</h2>\n<p>Throughout this section, I will be using two LF example programs. Since the markdown syntax does not provide a simple way to label and refer to code listings, I figure its easiest to place them here in a central place and refer to them later by the heading</p>\n<h3 id=\"example-1\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#example-1\" aria-label=\"example 1 permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Example 1</h3>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">\\\\ Foo.lf\nimport Foo as Bar from &quot;Bar.lf&quot;\nimport Foo as Baz from &quot;Baz.lf&quot;\n\nreactor Foo {\n  \\\\ ...\n}</pre>\n<h3 id=\"example-2\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#example-2\" aria-label=\"example 2 permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Example 2</h3>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">\\\\ Baz.lf\nreactor Foo {\n  \\\\ ...\n}</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">\\\\ Bar.lf\nimport Foo from &quot;Baz.lf&quot;\n\nreactor Foo {\n  foo = new Foo()\n  \\\\ ...\n}</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">\\\\ Foo.lf\nimport Bar from &quot;Bar.lf&quot;\nmain reactor Foo {\n  bar = new Bar()\n  \\\\ ...\n}</pre>\n<h2 id=\"unique-reactor-names-in-target-code\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#unique-reactor-names-in-target-code\" aria-label=\"unique reactor names in target code permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Unique Reactor Names in Target Code</h2>\n<p>While the mechanism above effectively ensures uniqueness in a single LF file, this uniqueness is surprisingly hard to ensure in generated target code. C has an obvious problem here as it places all generated code in a single file. While the name conflict in the above code can be solved by generating code for three reactors named <code>Bar</code>, <code>Baz</code> and <code>Foo</code>, it breaks as soon as another file of the same LF program uses <code>import Foo from \"Bar.lf\"</code>. Then there would be two definitions of the reactor <code>Foo</code> that cannot be resolved.</p>\n<p>Now you would probably expect that splitting the generated code into multiple files solves the issue, but unfortunately this is not true. If anything, it makes the problem more subtle. The C++ code generated from Example 1 would likely look something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">// Foo.hh\n#include &lt;reactor-cpp/reactor-cpp.hh&gt;\n\n#include &quot;Bar.hh&quot;\n#include &quot;Baz.hh&quot;\n\n// do the renaming\nusing Bar = Foo;\nusing Baz = Foo;\n\nclass Foo : public reactor::Reactor {\n};</pre>\n<p>This will cause a compile error as there are multiple definitions of <code>Foo</code>. While renaming is possible in C++ with the <code>using</code> keyword (<code>typedef</code> works as well), the thing being renamed needs to be already visible in the scope. So there are multiple definitions of <code>Foo</code> as all the files <code>Bar.hh</code>, <code>Baz.hh</code> and <code>Foo.hh</code> define this class. We need a mechanism to distinguish the different definitions of <code>Foo</code>.</p>\n<p>There is even another issue that stems from the fact that the semantics of imports in LF are different from the include semantics of C++. Consider the code in Example 2, which is valid LF code. Although <code>Bar.lf</code> imports <code>Foo</code> and <code>Foo.lf</code> imports from <code>Bar.lf</code>, the definition of <code>Foo</code> in <code>Baz.lf</code> is not visible in <code>Foo.lf</code>. This ‘hiding’, however, does not easily propagate to the generated code. In C, there will be an error because both definitions of <code>Foo</code> are placed in the same file. In C++, the different definitions of <code>Foo</code> are placed in different files, but there will still be an error. The generated C++ code would look something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">\\\\ Baz.hh\n#include &lt;reactor-cpp/reactor-cpp.hh&gt;\n\nclass Foo : public reactor::Reactor {\n  // ...\n};</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">\\\\ Bar.hh\n#include &lt;reactor-cpp/reactor-cpp.hh&gt;\n\n#include &quot;Baz.hh&quot;\n\nclass Bar : public reactor::Reactor {\n  Foo foo;\n  // ...\n};</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">\\\\ Foo.hh\n#include &lt;reactor-cpp/reactor-cpp.hh&gt;\n\n#include &quot;Bar.hh&quot;\n\nclass Foo : public reactor::Reactor {\n  Bar bar;\n  // ...\n};</pre>\n<p>This will produce an error due to multiple definitions of <code>Foo</code> being visible in <code>Foo.hh</code>. The problem is that any include in <code>Bar.hh</code> becomes also visible in <code>Foo.hh</code>. So there is a name clash due to the way the C++ compiler processes included and that is hard to work around.</p>\n<h2 id=\"possible-solutions-1\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#possible-solutions-1\" aria-label=\"possible solutions 1 permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Possible Solutions</h2>\n<p>In conclusion from the above section, I can say that translating the file based scoping of reactor names that we have in LF to generated target code is not trivial. Any sensible solution will need to establish a mechanism to ensure that any two distinct reactors in LF are also distinct in target code.</p>\n<h3 id=\"namespaces\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#namespaces\" aria-label=\"namespaces permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Namespaces</h3>\n<p>We could introduce some form of a namespace mechanism that allows us to derive fully-qualified names of reactors. This is the preferred solution for me (Christian). Note that by ‘namespace’ I mean any logical organization of reactors in named groups and not the precise concept of C++ namespaces. In other languages those logical groups are also referred to as modules or packages. Also note that it is only important to be able to assign a fully-qualified name to a reactor, it does not necessarily require that we refer to reactors by their fully-qualified name in LF code.</p>\n<h4 id=\"file-based-namespaces\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#file-based-namespaces\" aria-label=\"file based namespaces permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>File based namespaces</h4>\n<p>In my view, the easiest way to introduce namespaces in LF would be to leverage file system structure. Everything contained in <code>Foo.lf</code> would automatically be in the namespace <code>Foo</code>. So the FQN of a reactor <code>Foo</code> defined in <code>Foo.lf</code> would be <code>Foo.Foo</code> (or <code>Foo::Foo</code>, or some other delimiter). This would solve the name clashes in both of our examples. For Example 1, the generated code could look like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">// Foo.hh\n#include &lt;reactor-cpp/reactor-cpp.hh&gt;\n\n#include &quot;Bar.hh&quot;\n#include &quot;Baz.hh&quot;\nnamespace Foo {\n\n// do the renaming\nusing Bar = Bar::Foo;\nusing Baz = Baz::Foo;\n\nclass Foo : public reactor::Reactor {\n};\n}</pre>\n<p>For Example 2, the generated code could look like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">\\\\ Baz.hh\n#include &lt;reactor-cpp/reactor-cpp.hh&gt;\n\nnamespace Baz {\nclass Foo : public reactor::Reactor {\n  // ...\n};\n}</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">\\\\ Bar.hh\n#include &lt;reactor-cpp/reactor-cpp.hh&gt;\n\n#include &quot;Baz.hh&quot;\n\nnamespace Bar {\nusing Foo = Baz::Foo; // bring Foo in scope\n\nclass Bar : public reactor::Reactor {\n  Foo foo;\n  // ...\n};\n}</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">\\\\ Foo.hh\n#include &lt;reactor-cpp/reactor-cpp.hh&gt;\n\n#include &quot;Bar.hh&quot;\n\nnamespace Foo {\nusing Bar = Bar::Bar; // bring Bar in scope\n\nclass Foo : public reactor::Reactor {\n  Bar bar;\n  // ...\n};\n}</pre>\n<p>While this appears to be a promising solution, it is not sufficient to only consider the name of an <code>*.lf</code> file to derive the namespace\nThere could be two files <code>Foo.lf</code> in different directories that both define the reactor <code>Foo</code>. Thus, we also need to consider the directory structure and introduce hierarchical namespaces. Consider this directory tree:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">foo/\n  bar/\n    foo.lf  # defines reactor Foo\n  baz/\n    foo.lf  # defines reactor Foo</pre>\n<p>In this example, the two <code>Foo</code> reactors would have the fully qualified names <code>foo.bar.foo.Foo</code> and <code>foo.baz.foo.Foo</code>.\nIn order for this concept to work, we need the notion of a top-level namespace or directory. Naturally, this would be the package. Therefore, this namespace approach would also require a simple mechanism to define a package. For now this could be rudimentary. Simply placing an empty <code>lf.yaml</code> in the <code>foo/</code> directory in the above example would be sufficient. In addition to the notion of packages, we would also need a simple mechanism to find packages. However, since packages are something we want to have anyway, it would not hurt to start and implement a rudimentary system now.</p>\n<p>This proposal is a bit at odds with the file based import mechanism described above. While it is clear what the namespace of an <code>*.lf</code> file relative to a package directory is, it is unclear what the namespace of an arbitrary file outside a package is. Marten suggested to resolve this by using a default namespace or the global namespace whenever a *lf that is not part of a package is imported and to make the user responsible for avoiding any conflicts.</p>\n<p>We would also need to restrict the naming of files and directories and ban the usage of the namespace delimiter (<code>.</code> or <code>::</code> or some other) in file and directory names. In my opinion this is not much of a problem and common practice for many languages. If we decide to use this namespace mechanism, it would probably be better to drop the file based imports and switch to imports by FQN (e.g. <code>import Foo from foo.bar.foo</code>)</p>\n<h4 id=\"a-namespace-directive\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#a-namespace-directive\" aria-label=\"a namespace directive permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>A Namespace Directive</h4>\n<p>As an alternative to the file based namespace mechanism described above, we could also introduce a namespace directive in the LF syntax or as part of the target properties. This would effectively allow the user to specify the namespace that any reactor defined in a file should be part of. This solution would allow to augment the file based import system that we have with a namespace mechanism. It is important to note, however, that this entirely shifts the responsibility for ensuring uniqueness within a namespace to the user. When we derive namespaces from the file path as described above, we can be sure that the resulting namespace only contains unique reactors because we ensure that any LF file only contains unique reactors. If we allow the user to specify the namespace, however, there could easily be two files with the same namespace directive that both define the reactor <code>Foo</code>. This approach might also cause problems for target languages where the namespaces relate to concrete file paths such as in Rust, Python or Java.</p>\n<h3 id=\"name-mangling\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#name-mangling\" aria-label=\"name mangling permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Name Mangling</h3>\n<p>There are other mechanisms to derive unique names apart from namespaces. One that is widely used by compilers is name mangling which replaces or decorates the original name. For instance, we could simply add a number to the name of generated reactors (<code>Foo1</code>, <code>Foo2</code>, …) to distinguish multiple LF reactor definitions named <code>Foo</code>. What separates our approach from traditional compiler though, is that we are not in control of the full build process and only generate source code to be processed by another compiler. Therefore, any renaming we do when compiling LF code to target code needs to be done with care as it could easily introduce new problems because we are not aware of all the identifiers defined in a target language. For instance if our LF program uses a library that defines the class <code>Foo3</code>, adding a third definition of the reactor Foo to the program would lead to an unexpected error that is also hard to debug.</p>\n<p>Soroush also proposed to use a hashing mechanism (for instance a hash of the file name) to decorate reactor names. This would be less likely\nto clash with any names defined in some library. However, we would need to make sure that any mechanism we use for generating unique decorated names follows strict rules and generates reproducible names. This reproducibility is crucial for several reasons.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>Since even a complex name mangling mechanism has still the chance to produce name clashes with identifiers defined outside of the LF program, those clashes should not occur randomly. There should be either an error or no error on each compilation run. Nondeterministic builds are no fun to deal with.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>In case of any errors, it is crucial to be able to reproduce and compare builds across machines and platforms. A platform dependent name mangling algorithm (for instance one that hashes file paths) would make it unnecessary hard to reproduce and debug compile errors.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Somewhere in the future, we might want to be able to compile packages as libraries. Recompilation of the library should never change its API. Moreover, the name mangling algorithm should be robust in the sense that small changes in LF code do not lead to changed identifiers\nin the library API.</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p>All in all, I think it is hard to define an algorithm that generates reproducible and stable names, but maybe someone else has a good idea of how this could be achieved.</p>\n<p>Another obvious disadvantage of the name mangling approach would be that the generated code is less readable. Also any external target code that might want to reference reactors in a library compiled from LF code, would need to know and use the mangled name.</p>\n<h2 id=\"unique-reactor-names-in-our-tools\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#unique-reactor-names-in-our-tools\" aria-label=\"unique reactor names in our tools permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Unique Reactor Names in our Tools</h2>\n<p>In our last meeting (Tue 2020-08-04), I said that there are other places where we care about unique names: our tools such as the diagram view or the trace generator that I implemented for C++ and that we cannot ensure that names are unique at the moment. However, while thinking about it a bit more I realized that this is not much of an issue. Ambiguous names of reactor types are not a big problem for the diagram view. Since clicking on the nodes jumps directly to the reactor definition, the ambiguity in the names can easily be resolved.</p>\n<p>For the tracing, I realized that it is not the name of the reactor type that matters, but the name of the instance. These are unique fully-qualified names already. For instance <code>main.foo.bar.r0</code>, denotes the reaction with priority 0, of a reactor instance called <code>bar</code> that is contained by the reactor instance <code>foo</code>, which is in turn contained by the main reactor.</p>\n<h2 id=\"summary\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#summary\" aria-label=\"summary permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Summary</h2>\n<p>All in all, I think leveraging the file structure for determining the fully qualified names of reactors is the most promising solution.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>It works without any changes in our syntax. Only the code generators need to be updated to support the namespacing.</li>\n<li>In contrast to name mangling, it allows generation of readable code and also gives the programmer full control of how generated reactors are named.</li>\n<li>It fits naturally to languages that also support leveraging the file structure to create namespaces (e.g. python or rust).</li>\n</ol>","headings":[{"value":"The status quo","depth":1},{"value":"A quick dive into the C++ code generator","depth":2},{"value":"The problem with preambles","depth":2},{"value":"The problem with target properties","depth":2},{"value":"The work in progress","depth":3},{"value":"Possible solutions","depth":3},{"value":"Concrete proposal","depth":2},{"value":"Import/export","depth":3},{"value":"Syntax","depth":3},{"value":"Preambles","depth":2},{"value":"Target Properties","depth":2},{"value":"Build Dependencies","depth":2},{"value":"Unique Reactor Names","depth":1},{"value":"Examples","depth":2},{"value":"Example 1","depth":3},{"value":"Example 2","depth":3},{"value":"Unique Reactor Names in Target Code","depth":2},{"value":"Possible Solutions","depth":2},{"value":"Namespaces","depth":3},{"value":"File based namespaces","depth":4},{"value":"A Namespace Directive","depth":4},{"value":"Name Mangling","depth":3},{"value":"Unique Reactor Names in our Tools","depth":2},{"value":"Summary","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/proof-import","title":"Future Proof Package/Import System","oneline":"A future proof package and import system","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}}},"pageContext":{"slug":"/docs/handbook/proof-import","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/less-developed/Future Proof Package and Import System.md","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.629Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/proof-import","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"4466937a-36f5-5fc8-a89d-98421824f135","excerpt":"This is a collection of thoughts on the design of a reliable package and import system that is ready for future applications. At this stage, this page mostly…","html":"<p>This is a collection of thoughts on the design of a reliable package and import system that is ready for future applications. At this stage, this page mostly represents my personal view (Christian Menard). I will also focus on the C++ target here as this is the target I know best. The C target is not a good example for these considerations as there is a fundamental design issue with the C target. Since the code generator places all code in a single generated <code>.c</code> file and does things like <code>#include reactor.c</code> to avoid the need for Makefiles, it circumvents many of the issues that come with imports that I will outline here. It simply ignores file scopes and namespaces altogether.</p>\n<h1 id=\"the-status-quo\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-status-quo\" aria-label=\"the status quo permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The status quo</h1>\n<p>The current import system is lean and simple. Write <code>import Bar.lf</code> in <code>Foo.lf</code> and every reactor defined in <code>Bar.lf</code> will be visible in the file scope <code>Foo.lf</code>. <code>Bar.lf</code> is looked up simply by scanning the directory <code>Foo.lf</code> is placed in. This works well for the simple programs and tests we have right now, but does not scale. I identify the following problems:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>There is no notion of separate namespaces. Every reactor that <code>Bar.lf</code> defines becomes visible in <code>Foo.lf</code>. If both files define a Reactor <code>Foo</code>, there is a name clash and the import would be ill-formed. There should be a mechanism to distinguish the two definitions of <code>Foo</code>, such as using fully qualified names: <code>Foo.Foo</code> and <code>Bar.Foo</code>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>There is no concept for importing files from a directory structure. It is unclear how <code>Foo.lf</code> could import <code>my/lib/Bar.lf</code>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>There is no concept for packages or libraries that can be installed on the system. How could we import Reactors from a library that someone else provided?</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p>These are the more obvious issues that we have talked about. However, there are more subtle ones that we haven’t been discussed in depth (or at least not in the context of the import system design discussion). The open question is: What does importing a LF file actually mean? Obviously, an import should bring Reactors defined in another files into local scope. But what should happen with the other structures that are part of an LF file, namely target properties and preambles? That is not specified and our targets use a best practice approach. But this is far away from a good design that is scalable and future proof.</p>\n<h2 id=\"a-quick-dive-into-the-c-code-generator\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#a-quick-dive-into-the-c-code-generator\" aria-label=\"a quick dive into the c code generator permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>A quick dive into the C++ code generator</h2>\n<p>Before I discuss the problems with preambles and target properties, I would like to give you a quick overview of how the C++ code generator works. Consider the following LF program consisting of two files <code>Foo.lf</code> and <code>Bar.lf</code>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">// Bar.lf\n\nreactor Bar {\n reaction(startup) {=\n   // do something bar like\n =}\n}</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">// Foo.lf\n\nimport Bar.lf\n\nreactor Foo {\n bar = new Bar();\n reaction(startup) {=\n   // do something foo like\n =}\n}</pre>\n<p>Now let us have a look on what the C++ code generator does. It will produce a file structure like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">CMakeLists.txt\nmain.cc\nBar/\n  Bar.cc\n  Bar.hh\nFoo/\n  Foo.cc\n  Foo.hh</pre>\n<p>We can ignore <code>CMakeLists.txt</code> and <code>main.cc</code> for our discussion here. The former specifies how the whole program can be build and the latter contains the <code>main()</code> function and some code that is required to get the application up and running. For each processed <code>&#x3C;file>.lf</code> file, the code generator creates a directory <code>&#x3C;file></code>. For each reactor <code>&#x3C;reactor></code> defined in <code>&#x3C;file>.lf</code>, it will create <code>&#x3C;file>/&#x3C;reactor>.cc</code> and <code>&#x3C;file>/&#x3C;reactor>.hh</code>. The header file declares a class representing the reactor like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">// Bar/Bar.hh\n\n# pragma once\n\n#include &quot;reactor-cpp/reactor-cpp.hh&quot;\n\nclass Bar : public reactor::Reacor {\n private:\n  // default actions\n  reactor::StartupAction startup {&quot;startup&quot;, this};\n  reactor::ShutdownAction shutdown {&quot;shutdown&quot;, this};\n\n public:\n  /* ... */\n\n private:\n  // reaction bodies\n  r0_body();\n};</pre>\n<p>The corresponding <code>Bar/Bar.cc</code> will look something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">#include &quot;Bar/Bar.hh&quot;\n\n/* ... */\n\nBar::r0_body() {\n  // do something bar like\n}</pre>\n<p>Similarly, <code>Foo.hh</code> and <code>Foo.cc</code> will be generated. However, since <code>Foo.lf</code> imports <code>Bar.lf</code> and instantiated the reactor <code>Bar</code> it must be made visible. This is done by an include directive in the generated code like so:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">// Foo/Foo.hh\n###\n# pragma once\n\n#include &quot;reactor-cpp/reactor-cpp.hh&quot;\n#include &quot;Bar/Bar.hh&quot;\n\nclass Foo : public reactor::Reacor {\n private:\n  // default actions\n  reactor::StartupAction startup;\n  reactor::ShutdownAction shutdown;\n\n  // reactor instances\n  Bar bar;\n public:\n  /* ... */\n\n private:\n  // reaction bodies\n  r0_body();\n};</pre>\n<h2 id=\"the-problem-with-preambles\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-problem-with-preambles\" aria-label=\"the problem with preambles permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The problem with preambles</h2>\n<p>The problems with preamble in the context of imports were already discussed in a <a href=\"https://github.com/pulls\">related issue</a>, but I would like to summarize the problem here. While the examples above worked nicely even with imports, things get messy as soon as we introduce a preamble. Let’s try this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">// Bar.lf\n\nreactor Bar {\n preamble {=\n   struct bar_t {\n     int x;\n     std::string y;\n   };\n\n   bar_t bar_func {\n     return bar_t(42, &quot;hello&quot;)\n   }\n =}\n output out:bar_t;\n reaction(startup) -&gt; out {=\n   out.set(bar_fuc());\n =}\n}</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">// Foo.lf\n\nimport Bar.lf\n\nreactor Foo\n bar = new Bar();\n reaction(bar.out) {=\n   auto&amp; value = bar.out.get();\n   std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;Received {&quot; &lt;&lt; value-&gt;x &lt;&lt; &quot;, &quot; &lt;&lt; value-&gt;y &lt;&lt; &quot;}\\n&quot;;\n =}\n}</pre>\n<p>This would be expected to print <code>Received {32, hello}</code>. However, before we can even compile this program, we need to talk about what should happen with the preamble during code generation and how the import affects it. So where should the preamble go? The first thing that comes to mind, is to embed it in the header file <code>Bar.hh</code> something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">// Bar/Bar.hh\n\n# pragma once\n\n#include &quot;reactor-cpp/reactor-cpp.hh&quot;\n\n// preamble\nstruct bar_t {\n  int x;\n  std::string y;\n};\n\nbar_t bar_func {\n  return bar_t(42, &quot;hello&quot;)\n}\n\nclass Bar : public reactor::Reacor {\n /* ... */\n};</pre>\n<p>If we embed the preamble like this and compile the program ,then the compiler is actually happy and processes all <code>*.cc</code> files without any complaints. <strong>But</strong>, there is a huge problem while linking the binary. The linker sees multiple definitions of <code>bar_func</code> and has no idea which one to use. Why is that? Well, the definition of <code>bar_func</code> is contained in a header file. This should never be done in C/C++! Since includes translate to a plain-text replacement by the preprocessor, <code>Bar.cc</code> will contain the full definition of <code>bar_func</code>. As <code>Foo.cc</code> imports <code>Foo.hh</code> which imports <code>Bar.hh</code>, also Foo.cc will contain the full definition. And since <code>main.cc</code> also has to include <code>Foo.hh</code>, <code>main.cc</code> will also contain the full definition of <code>bar_func</code>. So we have multiple definitions of the same function and the linker rightfully reports this as an error.</p>\n<p>So what should we do? We could place the preamble in <code>Bar.cc</code> instead. This ensures that only <code>Bar.cc</code> sees the definition of <code>bar_func</code>. But then the compiler complains. Neither <code>Bar.hh</code> nor <code>Foo.hh</code> see type declaration of <code>bar_t</code>. Note that there is a dependency of <code>Foo.lf</code> on the preamble in <code>Bar.lf</code>. The import system should somehow take care of this dependency! Also note that this has not appeared as a problem in C as the code generator places everything in the same compilation unit. <code>Foo</code> will see the preamble of <code>Bar</code> as long as <code>Foo</code> is generated before <code>Bar</code>.</p>\n<p>But how to solve it for C++ where the code is split in multiple compilation units (which really should be happening in C as well)? What we do at the moment is annotating the preamble with <code>private</code> and <code>public</code> keywords. This helps to split the preamble up and decide what to place in the header and what to place in the source file. For instance:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">// Bar.lf\n\nreactor Bar {\n public preamble {=\n   struct bar_t {\n     int x;\n     std::string y;\n   };\n =}\n private preamble {=\n   bar_t bar_func {\n     return bar_t(42, &quot;hello&quot;)\n   }\n =}\n output out:bar_t;\n reaction(startup) -&gt; out {=\n   out.set(bar_fuc());\n =}\n}</pre>\n<p>This makes the type <code>bar_t</code> visible as part of the public interface of <code>Bar</code>. Both the code generated for <code>Bar</code> and the code generated for <code>Foo</code> will see the definition of <code>bar_t</code>. This is realized by placing the public preamble in <code>Bar.hh</code> The function <code>bar_func</code> is part of <code>Bar</code>’s private interface. It is only visible with the reactor definition of <code>Bar</code> and is not propagated by an import. This is realized by simply placing the private preamble in <code>Bar.cc</code>. This makes the compiler finally happy and when get an executable program private and public preambles provide a mechanism to define what is propagated on an import and what is not. I think this is an important distinction even in languages other than C/C++ that do not have this weird separation of source and header file.</p>\n<p>I am sorry for this lengthy diversion into things that happened in the past where we actually want to talk about how things should work in the future. However, understanding this issue is important and when talking about other solutions we should not forget that it exists.</p>\n<h2 id=\"the-problem-with-target-properties\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-problem-with-target-properties\" aria-label=\"the problem with target properties permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The problem with target properties</h2>\n<p>It is also not well-defined what should happen with target properties when importing a <code>.lf</code> file. Apparently the common practice is simply ignoring the existence of other target declarations and only considering the target declaration of the <code>.lf</code> that contains the main reactor. I think this works reasonably well for our small programs. But it will cause problems when either programs become larger or we introduce new target properties where it is unclear what piece of code they reference. Let us have a look at the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/wiki/Writing-Reactors-in-Cpp#the-c-target-declaration\">existing target properties for C++</a>. How should those different properties be handled on an import? Which scope do they actually apply to? We haven’t really talked about this.</p>\n<p><code>fast</code>, <code>keepalive</code>, <code>threads</code> and <code>timeout</code> are easy. They apply to the main reactor. Since we do not import main reactors from other files, it is clear that we really want to use the properties defined in the main compilation unit. So our current strategy works in this case. Although there are still some subtleties. For instance, if a library file defines <code>keepalive=true</code> and <code>fast=false</code> because it uses physical actions, should any file importing this library file be allowed to override these properties. Probably not, because it doesn’t make sense if physical actions are involved. But a careless user of the library might not be aware of that. So maybe it isn’t that clear after all.</p>\n<p><code>build-type</code>, <code>cmake-include</code>, <code>compile</code>, <code>logging</code> and <code>no-runtime-validation</code> influence how the application is build. They are used for generating the <code>CMakeLists.txt</code> file. So their is quite clear: they apply to the whole compilation of the given application. Again it is a simple solution to only consider the target properties of the file containing the main reactor since this can be considered the file that ‘drives’ the compilation. But what if an imported <code>.lf</code> relies on an external library and uses the <code>cmake-include</code> property to tell CMake to look this library up, make the library header files visible and link our generated code to that library (fortunately this can be done with 2 lines in CMake). Should this target property really be ignored by our import? Probably not, because it will lead to compile errors if the author of the main <code>.lf</code> file does not configure <code>cmake-include</code> properly. So there should be some kind of merging mechanism for <code>cmake-include</code>. Should this be done for the other properties as well? I am not sure and I actually don’t know how the merging would work.</p>\n<p>So this raises a lot of questions that we currently have no answer to. I believe we need to find answers for these questions in order to create a well working import and package system. This gets only more complicated when we add more properties such as the proposed <code>files</code> directive. We should really consider what properties actually apply to and if they influence the way imports work.</p>\n<h3 id=\"the-work-in-progress\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-work-in-progress\" aria-label=\"the work in progress permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The work in progress</h3>\n<p>To be continued… I want to describe here what is happening on the <code>new_import</code> and the (potential) problems this brings.</p>\n<h3 id=\"possible-solutions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#possible-solutions\" aria-label=\"possible solutions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Possible solutions</h3>\n<p>To be continued… I would like to show a few possible solutions that have come to mind and that we discussed already.</p>\n<h2 id=\"concrete-proposal\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#concrete-proposal\" aria-label=\"concrete proposal permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Concrete proposal</h2>\n<p>With the risk of overlooking some of the issues discussed above, I’d like to outline a concrete proposal. To me, at least, it is easier to reason about these issues in a context with a few more constraints. Hopefully, this can serve as a starting point that we can tweak/adjust as needed. Note: this proposal borrows from the previous proposal written by Soroush. Based on my experience with Xtext, I have confidence that what is described below is feasible to implement.</p>\n<h3 id=\"importexport\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#importexport\" aria-label=\"importexport permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Import/export</h3>\n<ol>\n<li>One LF file can contain multiple reactor definitions.</li>\n<li>There can be at most one main reactor per file.</li>\n<li>Any reactor class defined outside of the current file has to be imported explicitly.</li>\n<li>The visibility of a reactor class can be limited using a modifier in the class definition.</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Should the default visibility be public or private? I have no strong preference either way.</em></li>\n</ul>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>An <code>import</code> statement <strong>must</strong> specify which reactor classes to import. This is necessary because if we populate a global scope using the <code>uriImport</code> mechanism, the local scope provider needs to know which definition to link to if there happen to exist multiple among the set of included files. We could <em>potentially</em> relax this constraint and only report the situation where we know for a fact that there is ambiguity and needs to be resolved by making the imports explicit. We could also deprecate the use of unqualified imports (the original syntax), therefore allow it but warn that it might not work as expected.</li>\n<li>An LF file in an <code>import</code> statement is specified by a path relative to the directory of the file in which the <code>import</code> statement occurs or relative to a series of directories in a wider search path.</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Eclipse uses <code>.project</code> files to identify the root of a project; we can look for that.</em></li>\n<li><em>We can look for our own kind of manifest files as well. These can list additional locations to search. This is compatible with the idea of developing a package system. I personally like this approach better than using an environment variable.</em></li>\n</ul>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li>I personally find fully qualified names excess generality and have never felt compelled to use them in Java. IMO, they lead to code that’s difficult to read and a pain to format. To keep things simple, I suggest we don’t support them. Instead, we should provide a mechanism for renaming imported reactor classes to avoid naming conflicts.</li>\n<li><em>Open question: do we want scope modifiers for imports? It seems that extra import statements could be used to increase visibility, so it might not be needed.</em></li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"syntax\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#syntax\" aria-label=\"syntax permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Syntax</h3>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Import := &#039;import&#039; &lt;ID&gt; &lt;Rename&gt;? (&#039;,&#039; &lt;ID&gt; &lt;Rename&gt;?)* &#039;from&#039; &lt;PATH&gt;\n\nRename := &#039;as&#039; &lt;ID&gt;</pre>\n<p><em>Note: This syntax could be extended to support packages in addition to paths. But it doesn’t make much sense to have this until we have a package manager and package registry.</em></p>\n<p><em>Current state of the discussion: one unifying syntax vs. different syntax for references to files and packages.</em></p>\n<h2 id=\"preambles\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#preambles\" aria-label=\"preambles permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Preambles</h2>\n<p>A preamble allows for the inclusion of verbatim target code that may be necessary for reactors to function. Currently, there are two scopes in which preambles can appear: (1) file scope and (2) reactor class scope. Moreover, there exist visibility modifiers to label preambles <code>private</code> or <code>public</code>. A <code>public</code> preamble is intended to contain code that is necessary for the use of a reactor that is in scope. A <code>private</code> preamble is intended to contain code that is necessary for the implementation of a reactor that is in scope. Only the C++ code generator can currently effectively separate these LF scope levels. It achieves this by putting each reactor class definition in its own file. LF file scope preambles are currently not supported by the C target, but this appears to be unintentional and would be easy to fix. Reactor class scope preambles are supported by the C target, but there is no isolation of scope; the preamble of one reactor is visible to the one defined after it. To fix this, I see two options: (1) follow the same approach as <code>CppGenerator</code> and output separate files, which also means that a Makefile has to be generated in order to compile the result, or (2) leverage block scope within a single file, but this will become complicated and make the generated C code even less humanly readable.</p>\n<p><em>We could put aside the problem of name clashes due to the absence of scope isolation in generated C code and fix this later. For the time being, the problem can be circumvented using <code>.h</code> files.</em></p>\n<h2 id=\"target-properties\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#target-properties\" aria-label=\"target properties permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Target Properties</h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Each file declares a target.</li>\n<li>All code in all reactors in the same file must agree with the specified target.</li>\n<li>Additional target properties may be specified.</li>\n<li>Target properties are not inherited through imports.</li>\n<li>Any property that needs to be inherited through an import (such as the requirement to link against the pthread library) must be specified as a build dependency instead.</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"build-dependencies\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#build-dependencies\" aria-label=\"build dependencies permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Build Dependencies</h2>\n<ol>\n<li>It must be possible to specify build dependencies, such as <code>files</code>, <code>sources</code>, and <code>protobufs</code>.</li>\n<li>We could either allow these definitions to go directly in the <code>.lf</code> file, or we could decide to specify them in a package description (i.e., separate file). We could potentially allow both.</li>\n<li>Build dependencies are inherited through imports (or from package descriptions), and they are never shadowed, always <em>joined</em>.</li>\n</ol>\n<h1 id=\"unique-reactor-names\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#unique-reactor-names\" aria-label=\"unique reactor names permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Unique Reactor Names</h1>\n<p>The new import system as described above ensures that reactor names within a single <code>.lf</code> file are unique. In case reactors with the same name are imported from different <code>.lf</code> files, the renaming mechanism needs to be used in order to resolve the name conflict. The same applies if the given <code>.lf</code> file defines some reactors and tries to import other reactors with the same name. For instance, consider the LF file in Example 1 below. In the scope of this file, three reactor declarations are visible: <code>Foo</code>, <code>Bar</code> and <code>Baz</code>, although the actual reactors have the same name <code>Foo</code>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"examples\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#examples\" aria-label=\"examples permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Examples</h2>\n<p>Throughout this section, I will be using two LF example programs. Since the markdown syntax does not provide a simple way to label and refer to code listings, I figure its easiest to place them here in a central place and refer to them later by the heading</p>\n<h3 id=\"example-1\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#example-1\" aria-label=\"example 1 permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Example 1</h3>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">\\\\ Foo.lf\nimport Foo as Bar from &quot;Bar.lf&quot;\nimport Foo as Baz from &quot;Baz.lf&quot;\n\nreactor Foo {\n  \\\\ ...\n}</pre>\n<h3 id=\"example-2\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#example-2\" aria-label=\"example 2 permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Example 2</h3>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">\\\\ Baz.lf\nreactor Foo {\n  \\\\ ...\n}</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">\\\\ Bar.lf\nimport Foo from &quot;Baz.lf&quot;\n\nreactor Foo {\n  foo = new Foo()\n  \\\\ ...\n}</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">\\\\ Foo.lf\nimport Bar from &quot;Bar.lf&quot;\nmain reactor Foo {\n  bar = new Bar()\n  \\\\ ...\n}</pre>\n<h2 id=\"unique-reactor-names-in-target-code\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#unique-reactor-names-in-target-code\" aria-label=\"unique reactor names in target code permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Unique Reactor Names in Target Code</h2>\n<p>While the mechanism above effectively ensures uniqueness in a single LF file, this uniqueness is surprisingly hard to ensure in generated target code. C has an obvious problem here as it places all generated code in a single file. While the name conflict in the above code can be solved by generating code for three reactors named <code>Bar</code>, <code>Baz</code> and <code>Foo</code>, it breaks as soon as another file of the same LF program uses <code>import Foo from \"Bar.lf\"</code>. Then there would be two definitions of the reactor <code>Foo</code> that cannot be resolved.</p>\n<p>Now you would probably expect that splitting the generated code into multiple files solves the issue, but unfortunately this is not true. If anything, it makes the problem more subtle. The C++ code generated from Example 1 would likely look something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">// Foo.hh\n#include &lt;reactor-cpp/reactor-cpp.hh&gt;\n\n#include &quot;Bar.hh&quot;\n#include &quot;Baz.hh&quot;\n\n// do the renaming\nusing Bar = Foo;\nusing Baz = Foo;\n\nclass Foo : public reactor::Reactor {\n};</pre>\n<p>This will cause a compile error as there are multiple definitions of <code>Foo</code>. While renaming is possible in C++ with the <code>using</code> keyword (<code>typedef</code> works as well), the thing being renamed needs to be already visible in the scope. So there are multiple definitions of <code>Foo</code> as all the files <code>Bar.hh</code>, <code>Baz.hh</code> and <code>Foo.hh</code> define this class. We need a mechanism to distinguish the different definitions of <code>Foo</code>.</p>\n<p>There is even another issue that stems from the fact that the semantics of imports in LF are different from the include semantics of C++. Consider the code in Example 2, which is valid LF code. Although <code>Bar.lf</code> imports <code>Foo</code> and <code>Foo.lf</code> imports from <code>Bar.lf</code>, the definition of <code>Foo</code> in <code>Baz.lf</code> is not visible in <code>Foo.lf</code>. This ‘hiding’, however, does not easily propagate to the generated code. In C, there will be an error because both definitions of <code>Foo</code> are placed in the same file. In C++, the different definitions of <code>Foo</code> are placed in different files, but there will still be an error. The generated C++ code would look something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">\\\\ Baz.hh\n#include &lt;reactor-cpp/reactor-cpp.hh&gt;\n\nclass Foo : public reactor::Reactor {\n  // ...\n};</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">\\\\ Bar.hh\n#include &lt;reactor-cpp/reactor-cpp.hh&gt;\n\n#include &quot;Baz.hh&quot;\n\nclass Bar : public reactor::Reactor {\n  Foo foo;\n  // ...\n};</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">\\\\ Foo.hh\n#include &lt;reactor-cpp/reactor-cpp.hh&gt;\n\n#include &quot;Bar.hh&quot;\n\nclass Foo : public reactor::Reactor {\n  Bar bar;\n  // ...\n};</pre>\n<p>This will produce an error due to multiple definitions of <code>Foo</code> being visible in <code>Foo.hh</code>. The problem is that any include in <code>Bar.hh</code> becomes also visible in <code>Foo.hh</code>. So there is a name clash due to the way the C++ compiler processes included and that is hard to work around.</p>\n<h2 id=\"possible-solutions-1\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#possible-solutions-1\" aria-label=\"possible solutions 1 permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Possible Solutions</h2>\n<p>In conclusion from the above section, I can say that translating the file based scoping of reactor names that we have in LF to generated target code is not trivial. Any sensible solution will need to establish a mechanism to ensure that any two distinct reactors in LF are also distinct in target code.</p>\n<h3 id=\"namespaces\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#namespaces\" aria-label=\"namespaces permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Namespaces</h3>\n<p>We could introduce some form of a namespace mechanism that allows us to derive fully-qualified names of reactors. This is the preferred solution for me (Christian). Note that by ‘namespace’ I mean any logical organization of reactors in named groups and not the precise concept of C++ namespaces. In other languages those logical groups are also referred to as modules or packages. Also note that it is only important to be able to assign a fully-qualified name to a reactor, it does not necessarily require that we refer to reactors by their fully-qualified name in LF code.</p>\n<h4 id=\"file-based-namespaces\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#file-based-namespaces\" aria-label=\"file based namespaces permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>File based namespaces</h4>\n<p>In my view, the easiest way to introduce namespaces in LF would be to leverage file system structure. Everything contained in <code>Foo.lf</code> would automatically be in the namespace <code>Foo</code>. So the FQN of a reactor <code>Foo</code> defined in <code>Foo.lf</code> would be <code>Foo.Foo</code> (or <code>Foo::Foo</code>, or some other delimiter). This would solve the name clashes in both of our examples. For Example 1, the generated code could look like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">// Foo.hh\n#include &lt;reactor-cpp/reactor-cpp.hh&gt;\n\n#include &quot;Bar.hh&quot;\n#include &quot;Baz.hh&quot;\nnamespace Foo {\n\n// do the renaming\nusing Bar = Bar::Foo;\nusing Baz = Baz::Foo;\n\nclass Foo : public reactor::Reactor {\n};\n}</pre>\n<p>For Example 2, the generated code could look like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">\\\\ Baz.hh\n#include &lt;reactor-cpp/reactor-cpp.hh&gt;\n\nnamespace Baz {\nclass Foo : public reactor::Reactor {\n  // ...\n};\n}</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">\\\\ Bar.hh\n#include &lt;reactor-cpp/reactor-cpp.hh&gt;\n\n#include &quot;Baz.hh&quot;\n\nnamespace Bar {\nusing Foo = Baz::Foo; // bring Foo in scope\n\nclass Bar : public reactor::Reactor {\n  Foo foo;\n  // ...\n};\n}</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">\\\\ Foo.hh\n#include &lt;reactor-cpp/reactor-cpp.hh&gt;\n\n#include &quot;Bar.hh&quot;\n\nnamespace Foo {\nusing Bar = Bar::Bar; // bring Bar in scope\n\nclass Foo : public reactor::Reactor {\n  Bar bar;\n  // ...\n};\n}</pre>\n<p>While this appears to be a promising solution, it is not sufficient to only consider the name of an <code>*.lf</code> file to derive the namespace\nThere could be two files <code>Foo.lf</code> in different directories that both define the reactor <code>Foo</code>. Thus, we also need to consider the directory structure and introduce hierarchical namespaces. Consider this directory tree:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">foo/\n  bar/\n    foo.lf  # defines reactor Foo\n  baz/\n    foo.lf  # defines reactor Foo</pre>\n<p>In this example, the two <code>Foo</code> reactors would have the fully qualified names <code>foo.bar.foo.Foo</code> and <code>foo.baz.foo.Foo</code>.\nIn order for this concept to work, we need the notion of a top-level namespace or directory. Naturally, this would be the package. Therefore, this namespace approach would also require a simple mechanism to define a package. For now this could be rudimentary. Simply placing an empty <code>lf.yaml</code> in the <code>foo/</code> directory in the above example would be sufficient. In addition to the notion of packages, we would also need a simple mechanism to find packages. However, since packages are something we want to have anyway, it would not hurt to start and implement a rudimentary system now.</p>\n<p>This proposal is a bit at odds with the file based import mechanism described above. While it is clear what the namespace of an <code>*.lf</code> file relative to a package directory is, it is unclear what the namespace of an arbitrary file outside a package is. Marten suggested to resolve this by using a default namespace or the global namespace whenever a *lf that is not part of a package is imported and to make the user responsible for avoiding any conflicts.</p>\n<p>We would also need to restrict the naming of files and directories and ban the usage of the namespace delimiter (<code>.</code> or <code>::</code> or some other) in file and directory names. In my opinion this is not much of a problem and common practice for many languages. If we decide to use this namespace mechanism, it would probably be better to drop the file based imports and switch to imports by FQN (e.g. <code>import Foo from foo.bar.foo</code>)</p>\n<h4 id=\"a-namespace-directive\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#a-namespace-directive\" aria-label=\"a namespace directive permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>A Namespace Directive</h4>\n<p>As an alternative to the file based namespace mechanism described above, we could also introduce a namespace directive in the LF syntax or as part of the target properties. This would effectively allow the user to specify the namespace that any reactor defined in a file should be part of. This solution would allow to augment the file based import system that we have with a namespace mechanism. It is important to note, however, that this entirely shifts the responsibility for ensuring uniqueness within a namespace to the user. When we derive namespaces from the file path as described above, we can be sure that the resulting namespace only contains unique reactors because we ensure that any LF file only contains unique reactors. If we allow the user to specify the namespace, however, there could easily be two files with the same namespace directive that both define the reactor <code>Foo</code>. This approach might also cause problems for target languages where the namespaces relate to concrete file paths such as in Rust, Python or Java.</p>\n<h3 id=\"name-mangling\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#name-mangling\" aria-label=\"name mangling permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Name Mangling</h3>\n<p>There are other mechanisms to derive unique names apart from namespaces. One that is widely used by compilers is name mangling which replaces or decorates the original name. For instance, we could simply add a number to the name of generated reactors (<code>Foo1</code>, <code>Foo2</code>, …) to distinguish multiple LF reactor definitions named <code>Foo</code>. What separates our approach from traditional compiler though, is that we are not in control of the full build process and only generate source code to be processed by another compiler. Therefore, any renaming we do when compiling LF code to target code needs to be done with care as it could easily introduce new problems because we are not aware of all the identifiers defined in a target language. For instance if our LF program uses a library that defines the class <code>Foo3</code>, adding a third definition of the reactor Foo to the program would lead to an unexpected error that is also hard to debug.</p>\n<p>Soroush also proposed to use a hashing mechanism (for instance a hash of the file name) to decorate reactor names. This would be less likely\nto clash with any names defined in some library. However, we would need to make sure that any mechanism we use for generating unique decorated names follows strict rules and generates reproducible names. This reproducibility is crucial for several reasons.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>Since even a complex name mangling mechanism has still the chance to produce name clashes with identifiers defined outside of the LF program, those clashes should not occur randomly. There should be either an error or no error on each compilation run. Nondeterministic builds are no fun to deal with.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>In case of any errors, it is crucial to be able to reproduce and compare builds across machines and platforms. A platform dependent name mangling algorithm (for instance one that hashes file paths) would make it unnecessary hard to reproduce and debug compile errors.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Somewhere in the future, we might want to be able to compile packages as libraries. Recompilation of the library should never change its API. Moreover, the name mangling algorithm should be robust in the sense that small changes in LF code do not lead to changed identifiers\nin the library API.</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p>All in all, I think it is hard to define an algorithm that generates reproducible and stable names, but maybe someone else has a good idea of how this could be achieved.</p>\n<p>Another obvious disadvantage of the name mangling approach would be that the generated code is less readable. Also any external target code that might want to reference reactors in a library compiled from LF code, would need to know and use the mangled name.</p>\n<h2 id=\"unique-reactor-names-in-our-tools\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#unique-reactor-names-in-our-tools\" aria-label=\"unique reactor names in our tools permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Unique Reactor Names in our Tools</h2>\n<p>In our last meeting (Tue 2020-08-04), I said that there are other places where we care about unique names: our tools such as the diagram view or the trace generator that I implemented for C++ and that we cannot ensure that names are unique at the moment. However, while thinking about it a bit more I realized that this is not much of an issue. Ambiguous names of reactor types are not a big problem for the diagram view. Since clicking on the nodes jumps directly to the reactor definition, the ambiguity in the names can easily be resolved.</p>\n<p>For the tracing, I realized that it is not the name of the reactor type that matters, but the name of the instance. These are unique fully-qualified names already. For instance <code>main.foo.bar.r0</code>, denotes the reaction with priority 0, of a reactor instance called <code>bar</code> that is contained by the reactor instance <code>foo</code>, which is in turn contained by the main reactor.</p>\n<h2 id=\"summary\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#summary\" aria-label=\"summary permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Summary</h2>\n<p>All in all, I think leveraging the file structure for determining the fully qualified names of reactors is the most promising solution.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>It works without any changes in our syntax. Only the code generators need to be updated to support the namespacing.</li>\n<li>In contrast to name mangling, it allows generation of readable code and also gives the programmer full control of how generated reactors are named.</li>\n<li>It fits naturally to languages that also support leveraging the file structure to create namespaces (e.g. python or rust).</li>\n</ol>","headings":[{"value":"The status quo","depth":1},{"value":"A quick dive into the C++ code generator","depth":2},{"value":"The problem with preambles","depth":2},{"value":"The problem with target properties","depth":2},{"value":"The work in progress","depth":3},{"value":"Possible solutions","depth":3},{"value":"Concrete proposal","depth":2},{"value":"Import/export","depth":3},{"value":"Syntax","depth":3},{"value":"Preambles","depth":2},{"value":"Target Properties","depth":2},{"value":"Build Dependencies","depth":2},{"value":"Unique Reactor Names","depth":1},{"value":"Examples","depth":2},{"value":"Example 1","depth":3},{"value":"Example 2","depth":3},{"value":"Unique Reactor Names in Target Code","depth":2},{"value":"Possible Solutions","depth":2},{"value":"Namespaces","depth":3},{"value":"File based namespaces","depth":4},{"value":"A Namespace Directive","depth":4},{"value":"Name Mangling","depth":3},{"value":"Unique Reactor Names in our Tools","depth":2},{"value":"Summary","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/proof-import","title":"Future Proof Package/Import System","oneline":"A future proof package and import system","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}}},"pageContext":{"slug":"/docs/handbook/proof-import","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/less-developed/Future Proof Package and Import System.md","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.015Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/reaction-declarations","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"d1fb1cbb-ee4c-5df0-9b46-15e158851131","excerpt":"Sometimes, it is inconvenient to mix Lingua Franca code with target code. Rather than defining reactions (i.e., complete with inlined target code), it is also…","html":"<p>Sometimes, it is inconvenient to mix Lingua Franca code with target code. Rather than <em>defining</em> reactions (i.e., complete with inlined target code), it is also possible to just <em>declare</em> them and provide implementations in a separate file. The syntax of reaction declarations is the same as for reaction definitions, except they have no implementation. Reaction declarations can be thought of as function prototypes.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<h2 id=\"example\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#example\" aria-label=\"example permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Example</h2>\n<p>Consider the following program that has a single reaction named <code>hello</code> and is triggered at startup.\nIt has no implementation.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  cmake-include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">hello.cmake</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">],</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  files</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">hello.c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">HelloDecl</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> hello</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>cmake-include</code> target property is used to make the build system aware of an externally supplied implementation. The contents of <code>hello.cmake</code> is as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cmake\"><span class=\"source-cmake keyword-cmake\">target_sources</span><span class=\"source-cmake\">(</span><span class=\"source-cmake storage-source-cmake\">${LF_MAIN_TARGET}</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> </span><span class=\"source-cmake entity-source-cmake\">PRIVATE</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> hello.c)</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>files</code> target property is used to make the file that has the implementation in <code>hello.c</code> accessible,\nwhich could look something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-c\"><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c keyword-control-directive-include-c punctuation-definition-directive-c\">#</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c keyword-control-directive-include-c\">include</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-c punctuation-definition-string-begin-c\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-c\">stdio.h</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-c punctuation-definition-string-end-c\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c keyword-control-directive-include-c punctuation-definition-directive-c\">#</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c keyword-control-directive-include-c\">include</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-double-include-c punctuation-definition-string-begin-c\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-double-include-c\">../include/HelloDecl/HelloDecl.h</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-double-include-c punctuation-definition-string-end-c\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">void</span><span class=\"source-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c entity-name-function-c\">hello</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">hellodecl_self_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c variable-parameter-probably-c\">self</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-c\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c entity-name-function-c\">printf</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c string-quoted-double-c punctuation-definition-string-begin-c\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c string-quoted-double-c\">Hello declaration!</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c string-quoted-double-c constant-character-escape-c\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c string-quoted-double-c punctuation-definition-string-end-c\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-c\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<h2 id=\"file-structure\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#file-structure\" aria-label=\"file structure permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>File Structure</h2>\n<p>In the above example, the C file used <code>#include</code> to import a file called <code>HelloDecl.h</code>. This file\nwas generated from the Lingua Franca source file when the LF program was compiled. The file\n<code>HelloDecl.h</code> is named after the main reactor, which is called <code>HelloDecl</code>, and its parent\ndirectory, <code>include/HelloDecl</code>, is named after the file, <code>HelloDecl.lf</code>.</p>\n<p>In general, compiling a Lingua Franca program that uses reaction declarations will always generate a\ndirectory in the <code>include</code> directory for each file in the program. This directory will contain a\nheader file for each reactor that is defined in the file.</p>\n<p>As another example, if an LF program consists of files <code>F1</code> and <code>F2</code>, where <code>F1</code> defines reactors\n<code>A</code> and <code>B</code> and <code>F2</code> defines the reactor <code>C</code> and the main reactor <code>F2</code>, then the directory structure\nwill look something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">include/\n├ F1/\n│ ├ A.h\n│ └ B.h\n└ F2/\n  ├ C.h\n  └ F2.h\nsrc/\n├ F1.lf  // defines A and B\n└ F2.lf  // defines C and F2\nsrc-gen/</pre>\n<p>There is no particular location where you are required to place your C files or your CMake files.\nFor example, you may choose to place them in a directory called <code>c</code> that is a sibling of the <code>src</code>\ndirectory.</p>\n<h2 id=\"the-generated-header-files\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-generated-header-files\" aria-label=\"the generated header files permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The Generated Header Files</h2>\n<p>The generated header files are necessary in order to separate your C code from your LF code because\nthe describe the signatures of the reaction functions that you must implement.</p>\n<p>In addition, they define structs that will be referenced by the reaction bodies. This includes the\n<code>self</code> struct of the reactor to which the header file corresponds, as well as structs for its ports,\nits actions, and the ports of its child reactors.</p>\n<p>As with preambles, programmer discipline is required to avoid breaking the deterministic semantics\nof Lingua Franca. In particular, although the information exposed in these header files allows\nregular C code to operate on ports and self structs, such information must not be saved in global or\nstatic variables.</p>\n<h2 id=\"linking-your-c-code\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#linking-your-c-code\" aria-label=\"linking your c code permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Linking Your C Code</h2>\n<p>As with any Lingua Franca project that uses external C files, projects involving external reactions\nmust use the <code>cmake-include</code> target property to link those files into the main target.</p>\n<p>This is done using the syntax</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cmake\"><span class=\"source-cmake keyword-cmake\">target_sources</span><span class=\"source-cmake\">(</span><span class=\"source-cmake storage-source-cmake\">${LF_MAIN_TARGET}</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> </span><span class=\"source-cmake entity-source-cmake\">PRIVATE</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> &lt;files&gt;)</span>\n</pre>\n<p>where <code>&#x3C;files></code> is a list of the C files you need to link, with paths given relative to the project\nroot (the parent of the <code>src</code> directory).</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<h2 id=\"example-1\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#example-1\" aria-label=\"example 1 permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Example</h2>\n<p>Consider the following program that has a single reaction named <code>hello</code> and is triggered at startup.\nIt has no implementation.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  cmake-include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">hello.cmake</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">],</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">HelloDecl</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> hello</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The behavior of the <code>hello</code> reaction is provided using a method definition in an external C++ file <code>hello.cc</code>.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cpp\"><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp punctuation-definition-directive-cpp\">#</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp\">include</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp\">HelloDecl/HelloDecl.hh</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> include the code generated reactor class</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> define the reaction implementation</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">void</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-definition-cpp\">HelloDecl</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-definition-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-definition-cpp\">Inner</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-definition-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp entity-name-function-definition-cpp\">hello</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters support-other-attribute-cpp punctuation-section-attribute-begin-cpp\">[[</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters support-other-attribute-cpp entity-other-attribute-maybe_unused-cpp\">maybe_unused</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters support-other-attribute-cpp punctuation-section-attribute-end-cpp\">]]</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp storage-modifier-specifier-const-cpp\">const</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-parameter-cpp\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-parameter-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp entity-name-type-parameter-cpp\">StartupTrigger</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp storage-modifier-reference-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp variable-parameter-cpp\">startup</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Using the <code>cmake-include</code> target property, we can make the build system aware of this externally supplied implementation. The contents of <code>hello.cmake</code> is as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cmake\"><span class=\"source-cmake keyword-cmake\">target_sources</span><span class=\"source-cmake\">(</span><span class=\"source-cmake storage-source-cmake\">${LF_MAIN_TARGET}</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> </span><span class=\"source-cmake entity-source-cmake\">PRIVATE</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> hello.cc)</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Note that this mechanism can be used to add arbitrary additional resources such as additional headers and implementation files or 3rd party libraries to the compilation.</p>\n<h2 id=\"header-files-and-method-signatures\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#header-files-and-method-signatures\" aria-label=\"header files and method signatures permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Header Files and Method Signatures</h2>\n<p>In order to provide an implementation of a reaction method, it is important to know the header file that declares the reactor class as well as the precise signature of the method implementing the reaction body.</p>\n<p>The LF compiler generates a header file for each reactor that gets defined in LF code. The header file is named after the corresponding reactor and prefixed by the path to the LF file that defines the reactor. Consider the following example project structure:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">src/\n├ A.lf   // defines Foo\n└ sub/\n  └ B.lf // defines Bar</pre>\n<p>In this case, the compiler will generate two header files <code>A/Foo.hh</code> and <code>sub/B/Bar.hh</code>, which would need to be included by an external implementation file.</p>\n<p>The precise method signature depends on the name of the reactor, the name of the reactions, and the precise triggers, sources, and effects that are defined in the LF code.\nThe return type is always void. A reaction <code>foo</code> in a reactor <code>Bar</code> will be named <code>Bar::Inner::foo</code>. Note that each reactor class in the C++ target defines an <code>Inner</code> class which contains all reactions as well as the parameters and state variables. This is done to deliberately restrict the scope of reaction bodies in order to avoid accidental violations of reactor semantics.\nAny declared triggers, sources or effects are given to the reaction method via method arguments. The precise arguments and their types depend on the LF code. If in doubt, please check the signature used in the generated header file under <code>src-gen/&#x3C;lf-file></code>, where <code>&#x3C;lf-file></code> corresponds to the LF file that you are compiling.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not currently support reaction declarations.</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Example","depth":2},{"value":"File Structure","depth":2},{"value":"The Generated Header Files","depth":2},{"value":"Linking Your C Code","depth":2},{"value":"Example","depth":2},{"value":"Header Files and Method Signatures","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/reaction-declarations","title":"Reaction Declarations","oneline":"Reaction declarations in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}}},"pageContext":{"slug":"/docs/handbook/reaction-declarations","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Reaction Declarations.md","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-19T17:23:16.963Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/reaction-declarations","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"9562e9fd-8d70-5f52-b5b1-0a79a3e238c2","excerpt":"Sometimes, it is inconvenient to mix Lingua Franca code with target code. Rather than defining reactions (i.e., complete with inlined target code), it is also…","html":"<p>Sometimes, it is inconvenient to mix Lingua Franca code with target code. Rather than <em>defining</em> reactions (i.e., complete with inlined target code), it is also possible to just <em>declare</em> them and provide implementations in a separate file. The syntax of reaction declarations is the same as for reaction definitions, except they have no implementation. Reaction declarations can be thought of as function prototypes.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<h2 id=\"example\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#example\" aria-label=\"example permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Example</h2>\n<p>Consider the following program that has a single reaction named <code>hello</code> and is triggered at startup.\nIt has no implementation.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  cmake-include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">hello.cmake</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">],</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  files</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">hello.c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">HelloDecl</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> hello</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>cmake-include</code> target property is used to make the build system aware of an externally supplied implementation. The contents of <code>hello.cmake</code> is as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cmake\"><span class=\"source-cmake keyword-cmake\">target_sources</span><span class=\"source-cmake\">(</span><span class=\"source-cmake storage-source-cmake\">${LF_MAIN_TARGET}</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> </span><span class=\"source-cmake entity-source-cmake\">PRIVATE</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> hello.c)</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>files</code> target property is used to make the file that has the implementation in <code>hello.c</code> accessible,\nwhich could look something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-c\"><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c keyword-control-directive-include-c punctuation-definition-directive-c\">#</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c keyword-control-directive-include-c\">include</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-c punctuation-definition-string-begin-c\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-c\">stdio.h</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-c punctuation-definition-string-end-c\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c keyword-control-directive-include-c punctuation-definition-directive-c\">#</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c keyword-control-directive-include-c\">include</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-double-include-c punctuation-definition-string-begin-c\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-double-include-c\">../include/HelloDecl/HelloDecl.h</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-double-include-c punctuation-definition-string-end-c\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">void</span><span class=\"source-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c entity-name-function-c\">hello</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">hellodecl_self_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c variable-parameter-probably-c\">self</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-c\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c entity-name-function-c\">printf</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c string-quoted-double-c punctuation-definition-string-begin-c\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c string-quoted-double-c\">Hello declaration!</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c string-quoted-double-c constant-character-escape-c\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c string-quoted-double-c punctuation-definition-string-end-c\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-c\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<h2 id=\"file-structure\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#file-structure\" aria-label=\"file structure permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>File Structure</h2>\n<p>In the above example, the C file used <code>#include</code> to import a file called <code>HelloDecl.h</code>. This file\nwas generated from the Lingua Franca source file when the LF program was compiled. The file\n<code>HelloDecl.h</code> is named after the main reactor, which is called <code>HelloDecl</code>, and its parent\ndirectory, <code>include/HelloDecl</code>, is named after the file, <code>HelloDecl.lf</code>.</p>\n<p>In general, compiling a Lingua Franca program that uses reaction declarations will always generate a\ndirectory in the <code>include</code> directory for each file in the program. This directory will contain a\nheader file for each reactor that is defined in the file.</p>\n<p>As another example, if an LF program consists of files <code>F1</code> and <code>F2</code>, where <code>F1</code> defines reactors\n<code>A</code> and <code>B</code> and <code>F2</code> defines the reactor <code>C</code> and the main reactor <code>F2</code>, then the directory structure\nwill look something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">include/\n├ F1/\n│ ├ A.h\n│ └ B.h\n└ F2/\n  ├ C.h\n  └ F2.h\nsrc/\n├ F1.lf  // defines A and B\n└ F2.lf  // defines C and F2\nsrc-gen/</pre>\n<p>There is no particular location where you are required to place your C files or your CMake files.\nFor example, you may choose to place them in a directory called <code>c</code> that is a sibling of the <code>src</code>\ndirectory.</p>\n<h2 id=\"the-generated-header-files\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-generated-header-files\" aria-label=\"the generated header files permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The Generated Header Files</h2>\n<p>The generated header files are necessary in order to separate your C code from your LF code because\nthe describe the signatures of the reaction functions that you must implement.</p>\n<p>In addition, they define structs that will be referenced by the reaction bodies. This includes the\n<code>self</code> struct of the reactor to which the header file corresponds, as well as structs for its ports,\nits actions, and the ports of its child reactors.</p>\n<p>As with preambles, programmer discipline is required to avoid breaking the deterministic semantics\nof Lingua Franca. In particular, although the information exposed in these header files allows\nregular C code to operate on ports and self structs, such information must not be saved in global or\nstatic variables.</p>\n<h2 id=\"linking-your-c-code\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#linking-your-c-code\" aria-label=\"linking your c code permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Linking Your C Code</h2>\n<p>As with any Lingua Franca project that uses external C files, projects involving external reactions\nmust use the <code>cmake-include</code> target property to link those files into the main target.</p>\n<p>This is done using the syntax</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cmake\"><span class=\"source-cmake keyword-cmake\">target_sources</span><span class=\"source-cmake\">(</span><span class=\"source-cmake storage-source-cmake\">${LF_MAIN_TARGET}</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> </span><span class=\"source-cmake entity-source-cmake\">PRIVATE</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> &lt;files&gt;)</span>\n</pre>\n<p>where <code>&#x3C;files></code> is a list of the C files you need to link, with paths given relative to the project\nroot (the parent of the <code>src</code> directory).</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<h2 id=\"example-1\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#example-1\" aria-label=\"example 1 permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Example</h2>\n<p>Consider the following program that has a single reaction named <code>hello</code> and is triggered at startup.\nIt has no implementation.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  cmake-include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">hello.cmake</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">],</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">HelloDecl</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> hello</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The behavior of the <code>hello</code> reaction is provided using a method definition in an external C++ file <code>hello.cc</code>.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cpp\"><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp punctuation-definition-directive-cpp\">#</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp\">include</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp\">HelloDecl/HelloDecl.hh</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> include the code generated reactor class</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> define the reaction implementation</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">void</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-definition-cpp\">HelloDecl</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-definition-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-definition-cpp\">Inner</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-definition-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp entity-name-function-definition-cpp\">hello</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters support-other-attribute-cpp punctuation-section-attribute-begin-cpp\">[[</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters support-other-attribute-cpp entity-other-attribute-maybe_unused-cpp\">maybe_unused</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters support-other-attribute-cpp punctuation-section-attribute-end-cpp\">]]</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp storage-modifier-specifier-const-cpp\">const</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-parameter-cpp\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-parameter-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp entity-name-type-parameter-cpp\">StartupTrigger</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp storage-modifier-reference-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp variable-parameter-cpp\">startup</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Using the <code>cmake-include</code> target property, we can make the build system aware of this externally supplied implementation. The contents of <code>hello.cmake</code> is as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cmake\"><span class=\"source-cmake keyword-cmake\">target_sources</span><span class=\"source-cmake\">(</span><span class=\"source-cmake storage-source-cmake\">${LF_MAIN_TARGET}</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> </span><span class=\"source-cmake entity-source-cmake\">PRIVATE</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> hello.cc)</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Note that this mechanism can be used to add arbitrary additional resources such as additional headers and implementation files or 3rd party libraries to the compilation.</p>\n<h2 id=\"header-files-and-method-signatures\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#header-files-and-method-signatures\" aria-label=\"header files and method signatures permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Header Files and Method Signatures</h2>\n<p>In order to provide an implementation of a reaction method, it is important to know the header file that declares the reactor class as well as the precise signature of the method implementing the reaction body.</p>\n<p>The LF compiler generates a header file for each reactor that gets defined in LF code. The header file is named after the corresponding reactor and prefixed by the path to the LF file that defines the reactor. Consider the following example project structure:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">src/\n├ A.lf   // defines Foo\n└ sub/\n  └ B.lf // defines Bar</pre>\n<p>In this case, the compiler will generate two header files <code>A/Foo.hh</code> and <code>sub/B/Bar.hh</code>, which would need to be included by an external implementation file.</p>\n<p>The precise method signature depends on the name of the reactor, the name of the reactions, and the precise triggers, sources, and effects that are defined in the LF code.\nThe return type is always void. A reaction <code>foo</code> in a reactor <code>Bar</code> will be named <code>Bar::Inner::foo</code>. Note that each reactor class in the C++ target defines an <code>Inner</code> class which contains all reactions as well as the parameters and state variables. This is done to deliberately restrict the scope of reaction bodies in order to avoid accidental violations of reactor semantics.\nAny declared triggers, sources or effects are given to the reaction method via method arguments. The precise arguments and their types depend on the LF code. If in doubt, please check the signature used in the generated header file under <code>src-gen/&#x3C;lf-file></code>, where <code>&#x3C;lf-file></code> corresponds to the LF file that you are compiling.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not currently support reaction declarations.</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Example","depth":2},{"value":"File Structure","depth":2},{"value":"The Generated Header Files","depth":2},{"value":"Linking Your C Code","depth":2},{"value":"Example","depth":2},{"value":"Header Files and Method Signatures","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/reaction-declarations","title":"Reaction Declarations","oneline":"Reaction declarations in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}}},"pageContext":{"slug":"/docs/handbook/reaction-declarations","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Reaction Declarations.md","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/reactions","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"2b9bd983-bdd4-5b68-a530-c100397dfac2","excerpt":"Reaction Declaration A reaction declaration has the following form: Each reaction declares its triggers, uses, and effects: The triggers field can be a comma…","html":"<h2 id=\"reaction-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reaction-declaration\" aria-label=\"reaction declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reaction Declaration</h2>\n<p>A reaction declaration has the following form:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> [&lt;name&gt;] (&lt;triggers&gt;) [&lt;uses&gt;] [</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;effects&gt;] [{</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> body </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}]</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Each reaction declares its triggers, uses, and effects:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>The <strong>triggers</strong> field can be a comma-separated list of input ports, <a href=\"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors#hierarchy\">output ports of contained reactors</a>, <a href=\"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers#timers\">timers</a>, <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions\">actions</a>, or the special events $startup$, $shutdown$, and $reset$ (explained <a href=\"#startup-shutdown-and-reset-reactions\">here</a>). There must be at least one trigger for each reaction.</li>\n<li>The <strong>uses</strong> field, which is optional, specifies input ports (or output ports of contained reactors) that do not trigger execution of the reaction but may be read by the reaction.</li>\n<li>The <strong>effects</strong> field, which is also optional, is a comma-separated lists of output ports ports, input ports of contained reactors, or <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions\">actions</a>.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Reactions may optionally be named. The name is cosmetic and may serve as additional documentation. Note that reactions cannot be called like functions, even if they are named.</p>\n<p>The reaction’s behavior is defined by its body, which should be given in the target programming language. Note that the reaction body may only read from actions and ports that it has declared as triggers or uses, and it may only write to actions and ports that is has declared as an effect. The target code generators implement a scoping mechanism, such that only variables that are declared in the reaction signature are accessible in the reaction body.</p>\n<p>In some targets, the reaction body may be omitted and the body can be defined natively in the target language in an external file. See the section on <a href=\"#bodyless-reactions\">Bodyless Reactions</a> for details.</p>\n<h2 id=\"reaction-order\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reaction-order\" aria-label=\"reaction order permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reaction Order</h2>\n<p>A reactor may have multiple reactions, and more than one reaction may be enabled at any given tag. In Lingua Franca semantics, if two or more reactions of the same reactor are <strong>simultaneously enabled</strong>, then they will be invoked sequentially in the order in which they are declared. More strongly, the reactions of a reactor are <strong>mutually exclusive</strong> and are invoked in tag order primarily and declaration order secondarily. Consider the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Alignment)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">secs</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Alignment</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t1(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t2(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t4(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">400</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">400</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t1) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t2) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">-=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t4) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">s = </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> s</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Alignment</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t1(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t2(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t4(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">400</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">400</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t1) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    s </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t2) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    s </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">-=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t4) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">s = </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">to_string</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">secs</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Alignment</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t1(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t2(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t4(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">400</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">400</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t1) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t2) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">-=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t4) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">s = </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> s</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Alignment</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t1(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t2(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t4(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">400</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">400</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t1) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t2) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">-=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">2</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t4) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">s = </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">secs</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Alignment</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t1(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t2(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t4(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">400</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">400</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t1) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.s </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t2) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.s </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">-=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t4) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">s = {}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.s);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Alignment)$</p>\n<p>Every 100 ms, this increments the state variable <code>s</code> by 1, every 200 ms, it decrements <code>s</code> by 2, and every 400 ms, it prints the value of <code>s</code>. When these reactions align, they are invoked in declaration order, and, as a result, the printed value of <code>s</code> is always 0.</p>\n<h2 id=\"overwriting-outputs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#overwriting-outputs\" aria-label=\"overwriting outputs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Overwriting Outputs</h2>\n<p>Just as the reactions of the <code>Alignment</code> reactor overwrite the state variable <code>s</code>, logically simultaneous reactions can overwrite outputs. Consider the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Overwriting)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t1(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t2(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t1) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t2) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">-=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t1(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t2(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t1) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    s </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t2) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    s </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">-=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t1(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t2(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t1) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t2) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">-=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t1(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t2(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t1) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t2) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">-=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">2</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t1(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t2(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t1) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.s </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">y, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.s);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t2) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.s </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">-=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">y, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.s);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Overwriting)$</p>\n<p>Here, the reaction to <code>t1</code> will set the output to 1 or 2, but every time it sets it to 2, the second reaction (to <code>t2</code>) will overwrite the output with the value 0. As a consequence, the outputs will be 1, 0, 1, 0, … deterministically.</p>\n<h2 id=\"reacting-to-outputs-of-contained-reactors\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reacting-to-outputs-of-contained-reactors\" aria-label=\"reacting to outputs of contained reactors permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reacting to Outputs of Contained Reactors</h2>\n<p>A reaction may be triggered by the an input to the reactor, but also by an output of a contained reactor, as illustrated in the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Contained)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Overwriting.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-logical-cpp\">&amp;&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_print_error_and_exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Outputs should only be 0 or 1!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Overwriting.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> is_correct </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-definition-capture-begin-lambda-cpp\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-definition-capture-end-lambda-cpp\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters-lambda-cpp punctuation-definition-parameters-begin-lambda-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters-lambda-cpp meta-parameter-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters-lambda-cpp meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters-lambda-cpp meta-parameter-cpp variable-parameter-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters-lambda-cpp punctuation-definition-parameters-end-lambda-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-lambda-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp keyword-control-return-cpp\">return</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp\"> value </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp keyword-operator-logical-cpp\">||</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp\"> value </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-lambda-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-logical-cpp\">&amp;&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-logical-cpp\">!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">is_correct</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Output shoudl only be 0 or 1!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Overwriting.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-comparison-python\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-logical-python\">and</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-comparison-python\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">sys</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">stderr</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">write</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">ERROR: Outputs should only be 0 or 1!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python constant-character-escape-python\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Overwriting.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-dom-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-logical-ts\">&amp;&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-dom-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">requestErrorStop</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Outputs should only be 0 or 1!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Overwriting.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> value </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">s__y).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">unwrap</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> value </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-comparison-rust\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-comparison-rust\">&amp;&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> value </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-comparison-rust\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">eprintln!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Output schould only be 0 or 1!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">request_stop</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">Asap);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Contained)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/664a20244a195c769a48b828fc063c97/Contained.svg\" width=\"300\">\n<p>This instantiates the above <code>Overwriting</code> reactor and monitors its outputs.</p>\n<h2 id=\"triggering-contained-reactors\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#triggering-contained-reactors\" aria-label=\"triggering contained reactors permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Triggering Contained Reactors</h2>\n<p>A reaction can set the input of a contained reactor, thereby triggering its reactions, as illustrated in the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Triggering)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Inside</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Inside</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Inside</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">to_string</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Inside</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Inside</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Inside</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py invalid-deprecated-semicolon-python\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Inside</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Received ${x}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Inside</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-dom-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">42</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Inside</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Received {}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">, ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">x).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">unwrap</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">));</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Inside</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">i__x, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Triggering)$</p>\n<p>The reaction to $startup$ declares the input port of the inside reactor as an effect and then sets it with value 42.\nThis will cause the inside reactor’s reaction to execute and print <code>Received 42</code>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"startup-shutdown-and-reset-reactions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#startup-shutdown-and-reset-reactions\" aria-label=\"startup shutdown and reset reactions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Startup, Shutdown, and Reset Reactions</h2>\n<p>Reactions may be triggered by the special events $startup$, $shutdown$, or $reset$.\nFor example,</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// ... Do something</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>A reaction to $startup$ is triggered at the very first tag when the program begins (or, if within a mode of a <a href=\"/docs/handbook/modal-models\">modal reactor</a>, when the mode is first entered).\nThis reaction will be logically simultaneous with reactions to <a href=\"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers\">timers</a> that have a zero offset.\nAs usual, for logically simultaneous reactions declared within the same reactor, the order in which they are invoked will be governed by the order in which they are declared.</p>\n<p>A reaction to $shutdown$ is invoked at program termination.\nSee the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/termination\">Termination</a> section for details.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>Reactions to the $reset$ event are not supported in $target-language$ because <a href=\"/docs/handbook/modal-models\">modal reactors</a> are not supported.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py\">\n<p>A reaction to the $reset$ event is invoked if the reaction or reactor is within a mode of a <a href=\"/docs/handbook/modal-models\">modal reactor</a> and the mode is entered via a reset transition.\nFor details, see the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/modal-models\">Modal Reactors</a> section.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"bodyless-reactions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#bodyless-reactions\" aria-label=\"bodyless reactions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Bodyless Reactions</h2>\n<p>Sometimes, it is inconvenient to mix Lingua Franca code with target code. Rather than <em>defining</em> reactions (i.e., complete with inlined target code), it is also possible to just <em>declare</em> them and provide implementations in a separate file. The syntax of reaction declarations is the same as for reaction definitions, except they have no implementation. Reaction declarations can be thought of as function prototypes.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<h3 id=\"example\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#example\" aria-label=\"example permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Example</h3>\n<p>Consider the following program that has a single reaction named <code>hello</code> and is triggered at startup.\nIt has no implementation.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  cmake-include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">hello.cmake</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">],</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  files</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">hello.c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">HelloDecl</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> hello</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>cmake-include</code> target property is used to make the build system aware of an externally supplied implementation. The contents of <code>hello.cmake</code> is as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cmake\"><span class=\"source-cmake keyword-cmake\">target_sources</span><span class=\"source-cmake\">(</span><span class=\"source-cmake storage-source-cmake\">${LF_MAIN_TARGET}</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> </span><span class=\"source-cmake entity-source-cmake\">PRIVATE</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> hello.c)</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>files</code> target property is used to make accessible the file that has the implementation in `hello.c,\nwhich could look something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-c\"><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c keyword-control-directive-include-c punctuation-definition-directive-c\">#</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c keyword-control-directive-include-c\">include</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-c punctuation-definition-string-begin-c\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-c\">stdio.h</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-c punctuation-definition-string-end-c\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c keyword-control-directive-include-c punctuation-definition-directive-c\">#</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c keyword-control-directive-include-c\">include</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-double-include-c punctuation-definition-string-begin-c\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-double-include-c\">../include/HelloDecl/HelloDecl.h</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-double-include-c punctuation-definition-string-end-c\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">void</span><span class=\"source-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c entity-name-function-c\">hello</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">hellodecl_self_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c variable-parameter-probably-c\">self</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-c\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c entity-name-function-c\">printf</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c string-quoted-double-c punctuation-definition-string-begin-c\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c string-quoted-double-c\">Hello declaration!</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c string-quoted-double-c constant-character-escape-c\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c string-quoted-double-c punctuation-definition-string-end-c\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-c\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"file-structure\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#file-structure\" aria-label=\"file structure permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>File Structure</h3>\n<p>In the above example, the C file uses <code>#include</code> to import a file called <code>HelloDecl.h</code>. The <code>HelloDecl.h</code> file\nis generated from the Lingua Franca source file when the LF program is compiled. The file\n<code>HelloDecl.h</code> is named after the main reactor, which is called <code>HelloDecl</code>, and its parent\ndirectory, <code>include/HelloDecl</code>, is named after the file, <code>HelloDecl.lf</code>.</p>\n<p>In general, compiling a Lingua Franca program that uses reaction declarations will always generate a\ndirectory in the <code>include</code> directory for each file in the program. This directory will contain a\nheader file for each reactor that is defined in the file.</p>\n<p>As another example, if an LF program consists of files <code>F1.lf</code> and <code>F2.lf</code>, where <code>F1.lf</code> defines reactors\n<code>A</code> and <code>B</code> and <code>F2.lf</code> defines the reactor <code>C</code> and the main reactor <code>F2</code>, then the directory structure\nwill look something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">include/\n├ F1/\n│ ├ A.h\n│ └ B.h\n└ F2/\n  ├ C.h\n  └ F2.h\nsrc/\n├ F1.lf  // defines A and B\n└ F2.lf  // defines C and F2\nsrc-gen/</pre>\n<p>There is no particular location where you are required to place your C files or your CMake files.\nFor example, you may choose to place them in a directory called <code>c</code> that is a sibling of the <code>src</code>\ndirectory.</p>\n<h3 id=\"the-generated-header-files\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-generated-header-files\" aria-label=\"the generated header files permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The Generated Header Files</h3>\n<p>The generated header files are necessary in order to separate your C code from your LF code because\nthey describe the signatures of the reaction functions that you must implement.</p>\n<p>In addition, they define structs that will be referenced by the reaction bodies. This includes the\n<code>self</code> struct of the reactor to which the header file corresponds, as well as structs for its ports,\nits actions, and the ports of its child reactors.</p>\n<p>As with preambles, programmer discipline is required to avoid breaking the deterministic semantics\nof Lingua Franca. In particular, although the information exposed in these header files allows\nregular C code to operate on ports and self structs, such information must not be saved in global or\nstatic variables.</p>\n<h3 id=\"linking-your-c-code\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#linking-your-c-code\" aria-label=\"linking your c code permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Linking Your C Code</h3>\n<p>As with any Lingua Franca project that uses external C files, projects involving external reactions\nmust use the <code>cmake-include</code> target property to link those files into the main target.</p>\n<p>The file referenced by the <code>cmake-include</code> target property has the following syntax:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cmake\"><span class=\"source-cmake keyword-cmake\">target_sources</span><span class=\"source-cmake\">(</span><span class=\"source-cmake storage-source-cmake\">${LF_MAIN_TARGET}</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> </span><span class=\"source-cmake entity-source-cmake\">PRIVATE</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> &lt;files&gt;)</span>\n</pre>\n<p>where <code>&#x3C;files></code> is a list of the C files you need to link, with paths given relative to the project\nroot (the parent of the <code>src</code> directory).</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<h3 id=\"example-1\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#example-1\" aria-label=\"example 1 permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Example</h3>\n<p>Consider the following program that has a single reaction named <code>hello</code> and is triggered at startup.\nIt has no implementation.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  cmake-include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">hello.cmake</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">],</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">HelloDecl</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> hello</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The behavior of the <code>hello</code> reaction is provided using a method definition in an external C++ file <code>hello.cc</code>.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cpp\"><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp punctuation-definition-directive-cpp\">#</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp\">include</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp\">HelloDecl/HelloDecl.hh</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> include the code generated reactor class</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> define the reaction implementation</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">void</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-definition-cpp\">HelloDecl</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-definition-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-definition-cpp\">Inner</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-definition-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp entity-name-function-definition-cpp\">hello</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters support-other-attribute-cpp punctuation-section-attribute-begin-cpp\">[[</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters support-other-attribute-cpp entity-other-attribute-maybe_unused-cpp\">maybe_unused</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters support-other-attribute-cpp punctuation-section-attribute-end-cpp\">]]</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp storage-modifier-specifier-const-cpp\">const</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-parameter-cpp\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-parameter-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp entity-name-type-parameter-cpp\">StartupTrigger</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp storage-modifier-reference-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp variable-parameter-cpp\">startup</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Using the <code>cmake-include</code> target property, we can make the build system aware of this externally supplied implementation. The contents of <code>hello.cmake</code> is as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cmake\"><span class=\"source-cmake keyword-cmake\">target_sources</span><span class=\"source-cmake\">(</span><span class=\"source-cmake storage-source-cmake\">${LF_MAIN_TARGET}</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> </span><span class=\"source-cmake entity-source-cmake\">PRIVATE</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> hello.cc)</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Note that this mechanism can be used to add arbitrary additional resources such as additional headers and implementation files or 3rd party libraries to the compilation.</p>\n<h3 id=\"header-files-and-method-signatures\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#header-files-and-method-signatures\" aria-label=\"header files and method signatures permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Header Files and Method Signatures</h3>\n<p>In order to provide an implementation of a reaction method, it is important to know the header file that declares the reactor class as well as the precise signature of the method implementing the reaction body.</p>\n<p>The LF compiler generates a header file for each reactor that gets defined in LF code. The header file is named after the corresponding reactor and prefixed by the path to the LF file that defines the reactor. Consider the following example project structure:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">src/\n├ A.lf   // defines Foo\n└ sub/\n  └ B.lf // defines Bar</pre>\n<p>In this case, the compiler will generate two header files <code>A/Foo.hh</code> and <code>sub/B/Bar.hh</code>, which would need to be included by an external implementation file.</p>\n<p>The precise method signature depends on the name of the reactor, the name of the reactions, and the precise triggers, sources, and effects that are defined in the LF code.\nThe return type is always void. A reaction <code>foo</code> in a reactor <code>Bar</code> will be named <code>Bar::Inner::foo</code>. Note that each reactor class in the C++ target defines an <code>Inner</code> class which contains all reactions as well as the parameters and state variables. This is done to deliberately restrict the scope of reaction bodies in order to avoid accidental violations of reactor semantics.\nAny declared triggers, sources or effects are given to the reaction method via method arguments. The precise arguments and their types depend on the LF code. If in doubt, please check the signature used in the generated header file under <code>src-gen/&#x3C;lf-file></code>, where <code>&#x3C;lf-file></code> corresponds to the LF file that you are compiling.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not currently support reaction declarations.</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Reaction Declaration","depth":2},{"value":"Reaction Order","depth":2},{"value":"Overwriting Outputs","depth":2},{"value":"Reacting to Outputs of Contained Reactors","depth":2},{"value":"Triggering Contained Reactors","depth":2},{"value":"Startup, Shutdown, and Reset Reactions","depth":2},{"value":"Bodyless Reactions","depth":2},{"value":"Example","depth":3},{"value":"File Structure","depth":3},{"value":"The Generated Header Files","depth":3},{"value":"Linking Your C Code","depth":3},{"value":"Example","depth":3},{"value":"Header Files and Method Signatures","depth":3}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/reactions","title":"Reactions","oneline":"Reactions in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Composing Reactors","oneline":"Composing reactors in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Methods","oneline":"Methods in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/methods"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-reactions","slug":"/docs/handbook/reactions","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Reactions.md","previousID":"e10dcb67-476a-59a9-9c74-e21a7a60d142","nextID":"a69352de-cc8c-5d5e-b14b-d6237a951c5e","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-19T17:23:16.963Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/reactions","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"1432f795-b6dc-5a03-84b2-2f09c3c01d21","excerpt":"Reaction Declaration A reaction declaration has the following form: Each reaction declares its triggers, uses, and effects: The triggers field can be a comma…","html":"<h2 id=\"reaction-declaration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reaction-declaration\" aria-label=\"reaction declaration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reaction Declaration</h2>\n<p>A reaction declaration has the following form:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> [&lt;name&gt;] (&lt;triggers&gt;) [&lt;uses&gt;] [</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;effects&gt;] [{</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> body </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}]</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Each reaction declares its triggers, uses, and effects:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>The <strong>triggers</strong> field can be a comma-separated list of input ports, <a href=\"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors#hierarchy\">output ports of contained reactors</a>, <a href=\"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers#timers\">timers</a>, <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions\">actions</a>, or the special events $startup$, $shutdown$, and $reset$ (explained <a href=\"#startup-shutdown-and-reset-reactions\">here</a>). There must be at least one trigger for each reaction.</li>\n<li>The <strong>uses</strong> field, which is optional, specifies input ports (or output ports of contained reactors) that do not trigger execution of the reaction but may be read by the reaction.</li>\n<li>The <strong>effects</strong> field, which is also optional, is a comma-separated lists of output ports ports, input ports of contained reactors, or <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions\">actions</a>.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Reactions may optionally be named. The name is cosmetic and may serve as additional documentation. Note that reactions cannot be called like functions, even if they are named.</p>\n<p>The reaction’s behavior is defined by its body, which should be given in the target programming language. Note that the reaction body may only read from actions and ports that it has declared as triggers or uses, and it may only write to actions and ports that is has declared as an effect. The target code generators implement a scoping mechanism, such that only variables that are declared in the reaction signature are accessible in the reaction body.</p>\n<p>In some targets, the reaction body may be omitted and the body can be defined natively in the target language in an external file. See the section on <a href=\"#bodyless-reactions\">Bodyless Reactions</a> for details.</p>\n<h2 id=\"reaction-order\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reaction-order\" aria-label=\"reaction order permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reaction Order</h2>\n<p>A reactor may have multiple reactions, and more than one reaction may be enabled at any given tag. In Lingua Franca semantics, if two or more reactions of the same reactor are <strong>simultaneously enabled</strong>, then they will be invoked sequentially in the order in which they are declared. More strongly, the reactions of a reactor are <strong>mutually exclusive</strong> and are invoked in tag order primarily and declaration order secondarily. Consider the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Alignment)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">secs</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Alignment</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t1(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t2(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t4(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">400</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">400</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t1) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t2) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">-=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t4) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">s = </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> s</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Alignment</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t1(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t2(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t4(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">400</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">400</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t1) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    s </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t2) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    s </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">-=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t4) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">s = </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">to_string</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">secs</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Alignment</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t1(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t2(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t4(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">400</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">400</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t1) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t2) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">-=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t4) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">s = </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> s</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Alignment</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t1(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t2(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t4(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">400</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">400</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t1) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t2) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">-=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">2</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t4) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">s = </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">secs</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Alignment</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t1(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t2(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t4(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">400</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">400</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t1) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.s </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t2) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.s </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">-=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t4) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">s = {}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.s);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Alignment)$</p>\n<p>Every 100 ms, this increments the state variable <code>s</code> by 1, every 200 ms, it decrements <code>s</code> by 2, and every 400 ms, it prints the value of <code>s</code>. When these reactions align, they are invoked in declaration order, and, as a result, the printed value of <code>s</code> is always 0.</p>\n<h2 id=\"overwriting-outputs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#overwriting-outputs\" aria-label=\"overwriting outputs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Overwriting Outputs</h2>\n<p>Just as the reactions of the <code>Alignment</code> reactor overwrite the state variable <code>s</code>, logically simultaneous reactions can overwrite outputs. Consider the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Overwriting)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t1(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t2(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t1) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t2) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">-=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t1(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t2(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t1) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    s </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t2) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    s </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">-=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t1(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t2(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t1) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t2) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">-=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t1(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t2(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t1) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t2) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">-=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">2</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">s</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t1(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t2(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t1) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.s </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">y, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.s);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t2) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.s </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">-=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">y, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.s);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Overwriting)$</p>\n<p>Here, the reaction to <code>t1</code> will set the output to 1 or 2, but every time it sets it to 2, the second reaction (to <code>t2</code>) will overwrite the output with the value 0. As a consequence, the outputs will be 1, 0, 1, 0, … deterministically.</p>\n<h2 id=\"reacting-to-outputs-of-contained-reactors\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reacting-to-outputs-of-contained-reactors\" aria-label=\"reacting to outputs of contained reactors permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reacting to Outputs of Contained Reactors</h2>\n<p>A reaction may be triggered by the an input to the reactor, but also by an output of a contained reactor, as illustrated in the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Contained)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Overwriting.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-logical-cpp\">&amp;&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_print_error_and_exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Outputs should only be 0 or 1!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Overwriting.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> is_correct </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-definition-capture-begin-lambda-cpp\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-definition-capture-end-lambda-cpp\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters-lambda-cpp punctuation-definition-parameters-begin-lambda-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters-lambda-cpp meta-parameter-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters-lambda-cpp meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters-lambda-cpp meta-parameter-cpp variable-parameter-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters-lambda-cpp punctuation-definition-parameters-end-lambda-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-lambda-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp keyword-control-return-cpp\">return</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp\"> value </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp keyword-operator-logical-cpp\">||</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp\"> value </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-function-definition-body-lambda-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-lambda-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-logical-cpp\">&amp;&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-logical-cpp\">!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">is_correct</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Output shoudl only be 0 or 1!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Overwriting.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-comparison-python\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-logical-python\">and</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-comparison-python\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">sys</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">stderr</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">write</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">ERROR: Outputs should only be 0 or 1!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python constant-character-escape-python\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Overwriting.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-dom-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-logical-ts\">&amp;&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-dom-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">requestErrorStop</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Outputs should only be 0 or 1!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-import-lflang\">from</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Overwriting.lf</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Overwriting</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> value </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">s__y).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">unwrap</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> value </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-comparison-rust\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-comparison-rust\">&amp;&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> value </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-comparison-rust\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">eprintln!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Output schould only be 0 or 1!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">request_stop</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">Asap);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Contained)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/664a20244a195c769a48b828fc063c97/Contained.svg\" width=\"300\">\n<p>This instantiates the above <code>Overwriting</code> reactor and monitors its outputs.</p>\n<h2 id=\"triggering-contained-reactors\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#triggering-contained-reactors\" aria-label=\"triggering contained reactors permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Triggering Contained Reactors</h2>\n<p>A reaction can set the input of a contained reactor, thereby triggering its reactions, as illustrated in the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Triggering)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Inside</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Inside</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Inside</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">to_string</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Inside</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Inside</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Inside</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py invalid-deprecated-semicolon-python\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Inside</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Received ${x}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Inside</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-dom-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">42</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Inside</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Received {}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">, ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">x).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">unwrap</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">));</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Inside</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">i__x, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Triggering)$</p>\n<p>The reaction to $startup$ declares the input port of the inside reactor as an effect and then sets it with value 42.\nThis will cause the inside reactor’s reaction to execute and print <code>Received 42</code>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"startup-shutdown-and-reset-reactions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#startup-shutdown-and-reset-reactions\" aria-label=\"startup shutdown and reset reactions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Startup, Shutdown, and Reset Reactions</h2>\n<p>Reactions may be triggered by the special events $startup$, $shutdown$, or $reset$.\nFor example,</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// ... Do something</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>A reaction to $startup$ is triggered at the very first tag when the program begins (or, if within a mode of a <a href=\"/docs/handbook/modal-models\">modal reactor</a>, when the mode is first entered).\nThis reaction will be logically simultaneous with reactions to <a href=\"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers\">timers</a> that have a zero offset.\nAs usual, for logically simultaneous reactions declared within the same reactor, the order in which they are invoked will be governed by the order in which they are declared.</p>\n<p>A reaction to $shutdown$ is invoked at program termination.\nSee the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/termination\">Termination</a> section for details.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>Reactions to the $reset$ event are not supported in $target-language$ because <a href=\"/docs/handbook/modal-models\">modal reactors</a> are not supported.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py\">\n<p>A reaction to the $reset$ event is invoked if the reaction or reactor is within a mode of a <a href=\"/docs/handbook/modal-models\">modal reactor</a> and the mode is entered via a reset transition.\nFor details, see the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/modal-models\">Modal Reactors</a> section.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"bodyless-reactions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#bodyless-reactions\" aria-label=\"bodyless reactions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Bodyless Reactions</h2>\n<p>Sometimes, it is inconvenient to mix Lingua Franca code with target code. Rather than <em>defining</em> reactions (i.e., complete with inlined target code), it is also possible to just <em>declare</em> them and provide implementations in a separate file. The syntax of reaction declarations is the same as for reaction definitions, except they have no implementation. Reaction declarations can be thought of as function prototypes.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<h3 id=\"example\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#example\" aria-label=\"example permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Example</h3>\n<p>Consider the following program that has a single reaction named <code>hello</code> and is triggered at startup.\nIt has no implementation.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  cmake-include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">hello.cmake</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">],</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  files</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">hello.c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">HelloDecl</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> hello</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>cmake-include</code> target property is used to make the build system aware of an externally supplied implementation. The contents of <code>hello.cmake</code> is as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cmake\"><span class=\"source-cmake keyword-cmake\">target_sources</span><span class=\"source-cmake\">(</span><span class=\"source-cmake storage-source-cmake\">${LF_MAIN_TARGET}</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> </span><span class=\"source-cmake entity-source-cmake\">PRIVATE</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> hello.c)</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>files</code> target property is used to make accessible the file that has the implementation in `hello.c,\nwhich could look something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-c\"><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c keyword-control-directive-include-c punctuation-definition-directive-c\">#</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c keyword-control-directive-include-c\">include</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-c punctuation-definition-string-begin-c\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-c\">stdio.h</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-c punctuation-definition-string-end-c\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c keyword-control-directive-include-c punctuation-definition-directive-c\">#</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c keyword-control-directive-include-c\">include</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-double-include-c punctuation-definition-string-begin-c\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-double-include-c\">../include/HelloDecl/HelloDecl.h</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-include-c string-quoted-double-include-c punctuation-definition-string-end-c\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">void</span><span class=\"source-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c entity-name-function-c\">hello</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">hellodecl_self_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c variable-parameter-probably-c\">self</span><span class=\"source-c meta-function-c meta-function-definition-parameters-c punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-c\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c entity-name-function-c\">printf</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c string-quoted-double-c punctuation-definition-string-begin-c\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c string-quoted-double-c\">Hello declaration!</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c string-quoted-double-c constant-character-escape-c\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c string-quoted-double-c punctuation-definition-string-end-c\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-c\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"file-structure\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#file-structure\" aria-label=\"file structure permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>File Structure</h3>\n<p>In the above example, the C file uses <code>#include</code> to import a file called <code>HelloDecl.h</code>. The <code>HelloDecl.h</code> file\nis generated from the Lingua Franca source file when the LF program is compiled. The file\n<code>HelloDecl.h</code> is named after the main reactor, which is called <code>HelloDecl</code>, and its parent\ndirectory, <code>include/HelloDecl</code>, is named after the file, <code>HelloDecl.lf</code>.</p>\n<p>In general, compiling a Lingua Franca program that uses reaction declarations will always generate a\ndirectory in the <code>include</code> directory for each file in the program. This directory will contain a\nheader file for each reactor that is defined in the file.</p>\n<p>As another example, if an LF program consists of files <code>F1.lf</code> and <code>F2.lf</code>, where <code>F1.lf</code> defines reactors\n<code>A</code> and <code>B</code> and <code>F2.lf</code> defines the reactor <code>C</code> and the main reactor <code>F2</code>, then the directory structure\nwill look something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">include/\n├ F1/\n│ ├ A.h\n│ └ B.h\n└ F2/\n  ├ C.h\n  └ F2.h\nsrc/\n├ F1.lf  // defines A and B\n└ F2.lf  // defines C and F2\nsrc-gen/</pre>\n<p>There is no particular location where you are required to place your C files or your CMake files.\nFor example, you may choose to place them in a directory called <code>c</code> that is a sibling of the <code>src</code>\ndirectory.</p>\n<h3 id=\"the-generated-header-files\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-generated-header-files\" aria-label=\"the generated header files permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The Generated Header Files</h3>\n<p>The generated header files are necessary in order to separate your C code from your LF code because\nthey describe the signatures of the reaction functions that you must implement.</p>\n<p>In addition, they define structs that will be referenced by the reaction bodies. This includes the\n<code>self</code> struct of the reactor to which the header file corresponds, as well as structs for its ports,\nits actions, and the ports of its child reactors.</p>\n<p>As with preambles, programmer discipline is required to avoid breaking the deterministic semantics\nof Lingua Franca. In particular, although the information exposed in these header files allows\nregular C code to operate on ports and self structs, such information must not be saved in global or\nstatic variables.</p>\n<h3 id=\"linking-your-c-code\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#linking-your-c-code\" aria-label=\"linking your c code permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Linking Your C Code</h3>\n<p>As with any Lingua Franca project that uses external C files, projects involving external reactions\nmust use the <code>cmake-include</code> target property to link those files into the main target.</p>\n<p>The file referenced by the <code>cmake-include</code> target property has the following syntax:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cmake\"><span class=\"source-cmake keyword-cmake\">target_sources</span><span class=\"source-cmake\">(</span><span class=\"source-cmake storage-source-cmake\">${LF_MAIN_TARGET}</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> </span><span class=\"source-cmake entity-source-cmake\">PRIVATE</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> &lt;files&gt;)</span>\n</pre>\n<p>where <code>&#x3C;files></code> is a list of the C files you need to link, with paths given relative to the project\nroot (the parent of the <code>src</code> directory).</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<h3 id=\"example-1\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#example-1\" aria-label=\"example 1 permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Example</h3>\n<p>Consider the following program that has a single reaction named <code>hello</code> and is triggered at startup.\nIt has no implementation.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  cmake-include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">hello.cmake</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">],</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">HelloDecl</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> hello</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The behavior of the <code>hello</code> reaction is provided using a method definition in an external C++ file <code>hello.cc</code>.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cpp\"><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp punctuation-definition-directive-cpp\">#</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp\">include</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp\">HelloDecl/HelloDecl.hh</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> include the code generated reactor class</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> define the reaction implementation</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">void</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-definition-cpp\">HelloDecl</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-definition-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-definition-cpp\">Inner</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-definition-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp entity-name-function-definition-cpp\">hello</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters support-other-attribute-cpp punctuation-section-attribute-begin-cpp\">[[</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters support-other-attribute-cpp entity-other-attribute-maybe_unused-cpp\">maybe_unused</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters support-other-attribute-cpp punctuation-section-attribute-end-cpp\">]]</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp storage-modifier-specifier-const-cpp\">const</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-parameter-cpp\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-parameter-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp entity-name-type-parameter-cpp\">StartupTrigger</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp storage-modifier-reference-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp meta-function-definition-parameters meta-parameter-cpp variable-parameter-cpp\">startup</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-body-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-function-definition-cpp\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Using the <code>cmake-include</code> target property, we can make the build system aware of this externally supplied implementation. The contents of <code>hello.cmake</code> is as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cmake\"><span class=\"source-cmake keyword-cmake\">target_sources</span><span class=\"source-cmake\">(</span><span class=\"source-cmake storage-source-cmake\">${LF_MAIN_TARGET}</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> </span><span class=\"source-cmake entity-source-cmake\">PRIVATE</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> hello.cc)</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Note that this mechanism can be used to add arbitrary additional resources such as additional headers and implementation files or 3rd party libraries to the compilation.</p>\n<h3 id=\"header-files-and-method-signatures\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#header-files-and-method-signatures\" aria-label=\"header files and method signatures permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Header Files and Method Signatures</h3>\n<p>In order to provide an implementation of a reaction method, it is important to know the header file that declares the reactor class as well as the precise signature of the method implementing the reaction body.</p>\n<p>The LF compiler generates a header file for each reactor that gets defined in LF code. The header file is named after the corresponding reactor and prefixed by the path to the LF file that defines the reactor. Consider the following example project structure:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">src/\n├ A.lf   // defines Foo\n└ sub/\n  └ B.lf // defines Bar</pre>\n<p>In this case, the compiler will generate two header files <code>A/Foo.hh</code> and <code>sub/B/Bar.hh</code>, which would need to be included by an external implementation file.</p>\n<p>The precise method signature depends on the name of the reactor, the name of the reactions, and the precise triggers, sources, and effects that are defined in the LF code.\nThe return type is always void. A reaction <code>foo</code> in a reactor <code>Bar</code> will be named <code>Bar::Inner::foo</code>. Note that each reactor class in the C++ target defines an <code>Inner</code> class which contains all reactions as well as the parameters and state variables. This is done to deliberately restrict the scope of reaction bodies in order to avoid accidental violations of reactor semantics.\nAny declared triggers, sources or effects are given to the reaction method via method arguments. The precise arguments and their types depend on the LF code. If in doubt, please check the signature used in the generated header file under <code>src-gen/&#x3C;lf-file></code>, where <code>&#x3C;lf-file></code> corresponds to the LF file that you are compiling.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not currently support reaction declarations.</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Reaction Declaration","depth":2},{"value":"Reaction Order","depth":2},{"value":"Overwriting Outputs","depth":2},{"value":"Reacting to Outputs of Contained Reactors","depth":2},{"value":"Triggering Contained Reactors","depth":2},{"value":"Startup, Shutdown, and Reset Reactions","depth":2},{"value":"Bodyless Reactions","depth":2},{"value":"Example","depth":3},{"value":"File Structure","depth":3},{"value":"The Generated Header Files","depth":3},{"value":"Linking Your C Code","depth":3},{"value":"Example","depth":3},{"value":"Header Files and Method Signatures","depth":3}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/reactions","title":"Reactions","oneline":"Reactions in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Composing Reactors","oneline":"Composing reactors in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Methods","oneline":"Methods in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/methods"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-reactions","slug":"/docs/handbook/reactions","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Reactions.md","previousID":"834f9d0d-f7c6-5732-8c60-bad1954701f7","nextID":"c2fc2a0b-a389-5c48-9cb0-c079bf2e6034","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/reactors-on-patmos","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"e6453940-8f6b-5cd7-b774-183500251c14","excerpt":"Reactors on Patmos Reactors can be executed on Patmos, a bare-metal execution platform\nthat is optimized for time-predictable execution. Well written C programs…","html":"<h2 id=\"reactors-on-patmos\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reactors-on-patmos\" aria-label=\"reactors on patmos permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reactors on Patmos</h2>\n<p>Reactors can be executed on <a href=\"https://github.com/t-crest/patmos\">Patmos</a>, a bare-metal execution platform\nthat is optimized for time-predictable execution. Well written C programs can be analyzed for their\nworst-case execution time (WCET).</p>\n<h3 id=\"compiling-and-running-reactors\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#compiling-and-running-reactors\" aria-label=\"compiling and running reactors permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Compiling and Running Reactors</h3>\n<p>Patmos can run in an FPGA, but there are also two\nsimulators available:</p>\n<ol>\n<li><code>pasim</code> a software ISA simulator that is written in C++.</li>\n<li><code>patemu</code> a cycle-accurate hardware emulator generated from the hardware description.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>To execute reactions on Patmos, the <a href=\"https://github.com/t-crest/patmos\">Patmos toolchain</a> needs\nto be installed. The web page contains a quick start, detailed information including how to\nperform WCET analysis is available in the\n<a href=\"http://patmos.compute.dtu.dk/patmos_handbook.pdf\">Patmos Reference Handbook</a>.</p>\n<p>To execute the “hello world” reactor on Patmos use the LF compiler to generate the C code.\nCompile the reactor with the Patmos compiler (in <code>src-gen</code>):</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">patmos-clang Minimal.c -o Minimal.elf</pre>\n<p>The reactor can be executed on the SW simulator with:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">pasim Minimal.elf</pre>\n<p>As Patmos is a bare metal runtime that has no notion of calendar time, its start time\nis considered the epoch and the following output will be observed:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Start execution at time Thu Jan  1 00:00:00 1970\nplus 640000 nanoseconds.\nHello World.\nElapsed logical time (in nsec): 0\nElapsed physical time (in nsec): 3970000</pre>\n<p>The reactor can also be executed on the hardware emulator of Patmos:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">patemu Minimal.elf</pre>\n<p>This execution is considerably slower than the SW simulator, as the concrete hardware\nof Patmos is simulated cycle-accurate.</p>\n<h3 id=\"worst-case-execution-time-analysis\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#worst-case-execution-time-analysis\" aria-label=\"worst case execution time analysis permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis</h3>\n<p>Following example is a code fragment from\n<a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/xtext/org.icyphy.linguafranca/src/test/C/src/Wcet.lf\">Wcet.lf</a>.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Work</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in1, in2) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    \t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> ret</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    \t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">in1 </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    \t\tret </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> in2 </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> in1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    \t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-else-cpp\">else</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    \t\tret </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> in2 </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> in1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    \t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> ret</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>We want to perform WCET analysis of the single reaction of the Work reactor.\nThis reaction, depending on the input data, will either perform a multiplication,\nwhich is more expensive in Patmos, or an addition. The WCET analysis shall consider\nthe multiplication path as the worst-case path. To generate the information for\nWCET analysis by the compiler we have to compile the application as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">patmos-clang -O2 -mserialize=wcet.pml Wcet.c</pre>\n<p>We investigate the C source code <code>Wcet.c</code> and find that the reaction we\nare interested is named <code>reaction_function1</code>. Therefore, we invoke WCET analysis\nas follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">platin wcet -i wcet.pml -b a.out -e reaction_function1 --report</pre>\n<p>This results in following report:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">...\n[platin] INFO: Finished run WCET analysis (platin)          in 62 ms\n[platin] INFO: best WCET bound: 242 cycles\n---\n- analysis-entry: reaction_function1\n  source: platin\n  cycles: 242\n...</pre>\n<p>The analysis gives the WCET of 242 clock cycles for the reaction,\nwhich includes clock cycles for data cache misses.\nFurther details on the WCET analysis\ntool <code>platin</code> and e.g., how to annotate loop bounds can be found in the\n<a href=\"http://patmos.compute.dtu.dk/patmos_handbook.pdf\">Patmos Reference Handbook</a>.</p>\n<p>Note, that the WCET analysis of a reaction does only include the code of the\nreaction function, not the cache miss cost of calling the function from\nthe scheduler or the cache miss cost when returning to the scheduler.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Reactors on Patmos","depth":2},{"value":"Compiling and Running Reactors","depth":3},{"value":"Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis","depth":3}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/reactors-on-patmos","title":"Reactors on Patmos","oneline":"Reactors on Patmos (preliminary)","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}}},"pageContext":{"slug":"/docs/handbook/reactors-on-patmos","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/preliminary/Reactors on Patmos.md","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.629Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/reactors-on-patmos","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"1b9eb6de-b3ca-54c1-bc79-972ea7a0fd22","excerpt":"Reactors on Patmos Reactors can be executed on Patmos, a bare-metal execution platform\nthat is optimized for time-predictable execution. Well written C programs…","html":"<h2 id=\"reactors-on-patmos\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reactors-on-patmos\" aria-label=\"reactors on patmos permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reactors on Patmos</h2>\n<p>Reactors can be executed on <a href=\"https://github.com/t-crest/patmos\">Patmos</a>, a bare-metal execution platform\nthat is optimized for time-predictable execution. Well written C programs can be analyzed for their\nworst-case execution time (WCET).</p>\n<h3 id=\"compiling-and-running-reactors\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#compiling-and-running-reactors\" aria-label=\"compiling and running reactors permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Compiling and Running Reactors</h3>\n<p>Patmos can run in an FPGA, but there are also two\nsimulators available:</p>\n<ol>\n<li><code>pasim</code> a software ISA simulator that is written in C++.</li>\n<li><code>patemu</code> a cycle-accurate hardware emulator generated from the hardware description.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>To execute reactions on Patmos, the <a href=\"https://github.com/t-crest/patmos\">Patmos toolchain</a> needs\nto be installed. The web page contains a quick start, detailed information including how to\nperform WCET analysis is available in the\n<a href=\"http://patmos.compute.dtu.dk/patmos_handbook.pdf\">Patmos Reference Handbook</a>.</p>\n<p>To execute the “hello world” reactor on Patmos use the LF compiler to generate the C code.\nCompile the reactor with the Patmos compiler (in <code>src-gen</code>):</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">patmos-clang Minimal.c -o Minimal.elf</pre>\n<p>The reactor can be executed on the SW simulator with:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">pasim Minimal.elf</pre>\n<p>As Patmos is a bare metal runtime that has no notion of calendar time, its start time\nis considered the epoch and the following output will be observed:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Start execution at time Thu Jan  1 00:00:00 1970\nplus 640000 nanoseconds.\nHello World.\nElapsed logical time (in nsec): 0\nElapsed physical time (in nsec): 3970000</pre>\n<p>The reactor can also be executed on the hardware emulator of Patmos:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">patemu Minimal.elf</pre>\n<p>This execution is considerably slower than the SW simulator, as the concrete hardware\nof Patmos is simulated cycle-accurate.</p>\n<h3 id=\"worst-case-execution-time-analysis\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#worst-case-execution-time-analysis\" aria-label=\"worst case execution time analysis permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis</h3>\n<p>Following example is a code fragment from\n<a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/xtext/org.icyphy.linguafranca/src/test/C/src/Wcet.lf\">Wcet.lf</a>.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Work</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in1, in2) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    \t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> ret</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    \t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">in1 </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    \t\tret </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> in2 </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> in1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    \t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-else-cpp\">else</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    \t\tret </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> in2 </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> in1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    \t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> ret</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>We want to perform WCET analysis of the single reaction of the Work reactor.\nThis reaction, depending on the input data, will either perform a multiplication,\nwhich is more expensive in Patmos, or an addition. The WCET analysis shall consider\nthe multiplication path as the worst-case path. To generate the information for\nWCET analysis by the compiler we have to compile the application as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">patmos-clang -O2 -mserialize=wcet.pml Wcet.c</pre>\n<p>We investigate the C source code <code>Wcet.c</code> and find that the reaction we\nare interested is named <code>reaction_function1</code>. Therefore, we invoke WCET analysis\nas follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">platin wcet -i wcet.pml -b a.out -e reaction_function1 --report</pre>\n<p>This results in following report:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">...\n[platin] INFO: Finished run WCET analysis (platin)          in 62 ms\n[platin] INFO: best WCET bound: 242 cycles\n---\n- analysis-entry: reaction_function1\n  source: platin\n  cycles: 242\n...</pre>\n<p>The analysis gives the WCET of 242 clock cycles for the reaction,\nwhich includes clock cycles for data cache misses.\nFurther details on the WCET analysis\ntool <code>platin</code> and e.g., how to annotate loop bounds can be found in the\n<a href=\"http://patmos.compute.dtu.dk/patmos_handbook.pdf\">Patmos Reference Handbook</a>.</p>\n<p>Note, that the WCET analysis of a reaction does only include the code of the\nreaction function, not the cache miss cost of calling the function from\nthe scheduler or the cache miss cost when returning to the scheduler.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Reactors on Patmos","depth":2},{"value":"Compiling and Running Reactors","depth":3},{"value":"Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis","depth":3}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/reactors-on-patmos","title":"Reactors on Patmos","oneline":"Reactors on Patmos (preliminary)","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}}},"pageContext":{"slug":"/docs/handbook/reactors-on-patmos","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/preliminary/Reactors on Patmos.md","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.015Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/regression-tests/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/regression-tests/page-data.json
index 186afa583..8d56e9ef0 100644
--- a/page-data/docs/handbook/regression-tests/page-data.json
+++ b/page-data/docs/handbook/regression-tests/page-data.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/regression-tests","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"a502c333-0e38-5a8e-98b4-40b7ab498080","excerpt":"Lingua Franca comes with an extensive set of regression tests that are executed on various platforms automatically whenever an update is pushed to the LF…","html":"<p>Lingua Franca comes with an extensive set of regression tests that are executed on various platforms automatically whenever an update is pushed to the LF repository. There are two categories of tests:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Unit tests</strong> are Java or Kotlin methods in our code base that are labeled with the <code>@Test</code> directive. These tests check individual functions of the code generation infrastructure. These are located in the <code>src/test</code> directory of each subroject within the repository.</li>\n<li><strong>Integration tests</strong> are complete Lingua Franca programs that are compiled and executed automatically. A test passes if it successfully compiles and runs to completion with normal termination (return code 0). These tests are located in the <code>test</code> directory at the root of the LF repo, with one subdirectory per target language.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Their implementation can be found in the <code>core/src/integrationTest</code> directory.\nThe integration tests are also executed through JUnit using methods with <code>@Test</code> directives, but they are executed separately.</p>\n<h2 id=\"running-the-tests-from-the-command-line\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#running-the-tests-from-the-command-line\" aria-label=\"running the tests from the command line permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Running the Tests From the Command Line</h2>\n<p>To run all unit tests, simply run <code>./gradlew test</code>. Note that also the normal build tasks <code>./gradlew build</code> runs all the unit tests.</p>\n<p>The integration tests can be run using the <code>integrationTest</code> task. However, typically it is not desired to run all tests for all targets locally as it will need the right target tooling and will take a long time.</p>\n<p>To run only the integration tests for one target, we provide the <code>targetTest</code> gradle task. For instance, you can use the following command to run all Rust tests:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">./gradlew targetTest -Ptarget=Rust</pre>\n<p>You can specify any valid target. If you run the task without specifying the target property <code>./gradlew targetTest</code> it will produce an error message and list all available targets.</p>\n<p>The <code>targetTest</code> task is essentially a convenient shortcut for the following:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">./gradew core:integrationTest --test org.lflang.tests.runtime.&lt;target&gt;Test.*</pre>\n<p>If you prefer have more control over which tests are executed, you can also use this more verbose version.</p>\n<p>It is also possible to run a subset of the tests. For example, the C tests are organized into the following categories:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>generic</strong> tests are <code>.lf</code> files located in <code>$LF/test/C/src</code>.</li>\n<li><strong>concurrent</strong> tests are <code>.lf</code> files located in <code>$LF/test/C/src/concurrent</code>.</li>\n<li><strong>federated</strong> tests are <code>.lf</code> files located in <code>$LF/test/C/src/federated</code>.</li>\n<li><strong>multiport</strong> tests are <code>.lf</code> files located in <code>$LF/test/C/src/multiport</code>.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>To invoke only the C tests in the <code>concurrent</code> category, for example, run this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">./gradlew core:integrationTest --tests org.lflang.tests.runtime.CTest.runConcurrentTests</pre>\n<p>Sometimes it is convenient to only run a single specific test case. This can be done with the <code>singleTest</code> task. For instance:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">./gradlew singleTest -DsingleTest=test/C/src/Minimal.lf</pre>\n<h2 id=\"reporting-bugs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reporting-bugs\" aria-label=\"reporting bugs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reporting Bugs</h2>\n<p>If you encounter a bug or add some enhancement to Lingua Franca, then you should create a regression test either as a system test or a unit test and issue a pull request. System tests are particularly easy to create since they are simply Lingua Franca programs that either compile and execute successfully (the test passes) or fail either to compile or execute.</p>\n<h2 id=\"testing-architecture\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#testing-architecture\" aria-label=\"testing architecture permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Testing Architecture</h2>\n<p>System tests can be put in any subdirectory of <code>$LF/test</code> or <code>$LF/example</code>.\nAny <code>.lf</code> file within these directories will be treated as a system test unless they are within a directory named <code>failing</code>, in which case they will be ignored.\nThe tests are automatically indexed by our JUnit-based test infrastructure, which is located in the package <code>core/src/integrationTest</code>. Each target has its own class in the <code>runtime</code> package, with a number of test methods that correspond to particular test categories, such as <code>generic</code>, <code>concurrent</code>, <code>federated</code>, etc. A test can be associated with a particular category by placing it in a directory that matches its name. For instance, we can create a test (e.g., <code>Foo.lf</code>) in <code>test/C/src/concurrent</code>, which will then get indexed under the target <code>C</code> in the category <code>concurrent</code>. Files placed directly in <code>test/C/src</code> will be considered <code>generic</code> <code>C</code> tests, and a file in a directory <code>concurrent/federated</code> will be indexed as <code>federated</code> (corresponding to the nearest containing directory).</p>\n<p><strong>Caution</strong>: adding a <em>new</em> category requires updating an enum in <code>TestRegistry.java</code> and adding a <code>@Test</code>-labeled method to <code>TestBase</code>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"known-failures\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#known-failures\" aria-label=\"known failures permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Known Failures</h3>\n<p>Sometimes it is useful to retain tests that have a known failure that should be addressed at a later point. Such tests can simply be put in a directory called <code>failing</code>, which will tell our test indexing code to exclude it.</p>\n<h3 id=\"test-output\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#test-output\" aria-label=\"test output permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Test Output</h3>\n<p>Tests are grouped by target and category. It is also reported when, for a given category, there are other targets that feature tests that are missing for the target under test. Tests that either do not have a main reactor or are marked as known failures are reported as “ignored.” For all the tests that were successfully indexed, it is reported how many passed. For each failing test, diagnostics are reported that should help explain the failure. Here is some sample output for <code>Ctest.runConcurrentTests</code>, which runs tests categorized as <code>concurrent</code> for the <code>C</code> target:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">CTest &gt; runConcurrentTests() STANDARD_OUT\n    ==============================================================================\n    Target: C\n    Description: Run concurrent tests.\n    ==============================================================================\n\n    ==============================================================================\n    Category: CONCURRENT\n    ==============================================================================\n    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n    Ignored: 0\n    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n    Covered: 29/33\n    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n    Missing: src/concurrent/BankToBank.lf\n    Missing: src/concurrent/BankToBankMultiport.lf\n    Missing: src/concurrent/BankToBankMultiportAfter.lf\n    Missing: src/concurrent/BankToMultiport.lf\n\n    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n    Passing: 29/29\n    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n</pre>\n<h2 id=\"code-coverage\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#code-coverage\" aria-label=\"code coverage permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Code Coverage</h2>\n<p>Code coverage is automatically recorded when running tests.\nA combined report for each subproject can be created by running <code>./gradlew jacocoTestReport</code>.\nFor the <code>core</code> subproject, the html report will be located in <code>build/reports/html/index.html</code>.\nNote that this report will only reflect the coverage of the test that have actually executed.</p>\n<h2 id=\"continuous-integration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#continuous-integration\" aria-label=\"continuous integration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Continuous Integration</h2>\n<p>Each push or pull request will trigger all tests to be run on GitHub Actions. It’s configuration can be found <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/tree/master/.github/workflows\">here</a>.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Running the Tests From the Command Line","depth":2},{"value":"Reporting Bugs","depth":2},{"value":"Testing Architecture","depth":2},{"value":"Known Failures","depth":3},{"value":"Test Output","depth":3},{"value":"Code Coverage","depth":2},{"value":"Continuous Integration","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/regression-tests","title":"Regression Tests","oneline":"Regression Tests for Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Developer IntelliJ Setup","oneline":"Developer IntelliJ Setup.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/intellij"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Running Benchmarks","oneline":"Running Benchmarks.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/running-benchmarks"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"5-regression-tests","slug":"/docs/handbook/regression-tests","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/developer/Regression Tests.md","previousID":"8eadd533-1d5b-5606-951c-94d561ff1eae","nextID":"53c51787-7427-522e-8adc-4f7226f7e921","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-28T14:20:20.040Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/regression-tests","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"96f63950-6ca6-530f-9c7a-ed0605046575","excerpt":"Lingua Franca comes with an extensive set of regression tests that are executed on various platforms automatically whenever an update is pushed to the LF…","html":"<p>Lingua Franca comes with an extensive set of regression tests that are executed on various platforms automatically whenever an update is pushed to the LF repository. There are two categories of tests:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Unit tests</strong> are Java or Kotlin methods in our code base that are labeled with the <code>@Test</code> directive. These tests check individual functions of the code generation infrastructure. These are located in the <code>src/test</code> directory of each subroject within the repository.</li>\n<li><strong>Integration tests</strong> are complete Lingua Franca programs that are compiled and executed automatically. A test passes if it successfully compiles and runs to completion with normal termination (return code 0). These tests are located in the <code>test</code> directory at the root of the LF repo, with one subdirectory per target language.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Their implementation can be found in the <code>core/src/integrationTest</code> directory.\nThe integration tests are also executed through JUnit using methods with <code>@Test</code> directives, but they are executed separately.</p>\n<h2 id=\"running-the-tests-from-the-command-line\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#running-the-tests-from-the-command-line\" aria-label=\"running the tests from the command line permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Running the Tests From the Command Line</h2>\n<p>To run all unit tests, simply run <code>./gradlew test</code>. Note that also the normal build tasks <code>./gradlew build</code> runs all the unit tests.</p>\n<p>The integration tests can be run using the <code>integrationTest</code> task. However, typically it is not desired to run all tests for all targets locally as it will need the right target tooling and will take a long time.</p>\n<p>To run only the integration tests for one target, we provide the <code>targetTest</code> gradle task. For instance, you can use the following command to run all Rust tests:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">./gradlew targetTest -Ptarget=Rust</pre>\n<p>You can specify any valid target. If you run the task without specifying the target property <code>./gradlew targetTest</code> it will produce an error message and list all available targets.</p>\n<p>The <code>targetTest</code> task is essentially a convenient shortcut for the following:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">./gradew core:integrationTest --test org.lflang.tests.runtime.&lt;target&gt;Test.*</pre>\n<p>If you prefer have more control over which tests are executed, you can also use this more verbose version.</p>\n<p>It is also possible to run a subset of the tests. For example, the C tests are organized into the following categories:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>generic</strong> tests are <code>.lf</code> files located in <code>$LF/test/C/src</code>.</li>\n<li><strong>concurrent</strong> tests are <code>.lf</code> files located in <code>$LF/test/C/src/concurrent</code>.</li>\n<li><strong>federated</strong> tests are <code>.lf</code> files located in <code>$LF/test/C/src/federated</code>.</li>\n<li><strong>multiport</strong> tests are <code>.lf</code> files located in <code>$LF/test/C/src/multiport</code>.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>To invoke only the C tests in the <code>concurrent</code> category, for example, run this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">./gradlew core:integrationTest --tests org.lflang.tests.runtime.CTest.runConcurrentTests</pre>\n<p>Sometimes it is convenient to only run a single specific test case. This can be done with the <code>singleTest</code> task. For instance:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">./gradlew singleTest -DsingleTest=test/C/src/Minimal.lf</pre>\n<h2 id=\"reporting-bugs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reporting-bugs\" aria-label=\"reporting bugs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reporting Bugs</h2>\n<p>If you encounter a bug or add some enhancement to Lingua Franca, then you should create a regression test either as a system test or a unit test and issue a pull request. System tests are particularly easy to create since they are simply Lingua Franca programs that either compile and execute successfully (the test passes) or fail either to compile or execute.</p>\n<h2 id=\"testing-architecture\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#testing-architecture\" aria-label=\"testing architecture permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Testing Architecture</h2>\n<p>System tests can be put in any subdirectory of <code>$LF/test</code> or <code>$LF/example</code>.\nAny <code>.lf</code> file within these directories will be treated as a system test unless they are within a directory named <code>failing</code>, in which case they will be ignored.\nThe tests are automatically indexed by our JUnit-based test infrastructure, which is located in the package <code>core/src/integrationTest</code>. Each target has its own class in the <code>runtime</code> package, with a number of test methods that correspond to particular test categories, such as <code>generic</code>, <code>concurrent</code>, <code>federated</code>, etc. A test can be associated with a particular category by placing it in a directory that matches its name. For instance, we can create a test (e.g., <code>Foo.lf</code>) in <code>test/C/src/concurrent</code>, which will then get indexed under the target <code>C</code> in the category <code>concurrent</code>. Files placed directly in <code>test/C/src</code> will be considered <code>generic</code> <code>C</code> tests, and a file in a directory <code>concurrent/federated</code> will be indexed as <code>federated</code> (corresponding to the nearest containing directory).</p>\n<p><strong>Caution</strong>: adding a <em>new</em> category requires updating an enum in <code>TestRegistry.java</code> and adding a <code>@Test</code>-labeled method to <code>TestBase</code>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"known-failures\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#known-failures\" aria-label=\"known failures permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Known Failures</h3>\n<p>Sometimes it is useful to retain tests that have a known failure that should be addressed at a later point. Such tests can simply be put in a directory called <code>failing</code>, which will tell our test indexing code to exclude it.</p>\n<h3 id=\"test-output\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#test-output\" aria-label=\"test output permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Test Output</h3>\n<p>Tests are grouped by target and category. It is also reported when, for a given category, there are other targets that feature tests that are missing for the target under test. Tests that either do not have a main reactor or are marked as known failures are reported as “ignored.” For all the tests that were successfully indexed, it is reported how many passed. For each failing test, diagnostics are reported that should help explain the failure. Here is some sample output for <code>Ctest.runConcurrentTests</code>, which runs tests categorized as <code>concurrent</code> for the <code>C</code> target:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">CTest &gt; runConcurrentTests() STANDARD_OUT\n    ==============================================================================\n    Target: C\n    Description: Run concurrent tests.\n    ==============================================================================\n\n    ==============================================================================\n    Category: CONCURRENT\n    ==============================================================================\n    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n    Ignored: 0\n    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n    Covered: 29/33\n    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n    Missing: src/concurrent/BankToBank.lf\n    Missing: src/concurrent/BankToBankMultiport.lf\n    Missing: src/concurrent/BankToBankMultiportAfter.lf\n    Missing: src/concurrent/BankToMultiport.lf\n\n    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n    Passing: 29/29\n    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n</pre>\n<h2 id=\"code-coverage\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#code-coverage\" aria-label=\"code coverage permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Code Coverage</h2>\n<p>Code coverage is automatically recorded when running tests.\nA combined report for each subproject can be created by running <code>./gradlew jacocoTestReport</code>.\nFor the <code>core</code> subproject, the html report will be located in <code>build/reports/html/index.html</code>.\nNote that this report will only reflect the coverage of the test that have actually executed.</p>\n<h2 id=\"continuous-integration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#continuous-integration\" aria-label=\"continuous integration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Continuous Integration</h2>\n<p>Each push or pull request will trigger all tests to be run on GitHub Actions. It’s configuration can be found <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/tree/master/.github/workflows\">here</a>.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Running the Tests From the Command Line","depth":2},{"value":"Reporting Bugs","depth":2},{"value":"Testing Architecture","depth":2},{"value":"Known Failures","depth":3},{"value":"Test Output","depth":3},{"value":"Code Coverage","depth":2},{"value":"Continuous Integration","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/regression-tests","title":"Regression Tests","oneline":"Regression Tests for Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Developer IntelliJ Setup","oneline":"Developer IntelliJ Setup.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/intellij"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Running Benchmarks","oneline":"Running Benchmarks.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/running-benchmarks"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"5-regression-tests","slug":"/docs/handbook/regression-tests","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/developer/Regression Tests.md","previousID":"1d9f0442-2300-5615-9c04-6ee5f2c33793","nextID":"8d78ab4e-cebd-5116-bbe9-871de58f9aeb","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.015Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/related-work","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"95ecbc1a-a420-53a2-a73a-2650968ba049","excerpt":"Lingua Franca is focused more on using the best ideas than on being innovative.\nHere, we list most closely related work first, then other work with which it may…","html":"<p>Lingua Franca is focused more on using the best ideas than on being innovative.\nHere, we list most closely related work first, then other work with which it may be useful to contrast.</p>\n<h2 id=\"software-frameworks\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#software-frameworks\" aria-label=\"software frameworks permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Software Frameworks</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10270-020-00795-5\">Rubus</a>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167739X20330739\">Akka framework</a> for distributed Fog computing.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"http://accessors.org\">Accessors</a>, from Berkeley, a JavaScript-based framework for IoT: This framework is the most direct inspiration for Lingua Franca. The idea behind accessors is to componentize IoT resources by encapsulating them in actors. As such, their interactions can be coordinated under a discrete event semantics <a href=\"http://www.icyphy.org/pubs/75.html\">paper</a>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https://rebeca-lang.org\">Rebecca</a>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>The <a href=\"https://www.rtsys.informatik.uni-kiel.de/en/research/kieler/welcome-to-the-kieler-project\">Kiel Integrated Environment for Layout Eclipse Rich Client</a> (<strong>KIELER</strong>) is a graphical environment for programming using <a href=\"https://rtsys.informatik.uni-kiel.de/confluence/display/KIELER/SCCharts\">SCCharts</a> (see the <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/2594291.2594310\">2014 PLDI paper</a>).</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://intempora.com/products/rtmaps#about-rtmaps\">RTMAPS</a></strong>: From Intempora. It has a graphical syntax in a UI and advertises “data is acquired asynchronously and each data sample is captured along with its time stamp at its own pace.” You can build your own blocks in C++ or Python. It does, however, look like its not deterministic.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"usage-of-the-term-reactor\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#usage-of-the-term-reactor\" aria-label=\"usage of the term reactor permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Usage of the Term Reactor</h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://reactors.io/\">reactors.io</a></strong>: This project, from EPFL, originally used the term “reactive isolates” in a <a href=\"https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2814228.2814245\">2015 paper</a>. In 2016, Prokopec changed the name “reactive isolates” to “reactors” (see <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00302-9_5\">2018 paper</a>). They claim their reactors are “actors done right,” but they remain nondeterministic. See a <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7lulYWWD4Qo\">video overview</a>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https://docs.racket-lang.org/reactor/index.html\">Racket implementation of ReactiveML</a></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>FIXME</strong> <a href=\"https://projectreactor.io/\">https://projectreactor.io/</a> based on <a href=\"http://www.reactive-streams.org/\">http://www.reactive-streams.org/</a></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"other-pointers\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#other-pointers\" aria-label=\"other pointers permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Other Pointers</h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https://www.reactivemanifesto.org/\">Reactive Manifesto</a></strong>: Version 2.0, Published in 2014, this position paper defines Reactive Systems as those that are Responsive, Resilient, Elastic and Message Driven.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"academic-projects\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#academic-projects\" aria-label=\"academic projects permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Academic Projects</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input%2Foutput_automaton\">I/O Automata</a>, from MIT, is a formalism that could be used to model the semantics of Lingua Franca. Timed I/O Automata FIXME: link extend I/O Automata with temporal semantics. They share with LF the notion of reactions to input messages and internal events that change the state of an actor and produce outputs. The behavior of a component is given as a state machine.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>FIXME</strong> Hewitt actors.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>SyncCharts</strong>: By Charles André. See the <a href=\"http://www-sop.inria.fr/members/Charles.Andre/CA%20Publis/SYNCCHARTS/overview.html\">1996 technical report</a>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>ReactiveML</strong>: <a href=\"http://reactiveml.org\">Website</a></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"contrasting-work\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#contrasting-work\" aria-label=\"contrasting work permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Contrasting Work</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"http://caph.univ-bpclermont.fr/CAPH/CAPH.html\">CAPH</a> (a recursive acronym for CAPH Ain’t plain HDL), a hardware description language from CNRS, is a fine-grained dataflow language for compiling into FPGAs. The language has no temporal semantics, and although it has a notion of firing rules, it is not clear which of the many variants of dataflow is realized nor whether the MoC is deterministic. The <a href=\"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&#x26;arnumber=6972018\">paper</a> does not cite any of the prior work on dataflow MoCs.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Operating_System\">Robot Operating System (ROS)</a>, an open-source project originally from <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Garage\">Willow Garage</a>: ROS provides a publish-and-subscribe server for interaction between components. Version 1 has no timing properties at all. Version 2 has some timing properties such as priorities, but it makes no effort to be deterministic.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https://sri-csl.github.io/radler/\">RADLER framework</a> from SRI, which is based on a publish-and-subscribe architecture similar to ROS. It introduces some timing constructs such as periodic execution and scheduling constraints, but it makes no effort to be deterministic.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>","headings":[{"value":"Software Frameworks","depth":2},{"value":"Usage of the Term Reactor","depth":3},{"value":"Other Pointers","depth":3},{"value":"Academic Projects","depth":2},{"value":"Contrasting Work","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/related-work","title":"Related Work","oneline":"Related Work","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}}},"pageContext":{"slug":"/docs/handbook/related-work","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/less-developed/Related Work.md","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.629Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/related-work","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"9b70f0f3-50a7-5c9f-a0fd-7a858bff6a59","excerpt":"Lingua Franca is focused more on using the best ideas than on being innovative.\nHere, we list most closely related work first, then other work with which it may…","html":"<p>Lingua Franca is focused more on using the best ideas than on being innovative.\nHere, we list most closely related work first, then other work with which it may be useful to contrast.</p>\n<h2 id=\"software-frameworks\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#software-frameworks\" aria-label=\"software frameworks permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Software Frameworks</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10270-020-00795-5\">Rubus</a>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167739X20330739\">Akka framework</a> for distributed Fog computing.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"http://accessors.org\">Accessors</a>, from Berkeley, a JavaScript-based framework for IoT: This framework is the most direct inspiration for Lingua Franca. The idea behind accessors is to componentize IoT resources by encapsulating them in actors. As such, their interactions can be coordinated under a discrete event semantics <a href=\"http://www.icyphy.org/pubs/75.html\">paper</a>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https://rebeca-lang.org\">Rebecca</a>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>The <a href=\"https://www.rtsys.informatik.uni-kiel.de/en/research/kieler/welcome-to-the-kieler-project\">Kiel Integrated Environment for Layout Eclipse Rich Client</a> (<strong>KIELER</strong>) is a graphical environment for programming using <a href=\"https://rtsys.informatik.uni-kiel.de/confluence/display/KIELER/SCCharts\">SCCharts</a> (see the <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/2594291.2594310\">2014 PLDI paper</a>).</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://intempora.com/products/rtmaps#about-rtmaps\">RTMAPS</a></strong>: From Intempora. It has a graphical syntax in a UI and advertises “data is acquired asynchronously and each data sample is captured along with its time stamp at its own pace.” You can build your own blocks in C++ or Python. It does, however, look like its not deterministic.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"usage-of-the-term-reactor\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#usage-of-the-term-reactor\" aria-label=\"usage of the term reactor permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Usage of the Term Reactor</h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://reactors.io/\">reactors.io</a></strong>: This project, from EPFL, originally used the term “reactive isolates” in a <a href=\"https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2814228.2814245\">2015 paper</a>. In 2016, Prokopec changed the name “reactive isolates” to “reactors” (see <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00302-9_5\">2018 paper</a>). They claim their reactors are “actors done right,” but they remain nondeterministic. See a <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7lulYWWD4Qo\">video overview</a>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https://docs.racket-lang.org/reactor/index.html\">Racket implementation of ReactiveML</a></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>FIXME</strong> <a href=\"https://projectreactor.io/\">https://projectreactor.io/</a> based on <a href=\"http://www.reactive-streams.org/\">http://www.reactive-streams.org/</a></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"other-pointers\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#other-pointers\" aria-label=\"other pointers permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Other Pointers</h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https://www.reactivemanifesto.org/\">Reactive Manifesto</a></strong>: Version 2.0, Published in 2014, this position paper defines Reactive Systems as those that are Responsive, Resilient, Elastic and Message Driven.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"academic-projects\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#academic-projects\" aria-label=\"academic projects permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Academic Projects</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input%2Foutput_automaton\">I/O Automata</a>, from MIT, is a formalism that could be used to model the semantics of Lingua Franca. Timed I/O Automata FIXME: link extend I/O Automata with temporal semantics. They share with LF the notion of reactions to input messages and internal events that change the state of an actor and produce outputs. The behavior of a component is given as a state machine.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>FIXME</strong> Hewitt actors.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>SyncCharts</strong>: By Charles André. See the <a href=\"http://www-sop.inria.fr/members/Charles.Andre/CA%20Publis/SYNCCHARTS/overview.html\">1996 technical report</a>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>ReactiveML</strong>: <a href=\"http://reactiveml.org\">Website</a></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"contrasting-work\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#contrasting-work\" aria-label=\"contrasting work permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Contrasting Work</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"http://caph.univ-bpclermont.fr/CAPH/CAPH.html\">CAPH</a> (a recursive acronym for CAPH Ain’t plain HDL), a hardware description language from CNRS, is a fine-grained dataflow language for compiling into FPGAs. The language has no temporal semantics, and although it has a notion of firing rules, it is not clear which of the many variants of dataflow is realized nor whether the MoC is deterministic. The <a href=\"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&#x26;arnumber=6972018\">paper</a> does not cite any of the prior work on dataflow MoCs.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Operating_System\">Robot Operating System (ROS)</a>, an open-source project originally from <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Garage\">Willow Garage</a>: ROS provides a publish-and-subscribe server for interaction between components. Version 1 has no timing properties at all. Version 2 has some timing properties such as priorities, but it makes no effort to be deterministic.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https://sri-csl.github.io/radler/\">RADLER framework</a> from SRI, which is based on a publish-and-subscribe architecture similar to ROS. It introduces some timing constructs such as periodic execution and scheduling constraints, but it makes no effort to be deterministic.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>","headings":[{"value":"Software Frameworks","depth":2},{"value":"Usage of the Term Reactor","depth":3},{"value":"Other Pointers","depth":3},{"value":"Academic Projects","depth":2},{"value":"Contrasting Work","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/related-work","title":"Related Work","oneline":"Related Work","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}}},"pageContext":{"slug":"/docs/handbook/related-work","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/less-developed/Related Work.md","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.015Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/running-benchmarks","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"a720a694-a760-568d-9d03-8b902d319ce9","excerpt":"Running Benchmarks The LF repository contains a series of benchmarks in the benchmark directory. There is also a flexible benchmark runner that automates the…","html":"<h1 id=\"running-benchmarks\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#running-benchmarks\" aria-label=\"running benchmarks permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Running Benchmarks</h1>\n<p>The LF repository contains a series of benchmarks in the <code>benchmark</code> directory. There is also a flexible benchmark runner that automates the process of running benchmarks for various settings and collecting results from those benchmarks. It is located in <code>benchmark/runner</code>.\nThe runner is written in python and is based on <a href=\"https://hydra.cc/docs/intro\">hydra</a>, a tool for dynamically creating hierarchical configurations by composition</p>\n<h2 id=\"prerequisites\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#prerequisites\" aria-label=\"prerequisites permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Prerequisites</h2>\n<h3 id=\"install-python-dependencies\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#install-python-dependencies\" aria-label=\"install python dependencies permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Install Python dependencies</h3>\n<p>The benchmark runner is written in Python and requires a working Python3 installation. It also requires a few python packages to be installed. Namely, <code>hydra-core</code>, <code>cogapp</code> and <code>pandas</code>.</p>\n<p>It is recommended to install the dependencies and execute the benchmark runner in a virtual environment. For instance, this can be done with <code>virtualenv</code>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">virtualenv</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">~/virtualenvs/lfrunner</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">p</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">python3</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">source</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">~/virtualenvs/lfrunner/bin/activate</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Then the dependencies can be installed by running:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">pip</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">install</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">r</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">benchmark/runner/requirements.txt</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"compile-lfc\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#compile-lfc\" aria-label=\"compile lfc permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Compile lfc</h3>\n<p>For running LF benchmarks, the command-line compiler <code>lfc</code> needs to be built. Simply run</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">bin/build-lfc</span>\n</pre>\n<p>in the root directory of the LF repository.</p>\n<p>Also, the environment variable <code>LF_PATH</code> needs to be set and point to the location of the LF repository. This needs to be an absolute path.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell storage-modifier-export-shell\">export</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell variable-other-assignment-shell\">LF_PATH</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell keyword-operator-assignment-shell\">=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">/path/to/lf</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"setup-savina\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#setup-savina\" aria-label=\"setup savina permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Setup Savina</h3>\n<p>Currently all of our benchmarks are ported from the <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/2687357.2687368\">Savina actor benchmark suite</a>. In order to compare our LF implementations with actor based implementation, the Savina benchmark suite needs to be downloaded and compiled. Note that we require a modified version of the Savina suite, that adds support for specifying the number of worker threads and that includes CAF implementations of most benchmarks.</p>\n<p>To download and build Savina, run the following commands:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">git</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">clone</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">https://github.com/lf-lang/savina.git</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">savina</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">mvn</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">install</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Building Savina requires a Java 8 JDK. Depending on the local setup, <code>JAVA_HOME</code> might need to be adjusted before running <code>mvn</code> in order to point to the correct JDK.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell storage-modifier-export-shell\">export</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell variable-other-assignment-shell\">JAVA_HOME</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell keyword-operator-assignment-shell\">=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">/path/to/jdk8</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Before invoking the benchmark runner, the environment variable <code>SAVINA_PATH</code> needs to be set and point to the location of the Savina repository using an absolute path.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell storage-modifier-export-shell\">export</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell variable-other-assignment-shell\">SAVINA_PATH</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell keyword-operator-assignment-shell\">=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">/path/to/savina</span>\n</pre>\n<h4 id=\"caf\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#caf\" aria-label=\"caf permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>CAF</h4>\n<p>To further build the CAF benchmarks, CAF 0.16.5 needs to be downloaded, compiled and installed first:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">git</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">clone</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-branch</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell punctuation-definition-string-begin-shell\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell\">0.16.5</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell punctuation-definition-string-end-shell\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">git@github.com:actor-framework/actor-framework.git</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">mkdir</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">actor-framework/build</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell punctuation-separator-statement-and-shell\">&amp;&amp;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">actor-framework/build</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">cmake</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">preferred/install/location</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">..</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">make</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">install</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Then, from within the Savina directory, the CAF benchmarks can be build:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">cmake</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">DCAF_ROOT_DIR=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">path/to/caf/install/location</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">..</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">make</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The CAF benchmarks are used in these two publications:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322519252_Reducing_Message_Latency_and_CPU_Utilization_in_the_CAF_Actor_Framework\">“Reducing Message Latency and CPU Utilization in the CAF Actor Framework”</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10766-020-00663-1\">“Improving the Performance of Actors on Multi-cores with Parallel Patterns”</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"running-a-benchmark\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#running-a-benchmark\" aria-label=\"running a benchmark permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Running a benchmark</h2>\n<p>A benchmark can simply be run by specifying a benchmark and a target. For instance</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">benchmark/runner</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">./run_benchmark.py</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">benchmark=savina_micro_pingpong</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">target=lf-c</span>\n</pre>\n<p>runs the Ping Pong benchmark from the Savina suite using the C-target of LF. Currently, supported targets are <code>lf-c</code>, <code>lf-cpp</code>, <code>akka</code>, and <code>caf</code> where <code>akka</code> corresponds to the Akka implementation in the original Savina suite and <code>caf</code> corresponds to a implementation using the <a href=\"https://www.actor-framework.org/\">C++ Actor Framework</a> .</p>\n<p>The benchmarks can also be configured. The <code>threads</code> and <code>iterations</code> parameters apply to every benchmark and specify the number of worker threads as well as how many times the benchmark should be run. Most benchmarks allow additional parameters. For instance, the Ping Pong benchmark sends a configurable number of pings that be set via the <code>benchmark.params.messages</code> configuration key. Running the Akka version of the Ping Pong benchmark for 1000 messages, 1 thread and 12 iterations could be done like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">./run_benchmark.py</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">benchmark=savina_micro_pingpong</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">target=akka</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">threads=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">1</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">iterations=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">12</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">benchmark.params.messages=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">1000</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Each benchmark run produces an output directory in the scheme <code>outputs/&#x3C;date>/&#x3C;time>/</code> (e.g. <code>outputs/2020-12-17/16-46-16/</code>). This directory contains a files <code>results.csv</code> which contains the measured execution time for each iteration and all the parameters used for running this particular benchmark. The CSV file contains precisely one row per iteration.</p>\n<h2 id=\"running-a-series-of-benchmarks-multirun\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#running-a-series-of-benchmarks-multirun\" aria-label=\"running a series of benchmarks multirun permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Running a series of benchmarks (multirun)</h2>\n<p>The runner also allows to automatically run a single benchmark or a series of benchmarks with a range of settings. The multirun feature is simply used by the <code>-m</code> switch. For instance:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">./run_benchmark.py</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">m</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">benchmark=savina_micro_pingpong</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">target=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell punctuation-definition-string-begin-shell\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell\">glob(*)</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell punctuation-definition-string-end-shell\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">threads=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">1</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">,2,4</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">iterations=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">12</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">benchmark.params.messages=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell punctuation-definition-string-begin-shell\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell\">range(1000000,10000000,1000000)</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell punctuation-definition-string-end-shell\">&quot;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>runs the Ping Pong benchmark for all targets using 1, 2 and 4 threads and for a number of messages ranging from 1M to 10M (in 1M steps).</p>\n<p>This mechanism can also be used to run multiple benchmarks. For instance,</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">./run_benchmark.py</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">m</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">benchmark=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell punctuation-definition-string-begin-shell\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell\">glob(*)</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell punctuation-definition-string-end-shell\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">target=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell punctuation-definition-string-begin-shell\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell\">glob(*)</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell punctuation-definition-string-end-shell\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">threads=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">4</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">iterations=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">12</span>\n</pre>\n<p>runs all benchmarks for all targets using 4 threads and 12 iterations.</p>\n<p>The results for a multirun are written to a directory in the scheme <code>multirun/&#x3C;date>/&#x3C;time>/&#x3C;n></code> (e.g. <code>multirun/2020-12-17/17-11-03/0/</code>) where <code>&#x3C;n></code> denotes the particular run. Each of the <code>&#x3C;n></code> subdirectories contains a <code>results.csv</code> for this particular run.</p>\n<h2 id=\"collecting-results-from-multirun\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#collecting-results-from-multirun\" aria-label=\"collecting results from multirun permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Collecting results from multirun</h2>\n<p>A second script called <code>collect_results.py</code> provides a convenient way for collecting results from a multirun and merging them into a single CSV file. Simply running</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">./collect_results.py</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">multirun/</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">dat</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\">e</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">/</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">tim</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\">e</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">/</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">out.csv</span>\n</pre>\n<p>collects all results from the particular multirun and stores the merged data structure in out.csv. <code>collect_results.py</code> not only merges the results, but it also calculates minimum, maximum and median execution time for each individual run. The resulting CSV does not contain the measured values of individual iterations anymore and only contains a single row per run. This behavior can be disabled with the <code>--raw</code> command line flag. With the flag set, the results from all runs are merged as say are and the resulting file contains rows for all individual runs, but no minimum, maximum and median values.</p>\n<h2 id=\"how-it-works\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#how-it-works\" aria-label=\"how it works permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>How it works</h2>\n<p>The benchmark runner itself is actually relatively simple. Most of the complexity is dealt with by <a href=\"https://hydra.cc/\">hydra</a>. Hydra is a complex and convenient tool for handling configurations. These configurations can be merged from different sources and be overridden via command line arguments as you have seen above. The actual benchmark runner receives the configuration represented as nested dictionaries from hydra. It then executes the benchmarks precisely as instructed by the configuration.</p>\n<p>The configuration is split into two big parts: the benchmark configuration and the target configuration. The benchmark configuration describes a particular benchmark instance. This is described in more detail in the <a href=\"#adding-new-benchmarks\">next section</a>. The target configuration specifies how to run a benchmark for a specific target (e.g. akka, lf-c, lf-cpp). This is not intended to be changed by the user and therefore isn’t explained in detail here. Essentially a benchmark run is split into 5 steps as is outlined in the following. The target configuration precisely specifies what needs to be done in each step</p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>copy</strong> The command used to copy relevant source files to a temporary directory.</li>\n<li><strong>gen</strong> The command used to generate a configured LF file. This is intended to apply a code generation tool like cog to the source code in order to make benchmarks parameterized.</li>\n<li><strong>compile</strong> The command used to compile the benchmark.</li>\n<li><strong>run</strong> The command used to generate the benchmark.</li>\n<li><strong>parser</strong> A parser (a python method) that is used to process the output of the benchmark run and that returns the execution times of individual benchmark runs in a list.</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"adding-new-benchmarks\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#adding-new-benchmarks\" aria-label=\"adding new benchmarks permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Adding new benchmarks</h2>\n<p>In order to add new benchmarks, a new configuration file needs to be created in the <code>conf/benchmark</code> subdirectory. Benchmarks may be grouped by the underscore-delimited segments in their file name. For instance, the PingPong benchmark is part of the micro-benchmarks of the Savina suite, and consequently its configuration file is named in <code>conf/benchmark/savina_micro_pingpong.yaml</code>. This allows to later specify <code>benchmark=savina/micro/pingpong</code> on the command line. Below you can see the contents of <code>savina_micro_pingpong.yaml</code> which we will break down in the following.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-yaml\"><span class=\"source-yaml comment-line-number-sign-yaml punctuation-definition-comment-yaml\">#</span><span class=\"source-yaml comment-line-number-sign-yaml\"> @package benchmark</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">n</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ame</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">Ping Pong</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">p</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">arams</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">p</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ings</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml constant-numeric-integer-yaml\">1000000</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml comment-line-number-sign-yaml punctuation-definition-comment-yaml\">#</span><span class=\"source-yaml comment-line-number-sign-yaml\"> target specific configuration</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">t</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">argets</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">a</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">kka</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">j</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ar</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">${savina_path}/target/savina-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT-jar-with-dependencies.jar</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">c</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">lass</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">edu.rice.habanero.benchmarks.pingpong.PingPongAkkaActorBenchmark</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">r</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">un_args</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">      </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">p</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ings</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-begin-yaml\">[</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">-n</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-separator-sequence-yaml\">,</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">&lt;value&gt;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-end-yaml\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">c</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">af</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">b</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">in</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">caf_01_pingpong</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">r</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">un_args</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">      </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">p</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ings</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-begin-yaml\">[</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">-n</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-separator-sequence-yaml\">,</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">&lt;value&gt;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-end-yaml\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">l</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">f-cpp</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">c</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">opy_sources</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">      </span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-definition-block-sequence-item-yaml\">-</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">${lf_path}/benchmark/Cpp/Savina/src/BenchmarkRunner.lf</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">      </span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-definition-block-sequence-item-yaml\">-</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">${lf_path}/benchmark/Cpp/Savina/src/micro</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">l</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">f_file</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">micro/PingPong.lf</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">b</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">inary</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">PingPong</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">g</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">en_args</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml constant-language-null-yaml\">null</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">r</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">un_args</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">      </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">p</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ings</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-begin-yaml\">[</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">--count</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-separator-sequence-yaml\">,</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">&lt;value&gt;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-end-yaml\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">l</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">f-c</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">c</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">opy_sources</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">      </span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-definition-block-sequence-item-yaml\">-</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">${lf_path}/benchmark/C/Savina/src/micro/PingPong.lf</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">l</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">f_file</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">PingPong.lf</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">b</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">inary</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">PingPong</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">g</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">en_args</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">      </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">p</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ings</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-begin-yaml\">[</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">-D</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-separator-sequence-yaml\">,</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">count=&lt;value&gt;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-end-yaml\">]</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The first line <code># @package benchmark</code> is hydra specific. It specifies that this configuration is part of the benchmark package. Essentially this enables the configuration to be assigned to <code>benchmark</code> on the command line.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-yaml\"><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">n</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ame</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">Ping Pong</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">p</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">arams</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">p</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ings</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml constant-numeric-integer-yaml\">1000000</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This part sets the benchmark name to “Ping Pong” and declares that there is one benchmark specific parameter: <code>pings</code>. This configuration also set the default value for <code>pings</code> to 1000000. Note that the <code>params</code> dictionary may specify an arbitrary number of parameters.</p>\n<p>The remainder of the configuration file contains target specific configurations that provide instructions on how the particular benchmark can be run for the various targets. This block</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-yaml\"><span class=\"source-yaml comment-line-number-sign-yaml punctuation-definition-comment-yaml\">#</span><span class=\"source-yaml comment-line-number-sign-yaml\"> target specific configuration</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">t</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">argets</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">a</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">kka</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">j</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ar</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">${savina_path}/target/savina-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT-jar-with-dependencies.jar</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">c</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">lass</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">edu.rice.habanero.benchmarks.pingpong.PingPongAkkaActorBenchmark</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">r</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">un_args</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">      </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">p</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ings</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-begin-yaml\">[</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">-n</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-separator-sequence-yaml\">,</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">&lt;value&gt;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-end-yaml\">]</span>\n</pre>\n<p>specifies how the benchmark is executed using Akka. The <code>jar</code> and <code>class</code> configuration keys simply instruct the benchmark runner which class in which jar to run. Note that hydra automatically resolves <code>${savina_path}</code> to the value you set in the <code>SAVINA_PATH</code> environment variable.</p>\n<p>The <code>run_args</code> configuration key allows specification of further arguments that are added to the command to be executed when running the benchmark. It expects a dictionary, where the keys are names of parameters as specified above in the <code>params</code> configuration key, and the values are a list of arguments to be added to the executed command. In the case of the <code>pings</code> parameter, the Akka implementation of the benchmark expects the <code>-n</code> flag followed by the parameter value. Note that the special string <code>&#x3C;value></code> is automatically resolved by the runner to the actual parameter value when executing the command.</p>\n<p>Instructions for the C++ target are specified as follows.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-yaml\"><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">l</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">f-cpp</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">c</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">opy_sources</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-definition-block-sequence-item-yaml\">-</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">${lf_path}/benchmark/Cpp/Savina/src/BenchmarkRunner.lf</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-definition-block-sequence-item-yaml\">-</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">${lf_path}/benchmark/Cpp/Savina/src/micro</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">l</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">f_file</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">micro/PingPong.lf</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">b</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">inary</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">PingPong</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">g</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">en_args</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml constant-language-null-yaml\">null</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">r</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">un_args</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">p</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ings</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-begin-yaml\">[</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">--count</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-separator-sequence-yaml\">,</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">&lt;value&gt;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-end-yaml\">]</span>\n</pre>\n<p>For C and C++ programs, we cannot run a precompiled program as it is the case for Akka, but we need to compile the benchmark first. The benchmark handler automatically performs the build in a temporary directory, so that it doesn’t interfere with the source tree. First, it copies all files listed under <code>copy_sources</code> to the temporary directory. If the specified source path is a directory, the whole directory is copied recursively. The <code>lf_file</code> configuration file specifies the file to be compiled with <code>lfc</code>. <code>binary</code> indicates the name of the binary file resulting from the compilation process.</p>\n<p>For some benchmarks, not all parameters can be applied at runtime. In such cases, the <code>gen_args</code> configuration key can be used to provide additional arguments that should be passed to cog. cog then applies the parameters to the source file (assuming that the source LF file uses cog directives to generate code according to the configuration). Similarly <code>run_args</code> specifies any additional arguments that should be passed to the binary when running the benchmark. In the case of the C++ configuration for the Ping Pong benchmark, the number of pings is a runtime parameter and specified with <code>--count</code>. Since this particular benchmark does not have any parameter that need to be set during generation, <code>gen_args</code> is set to <code>null</code>.</p>\n<p>Finally, we have the C part of the target configuration.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-yaml\"><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">l</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">f-c</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">c</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">opy_sources</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-definition-block-sequence-item-yaml\">-</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">${lf_path}/benchmark/C/Savina/src/micro/PingPong.lf</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">l</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">f_file</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">PingPong.lf</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">b</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">inary</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">PingPong</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">g</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">en_args</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">p</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ings</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-begin-yaml\">[</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">-D</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-separator-sequence-yaml\">,</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">count=&lt;value&gt;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-end-yaml\">]</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This is very similar to the C++ configuration. However, the C target of LF currently does not support overriding of parameter values at runtime. Therefore, all parameters need to be provided as arguments to the code generator and the benchmark needs to provide corresponding cog directives.</p>\n<p>New benchmarks can be simply added by replicating this example and adjusting the precise configuration values and parameters to the specific benchmark.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Running Benchmarks","depth":1},{"value":"Prerequisites","depth":2},{"value":"Install Python dependencies","depth":3},{"value":"Compile lfc","depth":3},{"value":"Setup Savina","depth":3},{"value":"CAF","depth":4},{"value":"Running a benchmark","depth":2},{"value":"Running a series of benchmarks (multirun)","depth":2},{"value":"Collecting results from multirun","depth":2},{"value":"How it works","depth":2},{"value":"Adding new benchmarks","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/running-benchmarks","title":"Running Benchmarks","oneline":"Running Benchmarks.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Regression Tests","oneline":"Regression Tests for Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/regression-tests"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Website Development","oneline":"Development of the Lingua Franca website.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/website-development"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"5-running-benchmarks","slug":"/docs/handbook/running-benchmarks","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/developer/Running Benchmarks.md","previousID":"84dc8ec9-7d59-5bfc-8087-6b3e9f476b80","nextID":"55517b5b-e8f5-53c7-86e7-945db9abd9d2","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.629Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/running-benchmarks","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"ac793a6f-ced3-5dd9-972e-a6891620a738","excerpt":"Running Benchmarks The LF repository contains a series of benchmarks in the benchmark directory. There is also a flexible benchmark runner that automates the…","html":"<h1 id=\"running-benchmarks\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#running-benchmarks\" aria-label=\"running benchmarks permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Running Benchmarks</h1>\n<p>The LF repository contains a series of benchmarks in the <code>benchmark</code> directory. There is also a flexible benchmark runner that automates the process of running benchmarks for various settings and collecting results from those benchmarks. It is located in <code>benchmark/runner</code>.\nThe runner is written in python and is based on <a href=\"https://hydra.cc/docs/intro\">hydra</a>, a tool for dynamically creating hierarchical configurations by composition</p>\n<h2 id=\"prerequisites\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#prerequisites\" aria-label=\"prerequisites permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Prerequisites</h2>\n<h3 id=\"install-python-dependencies\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#install-python-dependencies\" aria-label=\"install python dependencies permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Install Python dependencies</h3>\n<p>The benchmark runner is written in Python and requires a working Python3 installation. It also requires a few python packages to be installed. Namely, <code>hydra-core</code>, <code>cogapp</code> and <code>pandas</code>.</p>\n<p>It is recommended to install the dependencies and execute the benchmark runner in a virtual environment. For instance, this can be done with <code>virtualenv</code>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">virtualenv</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">~/virtualenvs/lfrunner</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">p</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">python3</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">source</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">~/virtualenvs/lfrunner/bin/activate</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Then the dependencies can be installed by running:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">pip</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">install</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">r</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">benchmark/runner/requirements.txt</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"compile-lfc\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#compile-lfc\" aria-label=\"compile lfc permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Compile lfc</h3>\n<p>For running LF benchmarks, the command-line compiler <code>lfc</code> needs to be built. Simply run</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">bin/build-lfc</span>\n</pre>\n<p>in the root directory of the LF repository.</p>\n<p>Also, the environment variable <code>LF_PATH</code> needs to be set and point to the location of the LF repository. This needs to be an absolute path.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell storage-modifier-export-shell\">export</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell variable-other-assignment-shell\">LF_PATH</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell keyword-operator-assignment-shell\">=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">/path/to/lf</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"setup-savina\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#setup-savina\" aria-label=\"setup savina permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Setup Savina</h3>\n<p>Currently all of our benchmarks are ported from the <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/2687357.2687368\">Savina actor benchmark suite</a>. In order to compare our LF implementations with actor based implementation, the Savina benchmark suite needs to be downloaded and compiled. Note that we require a modified version of the Savina suite, that adds support for specifying the number of worker threads and that includes CAF implementations of most benchmarks.</p>\n<p>To download and build Savina, run the following commands:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">git</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">clone</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">https://github.com/lf-lang/savina.git</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">savina</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">mvn</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">install</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Building Savina requires a Java 8 JDK. Depending on the local setup, <code>JAVA_HOME</code> might need to be adjusted before running <code>mvn</code> in order to point to the correct JDK.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell storage-modifier-export-shell\">export</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell variable-other-assignment-shell\">JAVA_HOME</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell keyword-operator-assignment-shell\">=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">/path/to/jdk8</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Before invoking the benchmark runner, the environment variable <code>SAVINA_PATH</code> needs to be set and point to the location of the Savina repository using an absolute path.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell storage-modifier-export-shell\">export</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell variable-other-assignment-shell\">SAVINA_PATH</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell keyword-operator-assignment-shell\">=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-expression-assignment-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">/path/to/savina</span>\n</pre>\n<h4 id=\"caf\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#caf\" aria-label=\"caf permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>CAF</h4>\n<p>To further build the CAF benchmarks, CAF 0.16.5 needs to be downloaded, compiled and installed first:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">git</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">clone</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-branch</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell punctuation-definition-string-begin-shell\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell\">0.16.5</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell punctuation-definition-string-end-shell\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">git@github.com:actor-framework/actor-framework.git</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">mkdir</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">actor-framework/build</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell punctuation-separator-statement-and-shell\">&amp;&amp;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">actor-framework/build</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">cmake</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">preferred/install/location</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">..</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">make</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">install</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Then, from within the Savina directory, the CAF benchmarks can be build:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">cmake</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">DCAF_ROOT_DIR=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">path/to/caf/install/location</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">..</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">make</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The CAF benchmarks are used in these two publications:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322519252_Reducing_Message_Latency_and_CPU_Utilization_in_the_CAF_Actor_Framework\">“Reducing Message Latency and CPU Utilization in the CAF Actor Framework”</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10766-020-00663-1\">“Improving the Performance of Actors on Multi-cores with Parallel Patterns”</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"running-a-benchmark\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#running-a-benchmark\" aria-label=\"running a benchmark permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Running a benchmark</h2>\n<p>A benchmark can simply be run by specifying a benchmark and a target. For instance</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">benchmark/runner</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">./run_benchmark.py</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">benchmark=savina_micro_pingpong</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">target=lf-c</span>\n</pre>\n<p>runs the Ping Pong benchmark from the Savina suite using the C-target of LF. Currently, supported targets are <code>lf-c</code>, <code>lf-cpp</code>, <code>akka</code>, and <code>caf</code> where <code>akka</code> corresponds to the Akka implementation in the original Savina suite and <code>caf</code> corresponds to a implementation using the <a href=\"https://www.actor-framework.org/\">C++ Actor Framework</a> .</p>\n<p>The benchmarks can also be configured. The <code>threads</code> and <code>iterations</code> parameters apply to every benchmark and specify the number of worker threads as well as how many times the benchmark should be run. Most benchmarks allow additional parameters. For instance, the Ping Pong benchmark sends a configurable number of pings that be set via the <code>benchmark.params.messages</code> configuration key. Running the Akka version of the Ping Pong benchmark for 1000 messages, 1 thread and 12 iterations could be done like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">./run_benchmark.py</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">benchmark=savina_micro_pingpong</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">target=akka</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">threads=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">1</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">iterations=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">12</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">benchmark.params.messages=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">1000</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Each benchmark run produces an output directory in the scheme <code>outputs/&#x3C;date>/&#x3C;time>/</code> (e.g. <code>outputs/2020-12-17/16-46-16/</code>). This directory contains a files <code>results.csv</code> which contains the measured execution time for each iteration and all the parameters used for running this particular benchmark. The CSV file contains precisely one row per iteration.</p>\n<h2 id=\"running-a-series-of-benchmarks-multirun\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#running-a-series-of-benchmarks-multirun\" aria-label=\"running a series of benchmarks multirun permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Running a series of benchmarks (multirun)</h2>\n<p>The runner also allows to automatically run a single benchmark or a series of benchmarks with a range of settings. The multirun feature is simply used by the <code>-m</code> switch. For instance:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">./run_benchmark.py</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">m</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">benchmark=savina_micro_pingpong</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">target=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell punctuation-definition-string-begin-shell\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell\">glob(*)</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell punctuation-definition-string-end-shell\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">threads=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">1</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">,2,4</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">iterations=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">12</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">benchmark.params.messages=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell punctuation-definition-string-begin-shell\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell\">range(1000000,10000000,1000000)</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell punctuation-definition-string-end-shell\">&quot;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>runs the Ping Pong benchmark for all targets using 1, 2 and 4 threads and for a number of messages ranging from 1M to 10M (in 1M steps).</p>\n<p>This mechanism can also be used to run multiple benchmarks. For instance,</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">./run_benchmark.py</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">m</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">benchmark=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell punctuation-definition-string-begin-shell\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell\">glob(*)</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell punctuation-definition-string-end-shell\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">target=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell punctuation-definition-string-begin-shell\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell\">glob(*)</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-double-shell punctuation-definition-string-end-shell\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">threads=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">4</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">iterations=</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-numeric-shell constant-numeric-integer-shell\">12</span>\n</pre>\n<p>runs all benchmarks for all targets using 4 threads and 12 iterations.</p>\n<p>The results for a multirun are written to a directory in the scheme <code>multirun/&#x3C;date>/&#x3C;time>/&#x3C;n></code> (e.g. <code>multirun/2020-12-17/17-11-03/0/</code>) where <code>&#x3C;n></code> denotes the particular run. Each of the <code>&#x3C;n></code> subdirectories contains a <code>results.csv</code> for this particular run.</p>\n<h2 id=\"collecting-results-from-multirun\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#collecting-results-from-multirun\" aria-label=\"collecting results from multirun permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Collecting results from multirun</h2>\n<p>A second script called <code>collect_results.py</code> provides a convenient way for collecting results from a multirun and merging them into a single CSV file. Simply running</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">./collect_results.py</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">multirun/</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">dat</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\">e</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">/</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">tim</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\">e</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">/</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">out.csv</span>\n</pre>\n<p>collects all results from the particular multirun and stores the merged data structure in out.csv. <code>collect_results.py</code> not only merges the results, but it also calculates minimum, maximum and median execution time for each individual run. The resulting CSV does not contain the measured values of individual iterations anymore and only contains a single row per run. This behavior can be disabled with the <code>--raw</code> command line flag. With the flag set, the results from all runs are merged as say are and the resulting file contains rows for all individual runs, but no minimum, maximum and median values.</p>\n<h2 id=\"how-it-works\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#how-it-works\" aria-label=\"how it works permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>How it works</h2>\n<p>The benchmark runner itself is actually relatively simple. Most of the complexity is dealt with by <a href=\"https://hydra.cc/\">hydra</a>. Hydra is a complex and convenient tool for handling configurations. These configurations can be merged from different sources and be overridden via command line arguments as you have seen above. The actual benchmark runner receives the configuration represented as nested dictionaries from hydra. It then executes the benchmarks precisely as instructed by the configuration.</p>\n<p>The configuration is split into two big parts: the benchmark configuration and the target configuration. The benchmark configuration describes a particular benchmark instance. This is described in more detail in the <a href=\"#adding-new-benchmarks\">next section</a>. The target configuration specifies how to run a benchmark for a specific target (e.g. akka, lf-c, lf-cpp). This is not intended to be changed by the user and therefore isn’t explained in detail here. Essentially a benchmark run is split into 5 steps as is outlined in the following. The target configuration precisely specifies what needs to be done in each step</p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>copy</strong> The command used to copy relevant source files to a temporary directory.</li>\n<li><strong>gen</strong> The command used to generate a configured LF file. This is intended to apply a code generation tool like cog to the source code in order to make benchmarks parameterized.</li>\n<li><strong>compile</strong> The command used to compile the benchmark.</li>\n<li><strong>run</strong> The command used to generate the benchmark.</li>\n<li><strong>parser</strong> A parser (a python method) that is used to process the output of the benchmark run and that returns the execution times of individual benchmark runs in a list.</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"adding-new-benchmarks\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#adding-new-benchmarks\" aria-label=\"adding new benchmarks permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Adding new benchmarks</h2>\n<p>In order to add new benchmarks, a new configuration file needs to be created in the <code>conf/benchmark</code> subdirectory. Benchmarks may be grouped by the underscore-delimited segments in their file name. For instance, the PingPong benchmark is part of the micro-benchmarks of the Savina suite, and consequently its configuration file is named in <code>conf/benchmark/savina_micro_pingpong.yaml</code>. This allows to later specify <code>benchmark=savina/micro/pingpong</code> on the command line. Below you can see the contents of <code>savina_micro_pingpong.yaml</code> which we will break down in the following.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-yaml\"><span class=\"source-yaml comment-line-number-sign-yaml punctuation-definition-comment-yaml\">#</span><span class=\"source-yaml comment-line-number-sign-yaml\"> @package benchmark</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">n</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ame</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">Ping Pong</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">p</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">arams</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">p</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ings</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml constant-numeric-integer-yaml\">1000000</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml comment-line-number-sign-yaml punctuation-definition-comment-yaml\">#</span><span class=\"source-yaml comment-line-number-sign-yaml\"> target specific configuration</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">t</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">argets</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">a</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">kka</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">j</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ar</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">${savina_path}/target/savina-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT-jar-with-dependencies.jar</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">c</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">lass</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">edu.rice.habanero.benchmarks.pingpong.PingPongAkkaActorBenchmark</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">r</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">un_args</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">      </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">p</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ings</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-begin-yaml\">[</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">-n</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-separator-sequence-yaml\">,</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">&lt;value&gt;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-end-yaml\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">c</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">af</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">b</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">in</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">caf_01_pingpong</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">r</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">un_args</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">      </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">p</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ings</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-begin-yaml\">[</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">-n</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-separator-sequence-yaml\">,</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">&lt;value&gt;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-end-yaml\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">l</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">f-cpp</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">c</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">opy_sources</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">      </span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-definition-block-sequence-item-yaml\">-</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">${lf_path}/benchmark/Cpp/Savina/src/BenchmarkRunner.lf</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">      </span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-definition-block-sequence-item-yaml\">-</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">${lf_path}/benchmark/Cpp/Savina/src/micro</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">l</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">f_file</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">micro/PingPong.lf</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">b</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">inary</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">PingPong</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">g</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">en_args</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml constant-language-null-yaml\">null</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">r</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">un_args</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">      </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">p</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ings</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-begin-yaml\">[</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">--count</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-separator-sequence-yaml\">,</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">&lt;value&gt;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-end-yaml\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">l</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">f-c</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">c</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">opy_sources</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">      </span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-definition-block-sequence-item-yaml\">-</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">${lf_path}/benchmark/C/Savina/src/micro/PingPong.lf</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">l</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">f_file</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">PingPong.lf</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">b</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">inary</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">PingPong</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">g</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">en_args</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">      </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">p</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ings</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-begin-yaml\">[</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">-D</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-separator-sequence-yaml\">,</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">count=&lt;value&gt;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-end-yaml\">]</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The first line <code># @package benchmark</code> is hydra specific. It specifies that this configuration is part of the benchmark package. Essentially this enables the configuration to be assigned to <code>benchmark</code> on the command line.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-yaml\"><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">n</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ame</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">Ping Pong</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">p</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">arams</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">p</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ings</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml constant-numeric-integer-yaml\">1000000</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This part sets the benchmark name to “Ping Pong” and declares that there is one benchmark specific parameter: <code>pings</code>. This configuration also set the default value for <code>pings</code> to 1000000. Note that the <code>params</code> dictionary may specify an arbitrary number of parameters.</p>\n<p>The remainder of the configuration file contains target specific configurations that provide instructions on how the particular benchmark can be run for the various targets. This block</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-yaml\"><span class=\"source-yaml comment-line-number-sign-yaml punctuation-definition-comment-yaml\">#</span><span class=\"source-yaml comment-line-number-sign-yaml\"> target specific configuration</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">t</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">argets</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">a</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">kka</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">j</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ar</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">${savina_path}/target/savina-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT-jar-with-dependencies.jar</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">c</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">lass</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">edu.rice.habanero.benchmarks.pingpong.PingPongAkkaActorBenchmark</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">r</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">un_args</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">      </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">p</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ings</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-begin-yaml\">[</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">-n</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-separator-sequence-yaml\">,</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">&lt;value&gt;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-end-yaml\">]</span>\n</pre>\n<p>specifies how the benchmark is executed using Akka. The <code>jar</code> and <code>class</code> configuration keys simply instruct the benchmark runner which class in which jar to run. Note that hydra automatically resolves <code>${savina_path}</code> to the value you set in the <code>SAVINA_PATH</code> environment variable.</p>\n<p>The <code>run_args</code> configuration key allows specification of further arguments that are added to the command to be executed when running the benchmark. It expects a dictionary, where the keys are names of parameters as specified above in the <code>params</code> configuration key, and the values are a list of arguments to be added to the executed command. In the case of the <code>pings</code> parameter, the Akka implementation of the benchmark expects the <code>-n</code> flag followed by the parameter value. Note that the special string <code>&#x3C;value></code> is automatically resolved by the runner to the actual parameter value when executing the command.</p>\n<p>Instructions for the C++ target are specified as follows.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-yaml\"><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">l</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">f-cpp</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">c</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">opy_sources</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-definition-block-sequence-item-yaml\">-</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">${lf_path}/benchmark/Cpp/Savina/src/BenchmarkRunner.lf</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-definition-block-sequence-item-yaml\">-</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">${lf_path}/benchmark/Cpp/Savina/src/micro</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">l</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">f_file</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">micro/PingPong.lf</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">b</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">inary</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">PingPong</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">g</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">en_args</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml constant-language-null-yaml\">null</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">r</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">un_args</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">p</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ings</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-begin-yaml\">[</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">--count</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-separator-sequence-yaml\">,</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">&lt;value&gt;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-end-yaml\">]</span>\n</pre>\n<p>For C and C++ programs, we cannot run a precompiled program as it is the case for Akka, but we need to compile the benchmark first. The benchmark handler automatically performs the build in a temporary directory, so that it doesn’t interfere with the source tree. First, it copies all files listed under <code>copy_sources</code> to the temporary directory. If the specified source path is a directory, the whole directory is copied recursively. The <code>lf_file</code> configuration file specifies the file to be compiled with <code>lfc</code>. <code>binary</code> indicates the name of the binary file resulting from the compilation process.</p>\n<p>For some benchmarks, not all parameters can be applied at runtime. In such cases, the <code>gen_args</code> configuration key can be used to provide additional arguments that should be passed to cog. cog then applies the parameters to the source file (assuming that the source LF file uses cog directives to generate code according to the configuration). Similarly <code>run_args</code> specifies any additional arguments that should be passed to the binary when running the benchmark. In the case of the C++ configuration for the Ping Pong benchmark, the number of pings is a runtime parameter and specified with <code>--count</code>. Since this particular benchmark does not have any parameter that need to be set during generation, <code>gen_args</code> is set to <code>null</code>.</p>\n<p>Finally, we have the C part of the target configuration.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-yaml\"><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">l</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">f-c</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">c</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">opy_sources</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-definition-block-sequence-item-yaml\">-</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">${lf_path}/benchmark/C/Savina/src/micro/PingPong.lf</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">l</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">f_file</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">PingPong.lf</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">b</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">inary</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">PingPong</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">  </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">g</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">en_args</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-yaml\">    </span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">p</span><span class=\"source-yaml string-unquoted-plain-out-yaml entity-name-tag-yaml\">ings</span><span class=\"source-yaml punctuation-separator-key-value-mapping-yaml\">:</span><span class=\"source-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-begin-yaml\">[</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">-D</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-separator-sequence-yaml\">,</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml\"> </span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-begin-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml\">count=&lt;value&gt;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml string-quoted-double-yaml punctuation-definition-string-end-yaml\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-yaml meta-flow-sequence-yaml punctuation-definition-sequence-end-yaml\">]</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This is very similar to the C++ configuration. However, the C target of LF currently does not support overriding of parameter values at runtime. Therefore, all parameters need to be provided as arguments to the code generator and the benchmark needs to provide corresponding cog directives.</p>\n<p>New benchmarks can be simply added by replicating this example and adjusting the precise configuration values and parameters to the specific benchmark.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Running Benchmarks","depth":1},{"value":"Prerequisites","depth":2},{"value":"Install Python dependencies","depth":3},{"value":"Compile lfc","depth":3},{"value":"Setup Savina","depth":3},{"value":"CAF","depth":4},{"value":"Running a benchmark","depth":2},{"value":"Running a series of benchmarks (multirun)","depth":2},{"value":"Collecting results from multirun","depth":2},{"value":"How it works","depth":2},{"value":"Adding new benchmarks","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/running-benchmarks","title":"Running Benchmarks","oneline":"Running Benchmarks.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Regression Tests","oneline":"Regression Tests for Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/regression-tests"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Website Development","oneline":"Development of the Lingua Franca website.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/website-development"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"5-running-benchmarks","slug":"/docs/handbook/running-benchmarks","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/developer/Running Benchmarks.md","previousID":"b004db16-2d0f-54e3-a2a8-d9d6f510eea1","nextID":"6fe7623e-c5ce-509d-9532-9d282ae790cc","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.015Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/security/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/security/page-data.json
index 7fdd9bdeb..272d1f88f 100644
--- a/page-data/docs/handbook/security/page-data.json
+++ b/page-data/docs/handbook/security/page-data.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/security","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"9198990e-ba00-5fda-8914-1b70542766df","excerpt":"Warning: the experimental security features described on this page are under development and not production ready. Users should not expect their federations…","html":"<h3 id=\"warning-the-experimental-security-features-described-on-this-page-are-under-development-and-not-production-ready-users-should-not-expect-their-federations-will-be-secure-if-the-auth-target-property-is-enabled\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#warning-the-experimental-security-features-described-on-this-page-are-under-development-and-not-production-ready-users-should-not-expect-their-federations-will-be-secure-if-the-auth-target-property-is-enabled\" aria-label=\"warning the experimental security features described on this page are under development and not production ready users should not expect their federations will be secure if the auth target property is enabled permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Warning: the experimental security features described on this page are under development and not production ready. Users should not expect their federations will be secure if the <code>auth</code> target property is enabled.</h3>\n<p>By default, there is no secure authentication happening when a federate joins a federation, and data exchanged by federates is not encrypted. For targets that support it, the <code>auth</code> target property can be used to enable authentication between federates. Messages exchanged between federates after authentication are <strong>not encrypted</strong>, but this capability is planned for the future.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-py lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not currently support the <code>auth</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<h2 id=\"authentication\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#authentication\" aria-label=\"authentication permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Authentication</h2>\n<p>For the <code>C</code> target, federated execution is able to apply security with authentication by using HMAC authentication between RTI and federates. To enable this, include the <code>auth</code> property in your target specification, as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    auth</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The RTI build must include CMake options to enable simple HMAC-based authentication of federates. Add <code>-DAUTH=ON</code> option to the CMake command as shown below:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-bash\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">mkdir</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">build</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell punctuation-separator-statement-and-shell\">&amp;&amp;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">build</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">cmake</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">DAUTH=ON</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">../</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">make</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">sudo</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">make</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">install</span>\n</pre>\n<p>If you would like to go back to non-AUTH mode, you would have to remove all contents of the <code>build</code> folder.</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Warning: the experimental security features described on this page are under development and not production ready. Users should not expect their federations will be secure if the auth target property is enabled.","depth":3},{"value":"Authentication","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/security","title":"Security","oneline":"Secure Federated Execution","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Containerized Execution","oneline":"Containerized Execution using Docker","permalink":"/docs/handbook/containerized-execution"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"3-security","slug":"/docs/handbook/security","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/reference/Security.md","previousID":"ccae77e0-d279-503e-9e61-a1badb2bb631","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.630Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/security","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"21be3a62-9007-5e8f-a8ab-0e0e5a549b99","excerpt":"Warning: the experimental security features described on this page are under development and not production ready. Users should not expect their federations…","html":"<h3 id=\"warning-the-experimental-security-features-described-on-this-page-are-under-development-and-not-production-ready-users-should-not-expect-their-federations-will-be-secure-if-the-auth-target-property-is-enabled\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#warning-the-experimental-security-features-described-on-this-page-are-under-development-and-not-production-ready-users-should-not-expect-their-federations-will-be-secure-if-the-auth-target-property-is-enabled\" aria-label=\"warning the experimental security features described on this page are under development and not production ready users should not expect their federations will be secure if the auth target property is enabled permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Warning: the experimental security features described on this page are under development and not production ready. Users should not expect their federations will be secure if the <code>auth</code> target property is enabled.</h3>\n<p>By default, there is no secure authentication happening when a federate joins a federation, and data exchanged by federates is not encrypted. For targets that support it, the <code>auth</code> target property can be used to enable authentication between federates. Messages exchanged between federates after authentication are <strong>not encrypted</strong>, but this capability is planned for the future.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-py lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not currently support the <code>auth</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<h2 id=\"authentication\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#authentication\" aria-label=\"authentication permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Authentication</h2>\n<p>For the <code>C</code> target, federated execution is able to apply security with authentication by using HMAC authentication between RTI and federates. To enable this, include the <code>auth</code> property in your target specification, as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    auth</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The RTI build must include CMake options to enable simple HMAC-based authentication of federates. Add <code>-DAUTH=ON</code> option to the CMake command as shown below:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-bash\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">mkdir</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">build</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell punctuation-separator-statement-and-shell\">&amp;&amp;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">build</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">cmake</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">DAUTH=ON</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">../</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">make</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">sudo</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">make</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">install</span>\n</pre>\n<p>If you would like to go back to non-AUTH mode, you would have to remove all contents of the <code>build</code> folder.</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Warning: the experimental security features described on this page are under development and not production ready. Users should not expect their federations will be secure if the auth target property is enabled.","depth":3},{"value":"Authentication","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/security","title":"Security","oneline":"Secure Federated Execution","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Containerized Execution","oneline":"Containerized Execution using Docker","permalink":"/docs/handbook/containerized-execution"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"3-security","slug":"/docs/handbook/security","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/reference/Security.md","previousID":"0d63a4b3-f226-54ba-a299-23b69782aba6","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.015Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/superdense-time/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/superdense-time/page-data.json
index 1b3a76300..ee3635ba7 100644
--- a/page-data/docs/handbook/superdense-time/page-data.json
+++ b/page-data/docs/handbook/superdense-time/page-data.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/superdense-time","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"32af4df4-04ff-56e2-bd6d-324a9d11752c","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ Tag vs. Time The model of time in Lingua Franca is a bit more sophisticated than we have hinted at. Specifically, a superdense model of…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<h2 id=\"tag-vs-time\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#tag-vs-time\" aria-label=\"tag vs time permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Tag vs. Time</h2>\n<p>The model of time in Lingua Franca is a bit more sophisticated than we have hinted at. Specifically, a <strong>superdense</strong> model of time is used. In particular, instead of a <strong>timestamp</strong>, LF uses a <strong>tag</strong>, which consists of a <strong>logical time</strong> <em>t</em> and a <strong>microstep</strong> <em>m</em>.</p>\n<p>A <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions#logical-actions\">$logical$ $action$</a> may have a <code>&#x3C;min_delay></code> of zero, and the <code>&#x3C;offset></code> argument to the <code>schedule()</code> function may be zero. In this case, the call to <code>schedule()</code> appears to be requesting that the action trigger at the <em>current logical time</em>. Here is where superdense time comes in. The action will indeed trigger at the current logical time, but one microstep later. Consider the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Microsteps)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">. Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">. Microstep is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">microstep</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> count </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> Microstep: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">. Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">. </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Microstep is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-comparison-python\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">. Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getCurrentLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">. Microstep is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getCurrentTag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-property-ts\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">zero</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> tag </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">{}. Logical time is {}. Microstep is {}.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.count,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        tag.offset_from_t0.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">as_nanos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        tag.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    );</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.count </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-comparison-rust\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.count </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">a, Asap);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Microsteps)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/77e870398c067ca8ec2be1d6b5d21042/Microsteps.svg\" width=\"150\">\n<p>Executing this program will yield something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">1. Logical time is 1649607749415269000. Microstep is 0.\n2. Logical time is 1649607749415269000. Microstep is 1.\n3. Logical time is 1649607749415269000. Microstep is 2.\n4. Logical time is 1649607749415269000. Microstep is 3.\n5. Logical time is 1649607749415269000. Microstep is 4.</pre>\n<p>Notice that the logical time is not advancing, but the microstep is (the logical time, in this case, gives the number of nanoseconds that have elapsed since January 1, 1970). The general rule is that <strong>every</strong> call to <code>schedule()</code> advances the tag by at least one microstep.</p>\n<h2 id=\"logical-simultaneity\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#logical-simultaneity\" aria-label=\"logical simultaneity permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Logical Simultaneity</h2>\n<p>Two events are <strong>logically simultaneous</strong> only if <em>both</em> the logical time and the microstep are equal. The following example illustrates this:</p>\n<p>$start(Simultaneous)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Time since start: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, microstep: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">microstep</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">  x is present.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">  y is present.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">repeat</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, repeat </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">repeat</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">repeat) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Time since start: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> Current Microstep: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">x is present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">y is present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">repeat</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, repeat </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">repeat</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">ms</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">repeat) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Time since start: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">microstep: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">  x is present.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">  y is present.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">repeat</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, repeat </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">repeat</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(repeat) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Time since start: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getElapsedLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">, microstep: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getCurrentTag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-property-ts\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-undefined-ts\">undefined</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">  x is present.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-undefined-ts\">undefined</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">  y is present.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">repeat</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, repeat </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-dom-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">repeat</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(repeat) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-dom-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> tag </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Time since start: {}, microstep: {}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        tag.offset_from_t0.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">as_nanos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        tag.microstep,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    );</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">x) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">  x is present.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">y) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">  y is present.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">repeat</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, repeat </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">d__x, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">repeat, Asap);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(repeat) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">d__y, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">); </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Simultaneous)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/1d3d3edee19e8132e88c57809ccd3949/Simultaneous.svg\" width=\"400\">\n<p>The <code>Destination</code> reactor has two inputs, <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>, and it reports in a reaction to either input what is the logical time, the microstep, and which input is present. The main reactor reacts to $startup$ by sending data to the <code>x</code> input of <code>Destination</code>. It then schedules a <code>repeat</code> action with an <code>&#x3C;offset></code> of zero. The <code>repeat</code> reaction is invoked <strong>strictly later</strong>, one <strong>microstep</strong> later. The output printed, therefore, will look like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Time since start: 0, microstep: 0\n  x is present.\nTime since start: 0, microstep: 1\n  y is present.</pre>\n<p>The reported elapsed logical time has not advanced in the second reaction, but the fact that <code>x</code> is not present in the second reaction proves that the first reaction and the second are not logically simultaneous. The second occurs one microstep later.</p>\n<h2 id=\"alignment-of-logical-and-physical-times\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#alignment-of-logical-and-physical-times\" aria-label=\"alignment of logical and physical times permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Alignment of Logical and Physical Times</h2>\n<p>Recall that in Lingua Franca, logical time “chases” physical time, invoking reactions at a physical time close to their logical time. For that purpose, the microstep is ignored.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Tag vs. Time","depth":2},{"value":"Logical Simultaneity","depth":2},{"value":"Alignment of Logical and Physical Times","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/superdense-time","title":"Superdense Time","oneline":"Superdense time in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Modal Reactors","oneline":"Modal Reactors","permalink":"/docs/handbook/modal-models"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-superdense-time","slug":"/docs/handbook/superdense-time","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Superdense Time.md","previousID":"bdeee071-cc77-5857-b381-d0995d6c043b","nextID":"57dbdb02-852e-5986-8aad-a0ee5bde62f8","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.632Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/superdense-time","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"20889c15-4d9e-53ef-b371-5b83af6a6440","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ Tag vs. Time The model of time in Lingua Franca is a bit more sophisticated than we have hinted at. Specifically, a superdense model of…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<h2 id=\"tag-vs-time\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#tag-vs-time\" aria-label=\"tag vs time permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Tag vs. Time</h2>\n<p>The model of time in Lingua Franca is a bit more sophisticated than we have hinted at. Specifically, a <strong>superdense</strong> model of time is used. In particular, instead of a <strong>timestamp</strong>, LF uses a <strong>tag</strong>, which consists of a <strong>logical time</strong> <em>t</em> and a <strong>microstep</strong> <em>m</em>.</p>\n<p>A <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions#logical-actions\">$logical$ $action$</a> may have a <code>&#x3C;min_delay></code> of zero, and the <code>&#x3C;offset></code> argument to the <code>schedule()</code> function may be zero. In this case, the call to <code>schedule()</code> appears to be requesting that the action trigger at the <em>current logical time</em>. Here is where superdense time comes in. The action will indeed trigger at the current logical time, but one microstep later. Consider the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Microsteps)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">. Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">. Microstep is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">microstep</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> count </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> Microstep: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">. Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">. </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Microstep is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-comparison-python\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">. Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getCurrentLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">. Microstep is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getCurrentTag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-property-ts\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">zero</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> tag </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">{}. Logical time is {}. Microstep is {}.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.count,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        tag.offset_from_t0.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">as_nanos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        tag.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    );</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.count </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-comparison-rust\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.count </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">a, Asap);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Microsteps)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/77e870398c067ca8ec2be1d6b5d21042/Microsteps.svg\" width=\"150\">\n<p>Executing this program will yield something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">1. Logical time is 1649607749415269000. Microstep is 0.\n2. Logical time is 1649607749415269000. Microstep is 1.\n3. Logical time is 1649607749415269000. Microstep is 2.\n4. Logical time is 1649607749415269000. Microstep is 3.\n5. Logical time is 1649607749415269000. Microstep is 4.</pre>\n<p>Notice that the logical time is not advancing, but the microstep is (the logical time, in this case, gives the number of nanoseconds that have elapsed since January 1, 1970). The general rule is that <strong>every</strong> call to <code>schedule()</code> advances the tag by at least one microstep.</p>\n<h2 id=\"logical-simultaneity\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#logical-simultaneity\" aria-label=\"logical simultaneity permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Logical Simultaneity</h2>\n<p>Two events are <strong>logically simultaneous</strong> only if <em>both</em> the logical time and the microstep are equal. The following example illustrates this:</p>\n<p>$start(Simultaneous)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Time since start: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, microstep: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">microstep</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">  x is present.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">  y is present.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">repeat</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, repeat </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">repeat</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">repeat) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Time since start: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> Current Microstep: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">x is present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">y is present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">repeat</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, repeat </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">repeat</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">ms</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">repeat) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Time since start: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">microstep: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">  x is present.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">  y is present.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">repeat</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, repeat </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">repeat</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(repeat) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Time since start: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getElapsedLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">, microstep: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getCurrentTag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-property-ts\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-undefined-ts\">undefined</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">  x is present.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-undefined-ts\">undefined</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">  y is present.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">repeat</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, repeat </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-dom-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">repeat</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(repeat) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-dom-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> tag </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get_tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Time since start: {}, microstep: {}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        tag.offset_from_t0.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">as_nanos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        tag.microstep,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    );</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">x) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">  x is present.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">y) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">  y is present.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">repeat</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, repeat </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">d__x, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">repeat, Asap);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(repeat) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">d__y, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">); </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Simultaneous)$</p>\n<img alt=\"Lingua Franca diagram\" src=\"/1d3d3edee19e8132e88c57809ccd3949/Simultaneous.svg\" width=\"400\">\n<p>The <code>Destination</code> reactor has two inputs, <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>, and it reports in a reaction to either input what is the logical time, the microstep, and which input is present. The main reactor reacts to $startup$ by sending data to the <code>x</code> input of <code>Destination</code>. It then schedules a <code>repeat</code> action with an <code>&#x3C;offset></code> of zero. The <code>repeat</code> reaction is invoked <strong>strictly later</strong>, one <strong>microstep</strong> later. The output printed, therefore, will look like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Time since start: 0, microstep: 0\n  x is present.\nTime since start: 0, microstep: 1\n  y is present.</pre>\n<p>The reported elapsed logical time has not advanced in the second reaction, but the fact that <code>x</code> is not present in the second reaction proves that the first reaction and the second are not logically simultaneous. The second occurs one microstep later.</p>\n<h2 id=\"alignment-of-logical-and-physical-times\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#alignment-of-logical-and-physical-times\" aria-label=\"alignment of logical and physical times permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Alignment of Logical and Physical Times</h2>\n<p>Recall that in Lingua Franca, logical time “chases” physical time, invoking reactions at a physical time close to their logical time. For that purpose, the microstep is ignored.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Tag vs. Time","depth":2},{"value":"Logical Simultaneity","depth":2},{"value":"Alignment of Logical and Physical Times","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/superdense-time","title":"Superdense Time","oneline":"Superdense time in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Modal Reactors","oneline":"Modal Reactors","permalink":"/docs/handbook/modal-models"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-superdense-time","slug":"/docs/handbook/superdense-time","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Superdense Time.md","previousID":"ab880406-6c38-59c6-9a2c-a8f736013224","nextID":"ddeb2577-9554-5362-9ed2-abba8f412fc1","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/target-declaration/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/target-declaration/page-data.json
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@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/target-declaration","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"28b616d7-d9ee-5995-8ff7-f76a94e0507a","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ Every Lingua Franca program begins with a statement of this form: The <name> gives the name of some Lingua Franca target language, which…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<p>Every Lingua Franca program begins with a statement of this form:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> &lt;name&gt; &lt;parameters&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>&#x3C;name></code> gives the name of some Lingua Franca target language, which is the language in which reactions are written. This is also the language of the program(s) generated by the Lingua Franca compiler. The target languages currently supported are C, C++, Python, TypeScript, and Rust.</p>\n<h1 id=\"summary-of-parameters\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#summary-of-parameters\" aria-label=\"summary of parameters permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Summary of Parameters</h1>\n<p>A target specification may have optional parameters, the names and values of which depend on which specific target you are using. Each parameter is a key-value pair, where the supported keys are a subset of the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#auth\"><strong>auth</strong></a>: A boolean specifying to apply authorization between RTI and federates when federated execution.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#build\"><strong>build</strong></a>: A command to execute after code generation instead of the default compile command.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#build-type\"><strong>build-type</strong></a>: One of Release (the default), Debug, RelWithDebInfo and MinSizeRel.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#cargo-dependencies\"><strong>cargo-dependencies</strong></a>: (Rust only) list of dependencies to include in the generated Cargo.toml file.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#cargo-features\"><strong>cargo-features</strong></a>: (Rust only) List of string names of features to include.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#cmake\"><strong>cmake</strong></a>: Whether to use cmake for building.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#cmake\"><strong>cmake-include</strong></a>: List of paths to cmake files to guide compilation.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#compiler\"><strong>compiler</strong></a>: A string giving the name of the target language compiler to use.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#docker\"><strong>docker</strong></a>: A boolean to generate a Dockerfile.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#external-runtime-path\"><strong>external-runtime-path</strong></a>: Specify a pre-compiled external runtime library located to link to instead of the default.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#export-dependency-graph\"><strong>export-dependency-graph</strong></a>: To export the reaction dependency graph as a dot graph (for debugging).</li>\n<li><a href=\"#fast\"><strong>fast</strong></a>: A boolean specifying to execute as fast as possible without waiting for physical time to match logical time.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#files\"><strong>files</strong></a>: An array of paths to files or directories to be copied to the directory that contains the generated sources.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#flags\"><strong>flags</strong></a>: An arrays of strings giving options to be passed to the target compiler.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#logging\"><strong>logging</strong></a>: An indicator of how much information to print when executing the program.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#no-compile\"><strong>no-compile</strong></a>: If true, then do not invoke a target language compiler. Just generate code.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#no-runtime-validation\"><strong>no-runtime-validation</strong></a>: If true, disable runtime validation.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#protobufs\"><strong>protobufs</strong></a>: An array of .proto files that are to be compiled and included in the generated code.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#runtime-version\"><strong>runtime-version</strong></a>: Specify which version of the runtime system to use.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#rust-include\"><strong>rust-include</strong></a>: (Rust only) A set of Rust modules in the generated project.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#scheduler\"><strong>scheduler</strong></a>: (C only) Specification of the scheduler to us.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#single-file-project\"><strong>single-file-project</strong></a>: (Rust only) If true, enables <a href=\"#single-file-layout\">single-file project layout</a>.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#threading\"><strong>threading</strong></a>: Whether to use multiple threads.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#timeout\"><strong>timeout</strong></a>: A time value (with units) specifying the logical stop time of execution. See <a href=\"/docs/handbook/termination\">Termination</a>.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#workers\"><strong>workers</strong></a>: If using multiple threads, how many worker threads to create.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Not all targets support all target parameters. The full set of target parameters supported by the $target-language$ target is:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    auth</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    build</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;string&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    build-type</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;Release, Debug, RelWithDebInfo, or MinSizeRel&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cmake</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cmake-include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;string or list of strings&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    compiler</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;string&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    docker</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    fast</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    files</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;string or list of strings&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    flags</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;string or list of strings&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    logging</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;error, warning, info, log, debug&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    no-compile</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    protobufs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;string or list of strings&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    threading</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    workers</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;non</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">negative integer&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    build-type</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;Release, Debug, RelWithDebInfo, or MinSizeRel&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cmake-include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;string or list of strings&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    external-runtime-path</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;string&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">    export</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">dependency</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">graph &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    fast</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    logging</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;error, warning, info, log, debug&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    no-compile</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    no-runtime-validation</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    runtime-version</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;string&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    workers</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;non</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">negative integer&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    docker</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    fast</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    files</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;string or list of strings&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    logging</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;error, warning, info, log, debug&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    no-compile</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    protobufs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;string or list of strings&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    threading</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    workers</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;non</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">negative integer&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    docker</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    fast</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    logging</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;ERROR, WARN, INFO, LOG, or DEBUG&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    build-type</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;Debug, Release, RelWithDebInfo, or MinSizeRel&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cargo-features</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;array of strings&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cargo-dependencies</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;list of key</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">value pairs&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    export-dependency-graph</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    rust-include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;array of strings&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    single-file-project</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> value&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>For example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cmake</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    compiler</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">cc</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    flags</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">-O3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    fast</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    logging</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">secs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This specifies to use compiler <code>cc</code> instead of the default <code>gcc</code>, to use optimization level 3, to execute as fast as possible, and to exit execution when logical time has advanced to 10 seconds. Note that all events at logical time 10 seconds greater than the starting logical time will be executed.</p>\n</div>\n<p>The comma on the last parameter is optional, as is the semicolon on the last line.\nA target may support overriding the target parameters on the <a href=\"#command-line-arguments\">command line</a> when invoking the compiled program.</p>\n<h2 id=\"auth\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#auth\" aria-label=\"auth permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>auth</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-py lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not currently support the <code>auth</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>The detailed documentation is <a href=\"/docs/handbook/security\">here</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"build\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#build\" aria-label=\"build permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>build</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-py lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not currently support the <code>build</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>A command to execute after code generation instead of the default compile command. This is either a single string or an array of strings. The specified command(s) will be executed an environment that has the following environment variables defined:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>LF_CURRENT_WORKING_DIRECTORY</code>: The directory in which the command is invoked.</li>\n<li><code>LF_SOURCE_DIRECTORY</code>: The directory containing the .lf file being compiled.</li>\n<li><code>LF_PACKAGE_DIRECTORY</code>: The directory for the root of the project or package (normally the directory above the <code>src</code> directory).</li>\n<li><code>LF_SOURCE_GEN_DIRECTORY</code>: The directory in which generated files are placed.</li>\n<li><code>LF_BIN_DIRECTORY</code>: The directory into which to put binaries.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The command will be executed in the same directory as the <code>.lf</code> file being compiled. For example, if you specify</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    build</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">./compile.sh Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>then instead of invoking the C compiler after generating code, the code generator will invoke your <code>compile.sh</code> script, which could look something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell meta-shebang-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shebang-shell\">#!</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell meta-shebang-shell\">/bin/bash</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> Build the generated code.</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-section-bracket-curly-variable-begin-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">{</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell meta-parameter-expansion variable-other-normal-shell\">LF_SOURCE_GEN_DIRECTORY</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-section-bracket-curly-variable-end-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">cmake</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">make</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> Move the executable to the bin directory.</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">mv</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell variable-parameter-positional-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell variable-parameter-positional-shell\">1</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-section-bracket-curly-variable-begin-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">{</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell meta-parameter-expansion variable-other-normal-shell\">LF_BIN_DIRECTORY</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-section-bracket-curly-variable-end-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> Invoke the executable.</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell punctuation-section-bracket-curly-variable-begin-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">{</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-parameter-expansion variable-other-normal-shell\">LF_BIN_DIRECTORY</span><span class=\"source-shell punctuation-section-bracket-curly-variable-end-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">}</span><span class=\"source-shell\">/</span><span class=\"source-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell variable-parameter-positional-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell variable-parameter-positional-shell\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> Plot the results, which have appeared in the src-gen directory.</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">gnuplot</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-section-bracket-curly-variable-begin-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">{</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell meta-parameter-expansion variable-other-normal-shell\">LF_SOURCE_DIRECTORY</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-section-bracket-curly-variable-end-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">}</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">/</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell variable-parameter-positional-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell variable-parameter-positional-shell\">1</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">.gnuplot</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">open</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell variable-parameter-positional-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell variable-parameter-positional-shell\">1</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">.pdf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The first few lines of this script do the same thing that is normally done when there is no <code>build</code> option in the target. Specifically, they use <code>cmake</code> to create a makefile, invoke <code>make</code>, and then move the executable to the <code>bin</code> directory. The next line, however, gives new functionality. It executes the compiled code! The final two lines assume that the program has produced a file with data to be plotted and use <code>gnuplot</code> to plot the data. This requires, of course, that you have <code>gnuplot</code> installed, and that there is a file called <code>Foo.gnuplot</code> in the same directory as <code>Foo.lf</code>. The file <code>Foo.gnuplot</code> contains the commands to plot the data, and might look something like the following:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-gnuplot\"><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-command-gnuplot\">set</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-setting-gnuplot\">title</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot punctuation-definition-string-begin-gnuplot\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot\">My Title</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot punctuation-definition-string-end-gnuplot\">&#039;</span>\n<span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-command-gnuplot\">set</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-setting-gnuplot\">xrange</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot meta-structure-range-gnuplot punctuation-definition-range-begin-gnuplot\">[</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot meta-structure-range-gnuplot constant-numeric-gnuplot\">0</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot meta-structure-range-gnuplot keyword-operator-symbols-matlab\">:</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot meta-structure-range-gnuplot constant-numeric-gnuplot\">3</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot meta-structure-range-gnuplot punctuation-definition-range-end-gnuplot\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-command-gnuplot\">set</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-setting-gnuplot\">yrange</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot meta-structure-range-gnuplot punctuation-definition-range-begin-gnuplot\">[</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot meta-structure-range-gnuplot constant-numeric-gnuplot\">-2</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot meta-structure-range-gnuplot keyword-operator-symbols-matlab\">:</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot meta-structure-range-gnuplot constant-numeric-gnuplot\">2</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot meta-structure-range-gnuplot punctuation-definition-range-end-gnuplot\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-command-gnuplot\">set</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-setting-gnuplot\">xlabel</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-double-gnuplot punctuation-definition-string-begin-gnuplot\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-double-gnuplot\">Time (seconds)</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-double-gnuplot punctuation-definition-string-end-gnuplot\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-command-gnuplot\">set</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-setting-gnuplot\">terminal</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot constant-other-terminal-gnuplot\">pdf</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-setting-gnuplot\">size</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot constant-numeric-gnuplot\">5</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\">, </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot constant-numeric-gnuplot\">3.5</span>\n<span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-command-gnuplot\">set</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-setting-gnuplot\">output</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot punctuation-definition-string-begin-gnuplot\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot\">Foo.pdf</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot punctuation-definition-string-end-gnuplot\">&#039;</span>\n<span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-setting-gnuplot\">plot</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot punctuation-definition-string-begin-gnuplot\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot\">mydata1.data</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot punctuation-definition-string-end-gnuplot\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-modifier-gnuplot\">using</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot constant-numeric-gnuplot\">1</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\">:</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot constant-numeric-gnuplot\">2</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-modifier-gnuplot\">with</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-modifier-gnuplot\">lines</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\">, \\</span>\n<span class=\"source-gnuplot\">     </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot punctuation-definition-string-begin-gnuplot\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot\">mydata2.data</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot punctuation-definition-string-end-gnuplot\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-modifier-gnuplot\">using</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot constant-numeric-gnuplot\">1</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\">:</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot constant-numeric-gnuplot\">2</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-modifier-gnuplot\">with</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-modifier-gnuplot\">lines</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This assumes that your program has written two files, <code>mydata1.data</code> and <code>mydata2.data</code> containing two columns, time and value.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"build-type\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#build-type\" aria-label=\"build type permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>build-type</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-ts lf-py\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not currently support the <code>build-type</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>This parameter works with <code>cargo</code> to specify how to compile the code. The following options are supported:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>Release</code>: Optimization is turned on and debug information is missing.</li>\n<li><code>Debug</code>: Debug information is included in the executable.</li>\n<li><code>RelWithDebInfo</code>: Optimization with debug information.</li>\n<li><code>MinSizeRel</code>: Optimize for smallest size.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>This defaults to <code>Release</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp\">\n<p>This parameter works with <code>cmake</code> to specify how to compile the code. The following options are supported:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>Release</code>: Optimization is turned on and debug information is missing.</li>\n<li><code>Debug</code>: Debug information is included in the executable.</li>\n<li><code>RelWithDebInfo</code>: Optimization with debug information.</li>\n<li><code>MinSizeRel</code>: Optimize for smallest size.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>This defaults to <code>Release</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<h2 id=\"cargo-dependencies\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#cargo-dependencies\" aria-label=\"cargo dependencies permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>cargo-dependencies</h2>\n<p>This is a list of dependencies to include in the generated Cargo.toml file. The value of this parameter is a map of package name to <em>dependency-spec</em>.</p>\n<p>Here is an example for defining dependencies:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cargo-dependencies</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">        fxhash</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">            version</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">0.2.1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">        },</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">        rand</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">            version</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">0.8</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">            features</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">small_rng</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">],</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">        },</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<h2 id=\"cargo-features\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#cargo-features\" aria-label=\"cargo features permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>cargo-features</h2>\n<p>This is a list of features of the generated crate. Supported are:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>“cli” - enable <a href=\"#command-line-arguments\">command-line argument parsing</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"cmake\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#cmake\" aria-label=\"cmake permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>cmake</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-ts lf-py lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>cmake</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>cmake</code> target option because it always uses <code>cmake</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cmake</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will enable or disable the CMake-based build system (the default is <code>true</code>). Enabling the CMake build system will result in a <code>CMakeLists.txt</code> being generated in the <code>src-gen</code> directory. This <code>CMakeLists.txt</code> is then used when <code>cmake</code> is invoked by the LF runtime (either the <code>lfc</code> or the IDE). Alternatively, the generated program can be built manually. To do so, in the <code>src-gen/ProgramName</code> directory, run:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">mkdir</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">build</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell punctuation-separator-statement-and-shell\">&amp;&amp;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">build</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">cmake</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">../</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">make</span>\n</pre>\n<p>If <code>cmake</code> is disabled, <code>gcc</code> is directly invoked after code generation by default. In this case, additional target properties, such as <a href=\"#compiler\">compiler</a> and <a href=\"#flags\">flags</a> can be used to gain finer control over the compilation process.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"cmake-include\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#cmake-include\" aria-label=\"cmake include permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>cmake-include</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-ts lf-py lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>cmake-include</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cmake-include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">relative/path/to/foo.txt</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">relative/path/to/bar.txt</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cmake-include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">relative/path/to/foo.txt</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">relative/path/to/bar.txt</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will optionally append additional custom CMake instructions to the generated <code>CMakeLists.txt</code>, drawing these instructions from the specified text files (e.g, <code>foo.txt</code>). The specified files are resolved using the same file search algorithm as used for the <a href=\"#files\">files</a> target parameter. Those files will be copied into the <code>src-gen</code> directory that contains the generated sources. This is done to make the generated code more portable<span class=\"lf-c\"> (a feature that is useful in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/distributed-execution\">federated execution</a>)</span>.</p>\n<p>The cmake-include target property can be used, for example, to add dependencies on various packages (e.g., by using the <a href=\"https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/command/find_package.html\"><code>find_package</code></a> and <a href=\"https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/command/target_link_libraries.html\"><code>target_link_libraries</code></a> commands).</p>\n<p>A CMake variable called <code>${LF_MAIN_TARGET}</code> can be used in the included text file(s) for convenience. This variable will contain the name of the CMake target (i.e., the name of the main reactor). For example, a <code>foo.txt</code> file can contain:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cmake\"><span class=\"source-cmake keyword-cmake\">find_package</span><span class=\"source-cmake\">(m REQUIRED) </span><span class=\"source-cmake comment-source-cmake\"># Finds the m library</span>\n<span class=\"source-cmake\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-cmake keyword-cmake\">target_link_libraries</span><span class=\"source-cmake\">( </span><span class=\"source-cmake storage-source-cmake\">${LF_MAIN_TARGET}</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> m ) </span><span class=\"source-cmake comment-source-cmake\"># Links the m library</span>\n</pre>\n<p><code>foo.txt</code> can then be included by specifying it as an argument to <code>cmake-include</code>.</p>\n<p><strong>Note</strong>: For a general tutorial on finding packages in CMake, see <a href=\"https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/command/find_package.html\">this</a> external documentation entry. For a list of CMake find modules, see <a href=\"https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/manual/cmake-modules.7.html#find-modules\">this</a>.</p>\n<p>The <code>cmake-include</code> parameter works in conjunction with the $import$ statement. If any imported <code>.lf</code> file has <code>cmake-include</code> among its target properties, the specified text files will be appended to the current list of <code>cmake-include</code>s. These files will be resolved relative to the imported <code>.lf</code> file using the same search procedure as for the <a href=\"#files\">files</a> parameter. This helps resolve dependencies in imported reactors automatically and makes the code more modular.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p><a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/target/CMakeInclude.lf\">CMakeInclude.lf</a> is an example that uses this feature. A more sophisticated example of the usage of this target parameter can be found in <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/examples-lingua-franca/blob/main/C/src/Rhythm/Rhythm.lf\">Rhythm.lf</a>. A distributed version can be found in <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/target/DistributedCMakeInclude.lf\">DistributedCMakeInclude.lf</a> is a test that uses this feature.</p>\n<p><strong>Note</strong>: For <a href=\"/docs/handbook/distributed-execution\">federated execution</a>, both <code>cmake-include</code> and <a href=\"#files\">files</a> are kept separate for each federate as much as possible. This means that if one federate is imported, or uses an imported reactor that other federates don’t use, it will only have access to <code>cmake-include</code>s and <code>files</code> defined in the main <code>.lf</code> file, plus the selectively imported <code>.lf</code> files. <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/target/DistributedCMakeIncludeSeparateCompile.lf\">DistributedCMakeIncludeSeparateCompile.lf</a> is a test that demonstrates this feature.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>See <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/concurrent/AsyncCallback.lf\"><code>AsyncCallback.lf</code></a> for an example.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"compiler\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#compiler\" aria-label=\"compiler permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>compiler</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-ts lf-py lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>compiler</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>This parameter is a string giving the name of the C compiler to use.\nIt is used only when <a href=\"#cmake\">cmake</a> is set to <code>false</code>. For example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cmake</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    compiler</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">cc</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>compiler</code> option here specifies to use <code>cc</code> rather than <code>gcc</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>This parameter is a string giving the name of the C++ compiler to use. Normally\nCMake selects the best compiler for your system, but you can use this parameter\nto point it to your preferred C++ compiler.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"docker\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#docker\" aria-label=\"docker permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>docker</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py lf-ts\">\n<p>This option takes a boolean argument (default is <code>false</code>).</p>\n<p>If true, a docker file will be generated in the unfederated case.</p>\n<p>In the federated case, a docker file for each federate will be generated. A docker-compose file will also be generated for the top-level federated reactor.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>docker</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"external-runtime-path\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#external-runtime-path\" aria-label=\"external runtime path permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>external-runtime-path</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py lf-ts\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>external-runtime-path</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>This option takes a string argument given a path to a pre-compiled external runtime library to use instead of the default one.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>This option takes a path as string argument to a folder containing an alternative runtime crate to use instead of the default one.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"export-dependency-graph\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#export-dependency-graph\" aria-label=\"export dependency graph permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>export-dependency-graph</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py lf-ts\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>export-dependency-graph</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-rs\">\n<p>This parameter takes arguments <code>true</code> or <code>false</code> to specify whether the compiled binary will export its internal dependency graph as a dot graph when executed. This is a debugging utility.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>If a <a href=\"#command-line-arguments\">CLI</a> is generated, the target property is ignored, and the user should instead use the <code>--export-graph</code> flag of the generated program.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"fast\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#fast\" aria-label=\"fast permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>fast</h2>\n<p>By default, the execution of a Lingua Franca program is slowed down, if necessary, so that logical time does not elapse faster than physical time. If you wish to execute the program as fast as possible without this constraint, then specify the <code>fast</code> target parameter with value <code>true</code>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"files\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#files\" aria-label=\"files permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>files</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>files</code> option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py\">\n<p>The <code>files</code> target parameter specifies array of files or directories to be copied to the directory that contains the generated sources.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    files</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">file1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">file2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    files</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">file1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">file2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The lookup procedure for these files and directories is as follows:</p>\n<p>1- Search in the directory containing the <code>.lf</code> file that has the <strong>target</strong> directive.</p>\n<p>2- If not found, search in <code>LF_CLASSPATH</code>.</p>\n<p>3- If still not found, search in <code>CLASSPATH</code>.</p>\n<p>4- If still not found, search for the file as a resource. Specifically, if a file begins with a forward slash <code>/</code>, then the path is assumed to be relative to the root directory of the Lingua Franca source tree.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>For example, if you wish to use audio on a Mac, you can specify:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    files</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">/lib/C/util/audio_loop_mac.c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">/lib/C/util/audio_loop.h</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Your preamble code can then include these files, for example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp punctuation-definition-directive-cpp\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp\">include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp\">audio_loop_mac.c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Your reactions can then invoke functions defined in that <code>.c</code> file.</p>\n<p>Sometimes, you will need access to these files from target code in a reaction. For the C target (at least), the generated program will contain a line like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-c\"><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-macro-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-macro-c keyword-control-directive-define-c punctuation-definition-directive-c\">#</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-macro-c keyword-control-directive-define-c\">define</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-macro-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-macro-c entity-name-function-preprocessor-c\">TARGET_FILES_DIRECTORY</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-macro-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-macro-c string-quoted-double-c punctuation-definition-string-begin-c\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-macro-c string-quoted-double-c\">path</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-macro-c string-quoted-double-c punctuation-definition-string-end-c\">&quot;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>where <code>path</code> is the full path to the directory containing these files. This can be used in reactions, for example, to read those files.</p>\n</div>\n<p>Moreover, the <code>files</code> target specification works in conjunction with the $import$ statement. If a <code>.lf</code> file is imported and has designated supporting files using the <code>files</code> target parameter, those files will be resolved relative to that <code>.lf</code> file and copied to the directory that contains the generated sources. This is done to make code that imports other <code>.lf</code> files more modular. <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/examples-lingua-franca/blob/main/C/src/Rhythm/Rhythm.lf\">Rhythm.lf</a> is an example that demonstrates most of these features.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"flags\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#flags\" aria-label=\"flags permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>flags</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-py lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>flags</code> parameter.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>This parameter is a list of strings giving additional arguments to pass to the target language compiler.\nIt is used only when <a href=\"#cmake\">cmake</a> is set to <code>false</code>. For example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cmake</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    flags</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">-g</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">-I/usr/local/include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">-L/usr/local/lib</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">-lpaho-mqtt3c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">],</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>flags</code> option specifies to include debug information in the compiled code (<code>-g</code>); a directory to search for include files (<code>-I/usr/local/include</code>); a directory to search for library files (<code>-L/usr/local/lib</code>); a library to link with (<code>-lpaho-mqtt3c</code>, which will link with file <code>libpaho-mqtt3c.so</code>).</p>\n<p><strong>Note</strong>: Using the <code>flags</code> standard parameter when <code>cmake</code> is enabled is strongly discouraged, although supported. Flags are compiler-specific, and thus interfere with CMake’s ability to find the most suitable compiler for each platform. In a similar fashion, we recommend against the use of the <code>compiler</code> standard parameter for the same reason. A better solution is to provide a <code>cmake-include</code> file, as described next.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"logging\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#logging\" aria-label=\"logging permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>logging</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>logging</code> parameter.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py\">\n<p>By default, when executing a generated Lingua Franca program, error messages, warnings, and informational messages are printed to standard out. You can get additional information printed by setting the <code>logging</code> parameter to <code>LOG</code> or <code>DEBUG</code> (or <code>log</code> or <code>debug</code>). The latter is more verbose. If you set the <code>logging</code> parameter to <code>warn</code>, then warnings and errors will be printed, but informational messages will not (e.g. message produced using the <code>info_print</code> utility function). If you set <code>logging</code> to <code>error</code>, then warning messages will also not be printed.</p>\n<p>The C and Python targets also support <a href=\"/docs/handbook/tracing\">tracing</a>, which outputs binary traces of an execution rather than human-readable text and is designed to have minimal impact on performance.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>The <code>logging</code> option is one of <code>error</code>, <code>warn</code>, <code>info</code>, <code>log</code> or <code>debug</code>. It specifies the level of diagnostic messages about execution to print to the console. A message will print if this parameter is greater than or equal to the level of the message, where <code>error</code> &#x3C; <code>warn</code> &#x3C; <code>info</code> &#x3C; <code>log</code> &#x3C; <code>debug</code>. The default value is <code>info</code>, which means that messages log or debug messages will not print.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>The <code>logging</code> option is one of <code>ERROR</code>, <code>WARN</code>, <code>INFO</code>, <code>LOG</code> or <code>DEBUG</code>. It specifies the level of diagnostic messages about execution to print to the console. A message will print if this parameter is greater than or equal to the level of the message, where <code>ERROR</code> &#x3C; <code>WARN</code> &#x3C; <code>INFO</code> &#x3C; <code>LOG</code> &#x3C; <code>DEBUG</code>. The default value is <code>INFO</code>, which means that messages tagged <code>LOG</code> and <code>DEBUG</code> will not print. Internally this is handled by the <a href=\"https://www.npmjs.com/package/ulog\">ulog module</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"no-compile\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#no-compile\" aria-label=\"no compile permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>no-compile</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>no-compile</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-py\">\n<p>If true, then do not invoke a target language compiler nor cmake. Just generate code.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"no-runtime-validation\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#no-runtime-validation\" aria-label=\"no runtime validation permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>no-runtime-validation</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>no-runtime-validation</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>This parameter takes value <code>true</code> or <code>false</code> (the default). If this is set to true, then all runtime checks in <a href=\"https://github.com/tud-ccc/reactor-cpp\">reactor-cpp</a> will be disabled. This brings a slight performance boost but should be used with care and only on tested programs.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"protobufs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#protobufs\" aria-label=\"protobufs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>protobufs</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>protobufs</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py\">\n<p>Protobufs is a serialization protocol by which data in a target language can be copied over the network to a remote location. The <code>protobufs</code> target parameter gives an array of .proto files that are to be compiled and included in the generated code. For an example, see\n<span class=\"lf-c\"><a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/serialization/PersonProtocolBuffers.lf\">PersonProtocolBuffers.lf</a></span>\n<span class=\"lf-py\"><a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Python/src/serialization/PersonProtocolBuffers.lf\">PersonProtocolBuffers.lf</a></span>.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"runtime-version\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#runtime-version\" aria-label=\"runtime version permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>runtime-version</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>runtime-version</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>This argument takes a string (with quotation marks) containing any tag, branch name, or git hash in the <a href=\"https://github.com/tud-ccc/reactor-cpp\">reactor-cpp</a> repository. This will specify the <em>version</em> of the runtime library that the compiled binary will link against.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<h2 id=\"rust-include\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#rust-include\" aria-label=\"rust include permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>rust-include</h2>\n<p>This specifies a set of Rust modules in the generated project. See <a href=\"#linking-support-files\">Linking support files</a>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"scheduler\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#scheduler\" aria-label=\"scheduler permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>scheduler</h2>\n<p>This specifies the scheduler to use. See<a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details?target=c#scheduler-target-property\">Target Language Details</a>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"single-file-project\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#single-file-project\" aria-label=\"single file project permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>single-file-project</h2>\n<p>If true, enables <a href=\"#single-file-layout\">single-file project layout</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"threading\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#threading\" aria-label=\"threading permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>threading</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-ts\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>threading</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>If threading is disabled (by setting <code>threading</code> to <code>false</code>), then no thread library is used, and the <code>lf_schedule()</code> function is not thread safe. This setting is incompatible with asynchronously scheduling any physical actions and hence this parameter will be ignored for programs that have physical actions.\nSee <a href=\"#workers\">workers</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>The Python target uses the single threaded C runtime by default but will switch to the multithreaded C runtime if a physical action is detected. This target property can be used to override this behavior.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>Boolean flag (either <code>true</code> (default) or <code>false</code>) that controls if the project is to be compiled with support for multi-threading.</p>\n<p>See <a href=\"#workers\">workers</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"timeout\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#timeout\" aria-label=\"timeout permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>timeout</h2>\n<p>A time value (with units) specifying the logical stop time of execution. See <a href=\"/docs/handbook/termination\">Termination</a>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"workers\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#workers\" aria-label=\"workers permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>workers</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>workers</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>This parameter takes a non-negative integer and specifies the number of worker threads to execute the generated program. If threading is turned on (the default, see <a href=\"#threading\">threading</a>), then the generated code will use a target platform thread library and generate multi-threaded code. This can transparently execute reactions that have no dependence on one another in parallel on multiple cores. By default, threading is turned on, and the <code>workers</code> property is set to <code>0</code>, which means that the number of workers is determined by the runtime system. Typically, it will be set to the number of cores on the machine running the code. To use a different number of worker threads, give a positive integer for this target parameter.</p>\n<p>With value <code>0</code>, the runtime engine is free to choose the number of worker threads to use. Typically, this will equal the number of hardware threads on the machine on which the Lingua Franca code generator is run.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>This parameter takes a non-negative integer and specifies the number of worker threads to execute the generated program. With value <code>0</code> (the default), the runtime engine is free to choose the number of worker threads to use. In the $target-language$ target, the runtime system will determine the number of hardware threads on the machine on which the program is run and set the number of worker threads equal to that number.</p>\n<p>If the <code>workers</code> property is set to <code>1</code>, the scheduler will not create any worker threads and instead inline the execution of reactions. This is an optimization and avoids any unnecessary synchronization. Note that, in contrast to the C target, the single threaded implementation is still thread safe and asynchronous reaction scheduling is supported.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>This parameter takes a non-negative integer and specifies the number of worker threads to execute the generated program. Note, however, that the Python core is unable to execute safely in parallel on multiple cores. As a consequence, at execution time, each reaction invocation will acquire a mutual exclusion lock before executing. Hence, there is little point in setting this to any number greater than <code>1</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>This parameter takes a non-negative integer and specifies the number of worker threads to execute the generated program. With value <code>0</code> (the default), the runtime engine is free to choose the number of worker threads to use and the number of worker threads may vary over time.</p>\n</div>\n<h1 id=\"command-line-arguments\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#command-line-arguments\" aria-label=\"command line arguments permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Command-Line Arguments</h1>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>The generated executable may feature a command-line interface (CLI), if it uses the <code>cargo-features: [\"cli\"]</code> target property. When that feature is enabled:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>some target properties become settable at runtime:\n<ul>\n<li><code>--timeout &#x3C;time value></code>: override the default timeout mentioned as a target property. The syntax for times is just like the LF one (e.g. <code>1msec</code>, <code>\"2 seconds\"</code>).</li>\n<li><code>--workers &#x3C;number></code>: override the default worker count mentioned as a target property. This option is <strong>ignored</strong> unless the runtime crate has been built with the feature <code>parallel-runtime</code>.</li>\n<li><code>--export-graph</code>: export the dependency graph (corresponds to <code>export-dependency-graph</code> target property). This is a flag, i.e., absent means false, present means true. This means the value of the target property is ignored and not used as default.</li>\n<li><code>--log-level</code>: corresponds to the <code>logging</code> target property, but note that the levels have different meanings, and the target property is ignored. See <a href=\"#logging-levels\">Logging levels</a>.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>parameters of the main reactor are translated to CLI parameters.\n<ul>\n<li>Each LF parameter named <code>param</code> corresponds to a CLI parameter named <code>--main-param</code>. Underscores in the LF parameter name are replaced by hyphens.</li>\n<li>The type of each parameters must implement the trait <a href=\"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html\"><code>FromStr</code></a>.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>When the <code>cli</code> feature is disabled, the parameters of the main reactor will each assume their default value.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>The generated C program understands the following command-line arguments, each of which has a short form (one character) and a long form:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-f, --fast [true | false]</code>: Specifies whether to wait for physical time to match logical time. The default is <code>false</code>. If this is <code>true</code>, then the program will execute as fast as possible, letting logical time advance faster than physical time.</li>\n<li><code>-o, --timeout &#x3C;duration> &#x3C;units></code>: Stop execution when logical time has advanced by the specified <em>duration</em>. The units can be any of nsec, usec, msec, sec, minute, hour, day, week, or the plurals of those.</li>\n<li><code>-w, --workers &#x3C;n></code>: Executed using <n> worker threads if possible. This option is ignored in the single-threaded version. That is, it is ignored if a <code>threading</code> option was given in the target properties with value <code>false</code>.</li>\n<li><code>-i, --id &#x3C;n></code>: The ID of the federation that this reactor will join.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Any other command-line arguments result in printing the above information.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>The generated C++ program understands the following command-line arguments, each of which has a short form (one character) and a long form:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-f, --fast</code>: If set, then the program will execute as fast as possible, letting logical time advance faster than physical time.</li>\n<li><code>-o, --timeout '&#x3C;duration> &#x3C;units>'</code>: Stop execution when logical time has advanced by the specified <em>duration</em>. The units can be any of nsec, usec, msec, sec, minute, hour, day, week, or the plurals of those.</li>\n<li><code>-w, --workers &#x3C;n></code>: Use n worker threads for executing reactions.</li>\n<li><code>--help</code>: Print the above information.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>If the main reactor declares parameters, these parameters will appear as additional CLI options that can be specified when invoking the binary (see <a href=\"#using-parameters\">Using Parameters</a>).</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>The Python target does not currently support any command-line arguments. You must specify properties as target parameters.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>In the TypeScript target, the generated JavaScript program understands the following command-line arguments, each of which has a short form (one character) and a long form:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-f, --fast [true | false]</code>: Specifies whether to wait for physical time to match logical time. The default is <code>false</code>. If this is <code>true</code>, then the program will execute as fast as possible, letting logical time advance faster than physical time.</li>\n<li><code>-o, --timeout '&#x3C;duration> &#x3C;units>'</code>: Stop execution when logical time has advanced by the specified <em>duration</em>. The units can be any of nsec, usec, msec, sec, minute, hour, day, week, or the plurals of those. For the duration and units of a timeout argument to be parsed correctly as a single value, these should be specified in quotes with no leading or trailing space (e.g. ‘5 sec’).</li>\n<li><code>-k, --keepalive [true | false]</code>: Specifies whether to stop execution if there are no events to process. This defaults to <code>false</code>, meaning that the program will stop executing when there are no more events on the event queue. If you set this to <code>true</code>, then the program will keep executing until either the <code>timeout</code> logical time is reached or the program is externally killed. If you have <code>physical action</code>s, it usually makes sense to set this to <code>true</code>.</li>\n<li><code>-l, --logging [ERROR | WARN | INFO | LOG | DEBUG]</code>: The level of logging messages from the reactor-ts runtime to to print to the console. Messages tagged with a given type (error, warn, etc.) will print if this argument is greater than or equal to the level of the message (<code>ERROR</code> &#x3C; <code>WARN</code> &#x3C; <code>INFO</code> &#x3C; <code>LOG</code> &#x3C; <code>DEBUG</code>).</li>\n<li><code>-h, --help</code>: Print this usage guide. The program will not execute if this flag is present.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>If provided, a command line argument will override whatever value the corresponding target property had specified in the source .lf file.</p>\n<p>Command line options are parsed by the <a href=\"https://github.com/75lb/command-line-args\">command-line-arguments</a> module with <a href=\"https://github.com/75lb/command-line-args/wiki/Notation-rules\">these rules</a>. For example</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">node</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">LF_file_nam</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\">e</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">/dist/</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">LF_file_nam</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\">e</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">.js</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">f</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-language-false-shell\">false</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-keepalive=true</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">o</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-single-shell punctuation-definition-string-begin-shell\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-single-shell\">4 sec</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-single-shell punctuation-definition-string-end-shell\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">l</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">INFO</span>\n</pre>\n<p>is a valid setting.</p>\n<p>Any errors in command-line arguments result in printing the above information. The program will not execute if there is a parsing error for command-line arguments.</p>\n<h3 id=\"custom-command-line-arguments\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#custom-command-line-arguments\" aria-label=\"custom command line arguments permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Custom Command-Line Arguments</h3>\n<p>User-defined command-line arguments may be created by giving the main reactor <a href=\"#using-parameters\">parameters</a>. Assigning the main reactor a parameter of type <code>string</code>, <code>number</code>, <code>boolean</code>, or <code>time</code> will add an argument with corresponding name and type to the generated program’s command-line-interface. Custom arguments will also appear in the generated program’s usage guide (from the <code>--help</code> option). If the generated program is executed with a value specified for a custom command-line argument, that value will override the default value for the corresponding parameter. Arguments typed <code>string</code>, <code>number</code>, and <code>boolean</code> are parsed in the expected way, but <code>time</code> arguments must be specified on the command line like the <code>--timeout</code> property as <code>'&#x3C;duration> &#x3C;units>'</code> (in quotes).</p>\n<p>Note: Custom arguments may not have the same names as standard arguments like <code>timeout</code> or <code>keepalive</code>.</p>\n<p>For example this reactor has a custom command line argument named <code>customArg</code> of type <code>number</code> and default value <code>2</code>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">clArg</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(customArg:number(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">customArg</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>If this reactor is compiled from the file <code>simpleCLArgs.lf</code>, executing</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">node</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">simpleCLArgs/dist/simpleCLArgs.js</span>\n</pre>\n<p>outputs the default value <code>2</code>. But running</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">node</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">simpleCLArgs/dist/simpleCLArgs.js</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-customArg=42</span>\n</pre>\n<p>outputs <code>42</code>. Additionally, we can view documentation for the custom command line argument with the <code>--help</code> command.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">node</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">simpleCLArgs/dist/simpleCLArgs.js</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">h</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The program will generate the standard usage guide, but also</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">--customArg &#039;&lt;duration&gt; &lt;units&gt;&#039;                    Custom argument. Refer to\n                                                      &lt;path&gt;/simpleCLArgs.lf\n                                                      for documentation.</pre>\n<h3 id=\"additional-types-for-custom-command-line-arguments\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#additional-types-for-custom-command-line-arguments\" aria-label=\"additional types for custom command line arguments permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Additional types for Custom Command-Line Arguments</h3>\n<p>Main reactor parameters that are not typed <code>string</code>, <code>number</code>, <code>boolean</code>, or <code>time</code> will not create custom command-line arguments. However, that doesn’t mean it is impossible to obtain other types from the command line, just use a <code>string</code> and specify how the parsing is done yourself. See below for an example of a reactor that parses a custom command-line argument of type <code>string</code> into a state variable of type <code>Array&#x3C;number></code> using <code>JSON.parse</code> and a <a href=\"https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/advanced-types.html#user-defined-type-guards\">user-defined type guard</a>.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">customType</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(arrayArg:string(</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts storage-type-function-ts\">function</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-definition-function-ts entity-name-function-ts\">isArrayOfNumbers</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-parameters-begin-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts variable-parameter-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts meta-type-annotation-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">any</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-parameters-end-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-return-type-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-return-type-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-return-type-ts variable-parameter-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-return-type-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-return-type-ts keyword-operator-expression-is-ts\">is</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-return-type-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-return-type-ts entity-name-type-ts\">Array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-return-type-ts meta-type-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-typeparameters-begin-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-return-type-ts meta-type-parameters-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-return-type-ts meta-type-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-typeparameters-end-ts\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-return-type-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts keyword-control-loop-ts\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">item</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-expression-of-ts\">of</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\">                </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-expression-typeof-ts\">typeof</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">item</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\">                    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-control-flow-ts\">return</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts constant-language-boolean-false-ts\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\">                </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts keyword-control-flow-ts\">return</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts constant-language-boolean-true-ts\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-class-builtin-ts\">Array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">&gt;=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">parsedArgument</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts support-constant-json-ts\">JSON</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-json-ts\">parse</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">customType</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">isArrayOfNumbers</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">parsedArgument</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">parsedArgument</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">else</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-control-trycatch-ts\">throw</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts new-expr-ts keyword-operator-new-ts\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts new-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-error-ts\">Error</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts new-expr-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts new-expr-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Custom command line argument is not an array of numbers.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts new-expr-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Summary of Parameters","depth":1},{"value":"auth","depth":2},{"value":"build","depth":2},{"value":"build-type","depth":2},{"value":"cargo-dependencies","depth":2},{"value":"cargo-features","depth":2},{"value":"cmake","depth":2},{"value":"cmake-include","depth":2},{"value":"compiler","depth":2},{"value":"docker","depth":2},{"value":"external-runtime-path","depth":2},{"value":"export-dependency-graph","depth":2},{"value":"fast","depth":2},{"value":"files","depth":2},{"value":"flags","depth":2},{"value":"logging","depth":2},{"value":"no-compile","depth":2},{"value":"no-runtime-validation","depth":2},{"value":"protobufs","depth":2},{"value":"runtime-version","depth":2},{"value":"rust-include","depth":2},{"value":"scheduler","depth":2},{"value":"single-file-project","depth":2},{"value":"threading","depth":2},{"value":"timeout","depth":2},{"value":"workers","depth":2},{"value":"Command-Line Arguments","depth":1},{"value":"Custom Command-Line Arguments","depth":3},{"value":"Additional types for Custom Command-Line Arguments","depth":3}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/target-declaration","title":"Target Declaration","oneline":"The target declaration and its parameters in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Target Language Details","oneline":"Detailed reference for each target langauge.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/target-language-details"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Tracing","oneline":"Tracing (preliminary)","permalink":"/docs/handbook/tracing"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"3-target-declaration","slug":"/docs/handbook/target-declaration","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/reference/Target Declaration.md","previousID":"2298b252-5ab2-5467-a277-b81b286deee5","nextID":"4e8fb260-955c-5089-908b-69bf32c77d9b","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-05T16:21:29.105Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/target-declaration","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"e4812e4e-df22-54fb-9a27-a82edb11ac44","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ Every Lingua Franca program begins with a statement of this form: The <name> gives the name of some Lingua Franca target language, which…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<p>Every Lingua Franca program begins with a statement of this form:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> &lt;name&gt; &lt;parameters&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>&#x3C;name></code> gives the name of some Lingua Franca target language, which is the language in which reactions are written. This is also the language of the program(s) generated by the Lingua Franca compiler. The target languages currently supported are C, C++, Python, TypeScript, and Rust.</p>\n<h1 id=\"summary-of-parameters\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#summary-of-parameters\" aria-label=\"summary of parameters permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Summary of Parameters</h1>\n<p>A target specification may have optional parameters, the names and values of which depend on which specific target you are using. Each parameter is a key-value pair, where the supported keys are a subset of the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#auth\"><strong>auth</strong></a>: A boolean specifying to apply authorization between RTI and federates when federated execution.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#build\"><strong>build</strong></a>: A command to execute after code generation instead of the default compile command.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#build-type\"><strong>build-type</strong></a>: One of Release (the default), Debug, RelWithDebInfo and MinSizeRel.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#cargo-dependencies\"><strong>cargo-dependencies</strong></a>: (Rust only) list of dependencies to include in the generated Cargo.toml file.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#cargo-features\"><strong>cargo-features</strong></a>: (Rust only) List of string names of features to include.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#cmake\"><strong>cmake</strong></a>: Whether to use cmake for building.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#cmake\"><strong>cmake-include</strong></a>: List of paths to cmake files to guide compilation.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#compiler\"><strong>compiler</strong></a>: A string giving the name of the target language compiler to use.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#docker\"><strong>docker</strong></a>: A boolean to generate a Dockerfile.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#external-runtime-path\"><strong>external-runtime-path</strong></a>: Specify a pre-compiled external runtime library located to link to instead of the default.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#export-dependency-graph\"><strong>export-dependency-graph</strong></a>: To export the reaction dependency graph as a dot graph (for debugging).</li>\n<li><a href=\"#fast\"><strong>fast</strong></a>: A boolean specifying to execute as fast as possible without waiting for physical time to match logical time.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#files\"><strong>files</strong></a>: An array of paths to files or directories to be copied to the directory that contains the generated sources.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#flags\"><strong>flags</strong></a>: An arrays of strings giving options to be passed to the target compiler.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#logging\"><strong>logging</strong></a>: An indicator of how much information to print when executing the program.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#no-compile\"><strong>no-compile</strong></a>: If true, then do not invoke a target language compiler. Just generate code.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#no-runtime-validation\"><strong>no-runtime-validation</strong></a>: If true, disable runtime validation.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#protobufs\"><strong>protobufs</strong></a>: An array of .proto files that are to be compiled and included in the generated code.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#runtime-version\"><strong>runtime-version</strong></a>: Specify which version of the runtime system to use.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#rust-include\"><strong>rust-include</strong></a>: (Rust only) A set of Rust modules in the generated project.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#scheduler\"><strong>scheduler</strong></a>: (C only) Specification of the scheduler to us.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#single-file-project\"><strong>single-file-project</strong></a>: (Rust only) If true, enables <a href=\"#single-file-layout\">single-file project layout</a>.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#threading\"><strong>threading</strong></a>: Whether to use multiple threads.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#timeout\"><strong>timeout</strong></a>: A time value (with units) specifying the logical stop time of execution. See <a href=\"/docs/handbook/termination\">Termination</a>.</li>\n<li><a href=\"#workers\"><strong>workers</strong></a>: If using multiple threads, how many worker threads to create.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Not all targets support all target parameters. The full set of target parameters supported by the $target-language$ target is:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    auth</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    build</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;string&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    build-type</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;Release, Debug, RelWithDebInfo, or MinSizeRel&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cmake</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cmake-include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;string or list of strings&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    compiler</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;string&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    docker</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    fast</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    files</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;string or list of strings&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    flags</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;string or list of strings&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    logging</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;error, warning, info, log, debug&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    no-compile</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    protobufs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;string or list of strings&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    threading</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    workers</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;non</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">negative integer&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    build-type</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;Release, Debug, RelWithDebInfo, or MinSizeRel&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cmake-include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;string or list of strings&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    external-runtime-path</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;string&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">    export</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">dependency</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">graph &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    fast</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    logging</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;error, warning, info, log, debug&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    no-compile</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    no-runtime-validation</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    runtime-version</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;string&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    workers</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;non</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">negative integer&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    docker</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    fast</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    files</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;string or list of strings&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    logging</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;error, warning, info, log, debug&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    no-compile</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    protobufs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;string or list of strings&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    threading</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    workers</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;non</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">negative integer&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    docker</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    fast</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    logging</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;ERROR, WARN, INFO, LOG, or DEBUG&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    build-type</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;Debug, Release, RelWithDebInfo, or MinSizeRel&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cargo-features</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;array of strings&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cargo-dependencies</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;list of key</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">value pairs&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    export-dependency-graph</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    rust-include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;array of strings&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    single-file-project</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> value&gt;,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>For example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cmake</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    compiler</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">cc</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    flags</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">-O3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    fast</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    logging</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">secs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This specifies to use compiler <code>cc</code> instead of the default <code>gcc</code>, to use optimization level 3, to execute as fast as possible, and to exit execution when logical time has advanced to 10 seconds. Note that all events at logical time 10 seconds greater than the starting logical time will be executed.</p>\n</div>\n<p>The comma on the last parameter is optional, as is the semicolon on the last line.\nA target may support overriding the target parameters on the <a href=\"#command-line-arguments\">command line</a> when invoking the compiled program.</p>\n<h2 id=\"auth\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#auth\" aria-label=\"auth permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>auth</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-py lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not currently support the <code>auth</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>The detailed documentation is <a href=\"/docs/handbook/security\">here</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"build\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#build\" aria-label=\"build permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>build</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-py lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not currently support the <code>build</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>A command to execute after code generation instead of the default compile command. This is either a single string or an array of strings. The specified command(s) will be executed an environment that has the following environment variables defined:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>LF_CURRENT_WORKING_DIRECTORY</code>: The directory in which the command is invoked.</li>\n<li><code>LF_SOURCE_DIRECTORY</code>: The directory containing the .lf file being compiled.</li>\n<li><code>LF_PACKAGE_DIRECTORY</code>: The directory for the root of the project or package (normally the directory above the <code>src</code> directory).</li>\n<li><code>LF_SOURCE_GEN_DIRECTORY</code>: The directory in which generated files are placed.</li>\n<li><code>LF_BIN_DIRECTORY</code>: The directory into which to put binaries.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The command will be executed in the same directory as the <code>.lf</code> file being compiled. For example, if you specify</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    build</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">./compile.sh Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>then instead of invoking the C compiler after generating code, the code generator will invoke your <code>compile.sh</code> script, which could look something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell meta-shebang-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shebang-shell\">#!</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell meta-shebang-shell\">/bin/bash</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> Build the generated code.</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-section-bracket-curly-variable-begin-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">{</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell meta-parameter-expansion variable-other-normal-shell\">LF_SOURCE_GEN_DIRECTORY</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-section-bracket-curly-variable-end-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">cmake</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">make</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> Move the executable to the bin directory.</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">mv</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell variable-parameter-positional-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell variable-parameter-positional-shell\">1</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-section-bracket-curly-variable-begin-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">{</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell meta-parameter-expansion variable-other-normal-shell\">LF_BIN_DIRECTORY</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-section-bracket-curly-variable-end-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> Invoke the executable.</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell punctuation-section-bracket-curly-variable-begin-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">{</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-parameter-expansion variable-other-normal-shell\">LF_BIN_DIRECTORY</span><span class=\"source-shell punctuation-section-bracket-curly-variable-end-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">}</span><span class=\"source-shell\">/</span><span class=\"source-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell variable-parameter-positional-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell variable-parameter-positional-shell\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> Plot the results, which have appeared in the src-gen directory.</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">gnuplot</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-section-bracket-curly-variable-begin-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">{</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell meta-parameter-expansion variable-other-normal-shell\">LF_SOURCE_DIRECTORY</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-section-bracket-curly-variable-end-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell\">}</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">/</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell variable-parameter-positional-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell variable-parameter-positional-shell\">1</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">.gnuplot</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">open</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell punctuation-definition-variable-shell variable-parameter-positional-shell\">$</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell variable-parameter-positional-shell\">1</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">.pdf</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The first few lines of this script do the same thing that is normally done when there is no <code>build</code> option in the target. Specifically, they use <code>cmake</code> to create a makefile, invoke <code>make</code>, and then move the executable to the <code>bin</code> directory. The next line, however, gives new functionality. It executes the compiled code! The final two lines assume that the program has produced a file with data to be plotted and use <code>gnuplot</code> to plot the data. This requires, of course, that you have <code>gnuplot</code> installed, and that there is a file called <code>Foo.gnuplot</code> in the same directory as <code>Foo.lf</code>. The file <code>Foo.gnuplot</code> contains the commands to plot the data, and might look something like the following:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-gnuplot\"><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-command-gnuplot\">set</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-setting-gnuplot\">title</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot punctuation-definition-string-begin-gnuplot\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot\">My Title</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot punctuation-definition-string-end-gnuplot\">&#039;</span>\n<span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-command-gnuplot\">set</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-setting-gnuplot\">xrange</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot meta-structure-range-gnuplot punctuation-definition-range-begin-gnuplot\">[</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot meta-structure-range-gnuplot constant-numeric-gnuplot\">0</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot meta-structure-range-gnuplot keyword-operator-symbols-matlab\">:</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot meta-structure-range-gnuplot constant-numeric-gnuplot\">3</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot meta-structure-range-gnuplot punctuation-definition-range-end-gnuplot\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-command-gnuplot\">set</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-setting-gnuplot\">yrange</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot meta-structure-range-gnuplot punctuation-definition-range-begin-gnuplot\">[</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot meta-structure-range-gnuplot constant-numeric-gnuplot\">-2</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot meta-structure-range-gnuplot keyword-operator-symbols-matlab\">:</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot meta-structure-range-gnuplot constant-numeric-gnuplot\">2</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot meta-structure-range-gnuplot punctuation-definition-range-end-gnuplot\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-command-gnuplot\">set</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-setting-gnuplot\">xlabel</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-double-gnuplot punctuation-definition-string-begin-gnuplot\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-double-gnuplot\">Time (seconds)</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-double-gnuplot punctuation-definition-string-end-gnuplot\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-command-gnuplot\">set</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-setting-gnuplot\">terminal</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot constant-other-terminal-gnuplot\">pdf</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-setting-gnuplot\">size</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot constant-numeric-gnuplot\">5</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\">, </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot constant-numeric-gnuplot\">3.5</span>\n<span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-command-gnuplot\">set</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-setting-gnuplot\">output</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot punctuation-definition-string-begin-gnuplot\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot\">Foo.pdf</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot punctuation-definition-string-end-gnuplot\">&#039;</span>\n<span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-other-setting-gnuplot\">plot</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot punctuation-definition-string-begin-gnuplot\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot\">mydata1.data</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot punctuation-definition-string-end-gnuplot\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-modifier-gnuplot\">using</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot constant-numeric-gnuplot\">1</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\">:</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot constant-numeric-gnuplot\">2</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-modifier-gnuplot\">with</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-modifier-gnuplot\">lines</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\">, \\</span>\n<span class=\"source-gnuplot\">     </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot punctuation-definition-string-begin-gnuplot\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot\">mydata2.data</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot string-quoted-single-gnuplot punctuation-definition-string-end-gnuplot\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-modifier-gnuplot\">using</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot constant-numeric-gnuplot\">1</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\">:</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot constant-numeric-gnuplot\">2</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-modifier-gnuplot\">with</span><span class=\"source-gnuplot\"> </span><span class=\"source-gnuplot keyword-modifier-gnuplot\">lines</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This assumes that your program has written two files, <code>mydata1.data</code> and <code>mydata2.data</code> containing two columns, time and value.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"build-type\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#build-type\" aria-label=\"build type permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>build-type</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-ts lf-py\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not currently support the <code>build-type</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>This parameter works with <code>cargo</code> to specify how to compile the code. The following options are supported:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>Release</code>: Optimization is turned on and debug information is missing.</li>\n<li><code>Debug</code>: Debug information is included in the executable.</li>\n<li><code>RelWithDebInfo</code>: Optimization with debug information.</li>\n<li><code>MinSizeRel</code>: Optimize for smallest size.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>This defaults to <code>Release</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp\">\n<p>This parameter works with <code>cmake</code> to specify how to compile the code. The following options are supported:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>Release</code>: Optimization is turned on and debug information is missing.</li>\n<li><code>Debug</code>: Debug information is included in the executable.</li>\n<li><code>RelWithDebInfo</code>: Optimization with debug information.</li>\n<li><code>MinSizeRel</code>: Optimize for smallest size.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>This defaults to <code>Release</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<h2 id=\"cargo-dependencies\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#cargo-dependencies\" aria-label=\"cargo dependencies permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>cargo-dependencies</h2>\n<p>This is a list of dependencies to include in the generated Cargo.toml file. The value of this parameter is a map of package name to <em>dependency-spec</em>.</p>\n<p>Here is an example for defining dependencies:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cargo-dependencies</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">        fxhash</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">            version</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">0.2.1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">        },</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">        rand</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">            version</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">0.8</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">            features</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">small_rng</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">],</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">        },</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<h2 id=\"cargo-features\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#cargo-features\" aria-label=\"cargo features permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>cargo-features</h2>\n<p>This is a list of features of the generated crate. Supported are:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>“cli” - enable <a href=\"#command-line-arguments\">command-line argument parsing</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"cmake\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#cmake\" aria-label=\"cmake permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>cmake</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-ts lf-py lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>cmake</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>cmake</code> target option because it always uses <code>cmake</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cmake</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: &lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> or </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will enable or disable the CMake-based build system (the default is <code>true</code>). Enabling the CMake build system will result in a <code>CMakeLists.txt</code> being generated in the <code>src-gen</code> directory. This <code>CMakeLists.txt</code> is then used when <code>cmake</code> is invoked by the LF runtime (either the <code>lfc</code> or the IDE). Alternatively, the generated program can be built manually. To do so, in the <code>src-gen/ProgramName</code> directory, run:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">mkdir</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">build</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell punctuation-separator-statement-and-shell\">&amp;&amp;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell support-function-builtin-shell\">cd</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">build</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">cmake</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">../</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">make</span>\n</pre>\n<p>If <code>cmake</code> is disabled, <code>gcc</code> is directly invoked after code generation by default. In this case, additional target properties, such as <a href=\"#compiler\">compiler</a> and <a href=\"#flags\">flags</a> can be used to gain finer control over the compilation process.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"cmake-include\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#cmake-include\" aria-label=\"cmake include permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>cmake-include</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-ts lf-py lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>cmake-include</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp\">\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cmake-include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">relative/path/to/foo.txt</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">relative/path/to/bar.txt</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cmake-include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">relative/path/to/foo.txt</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">relative/path/to/bar.txt</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will optionally append additional custom CMake instructions to the generated <code>CMakeLists.txt</code>, drawing these instructions from the specified text files (e.g, <code>foo.txt</code>). The specified files are resolved using the same file search algorithm as used for the <a href=\"#files\">files</a> target parameter. Those files will be copied into the <code>src-gen</code> directory that contains the generated sources. This is done to make the generated code more portable<span class=\"lf-c\"> (a feature that is useful in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/distributed-execution\">federated execution</a>)</span>.</p>\n<p>The cmake-include target property can be used, for example, to add dependencies on various packages (e.g., by using the <a href=\"https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/command/find_package.html\"><code>find_package</code></a> and <a href=\"https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/command/target_link_libraries.html\"><code>target_link_libraries</code></a> commands).</p>\n<p>A CMake variable called <code>${LF_MAIN_TARGET}</code> can be used in the included text file(s) for convenience. This variable will contain the name of the CMake target (i.e., the name of the main reactor). For example, a <code>foo.txt</code> file can contain:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cmake\"><span class=\"source-cmake keyword-cmake\">find_package</span><span class=\"source-cmake\">(m REQUIRED) </span><span class=\"source-cmake comment-source-cmake\"># Finds the m library</span>\n<span class=\"source-cmake\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-cmake keyword-cmake\">target_link_libraries</span><span class=\"source-cmake\">( </span><span class=\"source-cmake storage-source-cmake\">${LF_MAIN_TARGET}</span><span class=\"source-cmake\"> m ) </span><span class=\"source-cmake comment-source-cmake\"># Links the m library</span>\n</pre>\n<p><code>foo.txt</code> can then be included by specifying it as an argument to <code>cmake-include</code>.</p>\n<p><strong>Note</strong>: For a general tutorial on finding packages in CMake, see <a href=\"https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/command/find_package.html\">this</a> external documentation entry. For a list of CMake find modules, see <a href=\"https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/manual/cmake-modules.7.html#find-modules\">this</a>.</p>\n<p>The <code>cmake-include</code> parameter works in conjunction with the $import$ statement. If any imported <code>.lf</code> file has <code>cmake-include</code> among its target properties, the specified text files will be appended to the current list of <code>cmake-include</code>s. These files will be resolved relative to the imported <code>.lf</code> file using the same search procedure as for the <a href=\"#files\">files</a> parameter. This helps resolve dependencies in imported reactors automatically and makes the code more modular.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p><a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/target/CMakeInclude.lf\">CMakeInclude.lf</a> is an example that uses this feature. A more sophisticated example of the usage of this target parameter can be found in <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/examples-lingua-franca/blob/main/C/src/Rhythm/Rhythm.lf\">Rhythm.lf</a>. A distributed version can be found in <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/target/DistributedCMakeInclude.lf\">DistributedCMakeInclude.lf</a> is a test that uses this feature.</p>\n<p><strong>Note</strong>: For <a href=\"/docs/handbook/distributed-execution\">federated execution</a>, both <code>cmake-include</code> and <a href=\"#files\">files</a> are kept separate for each federate as much as possible. This means that if one federate is imported, or uses an imported reactor that other federates don’t use, it will only have access to <code>cmake-include</code>s and <code>files</code> defined in the main <code>.lf</code> file, plus the selectively imported <code>.lf</code> files. <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/target/DistributedCMakeIncludeSeparateCompile.lf\">DistributedCMakeIncludeSeparateCompile.lf</a> is a test that demonstrates this feature.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>See <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/concurrent/AsyncCallback.lf\"><code>AsyncCallback.lf</code></a> for an example.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"compiler\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#compiler\" aria-label=\"compiler permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>compiler</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-ts lf-py lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>compiler</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>This parameter is a string giving the name of the C compiler to use.\nIt is used only when <a href=\"#cmake\">cmake</a> is set to <code>false</code>. For example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cmake</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    compiler</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">cc</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>compiler</code> option here specifies to use <code>cc</code> rather than <code>gcc</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>This parameter is a string giving the name of the C++ compiler to use. Normally\nCMake selects the best compiler for your system, but you can use this parameter\nto point it to your preferred C++ compiler.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"docker\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#docker\" aria-label=\"docker permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>docker</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py lf-ts\">\n<p>This option takes a boolean argument (default is <code>false</code>).</p>\n<p>If true, a docker file will be generated in the unfederated case.</p>\n<p>In the federated case, a docker file for each federate will be generated. A docker-compose file will also be generated for the top-level federated reactor.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>docker</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"external-runtime-path\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#external-runtime-path\" aria-label=\"external runtime path permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>external-runtime-path</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py lf-ts\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>external-runtime-path</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>This option takes a string argument given a path to a pre-compiled external runtime library to use instead of the default one.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>This option takes a path as string argument to a folder containing an alternative runtime crate to use instead of the default one.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"export-dependency-graph\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#export-dependency-graph\" aria-label=\"export dependency graph permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>export-dependency-graph</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py lf-ts\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>export-dependency-graph</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-rs\">\n<p>This parameter takes arguments <code>true</code> or <code>false</code> to specify whether the compiled binary will export its internal dependency graph as a dot graph when executed. This is a debugging utility.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>If a <a href=\"#command-line-arguments\">CLI</a> is generated, the target property is ignored, and the user should instead use the <code>--export-graph</code> flag of the generated program.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"fast\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#fast\" aria-label=\"fast permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>fast</h2>\n<p>By default, the execution of a Lingua Franca program is slowed down, if necessary, so that logical time does not elapse faster than physical time. If you wish to execute the program as fast as possible without this constraint, then specify the <code>fast</code> target parameter with value <code>true</code>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"files\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#files\" aria-label=\"files permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>files</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>files</code> option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py\">\n<p>The <code>files</code> target parameter specifies array of files or directories to be copied to the directory that contains the generated sources.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    files</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">file1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">file2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    files</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">file1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">file2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The lookup procedure for these files and directories is as follows:</p>\n<p>1- Search in the directory containing the <code>.lf</code> file that has the <strong>target</strong> directive.</p>\n<p>2- If not found, search in <code>LF_CLASSPATH</code>.</p>\n<p>3- If still not found, search in <code>CLASSPATH</code>.</p>\n<p>4- If still not found, search for the file as a resource. Specifically, if a file begins with a forward slash <code>/</code>, then the path is assumed to be relative to the root directory of the Lingua Franca source tree.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>For example, if you wish to use audio on a Mac, you can specify:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    files</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">/lib/C/util/audio_loop_mac.c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">/lib/C/util/audio_loop.h</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Your preamble code can then include these files, for example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp punctuation-definition-directive-cpp\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp\">include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp\">audio_loop_mac.c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-double-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Your reactions can then invoke functions defined in that <code>.c</code> file.</p>\n<p>Sometimes, you will need access to these files from target code in a reaction. For the C target (at least), the generated program will contain a line like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-c\"><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-macro-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-macro-c keyword-control-directive-define-c punctuation-definition-directive-c\">#</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-macro-c keyword-control-directive-define-c\">define</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-macro-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-macro-c entity-name-function-preprocessor-c\">TARGET_FILES_DIRECTORY</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-macro-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-macro-c string-quoted-double-c punctuation-definition-string-begin-c\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-macro-c string-quoted-double-c\">path</span><span class=\"source-c meta-preprocessor-macro-c string-quoted-double-c punctuation-definition-string-end-c\">&quot;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>where <code>path</code> is the full path to the directory containing these files. This can be used in reactions, for example, to read those files.</p>\n</div>\n<p>Moreover, the <code>files</code> target specification works in conjunction with the $import$ statement. If a <code>.lf</code> file is imported and has designated supporting files using the <code>files</code> target parameter, those files will be resolved relative to that <code>.lf</code> file and copied to the directory that contains the generated sources. This is done to make code that imports other <code>.lf</code> files more modular. <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/examples-lingua-franca/blob/main/C/src/Rhythm/Rhythm.lf\">Rhythm.lf</a> is an example that demonstrates most of these features.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"flags\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#flags\" aria-label=\"flags permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>flags</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-py lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>flags</code> parameter.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>This parameter is a list of strings giving additional arguments to pass to the target language compiler.\nIt is used only when <a href=\"#cmake\">cmake</a> is set to <code>false</code>. For example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cmake</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    flags</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">-g</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">-I/usr/local/include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">-L/usr/local/lib</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">-lpaho-mqtt3c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">],</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>flags</code> option specifies to include debug information in the compiled code (<code>-g</code>); a directory to search for include files (<code>-I/usr/local/include</code>); a directory to search for library files (<code>-L/usr/local/lib</code>); a library to link with (<code>-lpaho-mqtt3c</code>, which will link with file <code>libpaho-mqtt3c.so</code>).</p>\n<p><strong>Note</strong>: Using the <code>flags</code> standard parameter when <code>cmake</code> is enabled is strongly discouraged, although supported. Flags are compiler-specific, and thus interfere with CMake’s ability to find the most suitable compiler for each platform. In a similar fashion, we recommend against the use of the <code>compiler</code> standard parameter for the same reason. A better solution is to provide a <code>cmake-include</code> file, as described next.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"logging\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#logging\" aria-label=\"logging permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>logging</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>logging</code> parameter.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py\">\n<p>By default, when executing a generated Lingua Franca program, error messages, warnings, and informational messages are printed to standard out. You can get additional information printed by setting the <code>logging</code> parameter to <code>LOG</code> or <code>DEBUG</code> (or <code>log</code> or <code>debug</code>). The latter is more verbose. If you set the <code>logging</code> parameter to <code>warn</code>, then warnings and errors will be printed, but informational messages will not (e.g. message produced using the <code>info_print</code> utility function). If you set <code>logging</code> to <code>error</code>, then warning messages will also not be printed.</p>\n<p>The C and Python targets also support <a href=\"/docs/handbook/tracing\">tracing</a>, which outputs binary traces of an execution rather than human-readable text and is designed to have minimal impact on performance.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>The <code>logging</code> option is one of <code>error</code>, <code>warn</code>, <code>info</code>, <code>log</code> or <code>debug</code>. It specifies the level of diagnostic messages about execution to print to the console. A message will print if this parameter is greater than or equal to the level of the message, where <code>error</code> &#x3C; <code>warn</code> &#x3C; <code>info</code> &#x3C; <code>log</code> &#x3C; <code>debug</code>. The default value is <code>info</code>, which means that messages log or debug messages will not print.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>The <code>logging</code> option is one of <code>ERROR</code>, <code>WARN</code>, <code>INFO</code>, <code>LOG</code> or <code>DEBUG</code>. It specifies the level of diagnostic messages about execution to print to the console. A message will print if this parameter is greater than or equal to the level of the message, where <code>ERROR</code> &#x3C; <code>WARN</code> &#x3C; <code>INFO</code> &#x3C; <code>LOG</code> &#x3C; <code>DEBUG</code>. The default value is <code>INFO</code>, which means that messages tagged <code>LOG</code> and <code>DEBUG</code> will not print. Internally this is handled by the <a href=\"https://www.npmjs.com/package/ulog\">ulog module</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"no-compile\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#no-compile\" aria-label=\"no compile permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>no-compile</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>no-compile</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-py\">\n<p>If true, then do not invoke a target language compiler nor cmake. Just generate code.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"no-runtime-validation\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#no-runtime-validation\" aria-label=\"no runtime validation permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>no-runtime-validation</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>no-runtime-validation</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>This parameter takes value <code>true</code> or <code>false</code> (the default). If this is set to true, then all runtime checks in <a href=\"https://github.com/tud-ccc/reactor-cpp\">reactor-cpp</a> will be disabled. This brings a slight performance boost but should be used with care and only on tested programs.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"protobufs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#protobufs\" aria-label=\"protobufs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>protobufs</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>protobufs</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py\">\n<p>Protobufs is a serialization protocol by which data in a target language can be copied over the network to a remote location. The <code>protobufs</code> target parameter gives an array of .proto files that are to be compiled and included in the generated code. For an example, see\n<span class=\"lf-c\"><a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/serialization/PersonProtocolBuffers.lf\">PersonProtocolBuffers.lf</a></span>\n<span class=\"lf-py\"><a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Python/src/serialization/PersonProtocolBuffers.lf\">PersonProtocolBuffers.lf</a></span>.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"runtime-version\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#runtime-version\" aria-label=\"runtime version permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>runtime-version</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py lf-ts lf-rs\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>runtime-version</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>This argument takes a string (with quotation marks) containing any tag, branch name, or git hash in the <a href=\"https://github.com/tud-ccc/reactor-cpp\">reactor-cpp</a> repository. This will specify the <em>version</em> of the runtime library that the compiled binary will link against.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<h2 id=\"rust-include\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#rust-include\" aria-label=\"rust include permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>rust-include</h2>\n<p>This specifies a set of Rust modules in the generated project. See <a href=\"#linking-support-files\">Linking support files</a>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"scheduler\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#scheduler\" aria-label=\"scheduler permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>scheduler</h2>\n<p>This specifies the scheduler to use. See<a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details?target=c#scheduler-target-property\">Target Language Details</a>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"single-file-project\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#single-file-project\" aria-label=\"single file project permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>single-file-project</h2>\n<p>If true, enables <a href=\"#single-file-layout\">single-file project layout</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"threading\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#threading\" aria-label=\"threading permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>threading</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp lf-ts\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>threading</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>If threading is disabled (by setting <code>threading</code> to <code>false</code>), then no thread library is used, and the <code>lf_schedule()</code> function is not thread safe. This setting is incompatible with asynchronously scheduling any physical actions and hence this parameter will be ignored for programs that have physical actions.\nSee <a href=\"#workers\">workers</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>The Python target uses the single threaded C runtime by default but will switch to the multithreaded C runtime if a physical action is detected. This target property can be used to override this behavior.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>Boolean flag (either <code>true</code> (default) or <code>false</code>) that controls if the project is to be compiled with support for multi-threading.</p>\n<p>See <a href=\"#workers\">workers</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"timeout\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#timeout\" aria-label=\"timeout permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>timeout</h2>\n<p>A time value (with units) specifying the logical stop time of execution. See <a href=\"/docs/handbook/termination\">Termination</a>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"workers\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#workers\" aria-label=\"workers permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>workers</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>The $target-language$ target does not support the <code>workers</code> target option.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>This parameter takes a non-negative integer and specifies the number of worker threads to execute the generated program. If threading is turned on (the default, see <a href=\"#threading\">threading</a>), then the generated code will use a target platform thread library and generate multi-threaded code. This can transparently execute reactions that have no dependence on one another in parallel on multiple cores. By default, threading is turned on, and the <code>workers</code> property is set to <code>0</code>, which means that the number of workers is determined by the runtime system. Typically, it will be set to the number of cores on the machine running the code. To use a different number of worker threads, give a positive integer for this target parameter.</p>\n<p>With value <code>0</code>, the runtime engine is free to choose the number of worker threads to use. Typically, this will equal the number of hardware threads on the machine on which the Lingua Franca code generator is run.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>This parameter takes a non-negative integer and specifies the number of worker threads to execute the generated program. With value <code>0</code> (the default), the runtime engine is free to choose the number of worker threads to use. In the $target-language$ target, the runtime system will determine the number of hardware threads on the machine on which the program is run and set the number of worker threads equal to that number.</p>\n<p>If the <code>workers</code> property is set to <code>1</code>, the scheduler will not create any worker threads and instead inline the execution of reactions. This is an optimization and avoids any unnecessary synchronization. Note that, in contrast to the C target, the single threaded implementation is still thread safe and asynchronous reaction scheduling is supported.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>This parameter takes a non-negative integer and specifies the number of worker threads to execute the generated program. Note, however, that the Python core is unable to execute safely in parallel on multiple cores. As a consequence, at execution time, each reaction invocation will acquire a mutual exclusion lock before executing. Hence, there is little point in setting this to any number greater than <code>1</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>This parameter takes a non-negative integer and specifies the number of worker threads to execute the generated program. With value <code>0</code> (the default), the runtime engine is free to choose the number of worker threads to use and the number of worker threads may vary over time.</p>\n</div>\n<h1 id=\"command-line-arguments\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#command-line-arguments\" aria-label=\"command line arguments permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Command-Line Arguments</h1>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>The generated executable may feature a command-line interface (CLI), if it uses the <code>cargo-features: [\"cli\"]</code> target property. When that feature is enabled:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>some target properties become settable at runtime:\n<ul>\n<li><code>--timeout &#x3C;time value></code>: override the default timeout mentioned as a target property. The syntax for times is just like the LF one (e.g. <code>1msec</code>, <code>\"2 seconds\"</code>).</li>\n<li><code>--workers &#x3C;number></code>: override the default worker count mentioned as a target property. This option is <strong>ignored</strong> unless the runtime crate has been built with the feature <code>parallel-runtime</code>.</li>\n<li><code>--export-graph</code>: export the dependency graph (corresponds to <code>export-dependency-graph</code> target property). This is a flag, i.e., absent means false, present means true. This means the value of the target property is ignored and not used as default.</li>\n<li><code>--log-level</code>: corresponds to the <code>logging</code> target property, but note that the levels have different meanings, and the target property is ignored. See <a href=\"#logging-levels\">Logging levels</a>.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>parameters of the main reactor are translated to CLI parameters.\n<ul>\n<li>Each LF parameter named <code>param</code> corresponds to a CLI parameter named <code>--main-param</code>. Underscores in the LF parameter name are replaced by hyphens.</li>\n<li>The type of each parameters must implement the trait <a href=\"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html\"><code>FromStr</code></a>.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>When the <code>cli</code> feature is disabled, the parameters of the main reactor will each assume their default value.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>The generated C program understands the following command-line arguments, each of which has a short form (one character) and a long form:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-f, --fast [true | false]</code>: Specifies whether to wait for physical time to match logical time. The default is <code>false</code>. If this is <code>true</code>, then the program will execute as fast as possible, letting logical time advance faster than physical time.</li>\n<li><code>-o, --timeout &#x3C;duration> &#x3C;units></code>: Stop execution when logical time has advanced by the specified <em>duration</em>. The units can be any of nsec, usec, msec, sec, minute, hour, day, week, or the plurals of those.</li>\n<li><code>-w, --workers &#x3C;n></code>: Executed using <n> worker threads if possible. This option is ignored in the single-threaded version. That is, it is ignored if a <code>threading</code> option was given in the target properties with value <code>false</code>.</li>\n<li><code>-i, --id &#x3C;n></code>: The ID of the federation that this reactor will join.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Any other command-line arguments result in printing the above information.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>The generated C++ program understands the following command-line arguments, each of which has a short form (one character) and a long form:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-f, --fast</code>: If set, then the program will execute as fast as possible, letting logical time advance faster than physical time.</li>\n<li><code>-o, --timeout '&#x3C;duration> &#x3C;units>'</code>: Stop execution when logical time has advanced by the specified <em>duration</em>. The units can be any of nsec, usec, msec, sec, minute, hour, day, week, or the plurals of those.</li>\n<li><code>-w, --workers &#x3C;n></code>: Use n worker threads for executing reactions.</li>\n<li><code>--help</code>: Print the above information.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>If the main reactor declares parameters, these parameters will appear as additional CLI options that can be specified when invoking the binary (see <a href=\"#using-parameters\">Using Parameters</a>).</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>The Python target does not currently support any command-line arguments. You must specify properties as target parameters.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>In the TypeScript target, the generated JavaScript program understands the following command-line arguments, each of which has a short form (one character) and a long form:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-f, --fast [true | false]</code>: Specifies whether to wait for physical time to match logical time. The default is <code>false</code>. If this is <code>true</code>, then the program will execute as fast as possible, letting logical time advance faster than physical time.</li>\n<li><code>-o, --timeout '&#x3C;duration> &#x3C;units>'</code>: Stop execution when logical time has advanced by the specified <em>duration</em>. The units can be any of nsec, usec, msec, sec, minute, hour, day, week, or the plurals of those. For the duration and units of a timeout argument to be parsed correctly as a single value, these should be specified in quotes with no leading or trailing space (e.g. ‘5 sec’).</li>\n<li><code>-k, --keepalive [true | false]</code>: Specifies whether to stop execution if there are no events to process. This defaults to <code>false</code>, meaning that the program will stop executing when there are no more events on the event queue. If you set this to <code>true</code>, then the program will keep executing until either the <code>timeout</code> logical time is reached or the program is externally killed. If you have <code>physical action</code>s, it usually makes sense to set this to <code>true</code>.</li>\n<li><code>-l, --logging [ERROR | WARN | INFO | LOG | DEBUG]</code>: The level of logging messages from the reactor-ts runtime to to print to the console. Messages tagged with a given type (error, warn, etc.) will print if this argument is greater than or equal to the level of the message (<code>ERROR</code> &#x3C; <code>WARN</code> &#x3C; <code>INFO</code> &#x3C; <code>LOG</code> &#x3C; <code>DEBUG</code>).</li>\n<li><code>-h, --help</code>: Print this usage guide. The program will not execute if this flag is present.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>If provided, a command line argument will override whatever value the corresponding target property had specified in the source .lf file.</p>\n<p>Command line options are parsed by the <a href=\"https://github.com/75lb/command-line-args\">command-line-arguments</a> module with <a href=\"https://github.com/75lb/command-line-args/wiki/Notation-rules\">these rules</a>. For example</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">node</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">LF_file_nam</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\">e</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">/dist/</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">LF_file_nam</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\">e</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell keyword-operator-redirect-shell\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">.js</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">f</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-language-false-shell\">false</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-keepalive=true</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">o</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-single-shell punctuation-definition-string-begin-shell\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-single-shell\">4 sec</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-quoted-single-shell punctuation-definition-string-end-shell\">&#039;</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">l</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">INFO</span>\n</pre>\n<p>is a valid setting.</p>\n<p>Any errors in command-line arguments result in printing the above information. The program will not execute if there is a parsing error for command-line arguments.</p>\n<h3 id=\"custom-command-line-arguments\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#custom-command-line-arguments\" aria-label=\"custom command line arguments permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Custom Command-Line Arguments</h3>\n<p>User-defined command-line arguments may be created by giving the main reactor <a href=\"#using-parameters\">parameters</a>. Assigning the main reactor a parameter of type <code>string</code>, <code>number</code>, <code>boolean</code>, or <code>time</code> will add an argument with corresponding name and type to the generated program’s command-line-interface. Custom arguments will also appear in the generated program’s usage guide (from the <code>--help</code> option). If the generated program is executed with a value specified for a custom command-line argument, that value will override the default value for the corresponding parameter. Arguments typed <code>string</code>, <code>number</code>, and <code>boolean</code> are parsed in the expected way, but <code>time</code> arguments must be specified on the command line like the <code>--timeout</code> property as <code>'&#x3C;duration> &#x3C;units>'</code> (in quotes).</p>\n<p>Note: Custom arguments may not have the same names as standard arguments like <code>timeout</code> or <code>keepalive</code>.</p>\n<p>For example this reactor has a custom command line argument named <code>customArg</code> of type <code>number</code> and default value <code>2</code>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">clArg</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(customArg:number(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">customArg</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>If this reactor is compiled from the file <code>simpleCLArgs.lf</code>, executing</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">node</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">simpleCLArgs/dist/simpleCLArgs.js</span>\n</pre>\n<p>outputs the default value <code>2</code>. But running</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">node</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">simpleCLArgs/dist/simpleCLArgs.js</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-customArg=42</span>\n</pre>\n<p>outputs <code>42</code>. Additionally, we can view documentation for the custom command line argument with the <code>--help</code> command.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">node</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">simpleCLArgs/dist/simpleCLArgs.js</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">h</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The program will generate the standard usage guide, but also</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">--customArg &#039;&lt;duration&gt; &lt;units&gt;&#039;                    Custom argument. Refer to\n                                                      &lt;path&gt;/simpleCLArgs.lf\n                                                      for documentation.</pre>\n<h3 id=\"additional-types-for-custom-command-line-arguments\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#additional-types-for-custom-command-line-arguments\" aria-label=\"additional types for custom command line arguments permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Additional types for Custom Command-Line Arguments</h3>\n<p>Main reactor parameters that are not typed <code>string</code>, <code>number</code>, <code>boolean</code>, or <code>time</code> will not create custom command-line arguments. However, that doesn’t mean it is impossible to obtain other types from the command line, just use a <code>string</code> and specify how the parsing is done yourself. See below for an example of a reactor that parses a custom command-line argument of type <code>string</code> into a state variable of type <code>Array&#x3C;number></code> using <code>JSON.parse</code> and a <a href=\"https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/advanced-types.html#user-defined-type-guards\">user-defined type guard</a>.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">customType</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(arrayArg:string(</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts storage-type-function-ts\">function</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-definition-function-ts entity-name-function-ts\">isArrayOfNumbers</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-parameters-begin-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts variable-parameter-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts meta-type-annotation-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">any</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-parameters-end-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-return-type-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-return-type-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-return-type-ts variable-parameter-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-return-type-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-return-type-ts keyword-operator-expression-is-ts\">is</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-return-type-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-return-type-ts entity-name-type-ts\">Array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-return-type-ts meta-type-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-typeparameters-begin-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-return-type-ts meta-type-parameters-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-return-type-ts meta-type-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-typeparameters-end-ts\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-return-type-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts keyword-control-loop-ts\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">item</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-expression-of-ts\">of</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\">                </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-expression-typeof-ts\">typeof</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">item</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\">                    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-control-flow-ts\">return</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts constant-language-boolean-false-ts\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\">                </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts keyword-control-flow-ts\">return</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts constant-language-boolean-true-ts\">true</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-class-builtin-ts\">Array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">&gt;=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">parsedArgument</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts support-constant-json-ts\">JSON</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-json-ts\">parse</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">customType</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">isArrayOfNumbers</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">parsedArgument</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">parsedArgument</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">else</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-control-trycatch-ts\">throw</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts new-expr-ts keyword-operator-new-ts\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts new-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-error-ts\">Error</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts new-expr-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts new-expr-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Custom command line argument is not an array of numbers.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts new-expr-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Summary of Parameters","depth":1},{"value":"auth","depth":2},{"value":"build","depth":2},{"value":"build-type","depth":2},{"value":"cargo-dependencies","depth":2},{"value":"cargo-features","depth":2},{"value":"cmake","depth":2},{"value":"cmake-include","depth":2},{"value":"compiler","depth":2},{"value":"docker","depth":2},{"value":"external-runtime-path","depth":2},{"value":"export-dependency-graph","depth":2},{"value":"fast","depth":2},{"value":"files","depth":2},{"value":"flags","depth":2},{"value":"logging","depth":2},{"value":"no-compile","depth":2},{"value":"no-runtime-validation","depth":2},{"value":"protobufs","depth":2},{"value":"runtime-version","depth":2},{"value":"rust-include","depth":2},{"value":"scheduler","depth":2},{"value":"single-file-project","depth":2},{"value":"threading","depth":2},{"value":"timeout","depth":2},{"value":"workers","depth":2},{"value":"Command-Line Arguments","depth":1},{"value":"Custom Command-Line Arguments","depth":3},{"value":"Additional types for Custom Command-Line Arguments","depth":3}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/target-declaration","title":"Target Declaration","oneline":"The target declaration and its parameters in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Target Language Details","oneline":"Detailed reference for each target langauge.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/target-language-details"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Tracing","oneline":"Tracing (preliminary)","permalink":"/docs/handbook/tracing"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"3-target-declaration","slug":"/docs/handbook/target-declaration","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/reference/Target Declaration.md","previousID":"15e2a8e5-dd68-55e9-839f-18c6d342e73c","nextID":"3f4000b5-1133-5c34-807d-29c05884f149","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/target-language-details","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"d0658e3f-c2ac-5ecc-8ee9-a6f2eeedfcb1","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ Overview In the C reactor target for Lingua Franca, reactions are written in C and the code generator generates one or more standalone C…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<h2 id=\"overview\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#overview\" aria-label=\"overview permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Overview</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>In the C reactor target for Lingua Franca, reactions are written in C and the code generator generates one or more standalone C programs that can be compiled and run on several platforms. It has been tested on macOS, Linux, Windows, and at least one bare-iron embedded platform. The single-threaded version (which you get by setting the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#threading\"><code>threading</code> target parameter</a> to <code>false</code>) is the most portable, requiring only a handful of common C libraries (see <a href=\"#included-libraries\">Included Libraries</a> below). The multithreaded version requires a small subset of the POSIX thread library (<code>pthreads</code>) and transparently executes in parallel on a multicore machine while preserving the deterministic semantics of Lingua Franca.</p>\n<p>Note that C is not a safe language. There are many ways that a programmer can circumvent the semantics of Lingua Franca and introduce nondeterminism and illegal memory accesses. For example, it is easy for a programmer to mistakenly send a message that is a pointer to data on the stack. The destination reactors will very likely read invalid data. It is also easy to create memory leaks, where memory is allocated and never freed. Here, we provide some guidelines for a style for writing reactors that will be safe.</p>\n<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> If you intend to use C++ code or import C++ libraries in the C target, we provide a special CCpp target that automatically uses a C++ compiler by default. Alternatively, you might want to use the Cpp target.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>In the C++ reactor target for Lingua Franca, reactions are written in C++ and the code generator generates a standalone C++ program that can be compiled and run on all major platforms. Our continuous integration ensures compatibility with Windows, macOS, and Linux.\nThe C++ target solely depends on a working C++ build system including a recent C++ compiler (supporting C++17) and <a href=\"https://cmake.org/\">CMake</a> (>= 3.5). It relies on the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-cpp\">reactor-cpp</a> runtime, which is automatically fetched and compiled in the background by the Lingua Franca compiler.</p>\n<p>Note that C++ is not a safe language. There are many ways that a programmer can circumvent the semantics of Lingua Franca and introduce nondeterminism and illegal memory accesses. For example, it is easy for a programmer to mistakenly send a message that is a pointer to data on the stack. The destination reactors will very likely read invalid data. It is also easy to create memory leaks, where memory is allocated and never freed. Note, however, that the C++ reactor library is designed to prevent common errors and to encourage a safe modern C++ style. Here, we introduce the specifics of writing Reactor programs in C++ and present some guidelines for a style that will be safe.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>In the Python reactor target for Lingua Franca, reactions are written in Python. The user-written reactors are then generated into a Python 3 script that can be executed on several platforms. The Python target has been tested on Linux, macOS, and Windows. To facilitate efficient and fast execution of Python code, the generated program relies on a C extension to facilitate Lingua Franca API such as <code>set</code> and <code>schedule</code>. To learn more about the structure of the generated Python program see <a href=\"#target-implementation-details\">Implementation Details</a>.</p>\n<p>Python reactors can bring the vast library of scientific modules that exist for Python into a Lingua Franca program. Moreover, since the Python reactor target is based on a fast and efficient C runtime library, Lingua Franca programs can execute much faster than native equivalent Python programs in many cases. Finally, interoperability with C reactors is planned for the future.</p>\n<p>In comparison to the C target, the Python target can be up to an order of magnitude slower. However, depending on the type of application and the implementation optimizations in Python, you can achieve an on-par performance to the C target in many applications.</p>\n<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> A <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/extending/extending.html\">Python C\nextension</a> is\ngenerated for each Lingua Franca program (see <a href=\"#target-implementation-details\">Implementation\nDetails</a>). This extension module will\nhave the name LinguaFranca[your_LF_program_name].</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>In the TypeScript reactor target for Lingua Franca, reactions are written in <a href=\"https://www.typescriptlang.org/\">TypeScript</a> and the code generator generates a standalone TypeScript program that can be compiled to JavaScript and run on <a href=\"https://nodejs.org\">Node.js</a>.</p>\n<p>TypeScript reactors bring the strengths of TypeScript and Node.js to Lingua Franca programming. The TypeScript language and its associated tools enable static type checking for both reaction code and Lingua Franca elements like ports and actions. The Node.js JavaScript runtime provides an execution environment for asynchronous network applications. With Node.js comes Node Package Manager (<a href=\"https://www.npmjs.com/\">npm</a>) and its large library of supporting modules.</p>\n<p>In terms of raw performance on CPU intensive operations, TypeScript reactors are about two orders of magnitude slower than C reactors. But excelling at CPU intensive operations isn’t really the point of Node.js (or by extension TypeScript reactors). Node.js is about achieving high throughput on network applications by efficiently handling asynchronous I/O operations. Keep this in mind when choosing the right Lingua Franca target for your application.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p><strong>Important:</strong> The Rust target is still quite preliminary. This is early WIP documentation to let you try it out if you’re curious</p>\n<p>In the Rust reactor target for Lingua Franca, reactions are written in Rust and the code generator generates a standalone Rust program that can be compiled and run on platforms supported by rustc. The program depends on a runtime library distributed as the crate <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-rust\">reactor_rt</a>, and depends on the Rust standard library.</p>\n<p>Documentation for the runtime API is available here: <a href=\"https://lf-lang.github.io/reactor-rust/\">https://lf-lang.github.io/reactor-rust/</a></p>\n<p>LF-Rust generates a Cargo project per compiled main reactor. This specification assumes in some places that the user is somewhat familiar with how Cargo works.\nIf you’re not, here’s a primer:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>a Rust project (and its library artifact) are called a <em>crate</em>.</li>\n<li>Cargo is the Rust package manager and build tool. LF/Rust uses Cargo to build the generated project.</li>\n<li>Rust has extensive support for conditional compilation. Cargo <em>features</em> are commonly used to enable or disable the compilation of parts of a crate. A feature may also pull in additional dependencies. Cargo features only influence the compilation process; if you don’t mention the correct feature flags at compilation time, those features cannot be made available at runtime. The Rust reactor runtime crate uses Cargo features to conditionally enable some features, e.g., command-line argument parsing.</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"requirements\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#requirements\" aria-label=\"requirements permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Requirements</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>The following tools are required in order to compile the generated C source code:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>A C compiler such as <code>gcc</code></li>\n<li>A recent version of <code>cmake</code> (at least 3.5)</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>The following tools are required in order to compile the generated C++ source code:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>A recent C++ compiler supporting C++17</li>\n<li>A recent version of <code>cmake</code> (at least 3.5)</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>To use this target, install Python 3 on your machine. See <a href=\"https://wiki.python.org/moin/BeginnersGuide/Download\">downloading Python</a>.</p>\n<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> The Python target requires a C implementation of Python (nicknamed CPython). This is what you will get if you use the above link, or with most of the alternative Python installations such as Anaconda. See <a href=\"https://www.python.org/download/alternatives/\">Python download alternatives</a> for more details.</p>\n<p>The Python reactor target relies on <code>setuptools</code> to be able to compile a <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/extending/extending.html\">Python\nC extension</a> for each LF\nprogram.</p>\n<!-- To install `pip3`, you can follow instructions [here](https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installation/). -->\n<p>To install <code>setuptools</code> using <code>pip3</code>, do this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">pip3</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">install</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">setuptools</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>First, make sure Node.js is installed on your machine. You can <a href=\"https://nodejs.org/en/download/\">download Node.js here</a>. The npm package manager comes along with Node.</p>\n<p>After installing Node, you may optionally install the TypeScript compiler.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">npm</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">install</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">g</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">typescript</span>\n</pre>\n<p>TypeScript reactor projects are created with a local copy of the TypeScript compiler, but having the TypeScript compiler globally installed can be useful for <a href=\"#debugging-type-errors\">debugging type errors</a> and type checking on the command line.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>In order to compile the generated Rust source code, you need a recent version of <a href=\"https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/\">Cargo</a>, the Rust package manager. See <a href=\"https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/getting-started/installation.html\">How to Install Rust and Cargo</a> if you don’t have them on your system.</p>\n<p>You can use a development version of the runtime library by setting the LFC option <code>--external-runtime-path</code> to the root directory of the runtime library crate sources. If this variable is mentioned, LFC will ask Cargo to fetch the runtime library from there.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"limitations\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#limitations\" aria-label=\"limitations permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Limitations</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<ul>\n<li>The C target does make any distinction between $private$ and $public$ $preamble$.</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>The C++ target does not yet implement:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>$extends$</li>\n<li>$federated$</li>\n<li><a href=\"/docs/handbook/modal-models\">Modal reactors</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<ul>\n<li>The Lingua Franca lexer does not support single-quoted strings in Python. This limitation also applies to target property values. You must use double quotes.</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>The $federated$ implementation in the TypeScript target is still quite preliminary.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>The TypeScript target does not yet implement methods.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>The TypeScript target does not yet implement <a href=\"/docs/handbook/modal-models\">modal reactors</a></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>The Rust target does not yet implement:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>$federated$</li>\n<li><a href=\"/docs/handbook/modal-models\">Modal reactors</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"the-target-specification\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-target-specification\" aria-label=\"the target specification permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The Target Specification</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>To have Lingua Franca generate C code, start your <code>.lf</code> file with one of the following target specifications:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> &lt;options&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">CCpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> &lt;options&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Note that for all LF statements, a final semicolon is optional. If you are writing your code in C, you may want to include the final semicolon for uniformity.</p>\n<p>For options to the target specification, see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration\">detailed documentation of the target options</a>.</p>\n<p>The second form, <code>CCpp</code>, is used when you wish to use a C++ compiler to compile\nthe generated code, thereby allowing your C reactors to call C++ code.</p>\n<!-- The C target uses a C compiler by default, and will fail to compile mixed C/C++ language programs. As a remedy, the `CCpp` target uses the C runtime but employs a C++ compiler to compile your program. To use it, simply replace `target C` with `target CCpp`. -->\n<p>Here is a minimal example of a program written in the <code>CCpp</code> target, taken from <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/target/HelloWorldCCPP.lf\">HelloWorldCCPP.lf</a>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">CCpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">HelloWorld</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp punctuation-definition-directive-cpp\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp\">include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp\">iostream</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Note that no C++ header will be included by default.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">HelloWorld</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p><strong>Note:</strong> Unless some feature in the C target is needed, we recommend using the Cpp target that uses a runtime that is written natively in C++.</p>\n<p><strong>Note:</strong> A <code>.lf</code> file that uses the <code>CCpp</code> target cannot and should not be imported to a <code>.lf</code> file that uses the <code>C</code> target. Although these two targets use essentially the same runtime, such a scenario can cause unintended compile errors.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>To have Lingua Franca generate C++ code, start your <code>.lf</code> file with the following target specification:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Note that for all LF statements, a final semicolon is optional. If you are writing your code in C++, you may want to include the final semicolon for uniformity.</p>\n<p>For options to the target specification, see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration\">detailed documentation of the target options</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>To have Lingua Franca generate Python code, start your <code>.lf</code> file with the following target specification:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Note that for all LF statements, a final semicolon is optional.</p>\n<p>For options to the target specification, see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration\">detailed documentation of the target options</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>To have Lingua Franca generate TypeScript code, start your <code>.lf</code> file with the following target specification:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Note that for all LF statements, a final semicolon is optional.</p>\n<p>The supported target parameters and command-line options are documented in the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration\">Target Declaration</a> documentation.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>To have Lingua Franca generate Rust code, start your <code>.lf</code> file with the following target specification:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Note that for all LF statements, a final semicolon is optional. If you are writing your code in Rust, you may want to include the final semicolon for uniformity.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"parameters-and-state-variables\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#parameters-and-state-variables\" aria-label=\"parameters and state variables permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Parameters and State Variables</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>Reactor parameters and state variables are referenced in the C code using the\n<code>self</code> struct. The following\n<a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/Stride.lf\">Stride</a>\nexample modifies the <code>Count</code> reactor in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables#state-declaration\">State\nDeclaration</a> to\ninclude both a parameter and a state variable:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">stride</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This defines a <code>stride</code> parameter with type <code>int</code> and initial value <code>1</code> and\na <code>count</code> state variable with the same type and initial value.\nThese are referenced in the reaction with the syntax <code>self->stride</code> and <code>self->count</code> respectively.</p>\n<p><strong>The self Struct:</strong>\nThe code generator synthesizes a struct type in C for each reactor class and a constructor that creates an instance of this struct. By convention, these instances are called <code>self</code> and are visible within each reactor body. The <code>self</code> struct contains the parameters, state variables, and values associated with actions and ports of the reactor. Parameters and state variables are accessed directly on the <code>self</code> struct, whereas ports and actions are directly in scope by name, as we will see below. Let’s begin with parameters.</p>\n<p>It may be tempting to declare state variables in the $preamble$, as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">FlawedCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> count </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce a sequence of integers, but if there is more than one instance of the reactor, those instances will share the same variable count. Hence, <strong>don’t do this</strong>! Sharing variables across instances of reactors violates a basic principle, which is that reactors communicate only by sending messages to one another. Sharing variables will make your program nondeterministic. If you have multiple instances of the above FlawedCount reactor, the outputs produced by each instance will not be predictable, and in a multithreaded implementation, will also not be repeatable.</p>\n<h3 id=\"array-values-for-parameters\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#array-values-for-parameters\" aria-label=\"array values for parameters permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Array Values for Parameters</h3>\n<p>Parameters and state variables can have array values, though some care is needed. The <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/ArrayAsParameter.lf\">ArrayAsParameter</a> example outputs the elements of an array as a sequence of individual messages:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(sequence: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[] </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}, n_sequence: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">next</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, next) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out, next </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">sequence</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">n_sequence</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">next</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This uses a <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions#logical-actions\">$logical$ $action$</a> to repeat the reaction, sending one element of the array in each invocation.</p>\n<p>In C, arrays do not encode their own length, so a separate parameter <code>n_sequence</code> is used for the array length. Obviously, there is potential here for errors, where the array length doesn’t match the length parameter.</p>\n<p>Above, the parameter default value is an array with three elements, <code>[0, 1, 2]</code>. The syntax for giving this default value is that of a Lingua Franca list, <code>{0, 1, 2}</code>, which gets converted by the code generator into a C static initializer. The default value can be overridden when instantiating the reactor using a similar syntax:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(sequence </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}, n_sequence</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"array-values-for-states\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#array-values-for-states\" aria-label=\"array values for states permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Array Values for States</h3>\n<p>A state variable can also have an array value. For example, the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/MovingAverage.lf\">MovingAverage</a> reactor computes the <strong>moving average</strong> of the last four inputs each time it receives an input:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MovingAverageImpl</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">delay_line</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">double</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">[] </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">0.0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">0.0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">0.0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">double</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">double</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Calculate the output.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">double</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">delay_line</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-point-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Insert the input in the delay line.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">delay_line</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-property-cpp\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Update the index for the next input.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&gt;=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The second line declares that the type of the state variable is an array of <code>double</code>s with the initial value of the array being a three-element array filled with zeros.</p>\n<h3 id=\"states-and-parameters-with-struct-values\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#states-and-parameters-with-struct-values\" aria-label=\"states and parameters with struct values permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>States and Parameters with Struct Values</h3>\n<p>States whose type are structs can similarly be initialized. This <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/StructAsState.lf\">StructAsState</a> example illustrates this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-typedef-cpp\">typedef</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-head-struct-cpp storage-type-struct-cpp\">struct</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp entity-name-type-struct-cpp\">hello_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-head-struct-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-struct-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">char</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\"> name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\"> value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-struct-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-tail-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-tail-struct-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">hello_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">StructAsState</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">hello_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Earth</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">State s.name=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, value=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Notice that state <code>s</code> is given type <code>hello_t</code>, which is defined in the $preamble$. The initial value just lists the initial values of each of the fields of the struct in the order they are declared.</p>\n<p>Parameters are similar:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-typedef-cpp\">typedef</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-head-struct-cpp storage-type-struct-cpp\">struct</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp entity-name-type-struct-cpp\">hello_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-head-struct-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-struct-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">char</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\"> name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\"> value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-struct-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-tail-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-tail-struct-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">hello_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">StructParameter</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(p: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">hello_t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Earth</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Parameter p.name=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, value=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>Reactor parameters are internally declared as <code>const</code> by the code generator and initialized during reactor instantiation. Thus, the value of a parameter may not be changed. See <a href=\"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables\">Parameters and State</a> for examples.</p>\n<h3 id=\"array-valued-parameters\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#array-valued-parameters\" aria-label=\"array valued parameters permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Array-Valued Parameters</h3>\n<p>Also parameters can have fixed- or variable-sized array values. The <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/ArrayAsParameter.lf\">ArrayAsParameter</a> example outputs the elements of an array as a sequence of individual messages:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(sequence: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">vector</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;int&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-cpp storage-type-built-in-cpp\">size_t</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-cpp storage-type-built-in-cpp\">size_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">next</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">void</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, next) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out, next </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">sequence</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">count </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">sequence</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">size</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">next</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Here, the type of <code>sequence</code> is explicitly given as <code>std::vector&#x3C;int></code>.\nA more compact alternative syntax is as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">sequence: int[] = {0, 1, 2}</pre>\n<p>The type <code>int[]</code> is converted to <code>std::vector&#x3C;int></code> by the code generator.\nAnother alternative syntax is:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">sequence: int[]({0, 1, 2})</pre>\n<p>Here, the static initializer <code>{0, 1, 2}</code> is passed as a single argument to the constructor of <code>std::vector</code>.</p>\n<p>The main reactor can be parameterized:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Hello</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(msg: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">World</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Hello </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> msg </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This program will print “Hello World!” by default. However, since <code>msg</code> is a main reactor parameter, the C++ code generator will extend the command-line argument parser and allow to override <code>msg</code> when invoking the program. For instance,</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">bin/Hello</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-msg</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">Earth</span>\n</pre>\n<p>will result in “Hello Earth!” being printed.</p>\n<h3 id=\"state-variables\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#state-variables\" aria-label=\"state variables permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>State Variables</h3>\n<p>A reactor may declare state variables, which become properties of each instance of the reactor. For example, the following reactor (see <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/lib/Count.lf\">Count.lf</a> and <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/CountTest.lf\">CountTest.lf</a>) will produce the output sequence 1, 2, 3, … :</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> c </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The declaration on the second line gives the variable the name <code>count</code>, declares its type to be <code>int</code>, and initializes its value to 0. The type and initial value can be enclosed in the C++-code delimiters <code>{= ... =}</code> if they are not simple identifiers, but in this case, that is not necessary.</p>\n<p>In the body of the reaction, the state variable is automatically in scope and can be referenced directly by its name. Since all reactions, state variables, and parameters of a reactor are members of the same class, reactions can also reference state variables (or parameters) using the <code>this</code> pointer: <code>this->name</code>.</p>\n<p>A state variable may be a time value, declared as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">time_value</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The type of the generated <code>time_value</code> variable will be <code>reactor::Duration</code>, which is an alias for <a href=\"https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/duration\"><code>std::chrono::nanoseconds</code></a>.</p>\n<p>For the C++ target, Lingua Franca provides two alternative styles for initializing state variables. We can write <code>state foo:int(42)</code> or <code>state foo:int{42}</code>. This allows to distinguish between the different initialization styles in C++. <code>foo:int(42)</code> will be translated to <code>int foo(42)</code> and <code> foo:int{42}</code> will be translated to <code>int foo{42}</code> in the generated code. Generally speaking, the <code>{...}</code> style should be preferred in C++, but it is not always applicable. Hence we allow the LF programmer to choose the style. Due to the peculiarities of C++, this is particularly important for more complex data types. For instance, <code>state foo:std::vector&#x3C;int>(4,2)</code> would be initialized to the list <code>[2,2,2,2]</code> whereas <code>state foo:std::vector&#x3C;int>{4,2}</code> would be initialized to the list <code>[4,2]</code>.</p>\n<p>State variables can have array values. For example, the [MovingAverage] (<a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/MovingAverage.lf\">https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/MovingAverage.lf</a>) reactor computes the <strong>moving average</strong> of the last four inputs each time it receives an input:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MovingAverageImpl</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">delay_line</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">double</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">0.0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">0.0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">0.0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">double</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">double</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Calculate the output.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">double</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">delay_line</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-point-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Insert the input in the delay line.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">delay_line</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Update the index for the next input.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&gt;=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The second line declares that the type of the state variable is an fixed-size array of 3 <code>double</code>s with the initial value of the being filled with zeros (note the curly braces). If the size is given in the type specification, then the code generator will declare the type of the state variable using <a href=\"https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array\"><code>std::array</code></a>. In the example above, the type of <code>delay_line</code> is <code>std::array&#x3C;3, double></code>. If the size specifier is omitted (e.g. <code>state x:double[]</code>). The code generator will produce a variable-sized array using <a href=\"https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector\"><code>std::vector</code></a>.</p>\n<p>The second line can equivalently be given with an assignment operator:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">  state delay_line: double[3] = {0.0, 0.0, 0.0}</pre>\n<p>State variables with more complex types such as classes or structs can be similarly initialized. See <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/StructAsState.lf\">StructAsState.lf</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>Reactor parameters and state variables are referenced in the Python code using\nthe syntax <code>self.&#x3C;name></code>, where <code>&#x3C;name></code> is the name of the parameter or state\nvariable. The following\n<a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Python/src/Stride.lf\">Stride</a>\nexample modifies the <code>Count</code> reactor in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables#state-declaration\">State\nDeclaration</a> to\ninclude both a parameter and a state variable:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">stride</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This defines a <code>stride</code> parameter with initial value <code>1</code> and a <code>count</code> state\nvariable with the same initial value. These are referenced in the reaction with\nthe syntax <code>self.stride</code> and <code>self.count</code> respectively. Note that state\nvariables and parameters do not have types in the Python reactor target. See <a href=\"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables\">Parameters\nand State</a> for more examples.</p>\n<p><strong>The Reactor Class:</strong>\nThe code generator synthesizes a class in Python for each reactor class in LF,\nwith a constructor (i.e., <code>def __init__(self, ...):</code>) that creates an instance\nof this class and initializes its parameters and state variables as <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/classes.html#class-and-instance-variables\">instance\nvariables</a>.\nThese parameters and state variables can then subsequently be accessed directly\nusing the <code>self</code> reference in the body of reactions.</p>\n<p>It may be tempting to declare state variables in the $preamble$, as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">FlawedCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce a sequence of integers, but if there is more than one instance\nof the reactor, those instances will share the same variable <code>count</code> (because\n<code>count</code> will be a <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/classes.html#class-and-instance-variables\">class variable</a>). Hence,\n<strong>don’t do this</strong>! Sharing variables across instances of reactors violates a\nbasic principle, which is that reactors communicate only by sending messages to\none another. Sharing variables will make your program nondeterministic. If you\nhave multiple instances of the above <code>FlawedCount</code> reactor, the outputs produced\nby each instance will not be predictable, and in a multithreaded implementation,\nwill also not be repeatable.</p>\n<h3 id=\"array-expressions-for-state-variables-and-parameters\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#array-expressions-for-state-variables-and-parameters\" aria-label=\"array expressions for state variables and parameters permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Array Expressions for State Variables and Parameters</h3>\n<p>Array parameters and state variables are implemented using Python lists and initialized using a parentheized list. In the following example, the\nparameter <code>sequence</code> and the state variable <code>x</code> have an initial value that is a Python list <code>[1, 2, 3]</code>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(param </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Their elements may be accessed as arrays in the body of a reaction, for example <code>self.x[i]</code>, where <code>i</code> is an array index.</p>\n<p>The parameter may be overridden with a different list at instantiation:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(param </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">6</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">} )</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>As with any ordinary Python list or tuple, <code>len()</code> can been used to deduce the\nlength. In the above, <code>len(self.x)</code> and <code>len(self.param)</code> will return the lengths of the two lists.</p>\n<h3 id=\"assigning-arbitrary-initial-expressions-to-state-variables-and-parameters\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#assigning-arbitrary-initial-expressions-to-state-variables-and-parameters\" aria-label=\"assigning arbitrary initial expressions to state variables and parameters permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Assigning Arbitrary Initial Expressions to State Variables and Parameters</h3>\n<p>As used for lists above, the code delimiters <code>{= ... =}</code> can allow for assignment of arbitrary Python\nexpressions as initial values for state variables and parameters. The following example, taken from\n<a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Python/src/StructAsState.lf\">StructAsState.lf</a>\ndemonstrates this usage:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">StructAsState</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-class-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-class-python storage-type-class-python\">class</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-class-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-class-python entity-name-type-class-python\">hello</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-class-python punctuation-section-class-begin-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python storage-type-function-python\">def</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python support-function-magic-python\">__init__</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-definition-parameters-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python variable-parameter-function-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-separator-parameters-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-separator-parameters-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-definition-parameters-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python punctuation-section-function-begin-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">name</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">value</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">hello</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Earth</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> will print &quot;State s.name=&quot;Earth&quot;, value=42.&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">State s.name=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python constant-character-escape-python\">\\&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python storage-type-format-python\">:s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python constant-character-escape-python\">\\&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">, value=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python storage-type-format-python\">:d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">format</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Notice that a class <code>hello</code> is defined in the preamble. The state variable <code>s</code> is then initialized to an instance of <code>hello</code> constructed within the <code>{= ... =}</code> delimiters.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>In the TypeScript target, all <a href=\"https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/basic-types.html\">TypeScript types</a> are generally acceptable for parameters and state variables. Custom types (and classes) must be defined in the $preamble$ before they may be used.</p>\n<p><strong>To benefit from type checking, you should declare types for your reactor elements.</strong> If a type isn’t declared for a state variable, it is assigned the type <a href=\"https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-0.html#new-unknown-top-type\"><code>unknown</code></a>.</p>\n<p>For example, the following reactor will produce the output sequence 0, 1, 2, 3, … :</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The declaration on the second line gives the variable the name “count”, declares its type to be <code>number</code>, and initializes its value to 0. The type and initial value can be enclosed in the Typescript-code delimiters <code>{= ... =}</code> if they are not simple identifiers, but in this case, that is not necessary.</p>\n<p>In the body of the reaction, the reactor’s state variable is referenced by way of a local variable of the same name. The local variable will contain the current value of the state at the beginning of the reaction. The final value of the local variable will be used to update the state at the end of the reaction.</p>\n<p>It may be tempting to declare state variables in the <strong>preamble</strong>, as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">FlawedCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce a sequence of integers, but if there is more than one instance of the reactor, those instances will share the same variable count. Hence, <strong>don’t do this</strong>! Sharing variables across instances of reactors violates a basic principle, which is that reactors communicate only by sending messages to one another. Sharing variables will make your program nondeterministic. If you have multiple instances of the above FlawedCount reactor, the outputs produced by each instance will not be predictable, and in an asynchronous implementation, will also not be repeatable.</p>\n<p>A state variable may be a time value, declared as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">time_value</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>time_value</code> variable will be of type <code>TimeValue</code>, which is an object used to represent a time in the TypeScript Target. Refer to the section on <a href=\"#timed-behavior\">timed behavior</a> for more information.</p>\n<p>A state variable can have an array or object value. For example, the following reactor computes the <strong>moving average</strong> of the last four inputs each time it receives an input (from <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/TypeScript/src/MovingAverage.lf\">MovingAverageImpl</a>):</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MovingAverage</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">delay_line</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-class-builtin-ts\">Array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts meta-delimiter-decimal-period-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts meta-delimiter-decimal-period-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts meta-delimiter-decimal-period-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-as-ts\">as</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> Calculate the output.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-loop-ts\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">delay_line</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts meta-delimiter-decimal-period-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> Insert the input in the delay line.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">delay_line</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> Update the index for the next input.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&gt;=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The second line declares that the type of the state variable is an array of <code>number</code>s with the initial value of the array being a three-element array filled with zeros.</p>\n<p>States whose type are objects can similarly be initialized. Declarations can take an object literal as the initial value:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">myLiteral</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts meta-object-literal-key-ts\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts meta-object-literal-key-ts punctuation-separator-key-value-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts meta-object-literal-key-ts\">bar</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts meta-object-literal-key-ts punctuation-separator-key-value-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts meta-object-literal-key-ts\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts meta-object-literal-key-ts punctuation-separator-key-value-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts meta-object-literal-key-ts\">bar</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts meta-object-literal-key-ts punctuation-separator-key-value-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">baz</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>or use <code>new</code>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">mySet</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-class-builtin-ts\">Set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">&gt;=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts keyword-operator-new-ts\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-builtin-ts\">Set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-type-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-typeparameters-begin-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-type-parameters-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-type-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-typeparameters-end-ts\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Reactor parameters are also referenced in the TypeScript code as local variables. The example below modifies the <code>Count</code> reactor so that its stride is a parameter:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride:number </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">stride</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Display</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Stride</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Display</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The second line defines the <code>stride</code> parameter, gives its type, and gives its initial value. As with state variables, the type and initial value can be enclosed in <code>{= ... =}</code> if necessary. The parameter is referenced in the reaction by referring to the local variable <code>stride</code>.</p>\n<p>When the reactor is instantiated, the default parameter value can be overridden. This is done in the above example near the bottom with the line:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n</pre>\n<p>If there is more than one parameter, use a comma separated list of assignments.</p>\n<p>Parameters in Lingua Franca are immutable. To encourage correct usage, parameter variables within a reaction are local <code>const</code> variables. If you feel tempted to use a mutable parameter, instead try using the parameter to initialize state and modify the state variable instead. This is illustrated below by a further modification to the Stride example where it takes an initial “start” value for count as a second parameter:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride:number </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, start:number </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">stride</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Display</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Stride</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, start </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Display</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"array-or-object-parameters\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#array-or-object-parameters\" aria-label=\"array or object parameters permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Array or Object Parameters</h3>\n<p>Parameters can have array or object values. Here is an example that outputs the elements of an array as a sequence of individual messages:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(sequence:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-class-builtin-ts\">Array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">&gt;=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">next</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, next) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out, next </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sequence</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">sequence</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-ts\">length</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-variable-property-dom-ts\">next</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Above, the parameter default value is an array with three elements, <code>[0, 1, 2]</code>. The syntax for giving this default value is a TypeScript array literal. Since this is TypeScript syntax, not Lingua Franca syntax, the initial value needs to be surrounded with the target code delimiters, <code>{= ... =}</code>. The default value can be overridden when instantiating the reactor using a similar syntax:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(sequence </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Both default and overridden values for parameters can also be created with the <code>new</code> keyword:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(sequence:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-class-builtin-ts\">Array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">&gt;=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts keyword-operator-new-ts\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-builtin-ts\">Array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-type-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-typeparameters-begin-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-type-parameters-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-type-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-typeparameters-end-ts\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n</pre>\n<p>and</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(sequence </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts keyword-operator-new-ts\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts support-class-builtin-ts\">Array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>Parameters and state variables in Rust are accessed on the <code>self</code> structure, as shown in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables#parameter-declaration\">Parameter Declaration</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"inputs-and-outputs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#inputs-and-outputs\" aria-label=\"inputs and outputs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Inputs and Outputs</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>In the body of a reaction in the C target, the value of an input is obtained using the syntax <code>name->value</code>, where <code>name</code> is the name of the input port. See, for example, the <code>Destination</code> reactor in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs#input-and-output-declarations\">Input and Output Declarations</a>.</p>\n<p>To set the value of outputs, use <code>lf_set</code>. See, for example, the <code>Double</code> reactor in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs#input-and-output-declarations\">Input and Output Declarations</a>.)</p>\n<p>An output may even be set in different reactions of the same reactor at the same tag. In this case, one reaction may wish to test whether the previously invoked reaction has set the output. It can check <code>name->is_present</code> to determine whether the output has been set. For example, the <code>Source</code> reactor in the test case <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/TestForPreviousOutput.lf\">TestForPreviousOutput</a> will always produce the output 42:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Set a seed for random number generation based on the current time.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">srand</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Randomly produce an output or not.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">rand</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">%</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">21</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-else-cpp\">else</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The first reaction may or may not set the output to 21. The second reaction doubles the output if it has been previously produced and otherwise produces 42.</p>\n<h3 id=\"sending-and-receiving-data\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#sending-and-receiving-data\" aria-label=\"sending and receiving data permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Sending and Receiving Data</h3>\n<p>You can define your own data types in C and send and receive those. Consider the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/StructAsType.lf\">StructAsType</a> example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-typedef-cpp\">typedef</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-head-struct-cpp storage-type-struct-cpp\">struct</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp entity-name-type-struct-cpp\">hello_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-head-struct-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-struct-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">char</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\"> name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\"> value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-struct-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-tail-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-tail-struct-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">hello_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">StructAsType</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">hello_t</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-struct-declare-cpp\">struct</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-type-struct-cpp\">hello_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-declare-cpp\">temp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Earth</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> temp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The $preamble$ code defines a struct data type. In the reaction to $startup$, the reactor creates an instance of this struct on the stack (as a local variable named <code>temp</code>) and then copies that struct to the output using the <code>lf_set</code> macro.</p>\n<p>For large structs, it may be inefficient to create a struct on the stack and copy it to the output, as done above. You can use a pointer type instead. See <a href=\"#dynamically-allocated-data\">below</a> for details.</p>\n<p>A reactor receiving the struct message uses the struct as normal in C:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\">() {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">hello_t</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received: name = </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, value = </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The preamble should not be repeated in this reactor definition if the two reactors are defined together because this will trigger an error when the compiler thinks that <code>hello_t</code> is being redefined.</p>\n<h3 id=\"persistent-inputs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#persistent-inputs\" aria-label=\"persistent inputs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Persistent Inputs</h3>\n<p>In the C target, inputs are persistent. You can read an input even when there is no event present and the value of that input will be the most recently received value or an instance of the input type filled with zeros. For example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Sink</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) in </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Value of the input is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> at time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">sink</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Sink</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">source</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">sink</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>Source</code> reactor produces output 1 at 100ms and 2 at 300ms.\nThe <code>Sink</code> reactor reads every 100ms starting at 0.\nNotice that it uses the input <code>in</code> but is not triggered by it.\nThe result of running this program is:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Value of the input is 0 at time 0\nValue of the input is 1 at time 100000000\nValue of the input is 1 at time 200000000\nValue of the input is 2 at time 300000000\nValue of the input is 2 at time 400000000\n...</pre>\n<p>The first output is 0 (an <code>int</code> initialized with zero), and subsequently, each output is read twice.</p>\n<h3 id=\"fixed-length-array-inputs-and-outputs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#fixed-length-array-inputs-and-outputs\" aria-label=\"fixed length array inputs and outputs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Fixed Length Array Inputs and Outputs</h3>\n<p>When inputs and outputs are fixed-length arrays, the memory to contain the array is automatically provided as part of the reactor instance. You can write directly to it, and then just call <code>lf_set_present</code> to alert the system that the output is present. For example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>In general, this will work for any data type that can be copied by a simple assignment operator (see below for how to handle more complex data types).</p>\n<p>Reading the array is equally simple:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(scale: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {  </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// The scale parameter is just for testing.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">   </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"variable-length-array-inputs-and-outputs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#variable-length-array-inputs-and-outputs\" aria-label=\"variable length array inputs and outputs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Variable Length Array Inputs and Outputs</h3>\n<p>Above, the array size is fixed and must be known throughout the program. A more flexible mechanism leaves the array size unspecified in the types of the inputs and outputs and uses <code>lf_set_array</code> instead of <code>lf_set</code> to inform the system of the array length. For example,</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">[]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Dynamically allocate an output array of length 3.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> array </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">malloc</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-functionlike-cpp keyword-operator-sizeof-cpp\">sizeof</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-operator-sizeof-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-arguments-operator-sizeof storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-operator-sizeof-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Populate the array.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Set the output, specifying the array length.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set_array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The array length will be available at the receiving end, which may look like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">[]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">length</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"dynamically-allocated-data\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#dynamically-allocated-data\" aria-label=\"dynamically allocated data permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Dynamically Allocated Data</h3>\n<p>A much more flexible way to communicate complex data types is to set dynamically allocated memory on an output port. This can be done in a way that automatically handles freeing the memory when all users of the data are done with it. The reactor that allocates the memory cannot know when downstream reactors are done with the data, so Lingua Franca provides utilities for managing this using reference counting. You can specify a destructor on a port and pass a pointer to a dynamically allocated object as illustrated in the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/SetDestructor.lf\">SetDestructor</a> example.</p>\n<p>Suppose the data structure of interest, its constructor, destructor, and copy_constructor are defined as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-c\"><span class=\"source-c\">preamble </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-c\">{</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">  </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-other-typedef-c\">typedef</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c storage-type-struct-c\">struct</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-c\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">int</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> data</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c storage-type-built-in-c\">size_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> length</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">  </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-c\">}</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">  </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c entity-name-function-c\">int_array_constructor</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c storage-type-built-in-c\">size_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c\"> length</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-c\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> result </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c entity-name-function-c\">malloc</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c keyword-operator-sizeof-c\">sizeof</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-object-access-c\">result</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-separator-pointer-access-c\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-member-c\">data</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">int</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c entity-name-function-c\">calloc</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c\">length</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-separator-delimiter-c\">,</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c keyword-operator-sizeof-c\">sizeof</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">int</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-object-access-c\">result</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-separator-pointer-access-c\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-member-c\">length</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> length</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-control-c\">return</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> result</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">  </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-c\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">  </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">void</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c entity-name-function-c\">int_array_destructor</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">void</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c\"> array</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-c\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c entity-name-function-c\">free</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c\"> array</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-separator-pointer-access-c\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c variable-other-member-c\">data</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c entity-name-function-c\">free</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c\">array</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">  </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-c\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">  </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">void</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c entity-name-function-c\">int_array_copy_constructor</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">void</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c\"> array</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-c\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> source </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> array</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> copy </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c entity-name-function-c\">malloc</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c keyword-operator-sizeof-c\">sizeof</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-object-access-c\">copy</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-separator-pointer-access-c\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-member-c\">data</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">int</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c entity-name-function-c\">calloc</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c variable-other-object-access-c\">source</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-separator-pointer-access-c\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c variable-other-member-c\">length</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-separator-delimiter-c\">,</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c keyword-operator-sizeof-c\">sizeof</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">int</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-object-access-c\">copy</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-separator-pointer-access-c\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-member-c\">length</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-object-access-c\">source</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-separator-pointer-access-c\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-member-c\">length</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-control-c\">for</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c storage-type-built-in-c\">size_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c\"> i </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c constant-numeric-decimal-c\">0</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c\"> i </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c keyword-operator-comparison-c\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c variable-other-object-access-c\">source</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-separator-pointer-access-c\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c variable-other-member-c\">length</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c\"> i</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c keyword-operator-increment-c\">++</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-c\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">      </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-object-access-c\">copy</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-separator-pointer-access-c\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-member-c\">data</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-bracket-square-access-c punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square-c\">[</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-bracket-square-access-c\">i</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-bracket-square-access-c punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square-c\">]</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-object-access-c\">source</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-separator-pointer-access-c\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-member-c\">data</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-bracket-square-access-c punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square-c\">[</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-bracket-square-access-c\">i</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-bracket-square-access-c punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square-c\">]</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-c\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-control-c\">return</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">void</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> copy</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">  </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-c\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-c\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Then, the sender reactor would use <code>lf_set_destructor</code> to specify how the memory set on an output port should be freed:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set_destructor</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> int_array_destructor</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set_copy_constructor</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> int_array_copy_constructor</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> array </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">int_array_constructor</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-cpp storage-type-built-in-cpp\">size_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">length</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">data</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The first reaction specifies the destructor and copy constructor (the latter of which will be used if any downstream reactor has a mutable input or wishes to make a writable copy).</p>\n<p><strong>IMPORTANT:</strong> The array constructed should be sent to only one output port using <code>lf_set</code>. If you need to send it to more than one output port or to use it as the payload of an action, you should use <code>lf_set_token</code>.</p>\n<p><span class=\"warning\"><strong>FIXME:</strong> Show how to do this.</span></p>\n<p>A reactor receiving this array is straightforward. It just references the array elements as usual in C, as illustrated by this example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\">() {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">length</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">data</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The deallocation of memory for the data will occur automatically after the last reactor that receives a pointer to the data has finished using it, using the destructor specified by <code>lf_set_destructor</code> or <code>free</code> if none specified.</p>\n<p>Occasionally, you will want an input or output type to be a pointer, but you don’t want the automatic memory allocation and deallocation. A simple example is a string type, which in C is <code>char*</code>. Consider the following (erroneous) reactor:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Erroneous</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">char</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Hello World</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>An output data type that ends with <code>*</code> signals to Lingua Franca that the message\nis dynamically allocated and must be freed downstream after all recipients are\ndone with it. But the <code>\"Hello World\"</code> string here is statically allocated, so an\nerror will occur when the last downstream reactor to use this message attempts\nto free the allocated memory. To avoid this for strings, you can use a special\n<code>string</code> type as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Fixed</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Hello World</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>string</code> type is equivalent to <code>char*</code>, but since it doesn’t end with <code>*</code>, it does not signal to Lingua Franca that the type is dynamically allocated. Lingua Franca only handles allocation and deallocation for types that are specified literally with a final <code>*</code> in the type name. The same trick can be used for any type where you don’t want automatic allocation and deallocation. E.g., the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/SendsPointerTest.lf\">SendsPointer</a> example looks like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">SendsPointer</span><span class=\"source-lf\">  {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-typedef-cpp\">typedef</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> int_pointer</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int_pointer</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-modifier-specifier-static-cpp\">static</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> my_constant </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">my_constant</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The above technique can be used to abuse the reactor model of computation by communicating pointers to shared variables. This is generally a bad idea unless those shared variables are immutable. The result will likely be nondeterministic. Also, communicating pointers across machines that do not share memory will not work at all.</p>\n<h3 id=\"mutable-inputs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#mutable-inputs\" aria-label=\"mutable inputs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Mutable Inputs</h3>\n<p>Although it cannot be enforced in C, a receiving reactor should not modify the values provided by an input. Inputs are logically <em>immutable</em> because there may be several recipients. Any recipient that wishes to modify the input should make a copy of it. Fortunately, a utility is provided for this pattern. Consider the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/ArrayScale.lf\">ArrayScale</a> example, here modified to use the above <code>int_array_t</code> data type:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">ArrayScale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(scale:int(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">mutable</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">length</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">*=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">scale</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set_token</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">token</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Here, the input is declared $mutable$, which means that any reaction is free to\nmodify the input. If this reactor is the only recipient of the array or the last\nrecipient of the array, then this will not make a copy of the array but rather use\nthe original array. Otherwise, it will use a copy. By default, <code>memcpy</code> is used to copy the data. However, the sender can also specify\na copy constructor to be used by calling <code>lf_set_copy_constructor</code> on the\noutput port, as explained below.</p>\n<p><strong>Important:</strong> Notice that the above <code>ArrayScale</code> reactor modifies the array and then forwards it to its output port using the <code>lf_set_token()</code> macro. That macro further delegates to downstream reactors the responsibility for freeing dynamically allocated memory once all readers have completed their work. It will not work to just use <code>lf_set</code>, passing it the value.\nThis will result in a memory error, yielding a message like the following:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">    malloc: *** error for object 0x600002674070: pointer being freed was not allocated</pre>\n<p>If the above code were not to forward the array, then the dynamically allocated memory will be automatically freed when this reactor is done with it.</p>\n<p>Three of the above reactors can be combined into a pipeline as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">ArrayScaleTest</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">ArrayScale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>In this composite, the array is allocated by <code>ArrayPrint</code>, modified by <code>ArrayScale</code>, and deallocated (freed) after <code>Print</code> has reacted. No copy is necessary because <code>ArrayScale</code> is the only recipient of the original array.</p>\n<p>Inputs and outputs can also be dynamically allocated structs. In fact, Lingua Franca’s C target will treat any input or output data type that ends with <code>[]</code> or <code>*</code> specially by providing utilities for allocating memory and modifying and forwarding. Deallocation of the allocated memory is automatic. The complete set of utilities is given below.</p>\n<h3 id=\"string-types\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#string-types\" aria-label=\"string types permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>String Types</h3>\n<p>String types in C are <code>char*</code>. But, as explained above, types ending with <code>*</code> are interpreted specially to provide automatic memory management, which we generally don’t want with strings (a string that is a compile-time constant must not be freed). You could enclose the type as <code>{= char* =}</code>, but to avoid this awkwardness, the header files include a typedef that permits using <code>string</code> instead of <code>char*</code>. For example (from <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/DelayString.lf\">DelayString.lf</a>):</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">DelayString</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> The following copies the char*, not the string.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule_copy</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"macros-for-setting-output-values\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#macros-for-setting-output-values\" aria-label=\"macros for setting output values permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Macros For Setting Output Values</h3>\n<p>In all of the following, <code>&#x3C;out></code> is the name of the output and <code>&#x3C;value></code> is the value to be sent.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>lf_set(&#x3C;out>, &#x3C;value>);</code></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Set the specified output (or input of a contained reactor) to the specified\nvalue using shallow copy. <code>lf_set</code> can be used with all supported data types\n(including type declarations that end with <code>*</code> or <code>[]</code>).</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>lf_set_token(&#x3C;out>, &#x3C;token>);</code></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>This version is used to directly set the underlying reference-counted token in\noutputs with a type declaration ending with <code>*</code> (any pointer) or <code>[]</code> (any\narray). The <code>&#x3C;value></code> argument should be a struct of type <code>token_t</code>. It should\nbe rarely necessary to have the need to create your own (dynamically allocated)\ninstance of <code>token_t</code>.</p>\n<p>Consider the\n<a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/SetToken.lf\">SetToken.lf</a>\nexample:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule_int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">MSEC</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set_token</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">token</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Here, the first reaction schedules an integer-valued action to trigger after 200 milliseconds. As explained below, action payloads are carried by tokens. The second reaction grabs the token rather than the value using the syntax <code>a->token</code> (the name of the action followed by <code>->token</code>). It then forwards the token to the output. The output data type is <code>int*</code> not <code>int</code> because the token carries a pointer to dynamically allocated memory that contains the value. All inputs and outputs with types ending in <code>*</code> or <code>[]</code> are carried by tokens.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>lf_set_destructor(&#x3C;out>, &#x3C;destructor>);</code></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Specify the destructor <code>destructor</code> used to deallocate any dynamic data set on the output port <code>out</code>.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>lf_set_copy_constructor(&#x3C;out>, &#x3C;copy_constructor>);</code></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Specify the <code>copy_constructor</code> used to copy construct any dynamic data set on the output port <code>out</code> if the receiving port is $mutable$.</p>\n<p><code>lf_set</code> (and <code>lf_set_token</code>) will overwrite any output value previously set at the same logical time and will cause the final output value to be sent to all reactors connected to the output. They also set a local <code>&#x3C;out>->is_present</code> variable to true. This can be used to subsequently test whether the output value has been set.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>In the body of a reaction in the C++ target, the value of an input is obtained using the syntax <code>*name.get()</code>, where <code>name</code> is the name of the input port. Similarly, outputs are set using a <code>set()</code> method on an output port. For examples, see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs\">Inputs and Outputs</a>.</p>\n<p>Note that <code>get()</code> always returns a pointer to the actual value. Thus the pointer needs to be dereferenced with <code>*</code> to obtain the value. (See <a href=\"#sending-and-receiving-large-data-types\">Sending and Receiving Large Data Types</a> for an explanation of the exact mechanisms behind this pointer access).\nTo determine whether an input is present, <code>name.is_present()</code> can be used. Since <code>get()</code> returns a <code>nullptr</code> if no value is present, <code>name.get() != nullptr</code> can be used alternatively for checking presence.</p>\n<h3 id=\"sending-and-receiving-large-data-types\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#sending-and-receiving-large-data-types\" aria-label=\"sending and receiving large data types permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Sending and Receiving Large Data Types</h3>\n<p>You can define your own data types in C++ or use types defined in a library and send and receive those. Consider the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/StructAsType.lf\">StructAsType</a> example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">public</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-head-struct-cpp storage-type-struct-cpp\">struct</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp entity-name-type-struct-cpp\">Hello</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-head-struct-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-struct-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">string name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\"> value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-struct-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">StructAsType</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-type-lflang\">Hello</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    Hello hello</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Earth, 42};</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">    out.set(hello);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">  =}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The $public$ $preamble$ code defines a struct data type. In the reaction to $startup$, the reactor creates an instance of this struct on the stack (as a local variable named <code>hello</code>) and then copies that instance to the output using the <code>set()</code> method. For this reason, the C++ reactor runtime provides more sophisticated ways to allocate objects and send them via ports.</p>\n<p>The C++ library defines two types of smart pointers that the runtime uses internally to implement the exchange of data between ports. These are <code>reactor::MutableValuePtr&#x3C;T></code> and <code>reactor::ImmutableValuePtr&#x3C;T></code>. <code>reactor::MutableValuePtr&#x3C;T></code> is a wrapper around <a href=\"https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/unique_ptr\"><code>std::unique_ptr</code></a> and provides read and write access to the value hold, while ensuring that the value has a unique owner. In contrast, <code>reactor::ImmutableValuePtr&#x3C;T></code> is a wrapper around <a href=\"https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/shared_ptr\"><code>std::shared_pointer</code></a> and provides read only (const) access to the value it holds. This allows data to be shared between reactions of various reactors, while guarantee data consistency. Similar to <code>std::make_unique</code> and <code>std::make_shared</code>, the reactor library provides convenient function for creating mutable and immutable values pointers: <code>reactor::make_mutable_value&#x3C;T>(...)</code> and <code>reactor::make_immutable_value&#x3C;T>(...)</code>.</p>\n<p>In fact this code from the example above:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cpp\"><span class=\"source-cpp\">    Hello hello</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Earth, 42</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">hello</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>implicitly invokes <code>reactor::make_immutable_value&#x3C;Hello>(hello)</code> and could be rewritten as</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cpp\"><span class=\"source-cpp\">    Hello hello</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Earth, 42</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">make_immutable_value</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp punctuation-section-angle-brackets-begin-template-call-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp entity-name-type-cpp\">Hello</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp punctuation-section-angle-brackets-end-template-call-cpp\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">hello</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will invoke the copy constructor of <code>Hello</code>, copying its content from the <code>hello</code> instance to the newly created <code>reactor::ImmutableValuePtr&#x3C;Hello></code>.</p>\n<p>Since copying large objects is inefficient, the move semantics of C++ can be used to move the ownership of object instead of copying it. This can be done in the following two ways. First, by directly creating a mutable or immutable value pointer, where a mutable pointer allows modification of the object after it has been created:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cpp\"><span class=\"source-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> hello </span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">make_mutable_value</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp punctuation-section-angle-brackets-begin-template-call-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp entity-name-type-cpp\">Hello</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp punctuation-section-angle-brackets-end-template-call-cpp\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Earth</span><span class=\"source-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">hello</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">name</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Mars</span><span class=\"source-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">move</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">hello</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>An example of this can be found in <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/StructPrint.lf\">StructPrint.lf</a>. Not that after the call to <code>std::move</code>, hello is <code>nullptr</code> and the reaction cannot modify the object anymore. Alternatively, if no modification is requires, the object can be instantiated directly in the call to <code>set()</code> as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cpp\"><span class=\"source-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Earth</span><span class=\"source-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>An example of this can be found in <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/StructAsTypeDirect.lf\">StructAsTypeDirect</a>.</p>\n<p>Getting a value from an input port of type <code>T</code> via <code>get()</code> always returns an <code>reactor::ImmutableValuePtr&#x3C;T></code>. This ensures that the value cannot be modified by multiple reactors receiving the same value, as this could lead to an inconsistent state and nondeterminism in a multi-threaded execution. An immutable value pointer can be converted to a mutable pointer by calling <code>get_mutable_copy</code>. For instance, the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/ArrayScale.lf\">ArrayScale</a> reactor modifies elements of the array it receives before sending it to the next reactor:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(scale:int </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> array </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get_mutable_copy</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">size</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> scale</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">move</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Currently <code>get_mutable_copy()</code> always copies the contained value to safely create a mutable pointer. However, a future implementation could optimize this by checking if any other reaction is accessing the same value. If not, the value can simply be moved from the immutable pointer to a mutable one.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>In the body of a reaction in the Python target, the value of an input is\nobtained using the syntax <code>name.value</code>, where <code>name</code> is the name of the input\nport. To determine whether an input is present, use <code>name.is_present</code>. To\nproduce an output, use the syntax <code>name.set(value)</code>. The <code>value</code> can be any\nvalid Python object. For simple examples, see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs\">Inputs and\nOutputs</a>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"sending-and-receiving-objects\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#sending-and-receiving-objects\" aria-label=\"sending and receiving objects permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Sending and Receiving Objects</h3>\n<p>You can define your own data types in Python and send and receive those. Consider the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Python/src/StructAsType.lf\">StructAsType</a> example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  files</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">hello</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-other-lflang\">py</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> hello</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">temp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">hello</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">hello</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Earth</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">temp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The top-level preamble has imported the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Python/src/include/hello.py\">hello</a> module, which contains the following class:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-python\"><span class=\"source-python meta-class-python storage-type-class-python\">class</span><span class=\"source-python meta-class-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-class-python entity-name-type-class-python\">hello</span><span class=\"source-python meta-class-python punctuation-section-class-begin-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-python meta-function-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python storage-type-function-python\">def</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python support-function-magic-python\">__init__</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-definition-parameters-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python variable-parameter-function-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-separator-parameters-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python\">name</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python keyword-operator-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-separator-parameters-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python keyword-operator-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-definition-parameters-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python punctuation-section-function-begin-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">name</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">name</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">value</span>\n</pre>\n<p>In the reaction to <strong>startup</strong>, the reactor has created an instance object of this class (as local variable named <code>temp</code>) and passed it downstream using the <code>set</code> method on output port <code>out</code>.</p>\n<p>The <code>set</code> method is defined as follows:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>&#x3C;port>.set(&#x3C;value>)</code>: Set the specified output port (or input of a contained\nreactor) to the specified value. This value can be any Python object\n(including <code>None</code> and objects of type <code>Any</code>). The value is\ncopied and therefore the variable carrying the value can be subsequently\nmodified without changing the output.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>A reactor receiving the class object message can subsequently access the object\nusing <code>&#x3C;port>.value</code>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(expected(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">_in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(_in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Received: name = </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python storage-type-format-python\">:s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">, value = </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python storage-type-format-python\">:d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python constant-character-escape-python\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">format</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">_in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">                                                         </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">_in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p><strong>Note:</strong> The <code>hello</code> module has been imported using a top-level preamble, therefore, the contents of the module are available to all reactors defined in the current Lingua Franca file (a similar situation arises if the <code>hello</code> class itself was in the top-level preamble).</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>In the TypeScript target, all <a href=\"https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/basic-types.html\">TypeScript types</a> are generally acceptable for inputs and outputs with one notable exception:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>undefined</code> is not a valid type for an input, output, or action. This is because <code>undefined</code> is used to designate the absence of an input, output, or action during a reaction.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>As with parameters and state variables, custom types (and classes) must be defined in the <a href=\"#preamble\">preamble</a> before they may be used.</p>\n<p><strong>To benefit from type checking, you should declare types for your reactor elements.</strong> If a type isn’t declared for an input, output, or action, it is assigned the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-ts\">reactor-ts</a> type <code>Present</code> which is defined as</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">export type Present </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (number | string | boolean | symbol | object | null);</span>\n</pre>\n<p>In the body of a reaction in the TypeScript target, inputs are simply referred to by name. An input of type <code>t</code> is available within the body of a reaction as a local variable of type <code>t | undefined</code>. To determine whether an input is present, test the value of the input against <code>undefined</code>. An <code>undefined</code> input is not present.</p>\n<p><strong>WARNING</strong> Be sure to use the <code>===</code> or <code>!==</code> operator and not <code>==</code> or <code>!=</code> to test against <code>undefined</code>. In JavaScript/TypeScript the comparison <code>undefined == null</code> yields the value <code>true</code>. It may also be tempting to rely upon the falsy evaluation of <code>undefined</code> within an <code>if</code> statement, but this may introduce bugs. For example a reaction that tests the presence of input <code>x</code> with <code>if (x) { ... }</code> will not correctly identify potentially valid present values such as <code>0</code>, <code>false</code>, or <code>\"\"</code>.</p>\n<p>For example, the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/TypeScript/src/Determinism.lf\">Determinism.lf</a> test case includes the following reactor:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-undefined-ts\">undefined</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-undefined-ts\">undefined</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">requestErrorStop</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">FAILURE: Expected 2.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The reaction refers to the inputs <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> by name and tests for their presence by testing <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> against <code>undefined</code>. If a reaction is triggered by just one input, then normally it is not necessary to test for its presence. It will always be present. However TypeScript’s type system is not smart enough to know such an input will never have type <code>undefined</code> if there’s no test against <code>undefined</code> within the reaction. An explicit type annotation (for example <code>x = x as t;</code> where <code>t</code> is the type of the input) may be necessary to avoid type errors from the compiler. In the above example, there are two triggers, so the reaction has no assurance that both will be present.</p>\n<p>Inputs declared in the <strong>uses</strong> part of the reaction do not trigger the reaction. Consider this modification of the above reaction:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-control-as-ts\">as</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-undefined-ts\">undefined</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>It is no longer necessary to test for the presence of <code>x</code> because that is the only trigger. The input <code>y</code>, however, may or may not be present at the logical time that this reaction is triggered. Hence, the code must test for its presence.</p>\n<p>The <strong>effects</strong> portion of the reaction specification can include outputs and actions. Actions will be described below. Like inputs, an output of type <code>t</code> is available within the body of a reaction as a local variable of type <code>t | undefined</code>. The local variable for each output is initialized to the output’s current value. Outputs are set by assigning a (non-<code>undefined</code>) value to its local variable (no changes will be made to an output if it has the value <code>undefined</code> at the end of a reaction). Whatever value an output’s local variable has at the end of the reaction will be set to that output. If an output’s local variable has the value <code>undefined</code> at the end of the reaction, that output will not be set and connected downstream inputs will be absent. For example, we can further modify the above example as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">z</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) y </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> z </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-control-as-ts\">as</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-undefined-ts\">undefined</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">z</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>If an output gets set more than once at any logical time, downstream reactors will see only the <em>final</em> value that is set. Since the order in which reactions of a reactor are invoked at a logical time is deterministic, and whether inputs are present depends only on their timestamps, the final value set for an output will also be deterministic.</p>\n<p>An output may even be set in different reactions of the same reactor at the same logical time. In this case, one reaction may wish to test whether the previously invoked reaction has set the output. It can do that using a <code>!== undefined</code> test for that output. For example, the following reactor will always produce the output 42:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestForPreviousOutput</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-constant-math-ts\">Math</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-math-ts\">random</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts meta-delimiter-decimal-period-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">21</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">previous_output</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">previous_output</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">previous_output</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">else</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The first reaction may or may not set the output to 21. The second reaction doubles the output if it has been previously produced and otherwise produces 42.</p>\n<h3 id=\"sending-and-receiving-custom-types\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#sending-and-receiving-custom-types\" aria-label=\"sending and receiving custom types permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Sending and Receiving Custom Types</h3>\n<p>You can define your own data types in TypeScript and send and receive those. Consider the following example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">CustomType</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-type-declaration-ts storage-type-type-ts\">type</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-type-declaration-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-type-declaration-ts entity-name-type-alias-ts\">custom</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-type-declaration-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-type-declaration-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-type-declaration-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-type-declaration-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-type-declaration-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-type-declaration-ts keyword-operator-type-ts\">|</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-type-declaration-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-type-declaration-ts support-type-builtin-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">custom</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The $preamble$ code defines a custom union type of <code>string</code> and <code>null</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>Inputs and outputs in the Rust target are accessed using the <code>set</code> and <code>get</code> methods of the <code>ctx</code> objects, as shown in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs\">Inputs and Outputs</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"time\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#time\" aria-label=\"time permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Time</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>In the C target, the value of a time instant or interval is an integer specifying a number of nanoseconds. An instant is the number of nanoseconds that have elapsed since January 1, 1970. An interval is the difference between two instants. When an LF program starts executing, logical time is (normally) set to the instant provided by the operating system. (On some embedded platforms without real-time clocks, it will be set instead to zero.)</p>\n<p>Time in the C target is a <code>int64_t</code>, which is a 64-bit signed number. Since a 64-bit number has a limited range, this measure of time instants will overflow in approximately the year 2262. For better code clarity, two types are defined in <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-c/blob/main/include/core/tag.h\">tag.h</a>, <code>instant_t</code> and <code>interval_t</code>, which you can use for time instants and intervals respectively. These are both equivalent to <code>int64_t</code>, but using those types will insulate your code against changes and platform-specific customizations.</p>\n<p>Lingua Franca uses a superdense model of time. A reaction is invoked at a logical <strong>tag</strong>, a struct consisting of a <code>time</code> value (an <code>instant_t</code>, which is a <code>int64_t</code>) and a <code>microstep</code> value (a <code>microstep_t</code>, which is an <code>uint32_t</code>). The tag is guaranteed to not increase during the execution of a reaction. Outputs produced by a reaction have the same tag as the inputs, actions, or timers that trigger the reaction, and hence are <strong>logically simultaneous</strong>.</p>\n<p>The time structs and functions for working with time are defined in <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-c/blob/main/include/core/tag.h\">tag.h</a>. The most useful functions are:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>tag_t lf_tag()</code>: Get the current tag at which this reaction has been invoked.</li>\n<li><code>int lf_tag_compare(tag_t, tag_t)</code>: Compare two tags, returning -1, 0, or 1 for less than, equal, and greater than.</li>\n<li><code>instant_t lf_time_logical()</code>: Get the current logical time (the first part of the current tag).</li>\n<li><code>interval_t lf_time_logical_elapsed()</code>: Get the logical time elapsed since program start.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>There are also some useful functions for accessing physical time:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>instant_t lf_time_physical()</code>: Get the current physical time.</li>\n<li><code>instant_t lf_time_physical_elapsed()</code>: Get the physical time elapsed since program start.</li>\n<li><code>instant_t lf_time_start()</code>: Get the starting physical and logical time.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The last of these is both a physical and logical time because, at the start of execution, the starting logical time is set equal to the current physical time as measured by a local clock.</p>\n<p>A reaction can examine the current logical time (which is constant during the execution of the reaction). For example, consider the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/GetTime.lf\">GetTime</a> example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">instant_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> logical </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%ld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>When executed, you will get something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Start execution at time Sun Oct 13 10:18:36 2019\nplus 353609000 nanoseconds.\nLogical time is 1570987116353609000.\nLogical time is 1570987117353609000.\nLogical time is 1570987118353609000.\n...</pre>\n<p>The first two lines give the current time-of-day provided by the execution platform at the start of execution. This is used to initialize logical time. Subsequent values of logical time are printed out in their raw form, rather than the friendlier form in the first two lines. If you look closely, you will see that each number is one second larger than the previous number, where one second is 1000000000 nanoseconds.</p>\n<p>You can also obtain the <em>elapsed</em> logical time since the start of execution:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">interval_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Elapsed logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%ld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Start execution at time Sun Oct 13 10:25:22 2019\nplus 833273000 nanoseconds.\nElapsed logical time is 0.\nElapsed logical time is 1000000000.\nElapsed logical time is 2000000000.\n...</pre>\n<p>You can also get physical time, which comes from your platform’s real-time clock:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">instant_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> physical </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Physical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%ld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Start execution at time Sun Oct 13 10:35:59 2019\nplus 984992000 nanoseconds.\nPhysical time is 1570988159986108000.\nPhysical time is 1570988160990219000.\nPhysical time is 1570988161990067000.\n...</pre>\n<p>Finally, you can get elapsed physical time:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">instant_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_physical </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_physical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Elapsed physical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%ld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Elapsed physical time is 657000.\nElapsed physical time is 1001856000.\nElapsed physical time is 2004761000.\n...</pre>\n<p>Notice that these numbers are increasing by <em>roughly</em> one second each time. If you set the <code>fast</code> target parameter to <code>true</code>, then logical time will elapse much faster than physical time.</p>\n<p>Working with nanoseconds in C code can be tedious if you are interested in longer durations. For convenience, a set of macros are available to the C programmer to convert time units into the required nanoseconds. For example, you can specify 200 msec in C code as <code>MSEC(200)</code> or two weeks as <code>WEEKS(2)</code>. The provided macros are <code>NSEC</code>, <code>USEC</code> (for microseconds), <code>MSEC</code>, <code>SEC</code>, <code>MINUTE</code>, <code>HOUR</code>, <code>DAY</code>, and <code>WEEK</code>. You may also use the plural of any of these. Examples are given in the next section.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>Timers are specified exactly as in the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers\">Time and Timers</a>. When working with time in the C++ code body of a reaction, however, you will need to know a bit about its internal representation.</p>\n<p>The reactor-cpp library uses <a href=\"https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono\"><code>std::chrono</code></a> for representing time. Specifically, the library defines two types for representing durations and timepoints: <code>reactor::Duration</code> and <code>reactor::TimePoint</code>. <code>reactor::Duration</code> is an alias for <a href=\"https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/duration\"><code>std::chrono::nanosecods</code></a>. <code>reactor::TimePoint</code> is alias for <a href=\"https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/time_point\"><code>std::chrono::time_point&#x3C;std::chrono::system_clock, std::chrono::nanoseconds></code></a>. As you can see from these definitions, the smallest time step that can be represented is one nanosecond. Note that <code>reactor::TimePoint</code> describes a specific point in time and is associated with a specific clock, whereas <code>reactor::Duration</code> defines a time interval between two time points.</p>\n<p>Lingua Franca uses a superdense model of logical time. A reaction is invoked at a logical <strong>tag</strong>. In the C++ library, a tag is represented by the class <code>reactor::Tag</code>. In essence, this class is a tuple of a <code>reactor::TimePoint</code> representing a specific point in logical time and a microstep value (of type <code>reactor::mstep_t</code>, which is an alias for <code>unsigned long</code>). <code>reactor::Tag</code> provides two methods for getting the time point or the microstep:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cpp\"><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp storage-modifier-const-cpp\">const</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp entity-name-type-cpp\">TimePoint</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp storage-modifier-reference-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp entity-name-function-definition-cpp\">time_point</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp storage-modifier-specifier-functional-post-parameters-const-cpp\">const</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp storage-modifier-const-cpp\">const</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">mstep_t</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp storage-modifier-reference-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp entity-name-function-definition-cpp\">micro_step</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp storage-modifier-specifier-functional-post-parameters-const-cpp\">const</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The C++ code in reaction bodies has access to library functions that allow to retrieve the current logical or physical time:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>TimePoint get_physical_time()</code>: Get the current physical time.</li>\n<li><code>TimePoint get_logcial_time()</code>: Get the current logical time.</li>\n<li><code>Duration get_elapsed_physical_time()</code>: Get the physical time elapsed since program start.</li>\n<li><code>Duration get_elapsed_logical_time()</code>: Get the logical time elapsed since program start.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>A reaction can examine the current logical time (which is constant during the execution of the reaction). For example, consider the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/GetTime.lf\">GetTime</a> example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> logical </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> logical </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Note that the <code>&#x3C;&#x3C;</code> operator is overloaded for both <code>reactor::TimePoint</code> and <code>reactor::Duration</code> and will print the time information accordingly.</p>\n<p>When executing the above program, you will see something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">[INFO]  Starting the execution\nLogical time is 2021-05-19 14:06:09.496828396\nLogical time is 2021-05-19 14:06:10.496828396\nLogical time is 2021-05-19 14:06:11.496828396\nLogical time is 2021-05-19 14:06:11.496828396\n...</pre>\n<p>If you look closely, you will see that each printed logical time is one second larger than the previous one.</p>\n<p>You can also obtain the <em>elapsed</em> logical time since the start of execution:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Elapsed logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">In seconds: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">chrono</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">duration_cast</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp punctuation-section-angle-brackets-begin-template-call-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-template-call-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-template-call-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-template-call-cpp\">chrono</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-template-call-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp entity-name-type-cpp\">seconds</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp punctuation-section-angle-brackets-end-template-call-cpp\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Using <code>std::chrono</code> it is also possible to convert between time units and directly print the number of elapsed seconds as seen above. The resulting output of this program will be:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">[INFO]  Starting the execution\nElapsed logical time is 0 nsecs\nIn seconds: 0 secs\nElapsed logical time is 1000000000 nsecs\nIn seconds: 1 secs\nElapsed logical time is 2000000000 nsecs\nIn seconds: 2 secs\n...</pre>\n<p>You can also get physical and elapsed physical time:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> logical </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> physical </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_physical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_physical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Physical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> physical </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Elapsed physical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Time lag is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> physical </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> logical </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Notice that the physical times are increasing by <em>roughly</em> one second in each reaction. The output also shows the lag between physical and logical time. If you set the <code>fast</code> target parameter to <code>true</code>, then physical time will elapse much faster than logical time. The above program will produce something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">[INFO]  Starting the execution\nPhysical time is 2021-05-19 14:25:18.070523014\nElapsed physical time is 2601601 nsecs\nTime lag is 2598229 nsecs\nPhysical time is 2021-05-19 14:25:19.068038275\nElapsed physical time is 1000113888 nsecs\nTime lag is 113490 nsecs\n[INFO]  Physical time is Terminating the execution\n2021-05-19 14:25:20.068153026\nElapsed physical time is 2000228689 nsecs\nTime lag is 228241 nsecs</pre>\n<p>For specifying time durations in code <a href=\"https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/header/chrono\">chrono</a> provides convenient literal operators in <code>std::chrono_literals</code>. This namespace is automatically included for all reaction bodies. Thus, we can simply write:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cpp\"><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">us</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">ms</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>which prints:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">42 usecs\n1 msecs\n3 secs</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>Timers are specified exactly as in the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers\">Time and Timers</a>. When working with time in the Python code body of a reaction, however, you will need to know a bit about its internal representation.</p>\n<p>In the Python target, similar to the C target, the value of a time instant or\ninterval is an integer specifying a number of nanoseconds. An instant is the\nnumber of nanoseconds that have elapsed since January 1, 1970. An interval is\nthe difference between two instants.</p>\n<p>The functions for working with time and tags are:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>lf.tag() -> Tag</code>: Returns a Tag instance of the current tag at which this reaction has been invoked.</li>\n<li><code>lf.tag_compare(Tag, Tag) -> int</code>: Compare two <code>Tag</code> instances, returning -1, 0, or 1 for less than, equal, and greater than. <code>Tag</code>s can also be compared using rich comparators (ex. <code>&#x3C;</code>, <code>></code>, <code>==</code>), which returns <code>True</code> or <code>False</code>.</li>\n<li><code>lf.time.logical() -> int</code>: Get the current logical time (the first part of the current tag).</li>\n<li><code>lf.time.logical_elapsed() -> int</code>: Get the logical time elapsed since program start.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><code>Tag</code>s can be initialized using <code>Tag(time=some_number, microstep=some_other_number)</code>.</p>\n<p>There are also some useful functions for accessing physical time:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>lf.time.physical() -> int</code>: Get the current physical time.</li>\n<li><code>lf.time.physical_elapsed() -> int</code>: Get the physical time elapsed since program start.</li>\n<li><code>lf.time.start() -> int</code>: Get the starting physical and logical time.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The last of these is both a physical and a logical time because, at the start of execution, the starting logical time is set equal to the current physical time as measured by a local clock.</p>\n<p>A reaction can examine the current logical time (which is constant during the execution of the reaction). For example, consider the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Python/src/GetTime.lf\">GetTime.lf</a> example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>When executed, you will get something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">---- Start execution at time Thu Nov  5 08:51:02 2020\n---- plus 864237900 nanoseconds.\nLogical time is  1604587862864237900\nLogical time is  1604587863864237900\nLogical time is  1604587864864237900\n...</pre>\n<p>The first two lines give the current time-of-day provided by the execution platform at the start of execution. This is used to initialize logical time. Subsequent values of logical time are printed out in their raw form, rather than the friendlier form in the first two lines. If you look closely, you will see that each number is one second larger than the previous number, where one second is 1000000000 nanoseconds.</p>\n<p>You can also obtain the <em>elapsed</em> logical time since the start of execution:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Elapsed logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">---- Start execution at time Thu Nov  5 08:51:02 2020\n---- plus 864237900 nanoseconds.\nElapsed logical time is  0\nElapsed logical time is  1000000000\nElapsed logical time is  2000000000\n...</pre>\n<p>You can also get physical time, which comes from your platform’s real-time clock:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Physical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">---- Start execution at time Thu Nov  5 08:51:02 2020\n---- plus 864237900 nanoseconds.\nPhysical time is  1604587862864343500\nPhysical time is  1604587863864401900\nPhysical time is  1604587864864395200\n...</pre>\n<p>Finally, you can get elapsed physical time:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">elapsed_physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">physical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Elapsed physical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">elapsed_physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">---- Start execution at time Thu Nov  5 08:51:02 2020\n---- plus 864237900 nanoseconds.\nElapsed physical time is  110200\nElapsed physical time is  1000185400\nElapsed physical time is  2000178600\n...</pre>\n<p>Notice that these numbers are increasing by roughly one second each time. If you set the <code>fast</code> target parameter to <code>true</code>, then logical time will elapse much faster than physical time.</p>\n<p>Working with nanoseconds in the Python code can be tedious if you are interested in longer durations. For convenience, a set of functions are available to the Python programmer to convert time units into the required nanoseconds. For example, you can specify 200 msec in Python code as <code>MSEC(200)</code> or two weeks as <code>WEEKS(2)</code>. The provided functions are <code>NSEC</code>, <code>USEC</code> (for microseconds), <code>MSEC</code>, <code>SEC</code>, <code>MINUTE</code>, <code>HOUR</code>, <code>DAY</code>, and <code>WEEK</code>. You may also use the plural of any of these. Examples are given in the next section.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>See <a href=\"#summary-of-time-functions\">Summary of Time Functions</a> and <a href=\"#utility-function-reference\">Utility Function Reference</a> for a quick API reference.</p>\n<p>Timers are specified exactly as in the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers\">Time and Timers</a> section. When working with time in the TypeScript code body of a reaction, however, you will need to know a bit about its internal representation.</p>\n<p>A <code>TimeValue</code> is an class defined in the TypeScript target library file <code>time.ts</code> to represent a time instant or interval. For your convenience <code>TimeValue</code> and other classes from the <code>time.ts</code> library mentioned in these instructions are automatically imported into scope of your reactions. An instant is the number of nanoseconds that have elapsed since January 1, 1970. An interval is the difference between two instants. When an LF program starts executing, logical time is (normally) set to the instant provided by the operating system. (On some embedded platforms without real-time clocks, it will be set instead to zero.)</p>\n<p>Internally a <code>TimeValue</code> uses two numbers to represent the time. To prevent overflow (which would occur for time intervals spanning more than 0.29 years if a single JavaScript number, which has 2^53 bits of precision, were to be used), we use <em>two</em> numbers to store a time value. The first number denotes the number of whole seconds in the interval or instant; the second number denotes the remaining number of nanoseconds in the interval or instant. The first number represents the number of seconds, the second number represents the number of nanoseconds. These fields are not accessible to the programmer, instead <code>TimeValue</code>s may be manipulated by an <a href=\"#summary-of-time-functions\">API</a> with functions for addition, subtraction, and comparison.</p>\n<p>A reaction can examine the current logical time (which is constant during the execution of the reaction). For example, consider:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts entity-name-type-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getCurrentLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>When executed, you will get something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Logical time is (1584666585 secs; 805146880 nsecs).\nLogical time is (1584666586 secs; 805146880 nsecs).\nLogical time is (1584666587 secs; 805146880 nsecs).\n...</pre>\n<p>Subsequent values of logical time are printed out in their raw form, of seconds and nanoseconds. If you look closely, you will see that each number is one second larger than the previous number.</p>\n<p>You can also obtain the <em>elapsed</em> logical time since the start of execution, rather than exact logical time:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts entity-name-type-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getElapsedLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Logical time is (0 secs; 0 nsecs).\nLogical time is (1 secs; 0 nsecs).\nLogical time is (2 secs; 0 nsecs).\n...</pre>\n<p>You can get physical time, which comes from your platform’s real-time clock:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts entity-name-type-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getCurrentPhysicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Physical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Physical time is (1584666801 secs; 644171008 nsecs).\nPhysical time is (1584666802 secs; 642269952 nsecs).\nPhysical time is (1584666803 secs; 642278912 nsecs).\n...</pre>\n<p>Notice that these numbers are increasing by <em>roughly</em> one second each time.</p>\n<p>You can also get <em>elapsed</em> physical time from the start of execution:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts entity-name-type-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getElapsedPhysicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Physical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce something like:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Physical time is (0 secs; 2260992 nsecs).\nPhysical time is (1 secs; 166912 nsecs).\nPhysical time is (2 secs; 136960 nsecs).\n...</pre>\n<p>You can create a <code>TimeValue</code> yourself with the <code>UnitBasedTimeValue</code> class. <code>UnitBasedTimeValue</code> is a subclass of <code>TimeValue</code> and can be used wherever you could also use a <code>TimeValue</code> directly obtained from one of the <code>util</code> functions. A <code>UnitBasedTimeValue</code> is constructed with a whole number and a <code>TimeUnit</code>. A <code>TimeUnit</code> is an enum from the <code>time.ts</code> library with convenient labels for common time units. These are nsec, usec, msec, sec (or secs), minute (or minutes), hour (or hours), day (or days), and week (or weeks).</p>\n<p>This reactor has an example of a UnitBasedTimeValue.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">myTimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts entity-name-type-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts new-expr-ts keyword-operator-new-ts\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts new-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts new-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">UnitBasedTimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts new-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts new-expr-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts new-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts new-expr-ts variable-other-object-ts\">TimeUnit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts new-expr-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts new-expr-ts variable-other-property-ts\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts entity-name-type-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getCurrentLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">My custom time value is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">myTimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">My custom time value is 200 msec.\nMy custom time value is 200 msec.\nMy custom time value is 200 msec.\n...</pre>\n<h3 id=\"tags\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#tags\" aria-label=\"tags permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Tags</h3>\n<p>The TypeScript target provides a utility to get the current <code>Tag</code> of a reaction. Recall that time in Lingua Franca is superdense and each <code>TimeValue </code>is paired with an integer “microstep” index to track the number of iterations at a particular <code>TimeValue</code>. A <code>Tag</code> is this combination of a TimeValue and a “microstep”. The <code>time.ts</code> library provides functions for adding, subtracting, and comparing <code>Tag</code>s.</p>\n<p>You can get the current <code>Tag</code> in your reactions. This example illustrates tags with a <a href=\"#zero-delay-actions\">Zero-Delay Action</a>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">superdense</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts entity-name-type-ts\">Tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getCurrentTag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">First iteration - the tag is: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">superdense</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">superdense</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts entity-name-type-ts\">Tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getCurrentTag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">timePart</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts entity-name-type-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-object-ts\">superdense</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-property-ts\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">microstepPart</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-object-ts\">superdense</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-property-ts\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Second iteration - the time part of the tag is:  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">timePart</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Second iteration - the microstep part of the tag is:  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">microstepPart</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">First iteration - the tag is: ((1584669987 secs; 740464896 nsecs), 0).\nSecond iteration - the time part of the tag is:  (1584669987 secs; 740464896 nsecs).\nSecond iteration - the microstep part of the tag is:  1.\nFirst iteration - the tag is: ((1584669988 secs; 740464896 nsecs), 0).\nSecond iteration - the time part of the tag is:  (1584669988 secs; 740464896 nsecs).\nSecond iteration - the microstep part of the tag is:  1.\nFirst iteration - the tag is: ((1584669989 secs; 740464896 nsecs), 0).\nSecond iteration - the time part of the tag is:  (1584669989 secs; 740464896 nsecs).\nSecond iteration - the microstep part of the tag is:  1.\n...</pre>\n<p>The first reaction prints the “First iteration” part of the output at microstep 0. The second reaction occurs one microstep later (explained in <a href=\"#scheduling-delayed-reactions\">Scheduling Delayed Reactions</a>) and illustrates how to split a <code>Tag</code> into its constituent <code>TimeValue</code> and microstep.</p>\n<h3 id=\"summary-of-time-functions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#summary-of-time-functions\" aria-label=\"summary of time functions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Summary of Time Functions</h3>\n<p>See <a href=\"#timed-behavior\">Time</a>. These time functions are defined in the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-ts/blob/master/src/core/time.ts\">time.ts</a> library of <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-ts\">reactor-ts</a>.</p>\n<p><code>UnitBasedTimeValue(value: number, unit:TimeUnit)</code> Constructor for <code>UnitBasedTimeValue</code>, a programmer-friendly subclass of TimeValue. Use a number and a <code>TimeUnit</code> enum.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-ts\"><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts storage-type-enum-ts\">enum</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts entity-name-type-enum-ts\">TimeUnit</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">nsec</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">usec</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">msec</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">sec</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">secs</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">minute</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">minutes</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">hour</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">hours</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">day</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">days</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">week</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">weeks</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p><code>TimeValue.add(other: TimeValue): TimeValue</code> Adds <code>this</code> to <code>other</code>.</p>\n<p><code>TimeValue.subtract(other: TimeValue): TimeValue</code> Subtracts <code>other</code> from <code>this</code>. A negative result is an error.</p>\n<p><code>TimeValue.difference(other: TimeValue): TimeValue</code> Obtain absolute value of <code>other</code> minus <code>this</code>.</p>\n<p><code>TimeValue.isEqualTo(other: TimeValue): boolean</code> Returns true if <code>this</code> and <code>other</code> represents the same TimeValue. Otherwise false.</p>\n<p><code>TimeValue.isZero(): boolean</code> Returns true if <code>this</code> represents a 0 TimeValue.</p>\n<p><code>TimeValue.isEarlierThan(other: TimeValue): boolean</code> Returns true if <code>this</code> &#x3C; <code>other</code>. Otherwise false.</p>\n<p><code>Tag.isSmallerThan(other: Tag): boolean</code> Returns true if <code>this</code> &#x3C; <code>other</code>. Otherwise false.</p>\n<p><code>Tag.isSimultaneousWith(other: Tag): boolean</code> Returns true if <code>this</code> and <code>other</code> represents the same Tag. Otherwise false.</p>\n<p><code>Tag.getLaterTag(delay: TimeValue): Tag</code> Returns a tag with the time part of this TimeValue incremented by delay.</p>\n<p><code>Tag.getMicroStepLater(): Tag</code> Returns a tag with the microstep part of this TimeValue incremented by 1.</p>\n<p><code>getTimeDifference(other: Tag): TimeValue</code> Returns a TimeValue that represents the absolute (i.e., positive) time difference between <code>this</code> and <code>other</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p><span class=\"warning\">FIXME: details needed here on time in Rust.</span></p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"actions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#actions\" aria-label=\"actions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Actions</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>Actions are described in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions\">Actions</a>. If an action is declared with a data type, then it can carry a <strong>value</strong>, a data value that becomes available to any reaction triggered by the action. This is particularly useful for physical actions that are externally triggered because it enables the action to convey information to the reactor. This could be, for example, the body of an incoming network message or a numerical reading from a sensor.</p>\n<p>Recall from <a href=\"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors\">Composing Reactors</a> that the $after$ keyword on a connection between ports introduces a logical delay. This is actually implemented using a logical action. We illustrate how this is done using the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/DelayInt.lf\">DelayInt</a> example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">has_value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-logical-cpp\">&amp;&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Use specialized form of schedule for integer payloads.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule_int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Using this reactor as follows</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">source</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">sink</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span>\n</pre>\n<p>is equivalent to</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">source</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">sink</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms</span>\n</pre>\n<p>(except that our <code>Delay</code> reactor will only work with data type <code>int</code>).</p>\n<p><strong>Note:</strong> The reaction to <code>a</code> is given before the reaction to <code>in</code> above. This is important because if both inputs are present at the same tag, the first reaction must be executed before the second. Because of this reaction ordering, it is possible to create a program that has a feedback loop where the output of the <code>Delay</code> reactor propagates back to an input at the same tag. If the reactions were given in the opposite order, then such a program would result in a <strong>causality loop</strong>.</p>\n<p>In the <code>Delay</code> reactor, the action <code>a</code> is specified with a type <code>int</code>. The reaction to the input <code>in</code> declares as its effect the action <code>a</code>. This declaration makes it possible for the reaction to schedule a future triggering of <code>a</code>. The reaction uses one of several variants of the <strong>lf_schedule</strong> function, namely <strong>lf_schedule_int</strong>, a convenience function provided because integer payloads on actions are very common. We will see below, however, that payloads can have any data type.</p>\n<p>The first reaction declares that it is triggered by <code>a</code> and has effect <code>out</code>. To\nread the value, it uses the <code>a->value</code> variable. Because this reaction is first,\nthe <code>out</code> at any logical time can be produced before the input <code>in</code> is even\nknown to be present. Hence, this reactor can be used in a feedback loop, where\n<code>out</code> triggers a downstream reactor to send a message back to <code>in</code> of this same\nreactor. If the reactions were given in the opposite order, there would be a\ncausality loop and compilation would fail.</p>\n<p>If you are not sure whether an action carries a value, you can test for it as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">has_value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>It is possible to both be triggered by and schedule an action in the same\nreaction. For example, the\nfollowing <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/CountSelf.lf\">CountSelf</a>\nreactor will produce a counting sequence after it is triggered the first time:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">CountSelf</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a, out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule_int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a, out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule_int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Of course, to produce a counting sequence, it would be more efficient to use a state variable.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>The C++ provides a simple interface for scheduling actions via a <code>schedule()</code> method. Actions are described in the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions\">Actions</a> document. Consider the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/Schedule.lf\">Schedule</a> reactor:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">void</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">ms</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> after start</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>When this reactor receives an input <code>x</code>, it calls <code>schedule()</code> on the action <code>a</code>, specifying a logical time offset of 200 milliseconds. The action <code>a</code> will be triggered at a logical time 200 milliseconds after the arrival of input <code>x</code>. At that logical time, the second reaction will trigger and will use the <code>get_elapsed_logical_time()</code> function to determine how much logical time has elapsed since the start of execution.</p>\n<p>Notice that after the logical time offset of 200 msec, there may be another input <code>x</code> simultaneous with the action <code>a</code>. Because the reaction to <code>a</code> is given first, it will execute first. This becomes important when such a reactor is put into a feedback loop (see below).</p>\n<p>Physical actions work exactly as described in the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions#physical-actions\">Physical Actions</a> section.</p>\n<h3 id=\"zero-delay-actions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#zero-delay-actions\" aria-label=\"zero delay actions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Zero-Delay Actions</h3>\n<p>If the specified delay in a <code>schedule()</code> is omitted or is zero, then the action <code>a</code> will be triggered one <strong>microstep</strong> later in <strong>superdense time</strong> (see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/superdense-time\">Superdense Time</a>). Hence, if the input <code>x</code> arrives at metric logical time <em>t</em>, and you call <code>schedule()</code> in one of the following ways:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cpp\"><span class=\"source-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">Duration</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">zero</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>then when the reaction to <code>a</code> is triggered, the input <code>x</code> will be absent (it was present at the <em>previous</em> microstep). The reaction to <code>x</code> and the reaction to <code>a</code> occur at the same metric time <em>t</em>, but separated by one microstep, so these two reactions are <em>not</em> logically simultaneous.</p>\n<p>As discussed above the he metric time is visible to the programmer and can be obtained in a reaction using either <code>get_elapsed_logical_time()</code> or <code>get_logical_time()</code>.</p>\n<p>As described in the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions\">Action</a> document, action declarations can have a <em>min_delay</em> parameter. This modifies the timestamp further. Also, the action declaration may be <strong>physical</strong> rather than <strong>logical</strong>, in which case, the assigned timestamp will depend on the physical clock of the executing platform.</p>\n<h3 id=\"actions-with-values\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#actions-with-values\" aria-label=\"actions with values permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Actions With Values</h3>\n<p>If an action is declared with a data type, then it can carry a <strong>value</strong>, a data value that becomes available to any reaction triggered by the action. This is particularly useful for physical actions that are externally triggered because it enables the action to convey information to the reactor. This could be, for example, the body of an incoming network message or a numerical reading from a sensor.</p>\n<p>Recall from the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors#connections-with-logical-delays\">Composing Reactors</a> section that the <strong>after</strong> keyword on a connection between ports introduces a logical delay. This is actually implemented using a logical action. We illustrate how this is done using the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/DelayInt.lf\">DelayInt</a> example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">d) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> d </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Using this reactor as follows</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">source</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">sink</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span>\n</pre>\n<p>is equivalent to</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">source</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">sink</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms</span>\n</pre>\n<p>(except that our <code>Delay</code> reactor will only work with data type <code>int</code>).</p>\n<p><strong>Note:</strong> The reaction to <code>d</code> is given before the reaction to <code>in</code> above. This is important because if both inputs are present at the same tag, the first reaction must be executed before the second. Because of this reaction ordering, it is possible to create a program that has a feedback loop where the output of the <code>Delay</code> reactor propagates back to an input at the same tag. If the reactions were given in the opposite order, then such a program would result in a <strong>causality loop</strong>.</p>\n<p>The action <code>d</code> is specified with a type <code>int</code>. The reaction to the input <code>in</code> declares as its effect the action <code>d</code>. This declaration makes it possible for the reaction to schedule a future triggering of <code>d</code>. In the C++ target, actions use the same mechanism for passing data via value pointers as do ports. In the example above, the <code>reactor::ImmutablValuePtr&#x3C;int></code> derived by the call to <code>in.get()</code> is passed directly to <code>schedule()</code>. Similarly, the value can later be retrieved from the action with <code>d.get()</code> and passed to the output port.</p>\n<p>The first reaction declares that it is triggered by <code>d</code> and has effect <code>out</code>. Because this reaction is first, the <code>out</code> at any logical time can be produced before the input <code>in</code> is even known to be present. Hence, this reactor can be used in a feedback loop, where <code>out</code> triggers a downstream reactor to send a message back to <code>in</code> of this same reactor. If the reactions were given in the opposite order, there would be causality loop and compilation would fail.</p>\n<p>If you are not sure whether an action carries a value, you can test for it using <code>is_present()</code>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">d) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>It is possible to both be triggered by and schedule an action the same reaction. For example, this reactor will produce a counting sequence after it is triggered the first time:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">CountSelf</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a, out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule_int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a, out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule_int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Of course, to produce a counting sequence, it would be more efficient to use a state variable.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>Actions are described <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions\">here</a>. Actions can carry a\n<strong>value</strong>, a Python object that becomes available to any reaction triggered by\nthe action. This is particularly useful for physical actions that are externally\ntriggered because it enables the action to convey information to the reactor.\nThis could be, for example, the body of an incoming network message or a\nnumerical reading from a sensor. Note that actions do not have a data\ntype in the Python target, even when they carry a value.</p>\n<p>Recall from <a href=\"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors\">Composing Reactors</a> that the\n$after$ keyword on a connection between ports introduces a logical delay. This\nis actually implemented using a logical action. We illustrate how this is done\nusing the\n<code>Delay</code> reactor in the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Python/src/DelayInt.lf\">DelayInt</a>\nexample:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">_in</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-parenthesis-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-logical-python\">is</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-logical-python\">not</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-language-python\">None</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-parenthesis-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-logical-python\">and</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(_in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">_in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Using this reactor as follows</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    &lt;source_port_reference&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">_in</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">_in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;destination_port_reference&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>is equivalent to</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    &lt;source_port_reference&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;destination_port_reference&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms</span>\n</pre>\n<p>In the <code>Delay</code> reactor, the reaction to the input <code>_in</code> declares as its effect\nthe action <code>a</code>. This declaration makes it possible for the reaction to schedule\na future triggering of <code>a</code> using the\n<a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details#schedule-functions\"><code>a.schedule()</code></a>\nmethod.</p>\n<p>The first reaction declares that it is triggered by <code>a</code> and has effect <code>out</code>. To\nread the value, it uses the <code>a.value</code> syntax. Because this reaction is first,\nthe <code>out</code> at any logical time can be produced before the input <code>_in</code> is even\nknown to be present. Hence, this reactor can be used in a feedback loop, where\n<code>out</code> triggers a downstream reactor to send a message back to <code>_in</code> of this same\nreactor. If the reactions were given in the opposite order, there would be a\ncausality loop and compilation would fail.</p>\n<p>If you are not sure whether an action carries a value, you can test for it as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-parenthesis-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-logical-python\">is</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-logical-python\">not</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-language-python\">None</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-parenthesis-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>It is possible to both be triggered by and schedule an action in the same\nreaction. For example, the\nfollowing <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Python/src/CountSelf.lf\">CountSelf</a>\nreactor will produce a counting sequence after it is triggered the first time:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">CountSelf</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a, out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a, out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Of course, to produce a counting sequence, it would be more efficient to use a state variable.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>Each action listed as an <strong>effect</strong> for a reaction is available as a schedulable object in the reaction body via the <code>actions</code> object. The TypeScript target provides a special <code>actions</code> object with a property for each schedulable action. Schedulable actions (of type <code>t</code>) have the object method:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">schedule: (extraDelay: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> | </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, value?: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">T</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt; void;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The first argument can either be the literal 0 (shorthand for 0 seconds) or a <code>TimeValue</code>/<code>UnitBasedTimeValue</code>. The second argument is the value for the action. Consider the following reactor:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts keyword-operator-new-ts\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">UnitBasedTimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts variable-other-object-ts\">TimeUnit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts variable-other-property-ts\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">elapsedTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getElapsedLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">elapsedTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\"> after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>When this reactor receives an input <code>x</code>, it calls <code>schedule()</code> on the action <code>a</code>, so it will be triggered at the logical time offset (200 msec) with a null value. The action <code>a</code> will be triggered at a logical time 200 milliseconds after the arrival of input <code>x</code>. This will trigger the second reaction, which will use the <code>util.getElapsedLogicalTime()</code> function to determine how much logical time has elapsed since the start of execution. The second argument to the <code>schedule()</code> function is a <strong>value</strong>, data that can be carried by the action, which is explained below. In the above example, there is no value.</p>\n<h3 id=\"zero-delay-actions-1\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#zero-delay-actions-1\" aria-label=\"zero delay actions 1 permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Zero-Delay Actions</h3>\n<p>If the specified delay in a <code>schedule()</code> call is zero, then the action <code>a</code> will be triggered one <strong>microstep</strong> later in <strong>superdense time</strong> (see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/superdense-time\">Superdense Time</a>). Hence, if the input <code>x</code> arrives at metric logical time <em>t</em>, and you call <code>schedule()</code> as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n</pre>\n<p>then when a reaction to <code>a</code> is triggered, the input <code>x</code> will be absent (it was present at the <em>previous</em> microstep). The reaction to <code>x</code> and the reaction to <code>a</code> occur at the same metric time <em>t</em>, but separated by one microstep, so these two reactions are <em>not</em> logically simultaneous. These reactions execute with different <a href=\"#tags\">Tags</a>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"actions-with-values-1\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#actions-with-values-1\" aria-label=\"actions with values 1 permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Actions With Values</h3>\n<p>If an action is declared with a data type, then it can carry a <strong>value</strong>, a data value that becomes available to any reaction triggered by the action. The most common use of this is to implement a logical delay, where a value provided at an input is produced on an output with a larger logical timestamp. To accomplish that, it is much easier to use the <strong>after</strong> keyword on a connection between reactors. Nevertheless, in this section, we explain how to directly use actions with value. In fact, the <strong>after</strong> keyword is implemented as described below.</p>\n<p>If you are familiar with other targets (like C) you may notice it is much easier to schedule actions with values in TypeScript because of TypeScript/JavaScript’s garbage collected memory management. The following example implements a logical delay using an action with a value.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-as-ts\">as</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-control-as-ts\">as</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The action <code>a</code> is specified with a type <code>number</code>. The first reaction declares <code>a</code> as its effect. This declaration makes it possible for the reaction to schedule a future triggering of <code>a</code>. It’s necessary to explicitly annotate the type of <code>x</code> as a number in the schedule function because TypeScript doesn’t know the only trigger of a reaction must be present in that reaction.</p>\n<p>The second reaction declares that it is triggered by <code>a</code> and has effect <code>out</code>. When a reaction triggers or uses an action the value of that action is made available within the reaction as a local variable with the name of the action. This variable will take on the value of the action and it will have the value <code>undefined</code> if that action is absent because it was not scheduled for this reaction.</p>\n<p>The local variable cannot be used directly to schedule an action. As described above, an action <code>a</code> can only be scheduled in a reaction when it is 1) declared as an effect and 2) referenced through a property of the <code>actions</code> object. The reason for this implementation is that <code>actions.a</code> refers to the <strong>action</strong>, not its value, and it is possible to use both the action and the value in the same reaction. For example, the following reaction will produce a counting sequence after it is triggered the first time:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out, a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-control-as-ts\">as</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">newValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">newValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>Actions may carry values if they mention a data type, for instance:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rust\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">act</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Within a reaction, you can schedule that action with a value like so</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-rust\"><span class=\"source-rust\">ctx.</span><span class=\"source-rust entity-name-function-rust\">schedule_with_v</span><span class=\"source-rust\">(</span><span class=\"source-rust\">act, Asap, </span><span class=\"source-rust constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">30</span><span class=\"source-rust\">);</span>\n</pre>\n<p>you can get the value from another reaction like so:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-rust\"><span class=\"source-rust keyword-control-rust\">if</span><span class=\"source-rust\"> </span><span class=\"source-rust keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-rust\"> </span><span class=\"source-rust support-constant-core-rust\">Some</span><span class=\"source-rust\">(value) </span><span class=\"source-rust keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-rust\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-rust entity-name-function-rust\">get_action</span><span class=\"source-rust\">(</span><span class=\"source-rust\">act) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-rust\">  </span><span class=\"source-rust comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-rust comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> a value is present at this tag</span>\n<span class=\"source-rust\">} </span><span class=\"source-rust keyword-control-rust\">else</span><span class=\"source-rust\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-rust\">  </span><span class=\"source-rust comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-rust comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> value was not specified</span>\n<span class=\"source-rust\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>If an action does not mention a data type, the type defaults to <code>()</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<h3 id=\"schedule-functions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#schedule-functions\" aria-label=\"schedule functions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Schedule Functions</h3>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>Actions with values can be rather tricky to use because the value must usually be carried in dynamically allocated memory. It will not work for value to refer to a state variable of the reactor because that state variable will likely have changed value by the time the reactions to the action are invoked. Several variants of the <code>lf_schedule</code> function are provided to make it easier to pass values across time in varying circumstances.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>lf_schedule(&#x3C;action>, &#x3C;offset>);</code></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>This is the simplest version as it carries no value. The action need not have a data type.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>lf_schedule_int(&#x3C;action>, &#x3C;offset>, &#x3C;value>);</code></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>This version carries an <code>int</code> value. The data type of the action is required to be <code>int</code>.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>lf_schedule_token(&#x3C;action>, &#x3C;offset>, &#x3C;value>);</code></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>This version carries a <strong>token</strong>, which has type <code>token_t</code> and points to the value, which can have any type. There is a <code>create_token()</code> function that can be used to create a token, but programmers will rarely need to use this. Instead, you can use <code>lf_schedule_value()</code> (see below), which will automatically create a token. Alternatively, for inputs with types ending in <code>*</code> or <code>[]</code>, the value is wrapped in a token, and the token can be obtained using the syntax <code>inputname->token</code> in a reaction and then forwarded using <code>lf_schedule_token()</code> (see <a href=\"#Dynamically-Allocated-Structs\">Dynamically Allocated Structs</a> above). If the input is mutable, the reaction can then even modify the value pointed to by the token and/or use <code>lf_schedule_token()</code> to send the token to a future logical time. For example, the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/DelayPointer.lf\">DelayPointer</a> reactor realizes a logical delay for any data type carried by a token:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">DelayPointer</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">void</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">void</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">void</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Using lf_set_token delegates responsibility for</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> freeing the allocated memory downstream.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set_token</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">token</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Schedule the actual token from the input rather than</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> a new token with a copy of the input value.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule_token</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">token</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>lf_schedule_value(&#x3C;action>, &#x3C;offset>, &#x3C;value>, &#x3C;length>);</code></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>This version is used to send into the future a value that has been dynamically allocated using malloc. It will be automatically freed when it is no longer needed. The <em>value</em> argument is a pointer to the memory containing the value. The <em>length</em> argument should be 1 if it is a not an array and the array length otherwise. This length will be needed downstream to interpret the data correctly. See <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/ScheduleValue.lf\">ScheduleValue.lf</a>.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>lf_schedule_copy(&#x3C;action>, &#x3C;offset>, &#x3C;value>, &#x3C;length>);</code></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>This version is for sending a copy of some data pointed to by the <code>&#x3C;value></code> argument. The data is assumed to be a scalar or array of type matching the <code>&#x3C;action></code> type. The <code>&#x3C;length></code> argument should be 1 if it is a not an array and the array length otherwise. This length will be needed downstream to interpret the data correctly.</p>\n<p>Occasionally, an action payload may not be dynamically allocated nor freed. For example, it could be a pointer to a statically allocated string. If you know this to be the case, the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/DelayString.lf\">DelayString</a> reactor will realize a logical time delay on such a string:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">DelayString</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> The following copies the char*, not the string.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule_copy</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The data type <code>string</code> is an alias for <code>char*</code>, but Lingua Franca does not know this, so it creates a token that contains a copy of the pointer to the string rather than a copy of the string itself.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p><span class=\"warning\">FIXME: Give a list of schedule() functions with descriptions.</span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>The Python reactor target provides a <code>.schedule()</code> method to trigger an action at a\nfuture logical time. The <code>.schedule()</code> method also optionally allows for a value\nto be sent into the future. For example, take the\n<a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Python/src/ScheduleValue.lf\">ScheduleValue.lf</a>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">ScheduleValue</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py string-quoted-single-python\">Hello</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-comparison-python\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py string-quoted-single-python\">Hello</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">sys</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">stderr</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">write</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">FAILURE: Should have received &#039;Hello&#039;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python constant-character-escape-python\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>In this example, the logical action <code>a</code> is scheduled one\n<a href=\"/docs/handbook/superdense-time\">microstep</a> in the future with a string <code>value</code>\ncontaining <code>\"Hello\"</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p><span class=\"warning\">FIXME: List them here</span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>Within a reaction, actions may be scheduled using the <a href=\"https://lf-lang.github.io/reactor-rust/reactor_rt/struct.ReactionCtx.html#method.schedule\"><code>schedule</code></a> function:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-rust\"><span class=\"source-rust comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-rust comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> schedule without additional delay</span>\n<span class=\"source-rust\">ctx.</span><span class=\"source-rust entity-name-function-rust\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-rust\">(</span><span class=\"source-rust\">act, Asap);</span>\n<span class=\"source-rust comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-rust comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> schedule with an additional delay</span>\n<span class=\"source-rust\">ctx.</span><span class=\"source-rust entity-name-function-rust\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-rust\">(</span><span class=\"source-rust\">act, </span><span class=\"source-rust entity-name-function-macro-rust\">after!</span><span class=\"source-rust\">(</span><span class=\"source-rust constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">20</span><span class=\"source-rust\"> ms));</span>\n<span class=\"source-rust comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-rust comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> that&#039;s shorthand for</span>\n<span class=\"source-rust\">ctx.</span><span class=\"source-rust entity-name-function-rust\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-rust\">(</span><span class=\"source-rust\">act, </span><span class=\"source-rust entity-name-function-rust\">After</span><span class=\"source-rust\">(</span><span class=\"source-rust\">Duration.</span><span class=\"source-rust entity-name-function-rust\">of_millis</span><span class=\"source-rust\">(</span><span class=\"source-rust constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">20</span><span class=\"source-rust\">)));</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"stopping-execution\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#stopping-execution\" aria-label=\"stopping execution permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Stopping Execution</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>A reaction may request that the execution stop after all events with the current timestamp have been processed by calling the built-in method <code>request_stop()</code>, which takes no arguments. In a non-federated execution, the actual last tag of the program will be one microstep later than the tag at which <code>request_stop()</code> was called. For example, if the current tag is <code>(2 seconds, 0)</code>, the last (stop) tag will be <code>(2 seconds, 1)</code>. In a federated execution, however, the stop time will likely be larger than the current logical time. All federates are assured of stopping at the same logical time.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>The <a href=\"/docs/handbook/termination#timeout\">timeout</a> target property will take precedence over this function. For example, if a program has a timeout of <code>2 seconds</code> and <code>request_stop()</code> is called at the <code>(2 seconds, 0)</code> tag, the last tag will still be <code>(2 seconds, 0)</code>.</p>\n</blockquote>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>A reaction may request that the execution stop after all events with the current timestamp have been processed by calling the built-in method <code>lf.request_stop()</code>, which takes no arguments. In a non-federated execution, the actual last tag of the program will be one microstep later than the tag at which <code>lf.request_stop()</code> was called. For example, if the current tag is <code>(2 seconds, 0)</code>, the last (stop) tag will be <code>(2 seconds, 1)</code>. In a federated execution, however, the stop time will likely be larger than the current logical time. All federates are assured of stopping at the same logical time.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>The <a href=\"/docs/handbook/termination#timeout\">timeout</a> target property will take precedence over this function. For example, if a program has a timeout of <code>2 seconds</code> and <code>request_stop()</code> is called at the <code>(2 seconds, 0)</code> tag, the last tag will still be <code>(2 seconds, 0)</code>.</p>\n</blockquote>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>A reaction may request that the execution stops after all events with the current timestamp have been processed by calling <code>environment()->sync_shutdown()</code>. There is also a method <code>environment()->async_shutdown()</code>\nwhich may be invoked from outside an reaction, like an external thread.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>A reaction may request that the execution stop by calling the function <code>util.requestShutdown()</code> which takes no arguments. Execution will not stop immediately when this function is called; all events with the current tag will finish processing and execution will continue for one more microstep to give shutdown triggers a chance to execute. After this additional step, execution will terminate.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p><span class=\"warning\">FIXME: Details needed here.</span></p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"log-and-debug-information\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#log-and-debug-information\" aria-label=\"log and debug information permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Log and Debug Information</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>A suite of useful functions is provided in <a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/d8/d3c/util_8h.html\">util.h</a> for producing messages to be made visible when the generated program is run. Of course, you can always use <code>printf</code>, but this is not a good choice for logging or debug information, and it is not a good choice when output needs to be redirected to a window or some other user interface (see for example the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-c/blob/main/util/sensor_simulator.h\">sensor simulator</a>). Also, in federated execution, these functions identify which federate is producing the message. The functions are listed below. The arguments for all of these are identical to <code>printf</code> with the exception that a trailing newline is automatically added and therefore need not be included in the format string.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><code>LF_PRINT_DEBUG(format, ...)</code>: Use this for verbose messages that are only needed during debugging. Nothing is printed unless the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#logging\">target</a> parameter <code>logging</code> is set to <code>debug</code>. THe overhead is minimized when nothing is to be printed.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><code>LF_PRINT_LOG(format, ...)</code>: Use this for messages that are useful logs of the execution. Nothing is printed unless the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#logging\">target parameter <code>logging</code></a> is set to <code>log</code> or <code>debug</code>. This is a macro so that overhead is minimized when nothing is to be printed.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><code>lf_print(format, ...)</code>: Use this for messages that should normally be printed but may need to be redirected to a user interface such as a window or terminal (see <code>register_print_function</code> below). These messages can be suppressed by setting the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#logging\">logging target property</a> to <code>warn</code> or <code>error</code>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><code>lf_print_warning(format, ...)</code>: Use this for warning messages. These messages can be suppressed by setting the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#logging\">logging target property</a> to <code>error</code>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><code>lf_print_error(format, ...)</code>: Use this for error messages. These messages are not suppressed by any <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#logging\">logging target property</a>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><code>lf_print_error_and_exit(format, ...)</code>: Use this for catastrophic errors.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>In addition, a utility function is provided to register a function to redirect printed outputs:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>lf_register_print_function(function)</code>: Register a function that will be used instead of <code>printf</code> to print messages generated by any of the above functions. The function should accept the same arguments as <code>printf</code>.</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>The reactor-cpp library provides logging utilities in <a href=\"https://github.com/tud-ccc/reactor-cpp/blob/master/include/reactor-cpp/logging.hh\">logging.hh</a> for producing messages to be made visible when the generated program is run. Of course <code>std::cout</code> or <code>printf</code> can be used for the same purpose, but the logging mechanism provided by reactor-cpp is thread-safe ensuring that messages produced in parallel reactions are not interleaved with each other and provides common way for turning messages of a certain severity on and off.</p>\n<p>In particular, reactor-cpp provides the following logging interfaces:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>reactor::log::Debug()</code>: for verbose debug messages</li>\n<li><code>reactor::log::Info()</code>: for info messages of general interest, info is the default severity level</li>\n<li><code>reactor::log::Warning()</code>: for warning messages</li>\n<li><code>reactor::log::Error()</code>: for errors</li>\n</ul>\n<p>These utilities can be used analogues to <code>std::cout</code>. For instance:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">Info</span><span class=\"source-lf\">() &lt;&lt; </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Hello World! It is </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;&lt; get_physical_time();</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Note that unlike <code>std::cout</code> the new line delimiter is automatically added to the end of the message.</p>\n<p>Which type of messages are actually produced by the compiled program can be controlled with the <code>log-level</code> target property.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>The Python supports the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#logging\">logging</a> target specification. This will cause the runtime to produce more or less information about the execution. However, user-facing functions for different logging levels are not yet implemented (see issue <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/issues/619\">#619</a>).</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p><span class=\"warning\">FIXME: Details needed here.</span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>The executable reacts to the environment variable <code>RUST_LOG</code>, which sets the logging level of the application. Possible values are\n<code>off</code>, <code>error</code>, <code>warn</code>, <code>info</code>, <code>debug</code>, <code>trace</code></p>\n<p>Error and warning logs are on by default. Enabling a level enables all greater levels (i.e., <code>RUST_LOG=info</code> also enables <code>warn</code> and <code>error</code>, but not <code>trace</code> or <code>debug</code>).</p>\n<p>Logging can also be turned on with the <code>--log-level</code> CLI option, if the application features a <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#command-line-arguments\">CLI</a>.</p>\n<p>Note that the <code>logging</code> target property is ignored, as its levels do not match the Rust standard levels we use (those of the <a href=\"https://docs.rs/log/\"><code>log</code> crate</a>).</p>\n<p>Note that when building with a release profile (i.e., target property <code>build-type</code> is not <code>Debug</code>), all log statements with level <code>debug</code> and <code>trace</code> are removed from the executable, and cannot be turned on at runtime. A warning is produced by the executable if you try to use these levels explicitly.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"libraries-available-to-programmers\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#libraries-available-to-programmers\" aria-label=\"libraries available to programmers permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Libraries Available to Programmers</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<h4 id=\"libraries-available-in-all-programs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#libraries-available-in-all-programs\" aria-label=\"libraries available in all programs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Libraries Available in All Programs</h4>\n<p>Reactions in C can use a number of pre-defined functions, macros, and constants without having to explicitly include any header files:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Time and tags</strong> (<a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/d2/dcd/tag_8h.html\">tag.h</a>):</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Specifying time value, such as <code>MSEC</code> and <code>FOREVER</code></li>\n<li>Time data types, such as <code>tag_t</code> and <code>instant_t</code></li>\n<li>Obtaining tag and time information, e.g. <code>lf_time_logical</code> and <code>lf_time_physical</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Ports</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Writing to output ports, such as <code>lf_set</code> and <code>lf_set_token</code> (<a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/d4/d13/set_8h.html\">set.h</a>)</li>\n<li>Iterating over sparse multiports, such as <code>lf_multiport_iterator</code> and <code>lf_multiport_next</code> (<a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/da/d00/port_8h.html\">port.h</a>)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Scheduling actions</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Schedule future events, such as <code>lf_schedule</code> and <code>lf_schedule_value</code> (<a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/dc/d65/api_8h.html\">api.h</a>)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>File Access</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>LF_SOURCE_DIRECTORY: A C string giving the full path to the directory containing the <code>.lf</code> file of the program.</li>\n<li>LF_PACKAGE_DIRECTORY: A C string giving the full path to the directory that is the root of the project or package (normally, the directory above the <code>src</code> directory).</li>\n<li>LF_FILE_SEPARATOR: A C string giving the file separator for the platform containing the <code>.lf</code> file (”/” for Unix-like systems, ”\\” for Windows).</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>These are useful when your application needs to open and read additional files. For example, the following C code can be used to open a file in a subdirectory called <code>dir</code> of the directory that contains the <code>.lf</code> file:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">    const char* path = LF_SOURCE_DIRECTORY LF_FILE_SEPARATOR &quot;dir&quot; LF_FILE_SEPARATOR &quot;filename&quot;\n    FILE* fp = fopen(path, &quot;rb&quot;);</pre>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Miscellaneous</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Changing modes in modal models, <code>lf_set_mode</code> (<a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/d4/d13/set_8h.html\">set.h</a>)</li>\n<li>Checking deadlines, <code>lf_check_deadline</code> (<a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/dc/d65/api_8h.html\">api.h</a>)</li>\n<li>Defining and recording tracepoints, such as <code>register_user_trace_event</code> and <code>tracepoint</code> (<a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/d1/d1b/trace_8h.html\">trace.h</a>)</li>\n<li>Printing utilities, such as <code>lf_print</code> and <code>lf_print_error</code> (<a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/d8/d3c/util_8h.html\">util.h</a>)</li>\n<li>Logging utilities, such as <code>LF_PRINT_LOG</code> and <code>LF_PRINT_DEBUG</code> (<a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/d8/d3c/util_8h.html\">util.h</a>)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h4 id=\"standard-c-libraries\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#standard-c-libraries\" aria-label=\"standard c libraries permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Standard C Libraries</h4>\n<p>The generated C code automatically includes the following <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_standard_library\">standard C libraries</a> (see also the <a href=\"https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/header\">C standard library header files</a>):</p>\n<ul>\n<li>limits.h (Defines <code>INT_MIN</code>, <code>INT_MAX</code>, etc.)</li>\n<li>stdbool.h (Defines <code>bool</code> datatype and <code>true</code> and <code>false</code> constants)</li>\n<li>stddef.h (Defines <code>size_t</code>, <code>NULL</code>, etc.)</li>\n<li>stdint.h (Defines <code>int64_t</code>, <code>int32_t</code>, etc.)</li>\n<li>stdlib.h (Defines <code>exit</code>, <code>getenv</code>, <code>atoi</code>, etc.)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Hence, programmers are free to use functions from these libraries without explicitly providing a <code>#include</code> statement. Nevertheless, providing one is harmless and may be good form. In particular, future releases may not include these header files</p>\n<h4 id=\"available-libraries-requiring-include\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#available-libraries-requiring-include\" aria-label=\"available libraries requiring include permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Available Libraries Requiring #include</h4>\n<p>More sophisticated library functions require a <code>#include</code> statement in a $preamble$.\nSpecifically, <a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/de/d03/platform_8h.html\">platform.h</a> includes the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sleep functions such as <code>lf_sleep</code></li>\n<li>Mutual exclusion such as <code>lf_critial_section_enter</code> and <code>lf_critical_section_exit</code></li>\n<li>Threading functions such as <code>lf_thread_create</code></li>\n</ul>\n<p>The threading functions are only available for platforms that support multithreading.</p>\n<h4 id=\"available-libraries-requiring-include-a-files-entry-and-a-cmake-include\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#available-libraries-requiring-include-a-files-entry-and-a-cmake-include\" aria-label=\"available libraries requiring include a files entry and a cmake include permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Available Libraries Requiring #include, a files entry, and a cmake-include</h4>\n<p>A few utility libraries are provided, but require considerably more setup.\nThese also help to illustrate how to incorporate your own libraries.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Audio functions (for Linux and Mac only): <a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/d1/dcb/audio__loop_8h.html\">audio_loop.h</a></li>\n<li>Audio file reader: <a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/d3/d8a/wave__file__reader_8h.html\">wave_file_reader.h</a></li>\n<li>A double-ended queue: <a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/dc/d44/deque_8h.html\">deque.h</a></li>\n<li>An ncurses terminal interface for I/O: <a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/dc/de9/sensor__simulator_8h.html\">sensor_simulator.h</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p><span class=\"warning\">FIXME: Details needed here.</span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p><span class=\"warning\">FIXME: Details needed here.</span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p><span class=\"warning\">FIXME: Details needed here.</span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p><span class=\"warning\">FIXME: Details needed here.</span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py\">\n<h2 id=\"scheduler-target-property\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#scheduler-target-property\" aria-label=\"scheduler target property permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Scheduler Target Property</h2>\n<p>The <code>scheduler</code> target property is used to select the scheduler used by the C runtime. This scheduler determines the exact order in which reactions are processed, as long as the order complies with the deterministic semantics of Lingua Franca. It also assigns reactions to user-level threads and can thereby influence the assignment of reactions to processors.</p>\n<p>Because the C runtime scheduler operates at a higher level of abstraction than the OS, none of the scheduling policies that we currently support allow preemption; furthermore, they do not control migration of threads between processors.</p>\n<p>Another limitation of these schedulers is that they are constrained to process the reaction graph breadth-first. We define the <em>level</em> of a reaction <em>r</em> to be the length of the longest chain of causally dependent reactions that are all (causally) upstream of <em>r</em>. Current LF schedulers process one level of reactions at a time, but this constraint is more restrictive than necessary to implement Lingua Franca’s semantics and is notable only for its effect on execution times.</p>\n<p>The following schedulers are available:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>NP</code> (non-preemptive): This scheduler is the default scheduler. It ignores deadlines.</li>\n<li><code>GEDF_NP</code> (global earliest-deadline-first, non-preemptive): When the semantics of Lingua Franca allows for concurrent execution of two or more ready reactions with the same level at a particular tag, this scheduler will prioritize the reaction with the earliest deadline to run first. Reactions with no explicit deadline implicitly have an infinitely late deadline.</li>\n<li><code>adaptive</code>: This experimental scheduler behaves similarly to the <code>NP</code> scheduler, with the additional limitation that it is designed for applications that have potentially wide variability in physical execution times. It performs experiments to measure execution times at runtime to determine the degree of exploitable parallelism in various parts of the program. This lets it automate judgments which are made more naively by the other schedulers and which are typically made by the programmer in general-purpose languages.</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"target-implementation-details\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#target-implementation-details\" aria-label=\"target implementation details permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Target Implementation Details</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<h3 id=\"included-libraries\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#included-libraries\" aria-label=\"included libraries permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Included Libraries</h3>\n<p>Definitions for the following do not need to be explicitly included because the code generator exposes them in the user namespace automatically:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Functions and macros used to set ports and iterate over multiports</li>\n<li>Functions and macros used to schedule actions</li>\n<li>Functions and macros used to set a reactor’s mode</li>\n<li>Functions and macros used to create trace points</li>\n<li>Logging utility functions</li>\n<li>Typedefs relating to time and logical time, including <code>tag_t</code>, <code>instant_t</code>, <code>interval_t</code>, and <code>microstep_t</code></li>\n<li>API functions for obtaining timing information about the current program execution, including the current physical and logical time</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Some standard C libraries are exposed to the user through <code>reactor.h</code>, including <code>stddef.h</code>,\n<code>stdio.h</code>, and <code>stdlib.h</code>. In addition, <code>math.h</code> gets automatically included. However, users who wish to avoid breaking changes between releases should\nconsider including these libraries explicitly instead of relying on their being exposed by the\nruntime.</p>\n<p>Users who wish to include functionality that has a platform-specific implementation may choose to\nexplicitly include <code>platform.h</code>, which provides a uniform interface for various concurrency\nprimitives and sleep functions.</p>\n<h3 id=\"multithreaded-implementation\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#multithreaded-implementation\" aria-label=\"multithreaded implementation permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Multithreaded Implementation</h3>\n<p>By default, the C runtime system uses multiple worker threads in order to take advantage of multicore execution. The number of worker threads will match the number of cores on the machine unless the <code>workers</code> argument is given in the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#threading\">target</a> statement or the <code>--workers</code> <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#command-line-arguments\">command-line argument</a> is given.</p>\n<p>Upon initialization, the main thread will create the specified number of worker threads.\nExecution proceeds in a manner similar to the <a href=\"#single-threaded-implementation\">single threaded implementation</a>\nexcept that the worker threads concurrently draw reactions from the reaction queue.\nThe execution algorithm ensures that no reaction executes until all reactions that it depends on have executed or it has been determined that they will not execute at the current tag.</p>\n<h3 id=\"single-threaded-implementation\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#single-threaded-implementation\" aria-label=\"single threaded implementation permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Single Threaded Implementation</h3>\n<p>By giving the <code>single-threaded</code> (target option)[/docs/handbook/target-declaration#single-threaded] or the <code>--single-threaded</code> (command-line argument)[/docs/handbook/target-declaration#command-line-arguments], the generated program will execute the program using only a single thread. This option is most useful for creating programs to run on bare-metal microprocessors that have no threading support. On such platforms, mutual exclusion is typically realized by disabling interrupts.</p>\n<p>The execution strategy is to have two queues of pending accessor invocations, one that is sorted by\ntag (the <strong>event queue</strong>) and one that is sorted by priority (the <strong>reaction queue</strong>).\nExecution proceeds as follows:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>At initialization, an event for each timer is put on the event queue and logical time is initialized to the current time, represented as the number of nanoseconds elapsed since January 1, 1970.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>At each logical time, pull all events from event queue that have the same earliest tag, find the reactions that these events trigger, and put them on the reaction queue. If there are no events on the event queue, then exit the program (unless the <code>--keepalive true</code> (command-line argument)[/docs/handbook/target-declaration#command-line-arguments] is given).</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Wait until physical time matches or exceeds that earliest timestamp (unless the <code>--fast true</code> (command-line argument)[/docs/handbook/target-declaration#command-line-arguments] is given). Then advance logical time to match that earliest timestamp.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Execute reactions in order of priority from the reaction queue. These reactions may produce outputs, which results in more events getting put on the reaction queue. Those reactions are assured of having lower priority than the reaction that is executing. If a reaction calls <code>lf_schedule()</code>, an event will be put on the event queue, not the reaction queue.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>When the reaction queue is empty, go to 2.</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>Unlike the C target, the Cpp target implements more of the analysis and setup of a Lingua Franca in the runtime system. The runtime system is define in the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-cpp\">reactor-cpp</a> repository on GitHub. See that repo for details.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>The Python target is built on top of the C runtime to enable maximum efficiency where possible. It uses the single-threaded C runtime by default but will switch to the multi-threaded C runtime if a physical action is detected. The <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#threading\">threading</a> target property can be used to override this behavior.</p>\n<p>Running <a href=\"/docs/handbook/command-line-tools\">lfc</a> on a <code>XXX.lf</code> program that uses the Python target specification on a\nLinux machine will create the following files (other operating systems will have\na slightly different structure and/or files):</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-shell\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">├──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">│  </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">└──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">XXX.lf</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">└──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src-gen</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">    </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">└──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">XXX</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\">##### Files related to the Python C extension module for XXX ######</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">├──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">build</span><span class=\"source-shell\">               </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> Temporary files for setuptools</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">├──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">core</span><span class=\"source-shell\">                </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> Core C runtime files</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">├──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">ctarget.c</span><span class=\"source-shell\">           </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> C target API implementations</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">├──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">ctarget.h</span><span class=\"source-shell\">           </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> C target API definitions</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">├──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">LinguaFrancaXXX</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell variable-language-special-wildcard-shell\">*</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">.so</span><span class=\"source-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> The Python C extension module for XXX</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">├──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">pythontarget.c</span><span class=\"source-shell\">      </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> Python target API implementations</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">├──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">pythontarget.h</span><span class=\"source-shell\">      </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> Python target API definitions</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">├──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">setup.py</span><span class=\"source-shell\">            </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> Setup file used to build the Python C extension</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">├──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">XXX.c</span><span class=\"source-shell\">               </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> Source code of the Python C extension</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\">##### Files containing the Python code ######</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">└──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">XXX.py</span><span class=\"source-shell\">              </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> Python file containing reactors and reaction code</span>\n</pre>\n<p>There are two major components in the <code>src-gen/XXX</code> directory that together enable the execution of a Python target application:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>An <a href=\"#the-xxxpy-file-containing-user-code\">XXX.py</a> file containing the user code (e.g., reactor definitions and reactions).</li>\n<li>The source code for a <a href=\"#the-generated-linguafrancaxxx-python-module-a-c-extension-module\">Python C extension module</a> called <code>LinguaFrancaXXX</code> containing the C runtime, as well as hooks to execute the user-defined reactions.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The interactions between the <code>src-gen/XXX/XXX.py</code> file and the <code>LinguaFrancaXXX</code> module are explained <a href=\"#interactions-between-xxxpy-and-linguafrancaxxx\">below</a>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"the-xxxpy-file-containing-user-code\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-xxxpy-file-containing-user-code\" aria-label=\"the xxxpy file containing user code permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The <code>XXX.py</code> file containing user code</h3>\n<p>The <code>XXX.py</code> file contains all the reactor definitions in the form of Python classes. The contents of a reactor are converted as follows:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Each <strong>Reaction</strong> in a reactor definition will be converted to a class method.</li>\n<li>Each <strong>Parameter</strong> will be converted to a class <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html?highlight=property#property\">property</a> to make it read-only.</li>\n<li>Each <strong>State</strong> variable will be converted to an <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/classes.html#class-and-instance-variables\">instance variable</a>.</li>\n<li>Each trigger and effect will be converted to an object passed as a method function argument to reaction methods, allowing the body of the reaction to access them.</li>\n<li>Each reactor <strong>Preamble</strong> will be put in the class definition verbatim.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Finally, each reactor class instantiation will be converted to a Python object class instantiation.</p>\n<p>For example, imagine the following program:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\"># src/XXX.lf</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bar(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> random</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">baz</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">_in</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">act</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(_in, act) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> Body of the reaction</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">random</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">seed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> Note the use of self</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Th reactor <code>Foo</code> and its instance, <code>foo</code>, will be converted to</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-python\"><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\"> src-gen/</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python keyword-codetag-notation-python\">XXX</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\">/</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python keyword-codetag-notation-python\">XXX</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\">.py</span>\n<span class=\"source-python constant-other-ellipsis-python\">...</span>\n<span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\"> Python class for reactor Foo</span>\n<span class=\"source-python meta-class-python storage-type-class-python\">class</span><span class=\"source-python meta-class-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-class-python entity-name-type-class-python\">_Foo</span><span class=\"source-python meta-class-python punctuation-section-class-begin-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\"> From the preamble, verbatim:</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">random</span>\n<span class=\"source-python meta-function-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python storage-type-function-python\">def</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python support-function-magic-python\">__init__</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-definition-parameters-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python variable-parameter-function-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-separator-parameters-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python keyword-operator-unpacking-parameter-python\">**</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python\">kwargs</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-definition-parameters-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python punctuation-section-function-begin-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\">Define parameters and their default values</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">_bar</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\"> Handle parameters that are set in instantiation</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python support-variable-magic-python\">__dict__</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">update</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">kwargs</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\"> Define state variables</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">baz</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python constant-language-python\">None</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-python meta-function-decorator-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-decorator-python entity-name-function-decorator-python punctuation-definition-decorator-python\">@</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-decorator-python support-type-python\">property</span>\n<span class=\"source-python meta-function-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python storage-type-function-python\">def</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python entity-name-function-python\">bar</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-definition-parameters-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python variable-parameter-function-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-definition-parameters-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python punctuation-section-function-begin-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-flow-python\">return</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">_bar</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-python meta-function-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python storage-type-function-python\">def</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python entity-name-function-python\">reaction_function_0</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-definition-parameters-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python variable-parameter-function-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-separator-parameters-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python\">_in</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-separator-parameters-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python\">act</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-definition-parameters-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python punctuation-section-function-begin-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\"> Body of the reaction</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">random</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">seed</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\"> Note the use of self</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-flow-python\">return</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-python\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\"> Instantiate classes</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">xxx_lf</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python punctuation-definition-list-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-python constant-language-python\">None</span><span class=\"source-python punctuation-definition-list-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">*</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">xxx_foo_lf</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python punctuation-definition-list-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-python constant-language-python\">None</span><span class=\"source-python punctuation-definition-list-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">*</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\"> Start initializing </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python keyword-codetag-notation-python\">XXX</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\"> of class </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python keyword-codetag-notation-python\">XXX</span>\n<span class=\"source-python keyword-control-flow-python\">for</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">xxx_i</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-flow-python\">in</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">range</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-python punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">xxx_i</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python meta-item-access-python meta-indexed-name-python\">xxx_lf</span><span class=\"source-python meta-item-access-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-python meta-item-access-python meta-item-access-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-python meta-item-access-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">_XXX</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-parameter-function-call-python\">_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\"> Start initializing </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python keyword-codetag-notation-python\">XXX</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\">.foo of class Foo</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-flow-python\">for</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">xxx_foo_i</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-flow-python\">in</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">range</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-python punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">xxx_foo_i</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python meta-item-access-python meta-indexed-name-python\">xxx_foo_lf</span><span class=\"source-python meta-item-access-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-python meta-item-access-python meta-item-access-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-python meta-item-access-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">_Foo</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">            </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-parameter-function-call-python\">_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">            </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-parameter-function-call-python\">_bar</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-python constant-other-ellipsis-python\">...</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"the-generated-linguafrancaxxx-python-module-a-c-extension-module\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-generated-linguafrancaxxx-python-module-a-c-extension-module\" aria-label=\"the generated linguafrancaxxx python module a c extension module permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The generated LinguaFrancaXXX Python module (a C extension module)</h3>\n<p>The rest of the files in <code>src-gen/XXX</code> form a <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/extending/building.html#building-c-and-c-extensions\">Python C extension\nmodule</a>\ncalled <code>LinguaFrancaXXX</code> that can be built by executing <code>python3 setup.py build_ext --inplace</code> in the <code>src-gen/XXX/</code> folder. In this case, Python will\nread the instructions in the <code>src-gen/XXX/setup.py</code> file and build a\n<code>LinguaFrancaXXX</code> module in <code>src-gen/XXX/</code>. The <code>--inplace</code> flag puts the\ncompiled extension (the <code>LinguaFrancaXXX*.so</code> in the example above) in the\n<code>src-gen</code> directory alongside the <code>XXX.py</code> file.</p>\n<p>As mentioned before, the LinguaFrancaXXX module is separate from\n<code>src-gen/XXX/XXX.py</code> but interacts with it. Next, we explain this interaction.</p>\n<h3 id=\"interactions-between-xxxpy-and-linguafrancaxxx\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#interactions-between-xxxpy-and-linguafrancaxxx\" aria-label=\"interactions between xxxpy and linguafrancaxxx permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Interactions between XXX.py and LinguaFrancaXXX</h3>\n<p>The LinguaFrancaXXX module is imported in <code>src-gen/XXX/XXX.py</code>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-python\"><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">from</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">LinguaFrancaXXX</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">*</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This is done to enable the main function in <code>src-gen/XXX/XXX.py</code> to make a call to the <code>start()</code> function, which is part of the generated (and installed) <code>LinguaFrancaXXX</code> module. This function will start the main event handling loop of the C runtime.</p>\n<p>From then on, <code>LinguaFrancaXXX</code> will call reactions that are defined in <code>src-gen/XXX/XXX.py</code> when needed.</p>\n<h3 id=\"the-linguafrancabase-package\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-linguafrancabase-package\" aria-label=\"the linguafrancabase package permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The LinguaFrancaBase package</h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://pypi.org/project/LinguaFrancaBase/\">LinguaFrancaBase</a> is a package that contains several helper methods and definitions that are necessary for the Python target to work. This module is installable via <code>python3 -m pip install LinguaFrancaBase</code> but is automatically installed if needed during the installation of <code>LinguaFrancaXXX</code>. The source code of this package can be found <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-c-py\">on GitHub</a>.</p>\n<p>This package’s modules are imported in the <code>XXX.py</code> program:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-python\"><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">from</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">LinguaFrancaBase</span><span class=\"source-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python\">constants</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">*</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\">Useful constants</span>\n<span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">from</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">LinguaFrancaBase</span><span class=\"source-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python\">functions</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">*</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\">Useful helper functions</span>\n<span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">from</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">LinguaFrancaBase</span><span class=\"source-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python\">classes</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">*</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\">Useful classes</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"already-imported-python-modules\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#already-imported-python-modules\" aria-label=\"already imported python modules permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Already imported Python modules</h3>\n<p>The following packages are already imported and thus do not need to be re-imported by the user:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-python\"><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">os</span>\n<span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">sys</span>\n<span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">copy</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>When a TypeScript reactor is compiled, the generated code is placed inside a project directory. This is because there are two steps of compilation. First, the Lingua Franca compiler generates a TypeScript project from the TypeScript reactor code. Second, the Lingua Franca compiler runs a TypeScript compiler on the generated TypeScript project to produce executable JavaScript. This is illustrated below:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">Lingua Franca (</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">lf) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt; TypeScript (</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">ts) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt; JavaScript (</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">js)</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Assuming the directory containing our Lingua Franca file <code>Foo.lf</code> is named <code>TS</code>, the compiler will generate the following:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>TS/package.json</li>\n<li>TS/node_modules</li>\n<li>TS/Foo/tsconfig.json</li>\n<li>TS/Foo/babel.config.js</li>\n<li>TS/Foo/src/</li>\n<li>TS/Foo/dist/</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Items 1, 3, and 4 are configuration files for the generated project. Item 2 is a node_modules directory with contents specified by item 1. Item 5 is the directory for generated TypeScript code. Item 6 is the directory for compiled JavaScript code. In addition to the generated code for your Lingua Franca program, items 5 and 6 include libraries from the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-ts\">reactor-ts</a> submodule.</p>\n<p>The Lingua Franca compiler automatically invokes other programs as it compiles a Lingua Franca (.lf) file to a Node.js executable JavaScript (.js) file. The files package.json, babel.config.js, and tsconfig.json are used to configure the behavior of those other programs. Whenever you compile a .lf file for the first time, the Lingua Franca compiler will copy default versions of these configuration files into the new project so the other programs can run. <strong>The Lingua Franca compiler will only copy a default configuration file into a project if that file is not already present in the generated project.</strong> This means you, the reactor programmer, may safely modify these configuration files to control the finer points of compilation. Beware, other generated files in the project’s src and dist directories may be overwritten by the compiler.</p>\n<h3 id=\"packagejson\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#packagejson\" aria-label=\"packagejson permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>package.json</h3>\n<p>Node.js uses a <a href=\"https://nodejs.org/en/knowledge/getting-started/npm/what-is-the-file-package-json/\">package.json</a> file to describe metadata relevant to a Node project. This includes a list of project dependencies (i.e. modules) used by the project. When the Lingua Franca compiler copies a default package.json file into a Lingua Franca project that doesn’t already have a package.json, the compiler runs the command <code>npm install</code> to create a node_modules directory. The default package.json only lists dependencies for the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-ts\">reactor-ts</a> submodule. <a href=\"#using-node-modules\">Follow these instructions</a> to modify package.json if you want to use other Node modules in your reactors.</p>\n<h3 id=\"tsconfigjson\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#tsconfigjson\" aria-label=\"tsconfigjson permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>tsconfig.json</h3>\n<p>After generating a TypeScript program from a .lf file, the Lingua Franca compiler uses the TypeScript compiler <code>tsc</code> to run a type check. The behavior of <code>tsc</code> is configured by the <a href=\"https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/tsconfig-json.html\">tsconfig.json</a> file. You probably won’t need to modify tsconfig.json, but you can if you know what you’re doing.</p>\n<h3 id=\"babelconfigjs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#babelconfigjs\" aria-label=\"babelconfigjs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>babel.config.js</h3>\n<p>If the <code>tsc</code> type check was successful, the Lingua Franca compiler uses <code>babel</code> to compile the generated TypeScript code into JavaScript. (This <a href=\"https://iamturns.com/typescript-babel/\">blog post</a> articulates the advantages of using <code>babel</code> over <code>tsc</code> to generate JavaScript.) There are many different flavors of JavaScript and the <a href=\"https://babeljs.io/docs/en/configuration\">babel.config.js</a> file specifies exactly what <code>babel</code> should generate. This is the file to edit if you want the Lingua Franca compiler to produce a different version of JavaScript as its final output.</p>\n<h3 id=\"debugging-type-errors\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#debugging-type-errors\" aria-label=\"debugging type errors permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Debugging Type Errors</h3>\n<p>Let’s take the <a href=\"#a-minimal-example\">minimal reactor example</a>, and intentionally break it by adding a type error into the reaction.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">ReactionTypeError</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">THIS IS NOT A NUMBER</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This reactor will not compile, and should you attempt to compile it you will get an output from the compiler which looks something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">--- Standard output from command:\nsrc/ReactionTypeError.ts(23,25): error TS2322: Type &#039;&quot;THIS IS NOT A NUMBER&quot;&#039; is not assignable to type &#039;number&#039;.\n\n--- End of standard output.</pre>\n<p>In particular the output</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">src/ReactionTypeError.ts(23,25): error TS2322: Type &#039;&quot;THIS IS NOT A NUMBER&quot;&#039; is not assignable to type &#039;number&#039;.</pre>\n<p>identifies the problem: surprisingly, the string <code>\"THIS IS NOT A NUMBER\"</code> is not a number. However the line information <code>(23,25)</code> is a little confusing because it points to the location of the type error <strong>in the generated</strong> .ts file <code>ReactionTypeError/src/ReactionTypeError.ts</code> not in the original .lf file <code>ReactionTypeError.lf</code>. The .ts files produced by the TypeScript code generator are quite readable if you are familiar with the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-ts\">reactor-ts</a> submodule, but even if you aren’t familiar it is not too difficult to track down the problem. Just open <code>ReactionTypeError/src/ReactionTypeError.ts</code> in your favorite text editor (we recommend <a href=\"https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/languages/typescript\">Visual Studio</a> for its excellent TypeScript integration) and look at line 23.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">14</span><span class=\"source-lf\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">addReaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">15</span><span class=\"source-lf\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Triggers</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">16</span><span class=\"source-lf\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Args</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">17</span><span class=\"source-lf\">            function (this, __t: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">Readable</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;Tag&gt;) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">18</span><span class=\"source-lf\">                </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// =============== START react prologue</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">19</span><span class=\"source-lf\">                </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">const</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> util </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">20</span><span class=\"source-lf\">                let t </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">__t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">21</span><span class=\"source-lf\">                </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// =============== END react prologue</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">22</span><span class=\"source-lf\">                try {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">23</span><span class=\"source-lf\">                    let foo:number </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">THIS IS NOT A NUMBER</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">24</span><span class=\"source-lf\">                    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">25</span><span class=\"source-lf\">                } finally {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">26</span><span class=\"source-lf\">                    </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// =============== START react epilogue</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">27</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">28</span><span class=\"source-lf\">                    </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// =============== END react epilogue</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">29</span><span class=\"source-lf\">                }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">30</span><span class=\"source-lf\">            }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">31</span><span class=\"source-lf\">        );</span>\n</pre>\n<p>There (inside the try block) we can find the problematic reaction code. <em>Reaction code is copied verbatim into generated .ts files</em>.</p>\n<p>It can be a bit harder to interpret type errors outside of reaction code, but most type error messages are still relatively clear. For example if you attempt to connect a reactor output to an incompatibly typed input like:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">ConnectionError</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Sender</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">r</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Receiver</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">r</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">bar</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Sender</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Receiver</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">bar</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>you should get an error like</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">--- Standard output from command:\nsrc/InputTypeError.ts(36,23): error TS2345: Argument of type &#039;OutPort&lt;number&gt;&#039; is not assignable to parameter of type &#039;Port&lt;string&gt;&#039;.\n  Types of property &#039;value&#039; are incompatible.\n    Type &#039;number | undefined&#039; is not assignable to type &#039;string | undefined&#039;.\n      Type &#039;number&#039; is not assignable to type &#039;string | undefined&#039;.\n\n--- End of standard output.</pre>\n<p>The key message being <code>Argument of type 'OutPort&#x3C;number>' is not assignable to parameter of type 'Port&#x3C;string>'</code>.</p>\n<p>One last tip: if you attempt to reference a port, action, timer etc. named <code>foo</code> that isn’t declared in the triggers, uses, or effects declaration of the reaction, you will get the error <code>Cannot find name 'foo'</code> in the reaction body.</p>\n<h3 id=\"utility-function-reference\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#utility-function-reference\" aria-label=\"utility function reference permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Utility Function Reference</h3>\n<p>These utility functions may be called within a TypeScript reaction:</p>\n<p><code>util.requestShutdown(): void</code> Ends execution after one microstep. See <a href=\"#stopping-execution\">Stopping Execution</a>.</p>\n<p><code>util.getCurrentTag(): Tag</code> Gets the current (logical) tag. See <a href=\"#tags\">Tags</a>.</p>\n<p><code>util.getCurrentLogicalTime(): TimeValue</code> Gets the current logical TimeValue. See <a href=\"#timed-behavior\">Time</a>.</p>\n<p><code>util.getCurrentPhysicalTime(): TimeValue</code> Gets the current physical TimeValue. See <a href=\"#timed-behavior\">Time</a>.</p>\n<p><code>util.getElapsedLogicalTime(): TimeValue</code> Gets the elapsed logical TimeValue from execution start. See <a href=\"#timed-behavior\">Time</a>.</p>\n<p><code>util.getElapsedPhysicalTime(): TimeValue</code> Gets the elapsed physical TimeValue from execution start. See <a href=\"#timed-behavior\">Time</a>.</p>\n<p><code>util.success(): void</code> Invokes the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-ts\">reactor-ts</a> App’s default success callback. FIXME: Currently doesn’t do anything in Lingua Franca.</p>\n<p><code>util.failure(): void</code> Invokes the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-ts\">reactor-ts</a> App’s default failure callback. Throws an error.</p>\n<h3 id=\"building-reactor-ts-documentation\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#building-reactor-ts-documentation\" aria-label=\"building reactor ts documentation permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Building Reactor-ts Documentation</h3>\n<p>To build and view proper documentation for <code>time.ts</code> (and other reactor-ts libraries), install <a href=\"https://typedoc.org/\">typedoc</a> and run</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">typedoc</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-out</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">docs</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src</span>\n</pre>\n<p>from the root of the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-ts\">reactor-ts</a>. You probably already have the reactor-ts submodule at</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">lingua-franca/xtext/org.icyphy.linguafranca/src/lib/TS/reactor-ts/</pre>\n<p>You should see an output like.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Using TypeScript 3.8.3 from /usr/local/lib/node_modules/typescript/lib\nRendering [========================================] 100%\n\nDocumentation generated at /Users/&lt;username&gt;/git/lingua-franca/xtext/org.icyphy.linguafranca/src/lib/TS/reactor-ts/docs</pre>\n<p>Open that path in a browser with <code>/index.html</code> appended to the end like</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">/Users/&lt;username&gt;/git/lingua-franca/xtext/org.icyphy.linguafranca/src/lib/TS/reactor-ts/docs/index.html</pre>\n<p>to navigate the docs.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<h3 id=\"target-properties\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#target-properties\" aria-label=\"target properties permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Target Properties</h3>\n<p>Target properties may be mentioned like so:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rust\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// enables single-file project layout</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    single-file-project</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// timeout for the execution. The program will shutdown at most after the specified duration.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cargo-features</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">cli</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>See <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration\">Target Declaration</a> for the full list of supported target properties.</p>\n<h3 id=\"the-executable\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-executable\" aria-label=\"the executable permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The Executable</h3>\n<p>The executable name is the name of the main reactor <em>transformed to snake_case</em>: <code>main reactor RustProgram</code> will generate <code>rust_program</code>. See <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#command-line-arguments\">Command-Line Arguments</a> for details.</p>\n<h3 id=\"file-layout\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#file-layout\" aria-label=\"file layout permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>File layout</h3>\n<p>The Rust code generator generates a Cargo project with a classical layout:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">├── Cargo.lock\n├── Cargo.toml\n├── src\n│   ├── main.rs\n│   └── reactors\n│       ├── mod.rs\n|       ├── ...\n|\n└── target\n    ├── ...</pre>\n<p>The module structure is as follows:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>the crate has a module <code>reactors</code></li>\n<li>each LF reactor has its own submodule of <code>reactors</code>. For instance, <code>Minimal.lf</code> will generate <code>minimal.rs</code>. The name is transformed to snake_case.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>This means that to refer to the contents of another reactor module, e.g. that of <code>Other.lf</code>, you have to write <code>super::other::Foo</code>. This is relevant to access <code>preamble</code> items.</p>\n<h4 id=\"single-file-layout\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#single-file-layout\" aria-label=\"single file layout permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Single-file layout</h4>\n<p>The Rust target supports an alternative file layout, where all reactors are generated into the <code>main.rs</code> file, making the project fit in a single file (excluding <code>Cargo.toml</code>). <em>The module structure is unchanged:</em> the file still contains a <code>mod reactors { ... }</code> within which each reactor has its <code>mod foo { ... }</code>. You can thus change the layout without having to update any LF code.</p>\n<p>Set the target property <code>single-file-project: true</code> to use this layout.</p>\n<p>Note: this alternative layout is provided for the purposes of making self-contained benchmark files. Generating actual runnable benchmarks from an LF file may be explored in the future.</p>\n<h3 id=\"specifying-dependencies\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#specifying-dependencies\" aria-label=\"specifying dependencies permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Specifying dependencies</h3>\n<p>The Rust code generator leverages Cargo to allow LF programs to profit from Rust’s large package ecosystem. The code generator may also link support files written in pure Rust into the generated crate. Target properties are used to achieve all this.</p>\n<h4 id=\"adding-cargo-dependencies\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#adding-cargo-dependencies\" aria-label=\"adding cargo dependencies permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Adding cargo dependencies</h4>\n<p>The <code>cargo-dependencies</code> target property may be used to specify dependencies on crates coming from <code>crates.io</code>. Here’s an example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rust\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">   cargo-dependencies</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">      termcolor</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">0.8</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">   }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The value of the <em>cargo-dependencies</em> property is a map of crate identifiers to a <em>dependency-spec</em>. An informal example follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-json\"><span class=\"source-json\">cargo-dependencies: </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-begin-json\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js punctuation-definition-comment-json\">//</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js\"> Name-of-the-crate: &quot;version&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">a</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">n</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">d</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-begin-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json\">0.8</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-end-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-pair-json\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js punctuation-definition-comment-json\">//</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js\"> Equivalent to using an explicit map:</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">a</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">n</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">d</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-begin-json\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">v</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">e</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">s</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">i</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">o</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">n</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-begin-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json\">0.8</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-end-json\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-end-json\">}</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-pair-json\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js punctuation-definition-comment-json\">//</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js\"> The map allows specifying more details</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">a</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">n</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">d</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-begin-json\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js punctuation-definition-comment-json\">//</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js\"> A path to a local unpublished crate.</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js punctuation-definition-comment-json\">//</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js\"> Note &#039;path&#039; is mutually exclusive with &#039;git&#039;.</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">p</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">a</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">t</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">h</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-begin-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json\">/home/me/Git/local-rand-clone</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-end-json\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-end-json\">}</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-pair-json\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">a</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">n</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">d</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-begin-json\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js punctuation-definition-comment-json\">//</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js\"> A URL to a git repo</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">g</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">i</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">t</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-begin-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json\">https://github.com/me/rand</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-end-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-pair-json\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js punctuation-definition-comment-json\">//</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js\"> Specify an explicit Git revision number</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">e</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">v</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-begin-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json\">abcdef1234</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-end-json\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-end-json\">}</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-pair-json\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">a</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">n</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">d</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-begin-json\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">v</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">e</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">s</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">i</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">o</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">n</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-begin-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json\">0.8</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-end-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-pair-json\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js punctuation-definition-comment-json\">//</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js\"> you can specify cargo features</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">f</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">e</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">a</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">t</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">u</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">e</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">s</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json punctuation-definition-array-begin-json\">[</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-begin-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json string-quoted-double-json\">some-cargo-feature</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-end-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json punctuation-separator-array-json\">,</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json punctuation-definition-array-end-json\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-end-json\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-end-json\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>When a <em>dependency-spec</em> is specified as an object, its key-value pairs correspond directly to those of a <a href=\"https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/specifying-dependencies.html#specifying-dependencies-from-git-repositories\">Cargo dependency specification</a>. For instance for the following dependency spec:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-json\"><span class=\"source-json\">   rand: </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-begin-json\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">v</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">e</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">s</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">i</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">o</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">n</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-begin-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json\">0.8</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-end-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-pair-json\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js punctuation-definition-comment-json\">//</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js\"> you can specify cargo features</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">f</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">e</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">a</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">t</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">u</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">e</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">s</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json punctuation-definition-array-begin-json\">[</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-begin-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json string-quoted-double-json\">some-cargo-feature</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-end-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json punctuation-separator-array-json\">,</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json punctuation-definition-array-end-json\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-end-json\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>we add the following to the generated <code>Cargo.toml</code>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-toml\"><span class=\"source-toml meta-tag-table-toml punctuation-definition-table-toml\">[</span><span class=\"source-toml meta-tag-table-toml entity-other-attribute-name-table-toml\">dependencies</span><span class=\"source-toml meta-tag-table-toml\">.</span><span class=\"source-toml meta-tag-table-toml entity-other-attribute-name-table-toml\">rand</span><span class=\"source-toml meta-tag-table-toml punctuation-definition-table-toml\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-toml keyword-key-toml\">version</span><span class=\"source-toml\"> </span><span class=\"source-toml punctuation-definition-keyValuePair-toml\">=</span><span class=\"source-toml\"> </span><span class=\"source-toml string-quoted-single-basic-line-toml\">&quot;0.8&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-toml keyword-key-toml\">features</span><span class=\"source-toml\"> </span><span class=\"source-toml punctuation-definition-keyValuePair-toml\">=</span><span class=\"source-toml\"> </span><span class=\"source-toml punctuation-definition-array-toml\">[</span><span class=\"source-toml string-quoted-single-basic-line-toml\">&quot;some-cargo-feature&quot;</span><span class=\"source-toml punctuation-definition-array-toml\">]</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Not all keys are necessarily supported though, e.g. the <code>registry</code> key is not supported (yet).</p>\n<h4 id=\"configuring-the-runtime\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#configuring-the-runtime\" aria-label=\"configuring the runtime permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Configuring the runtime</h4>\n<p>The runtime crate can be configured just like other crates, using the <code>cargo-dependencies</code> target property, e.g.:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-json\"><span class=\"source-json\">cargo-dependencies: </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-begin-json\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">e</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">a</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">c</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">t</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">o</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">_</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">t</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-begin-json\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">f</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">e</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">a</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">t</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">u</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">e</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">s</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json punctuation-definition-array-begin-json\">[</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-begin-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json string-quoted-double-json\">parallel-runtime</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-end-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json punctuation-definition-array-end-json\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-end-json\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-end-json\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The dependency is always included, with defaults picked by LFC. The location information (<em>path</em>/<em>git</em>/<em>version</em> key) is optional.\nSee <a href=\"https://lf-lang.github.io/reactor-rust/reactor_rt/index.html\">reactor_rt</a> for the supported features.</p>\n<h4 id=\"linking-support-files\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#linking-support-files\" aria-label=\"linking support files permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Linking support files</h4>\n<p>You can link-in additional rust modules using the <code>rust-include</code> target property:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rust\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  rust-include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">foo.rs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The property is a list of paths (relative to the directory containing the <code>.lf</code> file). Each path should either point to a Rust file (<code>.rs</code>), or a directory that contains a <code>mod.rs</code> file. Each of those will be copied to the <code>src</code> directory of the generated Cargo project, and linked in to the <code>main.rs</code> file.</p>\n<p>To refer to the included module, you can use e.g. <code>crate::foo</code> if your module is named <code>foo</code>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"generation-scheme\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#generation-scheme\" aria-label=\"generation scheme permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Generation scheme</h3>\n<p>Each reactor generates its own <code>struct</code> which contains state variables. For instance,</p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>LF</th>\n<th>Generated Rust</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rust\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">SomeReactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">field</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</td>\n<td>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-rust\"><span class=\"source-rust storage-type-rust\">struct</span><span class=\"source-rust\"> </span><span class=\"source-rust entity-name-type-rust\">SomeReactor</span><span class=\"source-rust\"> </span><span class=\"source-rust\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-rust\">  field: </span><span class=\"source-rust support-type-primitive-rust\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-rust\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>In the following we refer to that struct as the <em>state struct</em>.</p>\n<h4 id=\"reactions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reactions\" aria-label=\"reactions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reactions</h4>\n<p>Reactions are each generated in a separate method of the reactor struct. Reaction names are unspecified and may be mangled to prevent explicit calling. The parameters of that method are</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>&#x26;mut self</code>: the state struct described above,</li>\n<li><code>ctx: &#x26;mut ReactionCtx</code>: the context object for the reaction execution,</li>\n<li>For each dependency, a parameter is generated.\n<ul>\n<li>If the dependency is a component of this reactor, the name of the parameter is just the name of the component</li>\n<li>If the dependency is a port of a child reactor, the name of the parameter is <code>&#x3C;name of the child instance>__&#x3C;name of the port></code>, e.g. <code>child__out</code> for <code>child.out</code>.</li>\n<li>The type of the parameter depends on the kind of dependency and of component:</li>\n</ul>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Component</th>\n<th>Use/trigger dependency</th>\n<th>Effect dependency</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Port of type <code>T</code></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><code>&#x26;ReadablePort&#x3C;T></code></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><code>WritablePort&#x3C;T></code></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Logical action of type <code>T</code></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><code>&#x26;LogicalAction&#x3C;T></code></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><code>&#x26;mut LogicalAction&#x3C;T></code></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Physical action of type <code>T</code></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><code>&#x26;PhysicalActionRef&#x3C;T></code></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><code>&#x26;mut PhysicalActionRef&#x3C;T></code></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Timer</td>\n<td>\n<p><code>&#x26;Timer</code></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>n/a</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Port bank of type <code>T</code></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><code>&#x26;ReadablePortBank&#x3C;T></code></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><code>WritablePortBank&#x3C;T></code></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>Undeclared dependencies, and dependencies on timers and <code>startup</code> or <code>shutdown</code>, do not generate a parameter.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https://lf-lang.github.io/reactor-rust/reactor_rt/struct.ReactionCtx.html\"><code>ReactionCtx</code></a> object is a mediator to manipulate all those dependency objects. It has methods to set ports, schedule actions, retrieve the current logical time, etc.</p>\n<p>For instance:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rust\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">i32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">out, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">76600</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>In this example, the context object <code>ctx</code> is used to set a port to a value. The port is in scope as <code>out</code>.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>⚠ TODO when the runtime crate is public link to the docs, they should be the most exhaustive documentation.</p>\n</blockquote>\n</div>\n````","headings":[{"value":"Overview","depth":2},{"value":"Requirements","depth":2},{"value":"Limitations","depth":2},{"value":"The Target Specification","depth":2},{"value":"Parameters and State Variables","depth":2},{"value":"Array Values for Parameters","depth":3},{"value":"Array Values for States","depth":3},{"value":"States and Parameters with Struct Values","depth":3},{"value":"Array-Valued Parameters","depth":3},{"value":"State Variables","depth":3},{"value":"Array Expressions for State Variables and Parameters","depth":3},{"value":"Assigning Arbitrary Initial Expressions to State Variables and Parameters","depth":3},{"value":"Array or Object Parameters","depth":3},{"value":"Inputs and Outputs","depth":2},{"value":"Sending and Receiving Data","depth":3},{"value":"Persistent Inputs","depth":3},{"value":"Fixed Length Array Inputs and Outputs","depth":3},{"value":"Variable Length Array Inputs and Outputs","depth":3},{"value":"Dynamically Allocated Data","depth":3},{"value":"Mutable Inputs","depth":3},{"value":"String Types","depth":3},{"value":"Macros For Setting Output Values","depth":3},{"value":"Sending and Receiving Large Data Types","depth":3},{"value":"Sending and Receiving Objects","depth":3},{"value":"Sending and Receiving Custom Types","depth":3},{"value":"Time","depth":2},{"value":"Tags","depth":3},{"value":"Summary of Time Functions","depth":3},{"value":"Actions","depth":2},{"value":"Zero-Delay Actions","depth":3},{"value":"Actions With Values","depth":3},{"value":"Zero-Delay Actions","depth":3},{"value":"Actions With Values","depth":3},{"value":"Schedule Functions","depth":3},{"value":"Stopping Execution","depth":2},{"value":"Log and Debug Information","depth":2},{"value":"Libraries Available to Programmers","depth":2},{"value":"Libraries Available in All Programs","depth":4},{"value":"Standard C Libraries","depth":4},{"value":"Available Libraries Requiring #include","depth":4},{"value":"Available Libraries Requiring #include, a files entry, and a cmake-include","depth":4},{"value":"Scheduler Target Property","depth":2},{"value":"Target Implementation Details","depth":2},{"value":"Included Libraries","depth":3},{"value":"Multithreaded Implementation","depth":3},{"value":"Single Threaded Implementation","depth":3},{"value":"The XXX.py file containing user code","depth":3},{"value":"The generated LinguaFrancaXXX Python module (a C extension module)","depth":3},{"value":"Interactions between XXX.py and LinguaFrancaXXX","depth":3},{"value":"The LinguaFrancaBase package","depth":3},{"value":"Already imported Python modules","depth":3},{"value":"package.json","depth":3},{"value":"tsconfig.json","depth":3},{"value":"babel.config.js","depth":3},{"value":"Debugging Type Errors","depth":3},{"value":"Utility Function Reference","depth":3},{"value":"Building Reactor-ts Documentation","depth":3},{"value":"Target Properties","depth":3},{"value":"The Executable","depth":3},{"value":"File layout","depth":3},{"value":"Single-file layout","depth":4},{"value":"Specifying dependencies","depth":3},{"value":"Adding cargo dependencies","depth":4},{"value":"Configuring the runtime","depth":4},{"value":"Linking support files","depth":4},{"value":"Generation scheme","depth":3},{"value":"Reactions","depth":4}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/target-language-details","title":"Target Language Details","oneline":"Detailed reference for each target langauge.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Expressions","oneline":"Expressions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/expressions"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Target Declaration","oneline":"The target declaration and its parameters in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/target-declaration"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"3-target-language-details","slug":"/docs/handbook/target-language-details","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/reference/Target Language Details.md","previousID":"aa62f0dc-0959-5cea-a1b8-245ad29af321","nextID":"78abc88e-a737-518b-9204-08519a3147bc","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-03T01:49:27.042Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/target-language-details","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"3af06b85-61a2-5d81-a7ad-232624b3eaf6","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ Overview In the C reactor target for Lingua Franca, reactions are written in C and the code generator generates one or more standalone C…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<h2 id=\"overview\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#overview\" aria-label=\"overview permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Overview</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>In the C reactor target for Lingua Franca, reactions are written in C and the code generator generates one or more standalone C programs that can be compiled and run on several platforms. It has been tested on macOS, Linux, Windows, and at least one bare-iron embedded platform. The single-threaded version (which you get by setting the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#threading\"><code>threading</code> target parameter</a> to <code>false</code>) is the most portable, requiring only a handful of common C libraries (see <a href=\"#included-libraries\">Included Libraries</a> below). The multithreaded version requires a small subset of the POSIX thread library (<code>pthreads</code>) and transparently executes in parallel on a multicore machine while preserving the deterministic semantics of Lingua Franca.</p>\n<p>Note that C is not a safe language. There are many ways that a programmer can circumvent the semantics of Lingua Franca and introduce nondeterminism and illegal memory accesses. For example, it is easy for a programmer to mistakenly send a message that is a pointer to data on the stack. The destination reactors will very likely read invalid data. It is also easy to create memory leaks, where memory is allocated and never freed. Here, we provide some guidelines for a style for writing reactors that will be safe.</p>\n<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> If you intend to use C++ code or import C++ libraries in the C target, we provide a special CCpp target that automatically uses a C++ compiler by default. Alternatively, you might want to use the Cpp target.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>In the C++ reactor target for Lingua Franca, reactions are written in C++ and the code generator generates a standalone C++ program that can be compiled and run on all major platforms. Our continuous integration ensures compatibility with Windows, macOS, and Linux.\nThe C++ target solely depends on a working C++ build system including a recent C++ compiler (supporting C++17) and <a href=\"https://cmake.org/\">CMake</a> (>= 3.5). It relies on the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-cpp\">reactor-cpp</a> runtime, which is automatically fetched and compiled in the background by the Lingua Franca compiler.</p>\n<p>Note that C++ is not a safe language. There are many ways that a programmer can circumvent the semantics of Lingua Franca and introduce nondeterminism and illegal memory accesses. For example, it is easy for a programmer to mistakenly send a message that is a pointer to data on the stack. The destination reactors will very likely read invalid data. It is also easy to create memory leaks, where memory is allocated and never freed. Note, however, that the C++ reactor library is designed to prevent common errors and to encourage a safe modern C++ style. Here, we introduce the specifics of writing Reactor programs in C++ and present some guidelines for a style that will be safe.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>In the Python reactor target for Lingua Franca, reactions are written in Python. The user-written reactors are then generated into a Python 3 script that can be executed on several platforms. The Python target has been tested on Linux, macOS, and Windows. To facilitate efficient and fast execution of Python code, the generated program relies on a C extension to facilitate Lingua Franca API such as <code>set</code> and <code>schedule</code>. To learn more about the structure of the generated Python program see <a href=\"#target-implementation-details\">Implementation Details</a>.</p>\n<p>Python reactors can bring the vast library of scientific modules that exist for Python into a Lingua Franca program. Moreover, since the Python reactor target is based on a fast and efficient C runtime library, Lingua Franca programs can execute much faster than native equivalent Python programs in many cases. Finally, interoperability with C reactors is planned for the future.</p>\n<p>In comparison to the C target, the Python target can be up to an order of magnitude slower. However, depending on the type of application and the implementation optimizations in Python, you can achieve an on-par performance to the C target in many applications.</p>\n<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> A <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/extending/extending.html\">Python C\nextension</a> is\ngenerated for each Lingua Franca program (see <a href=\"#target-implementation-details\">Implementation\nDetails</a>). This extension module will\nhave the name LinguaFranca[your_LF_program_name].</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>In the TypeScript reactor target for Lingua Franca, reactions are written in <a href=\"https://www.typescriptlang.org/\">TypeScript</a> and the code generator generates a standalone TypeScript program that can be compiled to JavaScript and run on <a href=\"https://nodejs.org\">Node.js</a>.</p>\n<p>TypeScript reactors bring the strengths of TypeScript and Node.js to Lingua Franca programming. The TypeScript language and its associated tools enable static type checking for both reaction code and Lingua Franca elements like ports and actions. The Node.js JavaScript runtime provides an execution environment for asynchronous network applications. With Node.js comes Node Package Manager (<a href=\"https://www.npmjs.com/\">npm</a>) and its large library of supporting modules.</p>\n<p>In terms of raw performance on CPU intensive operations, TypeScript reactors are about two orders of magnitude slower than C reactors. But excelling at CPU intensive operations isn’t really the point of Node.js (or by extension TypeScript reactors). Node.js is about achieving high throughput on network applications by efficiently handling asynchronous I/O operations. Keep this in mind when choosing the right Lingua Franca target for your application.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p><strong>Important:</strong> The Rust target is still quite preliminary. This is early WIP documentation to let you try it out if you’re curious</p>\n<p>In the Rust reactor target for Lingua Franca, reactions are written in Rust and the code generator generates a standalone Rust program that can be compiled and run on platforms supported by rustc. The program depends on a runtime library distributed as the crate <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-rust\">reactor_rt</a>, and depends on the Rust standard library.</p>\n<p>Documentation for the runtime API is available here: <a href=\"https://lf-lang.github.io/reactor-rust/\">https://lf-lang.github.io/reactor-rust/</a></p>\n<p>LF-Rust generates a Cargo project per compiled main reactor. This specification assumes in some places that the user is somewhat familiar with how Cargo works.\nIf you’re not, here’s a primer:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>a Rust project (and its library artifact) are called a <em>crate</em>.</li>\n<li>Cargo is the Rust package manager and build tool. LF/Rust uses Cargo to build the generated project.</li>\n<li>Rust has extensive support for conditional compilation. Cargo <em>features</em> are commonly used to enable or disable the compilation of parts of a crate. A feature may also pull in additional dependencies. Cargo features only influence the compilation process; if you don’t mention the correct feature flags at compilation time, those features cannot be made available at runtime. The Rust reactor runtime crate uses Cargo features to conditionally enable some features, e.g., command-line argument parsing.</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"requirements\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#requirements\" aria-label=\"requirements permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Requirements</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>The following tools are required in order to compile the generated C source code:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>A C compiler such as <code>gcc</code></li>\n<li>A recent version of <code>cmake</code> (at least 3.5)</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>The following tools are required in order to compile the generated C++ source code:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>A recent C++ compiler supporting C++17</li>\n<li>A recent version of <code>cmake</code> (at least 3.5)</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>To use this target, install Python 3 on your machine. See <a href=\"https://wiki.python.org/moin/BeginnersGuide/Download\">downloading Python</a>.</p>\n<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> The Python target requires a C implementation of Python (nicknamed CPython). This is what you will get if you use the above link, or with most of the alternative Python installations such as Anaconda. See <a href=\"https://www.python.org/download/alternatives/\">Python download alternatives</a> for more details.</p>\n<p>The Python reactor target relies on <code>setuptools</code> to be able to compile a <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/extending/extending.html\">Python\nC extension</a> for each LF\nprogram.</p>\n<!-- To install `pip3`, you can follow instructions [here](https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installation/). -->\n<p>To install <code>setuptools</code> using <code>pip3</code>, do this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">pip3</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">install</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">setuptools</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>First, make sure Node.js is installed on your machine. You can <a href=\"https://nodejs.org/en/download/\">download Node.js here</a>. The npm package manager comes along with Node.</p>\n<p>After installing Node, you may optionally install the TypeScript compiler.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">npm</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">install</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">g</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">typescript</span>\n</pre>\n<p>TypeScript reactor projects are created with a local copy of the TypeScript compiler, but having the TypeScript compiler globally installed can be useful for <a href=\"#debugging-type-errors\">debugging type errors</a> and type checking on the command line.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>In order to compile the generated Rust source code, you need a recent version of <a href=\"https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/\">Cargo</a>, the Rust package manager. See <a href=\"https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/getting-started/installation.html\">How to Install Rust and Cargo</a> if you don’t have them on your system.</p>\n<p>You can use a development version of the runtime library by setting the LFC option <code>--external-runtime-path</code> to the root directory of the runtime library crate sources. If this variable is mentioned, LFC will ask Cargo to fetch the runtime library from there.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"limitations\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#limitations\" aria-label=\"limitations permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Limitations</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<ul>\n<li>The C target does make any distinction between $private$ and $public$ $preamble$.</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>The C++ target does not yet implement:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>$extends$</li>\n<li>$federated$</li>\n<li><a href=\"/docs/handbook/modal-models\">Modal reactors</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<ul>\n<li>The Lingua Franca lexer does not support single-quoted strings in Python. This limitation also applies to target property values. You must use double quotes.</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>The $federated$ implementation in the TypeScript target is still quite preliminary.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>The TypeScript target does not yet implement methods.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>The TypeScript target does not yet implement <a href=\"/docs/handbook/modal-models\">modal reactors</a></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>The Rust target does not yet implement:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>$federated$</li>\n<li><a href=\"/docs/handbook/modal-models\">Modal reactors</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"the-target-specification\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-target-specification\" aria-label=\"the target specification permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The Target Specification</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>To have Lingua Franca generate C code, start your <code>.lf</code> file with one of the following target specifications:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> &lt;options&gt;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">CCpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> &lt;options&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Note that for all LF statements, a final semicolon is optional. If you are writing your code in C, you may want to include the final semicolon for uniformity.</p>\n<p>For options to the target specification, see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration\">detailed documentation of the target options</a>.</p>\n<p>The second form, <code>CCpp</code>, is used when you wish to use a C++ compiler to compile\nthe generated code, thereby allowing your C reactors to call C++ code.</p>\n<!-- The C target uses a C compiler by default, and will fail to compile mixed C/C++ language programs. As a remedy, the `CCpp` target uses the C runtime but employs a C++ compiler to compile your program. To use it, simply replace `target C` with `target CCpp`. -->\n<p>Here is a minimal example of a program written in the <code>CCpp</code> target, taken from <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/target/HelloWorldCCPP.lf\">HelloWorldCCPP.lf</a>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">CCpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">HelloWorld</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp punctuation-definition-directive-cpp\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp keyword-control-directive-include-cpp\">include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp\">iostream</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp string-quoted-other-lt-gt-include-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-preprocessor-include-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Note that no C++ header will be included by default.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">HelloWorld</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p><strong>Note:</strong> Unless some feature in the C target is needed, we recommend using the Cpp target that uses a runtime that is written natively in C++.</p>\n<p><strong>Note:</strong> A <code>.lf</code> file that uses the <code>CCpp</code> target cannot and should not be imported to a <code>.lf</code> file that uses the <code>C</code> target. Although these two targets use essentially the same runtime, such a scenario can cause unintended compile errors.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>To have Lingua Franca generate C++ code, start your <code>.lf</code> file with the following target specification:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Note that for all LF statements, a final semicolon is optional. If you are writing your code in C++, you may want to include the final semicolon for uniformity.</p>\n<p>For options to the target specification, see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration\">detailed documentation of the target options</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>To have Lingua Franca generate Python code, start your <code>.lf</code> file with the following target specification:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Note that for all LF statements, a final semicolon is optional.</p>\n<p>For options to the target specification, see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration\">detailed documentation of the target options</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>To have Lingua Franca generate TypeScript code, start your <code>.lf</code> file with the following target specification:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Note that for all LF statements, a final semicolon is optional.</p>\n<p>The supported target parameters and command-line options are documented in the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration\">Target Declaration</a> documentation.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>To have Lingua Franca generate Rust code, start your <code>.lf</code> file with the following target specification:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Note that for all LF statements, a final semicolon is optional. If you are writing your code in Rust, you may want to include the final semicolon for uniformity.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"parameters-and-state-variables\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#parameters-and-state-variables\" aria-label=\"parameters and state variables permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Parameters and State Variables</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>Reactor parameters and state variables are referenced in the C code using the\n<code>self</code> struct. The following\n<a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/Stride.lf\">Stride</a>\nexample modifies the <code>Count</code> reactor in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables#state-declaration\">State\nDeclaration</a> to\ninclude both a parameter and a state variable:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">stride</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This defines a <code>stride</code> parameter with type <code>int</code> and initial value <code>1</code> and\na <code>count</code> state variable with the same type and initial value.\nThese are referenced in the reaction with the syntax <code>self->stride</code> and <code>self->count</code> respectively.</p>\n<p><strong>The self Struct:</strong>\nThe code generator synthesizes a struct type in C for each reactor class and a constructor that creates an instance of this struct. By convention, these instances are called <code>self</code> and are visible within each reactor body. The <code>self</code> struct contains the parameters, state variables, and values associated with actions and ports of the reactor. Parameters and state variables are accessed directly on the <code>self</code> struct, whereas ports and actions are directly in scope by name, as we will see below. Let’s begin with parameters.</p>\n<p>It may be tempting to declare state variables in the $preamble$, as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">FlawedCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> count </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce a sequence of integers, but if there is more than one instance of the reactor, those instances will share the same variable count. Hence, <strong>don’t do this</strong>! Sharing variables across instances of reactors violates a basic principle, which is that reactors communicate only by sending messages to one another. Sharing variables will make your program nondeterministic. If you have multiple instances of the above FlawedCount reactor, the outputs produced by each instance will not be predictable, and in a multithreaded implementation, will also not be repeatable.</p>\n<h3 id=\"array-values-for-parameters\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#array-values-for-parameters\" aria-label=\"array values for parameters permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Array Values for Parameters</h3>\n<p>Parameters and state variables can have array values, though some care is needed. The <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/ArrayAsParameter.lf\">ArrayAsParameter</a> example outputs the elements of an array as a sequence of individual messages:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(sequence: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">[] </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}, n_sequence: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">next</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, next) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out, next </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">sequence</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">n_sequence</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">next</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This uses a <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions#logical-actions\">$logical$ $action$</a> to repeat the reaction, sending one element of the array in each invocation.</p>\n<p>In C, arrays do not encode their own length, so a separate parameter <code>n_sequence</code> is used for the array length. Obviously, there is potential here for errors, where the array length doesn’t match the length parameter.</p>\n<p>Above, the parameter default value is an array with three elements, <code>[0, 1, 2]</code>. The syntax for giving this default value is that of a Lingua Franca list, <code>{0, 1, 2}</code>, which gets converted by the code generator into a C static initializer. The default value can be overridden when instantiating the reactor using a similar syntax:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(sequence </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}, n_sequence</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"array-values-for-states\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#array-values-for-states\" aria-label=\"array values for states permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Array Values for States</h3>\n<p>A state variable can also have an array value. For example, the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/MovingAverage.lf\">MovingAverage</a> reactor computes the <strong>moving average</strong> of the last four inputs each time it receives an input:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MovingAverageImpl</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">delay_line</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">double</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">[] </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">0.0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">0.0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">0.0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">double</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">double</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Calculate the output.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">double</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">delay_line</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-point-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Insert the input in the delay line.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">delay_line</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-property-cpp\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Update the index for the next input.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&gt;=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The second line declares that the type of the state variable is an array of <code>double</code>s with the initial value of the array being a three-element array filled with zeros.</p>\n<h3 id=\"states-and-parameters-with-struct-values\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#states-and-parameters-with-struct-values\" aria-label=\"states and parameters with struct values permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>States and Parameters with Struct Values</h3>\n<p>States whose type are structs can similarly be initialized. This <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/StructAsState.lf\">StructAsState</a> example illustrates this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-typedef-cpp\">typedef</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-head-struct-cpp storage-type-struct-cpp\">struct</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp entity-name-type-struct-cpp\">hello_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-head-struct-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-struct-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">char</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\"> name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\"> value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-struct-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-tail-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-tail-struct-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">hello_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">StructAsState</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">hello_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Earth</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">State s.name=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, value=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Notice that state <code>s</code> is given type <code>hello_t</code>, which is defined in the $preamble$. The initial value just lists the initial values of each of the fields of the struct in the order they are declared.</p>\n<p>Parameters are similar:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-typedef-cpp\">typedef</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-head-struct-cpp storage-type-struct-cpp\">struct</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp entity-name-type-struct-cpp\">hello_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-head-struct-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-struct-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">char</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\"> name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\"> value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-struct-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-tail-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-tail-struct-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">hello_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">StructParameter</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(p: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">hello_t</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Earth</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Parameter p.name=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, value=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>Reactor parameters are internally declared as <code>const</code> by the code generator and initialized during reactor instantiation. Thus, the value of a parameter may not be changed. See <a href=\"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables\">Parameters and State</a> for examples.</p>\n<h3 id=\"array-valued-parameters\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#array-valued-parameters\" aria-label=\"array valued parameters permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Array-Valued Parameters</h3>\n<p>Also parameters can have fixed- or variable-sized array values. The <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/ArrayAsParameter.lf\">ArrayAsParameter</a> example outputs the elements of an array as a sequence of individual messages:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(sequence: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">vector</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;int&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-cpp storage-type-built-in-cpp\">size_t</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-cpp storage-type-built-in-cpp\">size_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">next</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">void</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, next) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out, next </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">sequence</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">count </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">sequence</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">size</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">next</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Here, the type of <code>sequence</code> is explicitly given as <code>std::vector&#x3C;int></code>.\nA more compact alternative syntax is as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">sequence: int[] = {0, 1, 2}</pre>\n<p>The type <code>int[]</code> is converted to <code>std::vector&#x3C;int></code> by the code generator.\nAnother alternative syntax is:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">sequence: int[]({0, 1, 2})</pre>\n<p>Here, the static initializer <code>{0, 1, 2}</code> is passed as a single argument to the constructor of <code>std::vector</code>.</p>\n<p>The main reactor can be parameterized:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Hello</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(msg: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">World</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Hello </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> msg </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This program will print “Hello World!” by default. However, since <code>msg</code> is a main reactor parameter, the C++ code generator will extend the command-line argument parser and allow to override <code>msg</code> when invoking the program. For instance,</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">bin/Hello</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-msg</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">Earth</span>\n</pre>\n<p>will result in “Hello Earth!” being printed.</p>\n<h3 id=\"state-variables\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#state-variables\" aria-label=\"state variables permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>State Variables</h3>\n<p>A reactor may declare state variables, which become properties of each instance of the reactor. For example, the following reactor (see <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/lib/Count.lf\">Count.lf</a> and <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/CountTest.lf\">CountTest.lf</a>) will produce the output sequence 1, 2, 3, … :</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> c </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The declaration on the second line gives the variable the name <code>count</code>, declares its type to be <code>int</code>, and initializes its value to 0. The type and initial value can be enclosed in the C++-code delimiters <code>{= ... =}</code> if they are not simple identifiers, but in this case, that is not necessary.</p>\n<p>In the body of the reaction, the state variable is automatically in scope and can be referenced directly by its name. Since all reactions, state variables, and parameters of a reactor are members of the same class, reactions can also reference state variables (or parameters) using the <code>this</code> pointer: <code>this->name</code>.</p>\n<p>A state variable may be a time value, declared as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">time_value</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The type of the generated <code>time_value</code> variable will be <code>reactor::Duration</code>, which is an alias for <a href=\"https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/duration\"><code>std::chrono::nanoseconds</code></a>.</p>\n<p>For the C++ target, Lingua Franca provides two alternative styles for initializing state variables. We can write <code>state foo:int(42)</code> or <code>state foo:int{42}</code>. This allows to distinguish between the different initialization styles in C++. <code>foo:int(42)</code> will be translated to <code>int foo(42)</code> and <code> foo:int{42}</code> will be translated to <code>int foo{42}</code> in the generated code. Generally speaking, the <code>{...}</code> style should be preferred in C++, but it is not always applicable. Hence we allow the LF programmer to choose the style. Due to the peculiarities of C++, this is particularly important for more complex data types. For instance, <code>state foo:std::vector&#x3C;int>(4,2)</code> would be initialized to the list <code>[2,2,2,2]</code> whereas <code>state foo:std::vector&#x3C;int>{4,2}</code> would be initialized to the list <code>[4,2]</code>.</p>\n<p>State variables can have array values. For example, the [MovingAverage] (<a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/MovingAverage.lf\">https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/MovingAverage.lf</a>) reactor computes the <strong>moving average</strong> of the last four inputs each time it receives an input:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MovingAverageImpl</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">delay_line</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">double</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">0.0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">0.0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-float-lflang\">0.0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">double</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">double</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Calculate the output.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">double</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      sum </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">delay_line</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-point-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Insert the input in the delay line.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">delay_line</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Update the index for the next input.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&gt;=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      index </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The second line declares that the type of the state variable is an fixed-size array of 3 <code>double</code>s with the initial value of the being filled with zeros (note the curly braces). If the size is given in the type specification, then the code generator will declare the type of the state variable using <a href=\"https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array\"><code>std::array</code></a>. In the example above, the type of <code>delay_line</code> is <code>std::array&#x3C;3, double></code>. If the size specifier is omitted (e.g. <code>state x:double[]</code>). The code generator will produce a variable-sized array using <a href=\"https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector\"><code>std::vector</code></a>.</p>\n<p>The second line can equivalently be given with an assignment operator:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">  state delay_line: double[3] = {0.0, 0.0, 0.0}</pre>\n<p>State variables with more complex types such as classes or structs can be similarly initialized. See <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/StructAsState.lf\">StructAsState.lf</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>Reactor parameters and state variables are referenced in the Python code using\nthe syntax <code>self.&#x3C;name></code>, where <code>&#x3C;name></code> is the name of the parameter or state\nvariable. The following\n<a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Python/src/Stride.lf\">Stride</a>\nexample modifies the <code>Count</code> reactor in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables#state-declaration\">State\nDeclaration</a> to\ninclude both a parameter and a state variable:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">stride</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This defines a <code>stride</code> parameter with initial value <code>1</code> and a <code>count</code> state\nvariable with the same initial value. These are referenced in the reaction with\nthe syntax <code>self.stride</code> and <code>self.count</code> respectively. Note that state\nvariables and parameters do not have types in the Python reactor target. See <a href=\"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables\">Parameters\nand State</a> for more examples.</p>\n<p><strong>The Reactor Class:</strong>\nThe code generator synthesizes a class in Python for each reactor class in LF,\nwith a constructor (i.e., <code>def __init__(self, ...):</code>) that creates an instance\nof this class and initializes its parameters and state variables as <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/classes.html#class-and-instance-variables\">instance\nvariables</a>.\nThese parameters and state variables can then subsequently be accessed directly\nusing the <code>self</code> reference in the body of reactions.</p>\n<p>It may be tempting to declare state variables in the $preamble$, as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">FlawedCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce a sequence of integers, but if there is more than one instance\nof the reactor, those instances will share the same variable <code>count</code> (because\n<code>count</code> will be a <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/classes.html#class-and-instance-variables\">class variable</a>). Hence,\n<strong>don’t do this</strong>! Sharing variables across instances of reactors violates a\nbasic principle, which is that reactors communicate only by sending messages to\none another. Sharing variables will make your program nondeterministic. If you\nhave multiple instances of the above <code>FlawedCount</code> reactor, the outputs produced\nby each instance will not be predictable, and in a multithreaded implementation,\nwill also not be repeatable.</p>\n<h3 id=\"array-expressions-for-state-variables-and-parameters\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#array-expressions-for-state-variables-and-parameters\" aria-label=\"array expressions for state variables and parameters permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Array Expressions for State Variables and Parameters</h3>\n<p>Array parameters and state variables are implemented using Python lists and initialized using a parentheized list. In the following example, the\nparameter <code>sequence</code> and the state variable <code>x</code> have an initial value that is a Python list <code>[1, 2, 3]</code>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(param </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Their elements may be accessed as arrays in the body of a reaction, for example <code>self.x[i]</code>, where <code>i</code> is an array index.</p>\n<p>The parameter may be overridden with a different list at instantiation:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(param </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-element-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">6</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-definition-list-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">} )</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>As with any ordinary Python list or tuple, <code>len()</code> can been used to deduce the\nlength. In the above, <code>len(self.x)</code> and <code>len(self.param)</code> will return the lengths of the two lists.</p>\n<h3 id=\"assigning-arbitrary-initial-expressions-to-state-variables-and-parameters\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#assigning-arbitrary-initial-expressions-to-state-variables-and-parameters\" aria-label=\"assigning arbitrary initial expressions to state variables and parameters permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Assigning Arbitrary Initial Expressions to State Variables and Parameters</h3>\n<p>As used for lists above, the code delimiters <code>{= ... =}</code> can allow for assignment of arbitrary Python\nexpressions as initial values for state variables and parameters. The following example, taken from\n<a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Python/src/StructAsState.lf\">StructAsState.lf</a>\ndemonstrates this usage:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">StructAsState</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-class-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-class-python storage-type-class-python\">class</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-class-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-class-python entity-name-type-class-python\">hello</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-class-python punctuation-section-class-begin-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python storage-type-function-python\">def</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python support-function-magic-python\">__init__</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-definition-parameters-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python variable-parameter-function-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-separator-parameters-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-separator-parameters-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-definition-parameters-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-python punctuation-section-function-begin-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">name</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">value</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">hello</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Earth</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> will print &quot;State s.name=&quot;Earth&quot;, value=42.&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">State s.name=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python constant-character-escape-python\">\\&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python storage-type-format-python\">:s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python constant-character-escape-python\">\\&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">, value=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python storage-type-format-python\">:d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">format</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Notice that a class <code>hello</code> is defined in the preamble. The state variable <code>s</code> is then initialized to an instance of <code>hello</code> constructed within the <code>{= ... =}</code> delimiters.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>In the TypeScript target, all <a href=\"https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/basic-types.html\">TypeScript types</a> are generally acceptable for parameters and state variables. Custom types (and classes) must be defined in the $preamble$ before they may be used.</p>\n<p><strong>To benefit from type checking, you should declare types for your reactor elements.</strong> If a type isn’t declared for a state variable, it is assigned the type <a href=\"https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-0.html#new-unknown-top-type\"><code>unknown</code></a>.</p>\n<p>For example, the following reactor will produce the output sequence 0, 1, 2, 3, … :</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The declaration on the second line gives the variable the name “count”, declares its type to be <code>number</code>, and initializes its value to 0. The type and initial value can be enclosed in the Typescript-code delimiters <code>{= ... =}</code> if they are not simple identifiers, but in this case, that is not necessary.</p>\n<p>In the body of the reaction, the reactor’s state variable is referenced by way of a local variable of the same name. The local variable will contain the current value of the state at the beginning of the reaction. The final value of the local variable will be used to update the state at the end of the reaction.</p>\n<p>It may be tempting to declare state variables in the <strong>preamble</strong>, as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">FlawedCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce a sequence of integers, but if there is more than one instance of the reactor, those instances will share the same variable count. Hence, <strong>don’t do this</strong>! Sharing variables across instances of reactors violates a basic principle, which is that reactors communicate only by sending messages to one another. Sharing variables will make your program nondeterministic. If you have multiple instances of the above FlawedCount reactor, the outputs produced by each instance will not be predictable, and in an asynchronous implementation, will also not be repeatable.</p>\n<p>A state variable may be a time value, declared as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">time_value</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>time_value</code> variable will be of type <code>TimeValue</code>, which is an object used to represent a time in the TypeScript Target. Refer to the section on <a href=\"#timed-behavior\">timed behavior</a> for more information.</p>\n<p>A state variable can have an array or object value. For example, the following reactor computes the <strong>moving average</strong> of the last four inputs each time it receives an input (from <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/TypeScript/src/MovingAverage.lf\">MovingAverageImpl</a>):</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">MovingAverage</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">delay_line</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-class-builtin-ts\">Array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts meta-delimiter-decimal-period-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts meta-delimiter-decimal-period-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts meta-delimiter-decimal-period-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-as-ts\">as</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> Calculate the output.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-loop-ts\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">delay_line</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts meta-delimiter-decimal-period-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> Insert the input in the delay line.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">delay_line</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-whitespace-comment-leading-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts punctuation-definition-comment-ts\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts comment-line-double-slash-ts\"> Update the index for the next input.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&gt;=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">index</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The second line declares that the type of the state variable is an array of <code>number</code>s with the initial value of the array being a three-element array filled with zeros.</p>\n<p>States whose type are objects can similarly be initialized. Declarations can take an object literal as the initial value:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">myLiteral</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts meta-object-literal-key-ts\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts meta-object-literal-key-ts punctuation-separator-key-value-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts meta-object-literal-key-ts\">bar</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts meta-object-literal-key-ts punctuation-separator-key-value-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts meta-object-literal-key-ts\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts meta-object-literal-key-ts punctuation-separator-key-value-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts meta-object-literal-key-ts\">bar</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts meta-object-literal-key-ts punctuation-separator-key-value-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">baz</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts meta-object-member-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-objectliteral-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>or use <code>new</code>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">mySet</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-class-builtin-ts\">Set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">&gt;=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts keyword-operator-new-ts\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-builtin-ts\">Set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-type-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-typeparameters-begin-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-type-parameters-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-type-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-typeparameters-end-ts\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Reactor parameters are also referenced in the TypeScript code as local variables. The example below modifies the <code>Count</code> reactor so that its stride is a parameter:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride:number </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">stride</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Display</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Stride</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Display</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The second line defines the <code>stride</code> parameter, gives its type, and gives its initial value. As with state variables, the type and initial value can be enclosed in <code>{= ... =}</code> if necessary. The parameter is referenced in the reaction by referring to the local variable <code>stride</code>.</p>\n<p>When the reactor is instantiated, the default parameter value can be overridden. This is done in the above example near the bottom with the line:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n</pre>\n<p>If there is more than one parameter, use a comma separated list of assignments.</p>\n<p>Parameters in Lingua Franca are immutable. To encourage correct usage, parameter variables within a reaction are local <code>const</code> variables. If you feel tempted to use a mutable parameter, instead try using the parameter to initialize state and modify the state variable instead. This is illustrated below by a further modification to the Stride example where it takes an initial “start” value for count as a second parameter:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride:number </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, start:number </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">stride</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Display</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Stride</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(stride </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, start </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Display</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"array-or-object-parameters\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#array-or-object-parameters\" aria-label=\"array or object parameters permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Array or Object Parameters</h3>\n<p>Parameters can have array or object values. Here is an example that outputs the elements of an array as a sequence of individual messages:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(sequence:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-class-builtin-ts\">Array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">&gt;=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">next</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, next) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out, next </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sequence</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-object-ts\">sequence</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-variable-property-ts\">length</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-variable-property-dom-ts\">next</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Above, the parameter default value is an array with three elements, <code>[0, 1, 2]</code>. The syntax for giving this default value is a TypeScript array literal. Since this is TypeScript syntax, not Lingua Franca syntax, the initial value needs to be surrounded with the target code delimiters, <code>{= ... =}</code>. The default value can be overridden when instantiating the reactor using a similar syntax:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(sequence </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">4</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-array-literal-ts meta-brace-square-ts\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Both default and overridden values for parameters can also be created with the <code>new</code> keyword:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(sequence:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-class-builtin-ts\">Array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">&gt;=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts keyword-operator-new-ts\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-builtin-ts\">Array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-type-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-typeparameters-begin-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-type-parameters-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-type-parameters-ts punctuation-definition-typeparameters-end-ts\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n</pre>\n<p>and</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(sequence </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts keyword-operator-new-ts\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts support-class-builtin-ts\">Array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>Parameters and state variables in Rust are accessed on the <code>self</code> structure, as shown in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables#parameter-declaration\">Parameter Declaration</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"inputs-and-outputs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#inputs-and-outputs\" aria-label=\"inputs and outputs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Inputs and Outputs</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>In the body of a reaction in the C target, the value of an input is obtained using the syntax <code>name->value</code>, where <code>name</code> is the name of the input port. See, for example, the <code>Destination</code> reactor in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs#input-and-output-declarations\">Input and Output Declarations</a>.</p>\n<p>To set the value of outputs, use <code>lf_set</code>. See, for example, the <code>Double</code> reactor in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs#input-and-output-declarations\">Input and Output Declarations</a>.)</p>\n<p>An output may even be set in different reactions of the same reactor at the same tag. In this case, one reaction may wish to test whether the previously invoked reaction has set the output. It can check <code>name->is_present</code> to determine whether the output has been set. For example, the <code>Source</code> reactor in the test case <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/TestForPreviousOutput.lf\">TestForPreviousOutput</a> will always produce the output 42:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Set a seed for random number generation based on the current time.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">srand</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Randomly produce an output or not.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">rand</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">%</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">21</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-else-cpp\">else</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The first reaction may or may not set the output to 21. The second reaction doubles the output if it has been previously produced and otherwise produces 42.</p>\n<h3 id=\"sending-and-receiving-data\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#sending-and-receiving-data\" aria-label=\"sending and receiving data permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Sending and Receiving Data</h3>\n<p>You can define your own data types in C and send and receive those. Consider the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/StructAsType.lf\">StructAsType</a> example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-typedef-cpp\">typedef</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-head-struct-cpp storage-type-struct-cpp\">struct</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp entity-name-type-struct-cpp\">hello_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-head-struct-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-struct-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">char</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\"> name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\"> value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-struct-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-tail-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-tail-struct-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">hello_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">StructAsType</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">hello_t</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-struct-declare-cpp\">struct</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-type-struct-cpp\">hello_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-declare-cpp\">temp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Earth</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> temp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The $preamble$ code defines a struct data type. In the reaction to $startup$, the reactor creates an instance of this struct on the stack (as a local variable named <code>temp</code>) and then copies that struct to the output using the <code>lf_set</code> macro.</p>\n<p>For large structs, it may be inefficient to create a struct on the stack and copy it to the output, as done above. You can use a pointer type instead. See <a href=\"#dynamically-allocated-data\">below</a> for details.</p>\n<p>A reactor receiving the struct message uses the struct as normal in C:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\">() {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">hello_t</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received: name = </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, value = </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The preamble should not be repeated in this reactor definition if the two reactors are defined together because this will trigger an error when the compiler thinks that <code>hello_t</code> is being redefined.</p>\n<h3 id=\"persistent-inputs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#persistent-inputs\" aria-label=\"persistent inputs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Persistent Inputs</h3>\n<p>In the C target, inputs are persistent. You can read an input even when there is no event present and the value of that input will be the most recently received value or an instance of the input type filled with zeros. For example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Sink</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) in </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Value of the input is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> at time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">sink</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Sink</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">source</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">sink</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>Source</code> reactor produces output 1 at 100ms and 2 at 300ms.\nThe <code>Sink</code> reactor reads every 100ms starting at 0.\nNotice that it uses the input <code>in</code> but is not triggered by it.\nThe result of running this program is:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Value of the input is 0 at time 0\nValue of the input is 1 at time 100000000\nValue of the input is 1 at time 200000000\nValue of the input is 2 at time 300000000\nValue of the input is 2 at time 400000000\n...</pre>\n<p>The first output is 0 (an <code>int</code> initialized with zero), and subsequently, each output is read twice.</p>\n<h3 id=\"fixed-length-array-inputs-and-outputs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#fixed-length-array-inputs-and-outputs\" aria-label=\"fixed length array inputs and outputs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Fixed Length Array Inputs and Outputs</h3>\n<p>When inputs and outputs are fixed-length arrays, the memory to contain the array is automatically provided as part of the reactor instance. You can write directly to it, and then just call <code>lf_set_present</code> to alert the system that the output is present. For example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>In general, this will work for any data type that can be copied by a simple assignment operator (see below for how to handle more complex data types).</p>\n<p>Reading the array is equally simple:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(scale: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {  </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// The scale parameter is just for testing.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">   </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"variable-length-array-inputs-and-outputs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#variable-length-array-inputs-and-outputs\" aria-label=\"variable length array inputs and outputs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Variable Length Array Inputs and Outputs</h3>\n<p>Above, the array size is fixed and must be known throughout the program. A more flexible mechanism leaves the array size unspecified in the types of the inputs and outputs and uses <code>lf_set_array</code> instead of <code>lf_set</code> to inform the system of the array length. For example,</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">[]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Dynamically allocate an output array of length 3.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> array </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">malloc</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-functionlike-cpp keyword-operator-sizeof-cpp\">sizeof</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-operator-sizeof-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-arguments-operator-sizeof storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-operator-sizeof-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Populate the array.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access variable-other-object\">array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Set the output, specifying the array length.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set_array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The array length will be available at the receiving end, which may look like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">[]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">length</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"dynamically-allocated-data\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#dynamically-allocated-data\" aria-label=\"dynamically allocated data permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Dynamically Allocated Data</h3>\n<p>A much more flexible way to communicate complex data types is to set dynamically allocated memory on an output port. This can be done in a way that automatically handles freeing the memory when all users of the data are done with it. The reactor that allocates the memory cannot know when downstream reactors are done with the data, so Lingua Franca provides utilities for managing this using reference counting. You can specify a destructor on a port and pass a pointer to a dynamically allocated object as illustrated in the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/SetDestructor.lf\">SetDestructor</a> example.</p>\n<p>Suppose the data structure of interest, its constructor, destructor, and copy_constructor are defined as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-c\"><span class=\"source-c\">preamble </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-c\">{</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">  </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-other-typedef-c\">typedef</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c storage-type-struct-c\">struct</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-c\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">int</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> data</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c storage-type-built-in-c\">size_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> length</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">  </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-c\">}</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">  </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c entity-name-function-c\">int_array_constructor</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c storage-type-built-in-c\">size_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c\"> length</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-c\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> result </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c entity-name-function-c\">malloc</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c keyword-operator-sizeof-c\">sizeof</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-object-access-c\">result</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-separator-pointer-access-c\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-member-c\">data</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">int</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c entity-name-function-c\">calloc</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c\">length</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-separator-delimiter-c\">,</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c keyword-operator-sizeof-c\">sizeof</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">int</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-object-access-c\">result</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-separator-pointer-access-c\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-member-c\">length</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> length</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-control-c\">return</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> result</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">  </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-c\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">  </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">void</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c entity-name-function-c\">int_array_destructor</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">void</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c\"> array</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-c\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c entity-name-function-c\">free</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c\"> array</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-separator-pointer-access-c\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c variable-other-member-c\">data</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c entity-name-function-c\">free</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c\">array</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">  </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-c\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">  </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">void</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c entity-name-function-c\">int_array_copy_constructor</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">void</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c\"> array</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-c\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> source </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> array</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> copy </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c entity-name-function-c\">malloc</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c keyword-operator-sizeof-c\">sizeof</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c support-type-posix-reserved-c\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-object-access-c\">copy</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-separator-pointer-access-c\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-member-c\">data</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">int</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c entity-name-function-c\">calloc</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c variable-other-object-access-c\">source</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-separator-pointer-access-c\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c variable-other-member-c\">length</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-separator-delimiter-c\">,</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c keyword-operator-sizeof-c\">sizeof</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">int</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-function-call-c punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-object-access-c\">copy</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-separator-pointer-access-c\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-member-c\">length</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-object-access-c\">source</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-separator-pointer-access-c\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-member-c\">length</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-control-c\">for</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c storage-type-built-in-c\">size_t</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c\"> i </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c constant-numeric-decimal-c\">0</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c\"> i </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c keyword-operator-comparison-c\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c variable-other-object-access-c\">source</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-separator-pointer-access-c\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c variable-other-member-c\">length</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c\"> i</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c keyword-operator-increment-c\">++</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-c\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">      </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-object-access-c\">copy</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-separator-pointer-access-c\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-member-c\">data</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-bracket-square-access-c punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square-c\">[</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-bracket-square-access-c\">i</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-bracket-square-access-c punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square-c\">]</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-object-access-c\">source</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-separator-pointer-access-c\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c variable-other-member-c\">data</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-bracket-square-access-c punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square-c\">[</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-bracket-square-access-c\">i</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-bracket-square-access-c punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square-c\">]</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-c\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">    </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-control-c\">return</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-c\">(</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c storage-type-built-in-primitive-c\">void</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c keyword-operator-c\">*</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c meta-parens-block-c punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-c\">)</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\"> copy</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-terminator-statement-c\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c\">  </span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-c\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-c meta-block-c keyword-operator-assignment-c\">=</span><span class=\"source-c meta-block-c punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-c\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Then, the sender reactor would use <code>lf_set_destructor</code> to specify how the memory set on an output port should be freed:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set_destructor</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> int_array_destructor</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set_copy_constructor</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> int_array_copy_constructor</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> array </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">int_array_constructor</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-cpp storage-type-built-in-cpp\">size_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">length</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">data</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The first reaction specifies the destructor and copy constructor (the latter of which will be used if any downstream reactor has a mutable input or wishes to make a writable copy).</p>\n<p><strong>IMPORTANT:</strong> The array constructed should be sent to only one output port using <code>lf_set</code>. If you need to send it to more than one output port or to use it as the payload of an action, you should use <code>lf_set_token</code>.</p>\n<p><span class=\"warning\"><strong>FIXME:</strong> Show how to do this.</span></p>\n<p>A reactor receiving this array is straightforward. It just references the array elements as usual in C, as illustrated by this example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\">() {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">length</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">data</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The deallocation of memory for the data will occur automatically after the last reactor that receives a pointer to the data has finished using it, using the destructor specified by <code>lf_set_destructor</code> or <code>free</code> if none specified.</p>\n<p>Occasionally, you will want an input or output type to be a pointer, but you don’t want the automatic memory allocation and deallocation. A simple example is a string type, which in C is <code>char*</code>. Consider the following (erroneous) reactor:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Erroneous</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">char</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Hello World</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>An output data type that ends with <code>*</code> signals to Lingua Franca that the message\nis dynamically allocated and must be freed downstream after all recipients are\ndone with it. But the <code>\"Hello World\"</code> string here is statically allocated, so an\nerror will occur when the last downstream reactor to use this message attempts\nto free the allocated memory. To avoid this for strings, you can use a special\n<code>string</code> type as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Fixed</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Hello World</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>string</code> type is equivalent to <code>char*</code>, but since it doesn’t end with <code>*</code>, it does not signal to Lingua Franca that the type is dynamically allocated. Lingua Franca only handles allocation and deallocation for types that are specified literally with a final <code>*</code> in the type name. The same trick can be used for any type where you don’t want automatic allocation and deallocation. E.g., the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/SendsPointerTest.lf\">SendsPointer</a> example looks like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">SendsPointer</span><span class=\"source-lf\">  {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-typedef-cpp\">typedef</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> int_pointer</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int_pointer</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-modifier-specifier-static-cpp\">static</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> my_constant </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">my_constant</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The above technique can be used to abuse the reactor model of computation by communicating pointers to shared variables. This is generally a bad idea unless those shared variables are immutable. The result will likely be nondeterministic. Also, communicating pointers across machines that do not share memory will not work at all.</p>\n<h3 id=\"mutable-inputs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#mutable-inputs\" aria-label=\"mutable inputs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Mutable Inputs</h3>\n<p>Although it cannot be enforced in C, a receiving reactor should not modify the values provided by an input. Inputs are logically <em>immutable</em> because there may be several recipients. Any recipient that wishes to modify the input should make a copy of it. Fortunately, a utility is provided for this pattern. Consider the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/ArrayScale.lf\">ArrayScale</a> example, here modified to use the above <code>int_array_t</code> data type:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">ArrayScale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(scale:int(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">mutable</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int_array_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">length</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">*=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">scale</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set_token</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">token</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Here, the input is declared $mutable$, which means that any reaction is free to\nmodify the input. If this reactor is the only recipient of the array or the last\nrecipient of the array, then this will not make a copy of the array but rather use\nthe original array. Otherwise, it will use a copy. By default, <code>memcpy</code> is used to copy the data. However, the sender can also specify\na copy constructor to be used by calling <code>lf_set_copy_constructor</code> on the\noutput port, as explained below.</p>\n<p><strong>Important:</strong> Notice that the above <code>ArrayScale</code> reactor modifies the array and then forwards it to its output port using the <code>lf_set_token()</code> macro. That macro further delegates to downstream reactors the responsibility for freeing dynamically allocated memory once all readers have completed their work. It will not work to just use <code>lf_set</code>, passing it the value.\nThis will result in a memory error, yielding a message like the following:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">    malloc: *** error for object 0x600002674070: pointer being freed was not allocated</pre>\n<p>If the above code were not to forward the array, then the dynamically allocated memory will be automatically freed when this reactor is done with it.</p>\n<p>Three of the above reactors can be combined into a pipeline as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">ArrayScaleTest</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">ArrayScale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">c</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">p</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>In this composite, the array is allocated by <code>ArrayPrint</code>, modified by <code>ArrayScale</code>, and deallocated (freed) after <code>Print</code> has reacted. No copy is necessary because <code>ArrayScale</code> is the only recipient of the original array.</p>\n<p>Inputs and outputs can also be dynamically allocated structs. In fact, Lingua Franca’s C target will treat any input or output data type that ends with <code>[]</code> or <code>*</code> specially by providing utilities for allocating memory and modifying and forwarding. Deallocation of the allocated memory is automatic. The complete set of utilities is given below.</p>\n<h3 id=\"string-types\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#string-types\" aria-label=\"string types permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>String Types</h3>\n<p>String types in C are <code>char*</code>. But, as explained above, types ending with <code>*</code> are interpreted specially to provide automatic memory management, which we generally don’t want with strings (a string that is a compile-time constant must not be freed). You could enclose the type as <code>{= char* =}</code>, but to avoid this awkwardness, the header files include a typedef that permits using <code>string</code> instead of <code>char*</code>. For example (from <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/DelayString.lf\">DelayString.lf</a>):</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">DelayString</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> The following copies the char*, not the string.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule_copy</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"macros-for-setting-output-values\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#macros-for-setting-output-values\" aria-label=\"macros for setting output values permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Macros For Setting Output Values</h3>\n<p>In all of the following, <code>&#x3C;out></code> is the name of the output and <code>&#x3C;value></code> is the value to be sent.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>lf_set(&#x3C;out>, &#x3C;value>);</code></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Set the specified output (or input of a contained reactor) to the specified\nvalue using shallow copy. <code>lf_set</code> can be used with all supported data types\n(including type declarations that end with <code>*</code> or <code>[]</code>).</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>lf_set_token(&#x3C;out>, &#x3C;token>);</code></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>This version is used to directly set the underlying reference-counted token in\noutputs with a type declaration ending with <code>*</code> (any pointer) or <code>[]</code> (any\narray). The <code>&#x3C;value></code> argument should be a struct of type <code>token_t</code>. It should\nbe rarely necessary to have the need to create your own (dynamically allocated)\ninstance of <code>token_t</code>.</p>\n<p>Consider the\n<a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/SetToken.lf\">SetToken.lf</a>\nexample:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule_int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">MSEC</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set_token</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">token</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Here, the first reaction schedules an integer-valued action to trigger after 200 milliseconds. As explained below, action payloads are carried by tokens. The second reaction grabs the token rather than the value using the syntax <code>a->token</code> (the name of the action followed by <code>->token</code>). It then forwards the token to the output. The output data type is <code>int*</code> not <code>int</code> because the token carries a pointer to dynamically allocated memory that contains the value. All inputs and outputs with types ending in <code>*</code> or <code>[]</code> are carried by tokens.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>lf_set_destructor(&#x3C;out>, &#x3C;destructor>);</code></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Specify the destructor <code>destructor</code> used to deallocate any dynamic data set on the output port <code>out</code>.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>lf_set_copy_constructor(&#x3C;out>, &#x3C;copy_constructor>);</code></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Specify the <code>copy_constructor</code> used to copy construct any dynamic data set on the output port <code>out</code> if the receiving port is $mutable$.</p>\n<p><code>lf_set</code> (and <code>lf_set_token</code>) will overwrite any output value previously set at the same logical time and will cause the final output value to be sent to all reactors connected to the output. They also set a local <code>&#x3C;out>->is_present</code> variable to true. This can be used to subsequently test whether the output value has been set.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>In the body of a reaction in the C++ target, the value of an input is obtained using the syntax <code>*name.get()</code>, where <code>name</code> is the name of the input port. Similarly, outputs are set using a <code>set()</code> method on an output port. For examples, see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs\">Inputs and Outputs</a>.</p>\n<p>Note that <code>get()</code> always returns a pointer to the actual value. Thus the pointer needs to be dereferenced with <code>*</code> to obtain the value. (See <a href=\"#sending-and-receiving-large-data-types\">Sending and Receiving Large Data Types</a> for an explanation of the exact mechanisms behind this pointer access).\nTo determine whether an input is present, <code>name.is_present()</code> can be used. Since <code>get()</code> returns a <code>nullptr</code> if no value is present, <code>name.get() != nullptr</code> can be used alternatively for checking presence.</p>\n<h3 id=\"sending-and-receiving-large-data-types\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#sending-and-receiving-large-data-types\" aria-label=\"sending and receiving large data types permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Sending and Receiving Large Data Types</h3>\n<p>You can define your own data types in C++ or use types defined in a library and send and receive those. Consider the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/StructAsType.lf\">StructAsType</a> example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">public</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-head-struct-cpp storage-type-struct-cpp\">struct</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp entity-name-type-struct-cpp\">Hello</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-head-struct-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-struct-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">string name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\"> value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp meta-body-struct-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-struct-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-struct-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">StructAsType</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-type-lflang\">Hello</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    Hello hello</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Earth, 42};</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">    out.set(hello);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">  =}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The $public$ $preamble$ code defines a struct data type. In the reaction to $startup$, the reactor creates an instance of this struct on the stack (as a local variable named <code>hello</code>) and then copies that instance to the output using the <code>set()</code> method. For this reason, the C++ reactor runtime provides more sophisticated ways to allocate objects and send them via ports.</p>\n<p>The C++ library defines two types of smart pointers that the runtime uses internally to implement the exchange of data between ports. These are <code>reactor::MutableValuePtr&#x3C;T></code> and <code>reactor::ImmutableValuePtr&#x3C;T></code>. <code>reactor::MutableValuePtr&#x3C;T></code> is a wrapper around <a href=\"https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/unique_ptr\"><code>std::unique_ptr</code></a> and provides read and write access to the value hold, while ensuring that the value has a unique owner. In contrast, <code>reactor::ImmutableValuePtr&#x3C;T></code> is a wrapper around <a href=\"https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/shared_ptr\"><code>std::shared_pointer</code></a> and provides read only (const) access to the value it holds. This allows data to be shared between reactions of various reactors, while guarantee data consistency. Similar to <code>std::make_unique</code> and <code>std::make_shared</code>, the reactor library provides convenient function for creating mutable and immutable values pointers: <code>reactor::make_mutable_value&#x3C;T>(...)</code> and <code>reactor::make_immutable_value&#x3C;T>(...)</code>.</p>\n<p>In fact this code from the example above:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cpp\"><span class=\"source-cpp\">    Hello hello</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Earth, 42</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">hello</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>implicitly invokes <code>reactor::make_immutable_value&#x3C;Hello>(hello)</code> and could be rewritten as</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cpp\"><span class=\"source-cpp\">    Hello hello</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Earth, 42</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">make_immutable_value</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp punctuation-section-angle-brackets-begin-template-call-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp entity-name-type-cpp\">Hello</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp punctuation-section-angle-brackets-end-template-call-cpp\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">hello</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will invoke the copy constructor of <code>Hello</code>, copying its content from the <code>hello</code> instance to the newly created <code>reactor::ImmutableValuePtr&#x3C;Hello></code>.</p>\n<p>Since copying large objects is inefficient, the move semantics of C++ can be used to move the ownership of object instead of copying it. This can be done in the following two ways. First, by directly creating a mutable or immutable value pointer, where a mutable pointer allows modification of the object after it has been created:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cpp\"><span class=\"source-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> hello </span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">make_mutable_value</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp punctuation-section-angle-brackets-begin-template-call-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp entity-name-type-cpp\">Hello</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp punctuation-section-angle-brackets-end-template-call-cpp\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Earth</span><span class=\"source-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">hello</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">name</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Mars</span><span class=\"source-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">move</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">hello</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>An example of this can be found in <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/StructPrint.lf\">StructPrint.lf</a>. Not that after the call to <code>std::move</code>, hello is <code>nullptr</code> and the reaction cannot modify the object anymore. Alternatively, if no modification is requires, the object can be instantiated directly in the call to <code>set()</code> as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cpp\"><span class=\"source-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">{</span><span class=\"source-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Earth</span><span class=\"source-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">}</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>An example of this can be found in <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/StructAsTypeDirect.lf\">StructAsTypeDirect</a>.</p>\n<p>Getting a value from an input port of type <code>T</code> via <code>get()</code> always returns an <code>reactor::ImmutableValuePtr&#x3C;T></code>. This ensures that the value cannot be modified by multiple reactors receiving the same value, as this could lead to an inconsistent state and nondeterminism in a multi-threaded execution. An immutable value pointer can be converted to a mutable pointer by calling <code>get_mutable_copy</code>. For instance, the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/ArrayScale.lf\">ArrayScale</a> reactor modifies elements of the array it receives before sending it to the next reactor:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Scale</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(scale:int </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> array </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get_mutable_copy</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-for-cpp\">for</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">size</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-begin-bracket-square\">[</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access\">i</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp meta-bracket-square-access punctuation-definition-end-bracket-square\">]</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> scale</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">move</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">array</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Currently <code>get_mutable_copy()</code> always copies the contained value to safely create a mutable pointer. However, a future implementation could optimize this by checking if any other reaction is accessing the same value. If not, the value can simply be moved from the immutable pointer to a mutable one.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>In the body of a reaction in the Python target, the value of an input is\nobtained using the syntax <code>name.value</code>, where <code>name</code> is the name of the input\nport. To determine whether an input is present, use <code>name.is_present</code>. To\nproduce an output, use the syntax <code>name.set(value)</code>. The <code>value</code> can be any\nvalid Python object. For simple examples, see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs\">Inputs and\nOutputs</a>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"sending-and-receiving-objects\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#sending-and-receiving-objects\" aria-label=\"sending and receiving objects permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Sending and Receiving Objects</h3>\n<p>You can define your own data types in Python and send and receive those. Consider the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Python/src/StructAsType.lf\">StructAsType</a> example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  files</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang storage-type-lflang\">include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">/</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">hello</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-other-lflang\">py</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> hello</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">temp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">hello</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">hello</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Earth</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">temp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The top-level preamble has imported the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Python/src/include/hello.py\">hello</a> module, which contains the following class:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-python\"><span class=\"source-python meta-class-python storage-type-class-python\">class</span><span class=\"source-python meta-class-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-class-python entity-name-type-class-python\">hello</span><span class=\"source-python meta-class-python punctuation-section-class-begin-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-python meta-function-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python storage-type-function-python\">def</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python support-function-magic-python\">__init__</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-definition-parameters-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python variable-parameter-function-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-separator-parameters-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python\">name</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python keyword-operator-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-separator-parameters-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python keyword-operator-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-definition-parameters-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python punctuation-section-function-begin-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">name</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">name</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">value</span>\n</pre>\n<p>In the reaction to <strong>startup</strong>, the reactor has created an instance object of this class (as local variable named <code>temp</code>) and passed it downstream using the <code>set</code> method on output port <code>out</code>.</p>\n<p>The <code>set</code> method is defined as follows:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>&#x3C;port>.set(&#x3C;value>)</code>: Set the specified output port (or input of a contained\nreactor) to the specified value. This value can be any Python object\n(including <code>None</code> and objects of type <code>Any</code>). The value is\ncopied and therefore the variable carrying the value can be subsequently\nmodified without changing the output.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>A reactor receiving the class object message can subsequently access the object\nusing <code>&#x3C;port>.value</code>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Print</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(expected(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">_in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(_in) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Received: name = </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python storage-type-format-python\">:s</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">, value = </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python storage-type-format-python\">:d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python meta-format-brace-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python constant-character-escape-python\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">format</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">_in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">                                                         </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">_in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p><strong>Note:</strong> The <code>hello</code> module has been imported using a top-level preamble, therefore, the contents of the module are available to all reactors defined in the current Lingua Franca file (a similar situation arises if the <code>hello</code> class itself was in the top-level preamble).</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>In the TypeScript target, all <a href=\"https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/basic-types.html\">TypeScript types</a> are generally acceptable for inputs and outputs with one notable exception:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>undefined</code> is not a valid type for an input, output, or action. This is because <code>undefined</code> is used to designate the absence of an input, output, or action during a reaction.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>As with parameters and state variables, custom types (and classes) must be defined in the <a href=\"#preamble\">preamble</a> before they may be used.</p>\n<p><strong>To benefit from type checking, you should declare types for your reactor elements.</strong> If a type isn’t declared for an input, output, or action, it is assigned the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-ts\">reactor-ts</a> type <code>Present</code> which is defined as</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">export type Present </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> (number | string | boolean | symbol | object | null);</span>\n</pre>\n<p>In the body of a reaction in the TypeScript target, inputs are simply referred to by name. An input of type <code>t</code> is available within the body of a reaction as a local variable of type <code>t | undefined</code>. To determine whether an input is present, test the value of the input against <code>undefined</code>. An <code>undefined</code> input is not present.</p>\n<p><strong>WARNING</strong> Be sure to use the <code>===</code> or <code>!==</code> operator and not <code>==</code> or <code>!=</code> to test against <code>undefined</code>. In JavaScript/TypeScript the comparison <code>undefined == null</code> yields the value <code>true</code>. It may also be tempting to rely upon the falsy evaluation of <code>undefined</code> within an <code>if</code> statement, but this may introduce bugs. For example a reaction that tests the presence of input <code>x</code> with <code>if (x) { ... }</code> will not correctly identify potentially valid present values such as <code>0</code>, <code>false</code>, or <code>\"\"</code>.</p>\n<p>For example, the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/TypeScript/src/Determinism.lf\">Determinism.lf</a> test case includes the following reactor:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Destination</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x, y) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-undefined-ts\">undefined</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-undefined-ts\">undefined</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">requestErrorStop</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">FAILURE: Expected 2.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The reaction refers to the inputs <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> by name and tests for their presence by testing <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> against <code>undefined</code>. If a reaction is triggered by just one input, then normally it is not necessary to test for its presence. It will always be present. However TypeScript’s type system is not smart enough to know such an input will never have type <code>undefined</code> if there’s no test against <code>undefined</code> within the reaction. An explicit type annotation (for example <code>x = x as t;</code> where <code>t</code> is the type of the input) may be necessary to avoid type errors from the compiler. In the above example, there are two triggers, so the reaction has no assurance that both will be present.</p>\n<p>Inputs declared in the <strong>uses</strong> part of the reaction do not trigger the reaction. Consider this modification of the above reaction:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) y </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-control-as-ts\">as</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-undefined-ts\">undefined</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>It is no longer necessary to test for the presence of <code>x</code> because that is the only trigger. The input <code>y</code>, however, may or may not be present at the logical time that this reaction is triggered. Hence, the code must test for its presence.</p>\n<p>The <strong>effects</strong> portion of the reaction specification can include outputs and actions. Actions will be described below. Like inputs, an output of type <code>t</code> is available within the body of a reaction as a local variable of type <code>t | undefined</code>. The local variable for each output is initialized to the output’s current value. Outputs are set by assigning a (non-<code>undefined</code>) value to its local variable (no changes will be made to an output if it has the value <code>undefined</code> at the end of a reaction). Whatever value an output’s local variable has at the end of the reaction will be set to that output. If an output’s local variable has the value <code>undefined</code> at the end of the reaction, that output will not be set and connected downstream inputs will be absent. For example, we can further modify the above example as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">z</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) y </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> z </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-control-as-ts\">as</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-undefined-ts\">undefined</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">y</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">z</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">sum</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>If an output gets set more than once at any logical time, downstream reactors will see only the <em>final</em> value that is set. Since the order in which reactions of a reactor are invoked at a logical time is deterministic, and whether inputs are present depends only on their timestamps, the final value set for an output will also be deterministic.</p>\n<p>An output may even be set in different reactions of the same reactor at the same logical time. In this case, one reaction may wish to test whether the previously invoked reaction has set the output. It can do that using a <code>!== undefined</code> test for that output. For example, the following reactor will always produce the output 42:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestForPreviousOutput</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-constant-math-ts\">Math</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-math-ts\">random</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-relational-ts\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts meta-delimiter-decimal-period-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">5</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">21</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">previous_output</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">previous_output</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">previous_output</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">else</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The first reaction may or may not set the output to 21. The second reaction doubles the output if it has been previously produced and otherwise produces 42.</p>\n<h3 id=\"sending-and-receiving-custom-types\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#sending-and-receiving-custom-types\" aria-label=\"sending and receiving custom types permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Sending and Receiving Custom Types</h3>\n<p>You can define your own data types in TypeScript and send and receive those. Consider the following example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">CustomType</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-type-declaration-ts storage-type-type-ts\">type</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-type-declaration-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-type-declaration-ts entity-name-type-alias-ts\">custom</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-type-declaration-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-type-declaration-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-type-declaration-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-type-declaration-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-type-declaration-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-type-declaration-ts keyword-operator-type-ts\">|</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-type-declaration-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-type-declaration-ts support-type-builtin-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">custom</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The $preamble$ code defines a custom union type of <code>string</code> and <code>null</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>Inputs and outputs in the Rust target are accessed using the <code>set</code> and <code>get</code> methods of the <code>ctx</code> objects, as shown in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/inputs-and-outputs\">Inputs and Outputs</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"time\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#time\" aria-label=\"time permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Time</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>In the C target, the value of a time instant or interval is an integer specifying a number of nanoseconds. An instant is the number of nanoseconds that have elapsed since January 1, 1970. An interval is the difference between two instants. When an LF program starts executing, logical time is (normally) set to the instant provided by the operating system. (On some embedded platforms without real-time clocks, it will be set instead to zero.)</p>\n<p>Time in the C target is a <code>int64_t</code>, which is a 64-bit signed number. Since a 64-bit number has a limited range, this measure of time instants will overflow in approximately the year 2262. For better code clarity, two types are defined in <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-c/blob/main/include/core/tag.h\">tag.h</a>, <code>instant_t</code> and <code>interval_t</code>, which you can use for time instants and intervals respectively. These are both equivalent to <code>int64_t</code>, but using those types will insulate your code against changes and platform-specific customizations.</p>\n<p>Lingua Franca uses a superdense model of time. A reaction is invoked at a logical <strong>tag</strong>, a struct consisting of a <code>time</code> value (an <code>instant_t</code>, which is a <code>int64_t</code>) and a <code>microstep</code> value (a <code>microstep_t</code>, which is an <code>uint32_t</code>). The tag is guaranteed to not increase during the execution of a reaction. Outputs produced by a reaction have the same tag as the inputs, actions, or timers that trigger the reaction, and hence are <strong>logically simultaneous</strong>.</p>\n<p>The time structs and functions for working with time are defined in <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-c/blob/main/include/core/tag.h\">tag.h</a>. The most useful functions are:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>tag_t lf_tag()</code>: Get the current tag at which this reaction has been invoked.</li>\n<li><code>int lf_tag_compare(tag_t, tag_t)</code>: Compare two tags, returning -1, 0, or 1 for less than, equal, and greater than.</li>\n<li><code>instant_t lf_time_logical()</code>: Get the current logical time (the first part of the current tag).</li>\n<li><code>interval_t lf_time_logical_elapsed()</code>: Get the logical time elapsed since program start.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>There are also some useful functions for accessing physical time:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>instant_t lf_time_physical()</code>: Get the current physical time.</li>\n<li><code>instant_t lf_time_physical_elapsed()</code>: Get the physical time elapsed since program start.</li>\n<li><code>instant_t lf_time_start()</code>: Get the starting physical and logical time.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The last of these is both a physical and logical time because, at the start of execution, the starting logical time is set equal to the current physical time as measured by a local clock.</p>\n<p>A reaction can examine the current logical time (which is constant during the execution of the reaction). For example, consider the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/GetTime.lf\">GetTime</a> example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">instant_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> logical </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%ld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>When executed, you will get something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Start execution at time Sun Oct 13 10:18:36 2019\nplus 353609000 nanoseconds.\nLogical time is 1570987116353609000.\nLogical time is 1570987117353609000.\nLogical time is 1570987118353609000.\n...</pre>\n<p>The first two lines give the current time-of-day provided by the execution platform at the start of execution. This is used to initialize logical time. Subsequent values of logical time are printed out in their raw form, rather than the friendlier form in the first two lines. If you look closely, you will see that each number is one second larger than the previous number, where one second is 1000000000 nanoseconds.</p>\n<p>You can also obtain the <em>elapsed</em> logical time since the start of execution:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">interval_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Elapsed logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%ld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Start execution at time Sun Oct 13 10:25:22 2019\nplus 833273000 nanoseconds.\nElapsed logical time is 0.\nElapsed logical time is 1000000000.\nElapsed logical time is 2000000000.\n...</pre>\n<p>You can also get physical time, which comes from your platform’s real-time clock:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">instant_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> physical </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Physical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%ld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Start execution at time Sun Oct 13 10:35:59 2019\nplus 984992000 nanoseconds.\nPhysical time is 1570988159986108000.\nPhysical time is 1570988160990219000.\nPhysical time is 1570988161990067000.\n...</pre>\n<p>Finally, you can get elapsed physical time:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">instant_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_physical </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_physical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Elapsed physical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%ld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Elapsed physical time is 657000.\nElapsed physical time is 1001856000.\nElapsed physical time is 2004761000.\n...</pre>\n<p>Notice that these numbers are increasing by <em>roughly</em> one second each time. If you set the <code>fast</code> target parameter to <code>true</code>, then logical time will elapse much faster than physical time.</p>\n<p>Working with nanoseconds in C code can be tedious if you are interested in longer durations. For convenience, a set of macros are available to the C programmer to convert time units into the required nanoseconds. For example, you can specify 200 msec in C code as <code>MSEC(200)</code> or two weeks as <code>WEEKS(2)</code>. The provided macros are <code>NSEC</code>, <code>USEC</code> (for microseconds), <code>MSEC</code>, <code>SEC</code>, <code>MINUTE</code>, <code>HOUR</code>, <code>DAY</code>, and <code>WEEK</code>. You may also use the plural of any of these. Examples are given in the next section.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>Timers are specified exactly as in the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers\">Time and Timers</a>. When working with time in the C++ code body of a reaction, however, you will need to know a bit about its internal representation.</p>\n<p>The reactor-cpp library uses <a href=\"https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono\"><code>std::chrono</code></a> for representing time. Specifically, the library defines two types for representing durations and timepoints: <code>reactor::Duration</code> and <code>reactor::TimePoint</code>. <code>reactor::Duration</code> is an alias for <a href=\"https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/duration\"><code>std::chrono::nanosecods</code></a>. <code>reactor::TimePoint</code> is alias for <a href=\"https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/time_point\"><code>std::chrono::time_point&#x3C;std::chrono::system_clock, std::chrono::nanoseconds></code></a>. As you can see from these definitions, the smallest time step that can be represented is one nanosecond. Note that <code>reactor::TimePoint</code> describes a specific point in time and is associated with a specific clock, whereas <code>reactor::Duration</code> defines a time interval between two time points.</p>\n<p>Lingua Franca uses a superdense model of logical time. A reaction is invoked at a logical <strong>tag</strong>. In the C++ library, a tag is represented by the class <code>reactor::Tag</code>. In essence, this class is a tuple of a <code>reactor::TimePoint</code> representing a specific point in logical time and a microstep value (of type <code>reactor::mstep_t</code>, which is an alias for <code>unsigned long</code>). <code>reactor::Tag</code> provides two methods for getting the time point or the microstep:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cpp\"><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp storage-modifier-const-cpp\">const</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp entity-name-type-cpp\">TimePoint</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp storage-modifier-reference-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp entity-name-function-definition-cpp\">time_point</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp storage-modifier-specifier-functional-post-parameters-const-cpp\">const</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp storage-modifier-const-cpp\">const</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">mstep_t</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp storage-modifier-reference-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp entity-name-function-definition-cpp\">micro_step</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp punctuation-section-parameters-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp meta-function-definition-cpp meta-head-function-definition-cpp storage-modifier-specifier-functional-post-parameters-const-cpp\">const</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The C++ code in reaction bodies has access to library functions that allow to retrieve the current logical or physical time:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>TimePoint get_physical_time()</code>: Get the current physical time.</li>\n<li><code>TimePoint get_logcial_time()</code>: Get the current logical time.</li>\n<li><code>Duration get_elapsed_physical_time()</code>: Get the physical time elapsed since program start.</li>\n<li><code>Duration get_elapsed_logical_time()</code>: Get the logical time elapsed since program start.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>A reaction can examine the current logical time (which is constant during the execution of the reaction). For example, consider the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/GetTime.lf\">GetTime</a> example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> logical </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> logical </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Note that the <code>&#x3C;&#x3C;</code> operator is overloaded for both <code>reactor::TimePoint</code> and <code>reactor::Duration</code> and will print the time information accordingly.</p>\n<p>When executing the above program, you will see something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">[INFO]  Starting the execution\nLogical time is 2021-05-19 14:06:09.496828396\nLogical time is 2021-05-19 14:06:10.496828396\nLogical time is 2021-05-19 14:06:11.496828396\nLogical time is 2021-05-19 14:06:11.496828396\n...</pre>\n<p>If you look closely, you will see that each printed logical time is one second larger than the previous one.</p>\n<p>You can also obtain the <em>elapsed</em> logical time since the start of execution:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Elapsed logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">In seconds: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">chrono</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">duration_cast</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp punctuation-section-angle-brackets-begin-template-call-cpp\">&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-template-call-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-template-call-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-template-call-cpp\">chrono</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-template-call-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-qualified_type-cpp entity-name-type-cpp\">seconds</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-template-call-cpp meta-template-call-cpp punctuation-section-angle-brackets-end-template-call-cpp\">&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Using <code>std::chrono</code> it is also possible to convert between time units and directly print the number of elapsed seconds as seen above. The resulting output of this program will be:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">[INFO]  Starting the execution\nElapsed logical time is 0 nsecs\nIn seconds: 0 secs\nElapsed logical time is 1000000000 nsecs\nIn seconds: 1 secs\nElapsed logical time is 2000000000 nsecs\nIn seconds: 2 secs\n...</pre>\n<p>You can also get physical and elapsed physical time:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> logical </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> physical </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_physical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_physical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Physical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> physical </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Elapsed physical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Time lag is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> physical </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> logical </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Notice that the physical times are increasing by <em>roughly</em> one second in each reaction. The output also shows the lag between physical and logical time. If you set the <code>fast</code> target parameter to <code>true</code>, then physical time will elapse much faster than logical time. The above program will produce something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">[INFO]  Starting the execution\nPhysical time is 2021-05-19 14:25:18.070523014\nElapsed physical time is 2601601 nsecs\nTime lag is 2598229 nsecs\nPhysical time is 2021-05-19 14:25:19.068038275\nElapsed physical time is 1000113888 nsecs\nTime lag is 113490 nsecs\n[INFO]  Physical time is Terminating the execution\n2021-05-19 14:25:20.068153026\nElapsed physical time is 2000228689 nsecs\nTime lag is 228241 nsecs</pre>\n<p>For specifying time durations in code <a href=\"https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/header/chrono\">chrono</a> provides convenient literal operators in <code>std::chrono_literals</code>. This namespace is automatically included for all reaction bodies. Thus, we can simply write:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cpp\"><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">us</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">ms</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">3</span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>which prints:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">42 usecs\n1 msecs\n3 secs</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>Timers are specified exactly as in the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers\">Time and Timers</a>. When working with time in the Python code body of a reaction, however, you will need to know a bit about its internal representation.</p>\n<p>In the Python target, similar to the C target, the value of a time instant or\ninterval is an integer specifying a number of nanoseconds. An instant is the\nnumber of nanoseconds that have elapsed since January 1, 1970. An interval is\nthe difference between two instants.</p>\n<p>The functions for working with time and tags are:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>lf.tag() -> Tag</code>: Returns a Tag instance of the current tag at which this reaction has been invoked.</li>\n<li><code>lf.tag_compare(Tag, Tag) -> int</code>: Compare two <code>Tag</code> instances, returning -1, 0, or 1 for less than, equal, and greater than. <code>Tag</code>s can also be compared using rich comparators (ex. <code>&#x3C;</code>, <code>></code>, <code>==</code>), which returns <code>True</code> or <code>False</code>.</li>\n<li><code>lf.time.logical() -> int</code>: Get the current logical time (the first part of the current tag).</li>\n<li><code>lf.time.logical_elapsed() -> int</code>: Get the logical time elapsed since program start.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><code>Tag</code>s can be initialized using <code>Tag(time=some_number, microstep=some_other_number)</code>.</p>\n<p>There are also some useful functions for accessing physical time:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>lf.time.physical() -> int</code>: Get the current physical time.</li>\n<li><code>lf.time.physical_elapsed() -> int</code>: Get the physical time elapsed since program start.</li>\n<li><code>lf.time.start() -> int</code>: Get the starting physical and logical time.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The last of these is both a physical and a logical time because, at the start of execution, the starting logical time is set equal to the current physical time as measured by a local clock.</p>\n<p>A reaction can examine the current logical time (which is constant during the execution of the reaction). For example, consider the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Python/src/GetTime.lf\">GetTime.lf</a> example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>When executed, you will get something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">---- Start execution at time Thu Nov  5 08:51:02 2020\n---- plus 864237900 nanoseconds.\nLogical time is  1604587862864237900\nLogical time is  1604587863864237900\nLogical time is  1604587864864237900\n...</pre>\n<p>The first two lines give the current time-of-day provided by the execution platform at the start of execution. This is used to initialize logical time. Subsequent values of logical time are printed out in their raw form, rather than the friendlier form in the first two lines. If you look closely, you will see that each number is one second larger than the previous number, where one second is 1000000000 nanoseconds.</p>\n<p>You can also obtain the <em>elapsed</em> logical time since the start of execution:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Elapsed logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">---- Start execution at time Thu Nov  5 08:51:02 2020\n---- plus 864237900 nanoseconds.\nElapsed logical time is  0\nElapsed logical time is  1000000000\nElapsed logical time is  2000000000\n...</pre>\n<p>You can also get physical time, which comes from your platform’s real-time clock:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Physical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">---- Start execution at time Thu Nov  5 08:51:02 2020\n---- plus 864237900 nanoseconds.\nPhysical time is  1604587862864343500\nPhysical time is  1604587863864401900\nPhysical time is  1604587864864395200\n...</pre>\n<p>Finally, you can get elapsed physical time:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">elapsed_physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">physical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Elapsed physical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">elapsed_physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">---- Start execution at time Thu Nov  5 08:51:02 2020\n---- plus 864237900 nanoseconds.\nElapsed physical time is  110200\nElapsed physical time is  1000185400\nElapsed physical time is  2000178600\n...</pre>\n<p>Notice that these numbers are increasing by roughly one second each time. If you set the <code>fast</code> target parameter to <code>true</code>, then logical time will elapse much faster than physical time.</p>\n<p>Working with nanoseconds in the Python code can be tedious if you are interested in longer durations. For convenience, a set of functions are available to the Python programmer to convert time units into the required nanoseconds. For example, you can specify 200 msec in Python code as <code>MSEC(200)</code> or two weeks as <code>WEEKS(2)</code>. The provided functions are <code>NSEC</code>, <code>USEC</code> (for microseconds), <code>MSEC</code>, <code>SEC</code>, <code>MINUTE</code>, <code>HOUR</code>, <code>DAY</code>, and <code>WEEK</code>. You may also use the plural of any of these. Examples are given in the next section.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>See <a href=\"#summary-of-time-functions\">Summary of Time Functions</a> and <a href=\"#utility-function-reference\">Utility Function Reference</a> for a quick API reference.</p>\n<p>Timers are specified exactly as in the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers\">Time and Timers</a> section. When working with time in the TypeScript code body of a reaction, however, you will need to know a bit about its internal representation.</p>\n<p>A <code>TimeValue</code> is an class defined in the TypeScript target library file <code>time.ts</code> to represent a time instant or interval. For your convenience <code>TimeValue</code> and other classes from the <code>time.ts</code> library mentioned in these instructions are automatically imported into scope of your reactions. An instant is the number of nanoseconds that have elapsed since January 1, 1970. An interval is the difference between two instants. When an LF program starts executing, logical time is (normally) set to the instant provided by the operating system. (On some embedded platforms without real-time clocks, it will be set instead to zero.)</p>\n<p>Internally a <code>TimeValue</code> uses two numbers to represent the time. To prevent overflow (which would occur for time intervals spanning more than 0.29 years if a single JavaScript number, which has 2^53 bits of precision, were to be used), we use <em>two</em> numbers to store a time value. The first number denotes the number of whole seconds in the interval or instant; the second number denotes the remaining number of nanoseconds in the interval or instant. The first number represents the number of seconds, the second number represents the number of nanoseconds. These fields are not accessible to the programmer, instead <code>TimeValue</code>s may be manipulated by an <a href=\"#summary-of-time-functions\">API</a> with functions for addition, subtraction, and comparison.</p>\n<p>A reaction can examine the current logical time (which is constant during the execution of the reaction). For example, consider:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts entity-name-type-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getCurrentLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>When executed, you will get something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Logical time is (1584666585 secs; 805146880 nsecs).\nLogical time is (1584666586 secs; 805146880 nsecs).\nLogical time is (1584666587 secs; 805146880 nsecs).\n...</pre>\n<p>Subsequent values of logical time are printed out in their raw form, of seconds and nanoseconds. If you look closely, you will see that each number is one second larger than the previous number.</p>\n<p>You can also obtain the <em>elapsed</em> logical time since the start of execution, rather than exact logical time:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts entity-name-type-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getElapsedLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Logical time is (0 secs; 0 nsecs).\nLogical time is (1 secs; 0 nsecs).\nLogical time is (2 secs; 0 nsecs).\n...</pre>\n<p>You can get physical time, which comes from your platform’s real-time clock:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts entity-name-type-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getCurrentPhysicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Physical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Physical time is (1584666801 secs; 644171008 nsecs).\nPhysical time is (1584666802 secs; 642269952 nsecs).\nPhysical time is (1584666803 secs; 642278912 nsecs).\n...</pre>\n<p>Notice that these numbers are increasing by <em>roughly</em> one second each time.</p>\n<p>You can also get <em>elapsed</em> physical time from the start of execution:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts entity-name-type-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getElapsedPhysicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Physical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">physical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce something like:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Physical time is (0 secs; 2260992 nsecs).\nPhysical time is (1 secs; 166912 nsecs).\nPhysical time is (2 secs; 136960 nsecs).\n...</pre>\n<p>You can create a <code>TimeValue</code> yourself with the <code>UnitBasedTimeValue</code> class. <code>UnitBasedTimeValue</code> is a subclass of <code>TimeValue</code> and can be used wherever you could also use a <code>TimeValue</code> directly obtained from one of the <code>util</code> functions. A <code>UnitBasedTimeValue</code> is constructed with a whole number and a <code>TimeUnit</code>. A <code>TimeUnit</code> is an enum from the <code>time.ts</code> library with convenient labels for common time units. These are nsec, usec, msec, sec (or secs), minute (or minutes), hour (or hours), day (or days), and week (or weeks).</p>\n<p>This reactor has an example of a UnitBasedTimeValue.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">myTimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts entity-name-type-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts new-expr-ts keyword-operator-new-ts\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts new-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts new-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">UnitBasedTimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts new-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts new-expr-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts new-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts new-expr-ts variable-other-object-ts\">TimeUnit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts new-expr-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts new-expr-ts variable-other-property-ts\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts entity-name-type-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getCurrentLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">My custom time value is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">myTimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">My custom time value is 200 msec.\nMy custom time value is 200 msec.\nMy custom time value is 200 msec.\n...</pre>\n<h3 id=\"tags\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#tags\" aria-label=\"tags permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Tags</h3>\n<p>The TypeScript target provides a utility to get the current <code>Tag</code> of a reaction. Recall that time in Lingua Franca is superdense and each <code>TimeValue </code>is paired with an integer “microstep” index to track the number of iterations at a particular <code>TimeValue</code>. A <code>Tag</code> is this combination of a TimeValue and a “microstep”. The <code>time.ts</code> library provides functions for adding, subtracting, and comparing <code>Tag</code>s.</p>\n<p>You can get the current <code>Tag</code> in your reactions. This example illustrates tags with a <a href=\"#zero-delay-actions\">Zero-Delay Action</a>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">GetTime</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">superdense</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts entity-name-type-ts\">Tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getCurrentTag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">First iteration - the tag is: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">superdense</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">superdense</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts entity-name-type-ts\">Tag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getCurrentTag</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">timePart</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts entity-name-type-ts\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-object-ts\">superdense</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-property-ts\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">microstepPart</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-object-ts\">superdense</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-property-ts\">microstep</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Second iteration - the time part of the tag is:  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">timePart</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Second iteration - the microstep part of the tag is:  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">microstepPart</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will produce:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">First iteration - the tag is: ((1584669987 secs; 740464896 nsecs), 0).\nSecond iteration - the time part of the tag is:  (1584669987 secs; 740464896 nsecs).\nSecond iteration - the microstep part of the tag is:  1.\nFirst iteration - the tag is: ((1584669988 secs; 740464896 nsecs), 0).\nSecond iteration - the time part of the tag is:  (1584669988 secs; 740464896 nsecs).\nSecond iteration - the microstep part of the tag is:  1.\nFirst iteration - the tag is: ((1584669989 secs; 740464896 nsecs), 0).\nSecond iteration - the time part of the tag is:  (1584669989 secs; 740464896 nsecs).\nSecond iteration - the microstep part of the tag is:  1.\n...</pre>\n<p>The first reaction prints the “First iteration” part of the output at microstep 0. The second reaction occurs one microstep later (explained in <a href=\"#scheduling-delayed-reactions\">Scheduling Delayed Reactions</a>) and illustrates how to split a <code>Tag</code> into its constituent <code>TimeValue</code> and microstep.</p>\n<h3 id=\"summary-of-time-functions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#summary-of-time-functions\" aria-label=\"summary of time functions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Summary of Time Functions</h3>\n<p>See <a href=\"#timed-behavior\">Time</a>. These time functions are defined in the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-ts/blob/master/src/core/time.ts\">time.ts</a> library of <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-ts\">reactor-ts</a>.</p>\n<p><code>UnitBasedTimeValue(value: number, unit:TimeUnit)</code> Constructor for <code>UnitBasedTimeValue</code>, a programmer-friendly subclass of TimeValue. Use a number and a <code>TimeUnit</code> enum.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-ts\"><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts storage-type-enum-ts\">enum</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts entity-name-type-enum-ts\">TimeUnit</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">nsec</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">usec</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">msec</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">sec</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">secs</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">minute</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">minutes</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">hour</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">hours</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">day</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">days</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">week</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts variable-other-enummember-ts\">weeks</span><span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-ts meta-enum-declaration-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p><code>TimeValue.add(other: TimeValue): TimeValue</code> Adds <code>this</code> to <code>other</code>.</p>\n<p><code>TimeValue.subtract(other: TimeValue): TimeValue</code> Subtracts <code>other</code> from <code>this</code>. A negative result is an error.</p>\n<p><code>TimeValue.difference(other: TimeValue): TimeValue</code> Obtain absolute value of <code>other</code> minus <code>this</code>.</p>\n<p><code>TimeValue.isEqualTo(other: TimeValue): boolean</code> Returns true if <code>this</code> and <code>other</code> represents the same TimeValue. Otherwise false.</p>\n<p><code>TimeValue.isZero(): boolean</code> Returns true if <code>this</code> represents a 0 TimeValue.</p>\n<p><code>TimeValue.isEarlierThan(other: TimeValue): boolean</code> Returns true if <code>this</code> &#x3C; <code>other</code>. Otherwise false.</p>\n<p><code>Tag.isSmallerThan(other: Tag): boolean</code> Returns true if <code>this</code> &#x3C; <code>other</code>. Otherwise false.</p>\n<p><code>Tag.isSimultaneousWith(other: Tag): boolean</code> Returns true if <code>this</code> and <code>other</code> represents the same Tag. Otherwise false.</p>\n<p><code>Tag.getLaterTag(delay: TimeValue): Tag</code> Returns a tag with the time part of this TimeValue incremented by delay.</p>\n<p><code>Tag.getMicroStepLater(): Tag</code> Returns a tag with the microstep part of this TimeValue incremented by 1.</p>\n<p><code>getTimeDifference(other: Tag): TimeValue</code> Returns a TimeValue that represents the absolute (i.e., positive) time difference between <code>this</code> and <code>other</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p><span class=\"warning\">FIXME: details needed here on time in Rust.</span></p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"actions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#actions\" aria-label=\"actions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Actions</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>Actions are described in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions\">Actions</a>. If an action is declared with a data type, then it can carry a <strong>value</strong>, a data value that becomes available to any reaction triggered by the action. This is particularly useful for physical actions that are externally triggered because it enables the action to convey information to the reactor. This could be, for example, the body of an incoming network message or a numerical reading from a sensor.</p>\n<p>Recall from <a href=\"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors\">Composing Reactors</a> that the $after$ keyword on a connection between ports introduces a logical delay. This is actually implemented using a logical action. We illustrate how this is done using the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/DelayInt.lf\">DelayInt</a> example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">has_value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-logical-cpp\">&amp;&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Use specialized form of schedule for integer payloads.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule_int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Using this reactor as follows</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">source</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">sink</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span>\n</pre>\n<p>is equivalent to</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">source</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">sink</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms</span>\n</pre>\n<p>(except that our <code>Delay</code> reactor will only work with data type <code>int</code>).</p>\n<p><strong>Note:</strong> The reaction to <code>a</code> is given before the reaction to <code>in</code> above. This is important because if both inputs are present at the same tag, the first reaction must be executed before the second. Because of this reaction ordering, it is possible to create a program that has a feedback loop where the output of the <code>Delay</code> reactor propagates back to an input at the same tag. If the reactions were given in the opposite order, then such a program would result in a <strong>causality loop</strong>.</p>\n<p>In the <code>Delay</code> reactor, the action <code>a</code> is specified with a type <code>int</code>. The reaction to the input <code>in</code> declares as its effect the action <code>a</code>. This declaration makes it possible for the reaction to schedule a future triggering of <code>a</code>. The reaction uses one of several variants of the <strong>lf_schedule</strong> function, namely <strong>lf_schedule_int</strong>, a convenience function provided because integer payloads on actions are very common. We will see below, however, that payloads can have any data type.</p>\n<p>The first reaction declares that it is triggered by <code>a</code> and has effect <code>out</code>. To\nread the value, it uses the <code>a->value</code> variable. Because this reaction is first,\nthe <code>out</code> at any logical time can be produced before the input <code>in</code> is even\nknown to be present. Hence, this reactor can be used in a feedback loop, where\n<code>out</code> triggers a downstream reactor to send a message back to <code>in</code> of this same\nreactor. If the reactions were given in the opposite order, there would be a\ncausality loop and compilation would fail.</p>\n<p>If you are not sure whether an action carries a value, you can test for it as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">has_value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>It is possible to both be triggered by and schedule an action in the same\nreaction. For example, the\nfollowing <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/CountSelf.lf\">CountSelf</a>\nreactor will produce a counting sequence after it is triggered the first time:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">CountSelf</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a, out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule_int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a, out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule_int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Of course, to produce a counting sequence, it would be more efficient to use a state variable.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>The C++ provides a simple interface for scheduling actions via a <code>schedule()</code> method. Actions are described in the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions\">Actions</a> document. Consider the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/Schedule.lf\">Schedule</a> reactor:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">void</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">ms</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">elapsed_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> after start</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>When this reactor receives an input <code>x</code>, it calls <code>schedule()</code> on the action <code>a</code>, specifying a logical time offset of 200 milliseconds. The action <code>a</code> will be triggered at a logical time 200 milliseconds after the arrival of input <code>x</code>. At that logical time, the second reaction will trigger and will use the <code>get_elapsed_logical_time()</code> function to determine how much logical time has elapsed since the start of execution.</p>\n<p>Notice that after the logical time offset of 200 msec, there may be another input <code>x</code> simultaneous with the action <code>a</code>. Because the reaction to <code>a</code> is given first, it will execute first. This becomes important when such a reactor is put into a feedback loop (see below).</p>\n<p>Physical actions work exactly as described in the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions#physical-actions\">Physical Actions</a> section.</p>\n<h3 id=\"zero-delay-actions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#zero-delay-actions\" aria-label=\"zero delay actions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Zero-Delay Actions</h3>\n<p>If the specified delay in a <code>schedule()</code> is omitted or is zero, then the action <code>a</code> will be triggered one <strong>microstep</strong> later in <strong>superdense time</strong> (see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/superdense-time\">Superdense Time</a>). Hence, if the input <code>x</code> arrives at metric logical time <em>t</em>, and you call <code>schedule()</code> in one of the following ways:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-cpp\"><span class=\"source-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-cpp keyword-other-unit-user-defined-cpp\">s</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">Duration</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-function-call-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">zero</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>then when the reaction to <code>a</code> is triggered, the input <code>x</code> will be absent (it was present at the <em>previous</em> microstep). The reaction to <code>x</code> and the reaction to <code>a</code> occur at the same metric time <em>t</em>, but separated by one microstep, so these two reactions are <em>not</em> logically simultaneous.</p>\n<p>As discussed above the he metric time is visible to the programmer and can be obtained in a reaction using either <code>get_elapsed_logical_time()</code> or <code>get_logical_time()</code>.</p>\n<p>As described in the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions\">Action</a> document, action declarations can have a <em>min_delay</em> parameter. This modifies the timestamp further. Also, the action declaration may be <strong>physical</strong> rather than <strong>logical</strong>, in which case, the assigned timestamp will depend on the physical clock of the executing platform.</p>\n<h3 id=\"actions-with-values\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#actions-with-values\" aria-label=\"actions with values permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Actions With Values</h3>\n<p>If an action is declared with a data type, then it can carry a <strong>value</strong>, a data value that becomes available to any reaction triggered by the action. This is particularly useful for physical actions that are externally triggered because it enables the action to convey information to the reactor. This could be, for example, the body of an incoming network message or a numerical reading from a sensor.</p>\n<p>Recall from the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors#connections-with-logical-delays\">Composing Reactors</a> section that the <strong>after</strong> keyword on a connection between ports introduces a logical delay. This is actually implemented using a logical action. We illustrate how this is done using the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Cpp/src/DelayInt.lf\">DelayInt</a> example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">d) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> d </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Using this reactor as follows</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">source</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">sink</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span>\n</pre>\n<p>is equivalent to</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">source</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">sink</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms</span>\n</pre>\n<p>(except that our <code>Delay</code> reactor will only work with data type <code>int</code>).</p>\n<p><strong>Note:</strong> The reaction to <code>d</code> is given before the reaction to <code>in</code> above. This is important because if both inputs are present at the same tag, the first reaction must be executed before the second. Because of this reaction ordering, it is possible to create a program that has a feedback loop where the output of the <code>Delay</code> reactor propagates back to an input at the same tag. If the reactions were given in the opposite order, then such a program would result in a <strong>causality loop</strong>.</p>\n<p>The action <code>d</code> is specified with a type <code>int</code>. The reaction to the input <code>in</code> declares as its effect the action <code>d</code>. This declaration makes it possible for the reaction to schedule a future triggering of <code>d</code>. In the C++ target, actions use the same mechanism for passing data via value pointers as do ports. In the example above, the <code>reactor::ImmutablValuePtr&#x3C;int></code> derived by the call to <code>in.get()</code> is passed directly to <code>schedule()</code>. Similarly, the value can later be retrieved from the action with <code>d.get()</code> and passed to the output port.</p>\n<p>The first reaction declares that it is triggered by <code>d</code> and has effect <code>out</code>. Because this reaction is first, the <code>out</code> at any logical time can be produced before the input <code>in</code> is even known to be present. Hence, this reactor can be used in a feedback loop, where <code>out</code> triggers a downstream reactor to send a message back to <code>in</code> of this same reactor. If the reactions were given in the opposite order, there would be causality loop and compilation would fail.</p>\n<p>If you are not sure whether an action carries a value, you can test for it using <code>is_present()</code>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">d) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>It is possible to both be triggered by and schedule an action the same reaction. For example, this reactor will produce a counting sequence after it is triggered the first time:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">CountSelf</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a, out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule_int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a, out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule_int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Of course, to produce a counting sequence, it would be more efficient to use a state variable.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>Actions are described <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions\">here</a>. Actions can carry a\n<strong>value</strong>, a Python object that becomes available to any reaction triggered by\nthe action. This is particularly useful for physical actions that are externally\ntriggered because it enables the action to convey information to the reactor.\nThis could be, for example, the body of an incoming network message or a\nnumerical reading from a sensor. Note that actions do not have a data\ntype in the Python target, even when they carry a value.</p>\n<p>Recall from <a href=\"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors\">Composing Reactors</a> that the\n$after$ keyword on a connection between ports introduces a logical delay. This\nis actually implemented using a logical action. We illustrate how this is done\nusing the\n<code>Delay</code> reactor in the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Python/src/DelayInt.lf\">DelayInt</a>\nexample:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">_in</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-parenthesis-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-logical-python\">is</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-logical-python\">not</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-language-python\">None</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-parenthesis-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-logical-python\">and</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">is_present</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(_in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">_in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Using this reactor as follows</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    &lt;source_port_reference&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">_in</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">_in</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;destination_port_reference&gt;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>is equivalent to</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    &lt;source_port_reference&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;destination_port_reference&gt; </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">after</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms</span>\n</pre>\n<p>In the <code>Delay</code> reactor, the reaction to the input <code>_in</code> declares as its effect\nthe action <code>a</code>. This declaration makes it possible for the reaction to schedule\na future triggering of <code>a</code> using the\n<a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details#schedule-functions\"><code>a.schedule()</code></a>\nmethod.</p>\n<p>The first reaction declares that it is triggered by <code>a</code> and has effect <code>out</code>. To\nread the value, it uses the <code>a.value</code> syntax. Because this reaction is first,\nthe <code>out</code> at any logical time can be produced before the input <code>_in</code> is even\nknown to be present. Hence, this reactor can be used in a feedback loop, where\n<code>out</code> triggers a downstream reactor to send a message back to <code>_in</code> of this same\nreactor. If the reactions were given in the opposite order, there would be a\ncausality loop and compilation would fail.</p>\n<p>If you are not sure whether an action carries a value, you can test for it as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-parenthesis-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-logical-python\">is</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-logical-python\">not</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-language-python\">None</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-parenthesis-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>It is possible to both be triggered by and schedule an action in the same\nreaction. For example, the\nfollowing <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Python/src/CountSelf.lf\">CountSelf</a>\nreactor will produce a counting sequence after it is triggered the first time:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">CountSelf</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a, out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a, out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Of course, to produce a counting sequence, it would be more efficient to use a state variable.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>Each action listed as an <strong>effect</strong> for a reaction is available as a schedulable object in the reaction body via the <code>actions</code> object. The TypeScript target provides a special <code>actions</code> object with a property for each schedulable action. Schedulable actions (of type <code>t</code>) have the object method:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">schedule: (extraDelay: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">TimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> | </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, value?: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">T</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt; void;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The first argument can either be the literal 0 (shorthand for 0 seconds) or a <code>TimeValue</code>/<code>UnitBasedTimeValue</code>. The second argument is the value for the action. Consider the following reactor:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts keyword-operator-new-ts\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">UnitBasedTimeValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">200</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts variable-other-object-ts\">TimeUnit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts variable-other-property-ts\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts new-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">elapsedTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getElapsedLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Action triggered at logical time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">elapsedTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-arithmetic-ts\">+</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\"> after start.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>When this reactor receives an input <code>x</code>, it calls <code>schedule()</code> on the action <code>a</code>, so it will be triggered at the logical time offset (200 msec) with a null value. The action <code>a</code> will be triggered at a logical time 200 milliseconds after the arrival of input <code>x</code>. This will trigger the second reaction, which will use the <code>util.getElapsedLogicalTime()</code> function to determine how much logical time has elapsed since the start of execution. The second argument to the <code>schedule()</code> function is a <strong>value</strong>, data that can be carried by the action, which is explained below. In the above example, there is no value.</p>\n<h3 id=\"zero-delay-actions-1\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#zero-delay-actions-1\" aria-label=\"zero delay actions 1 permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Zero-Delay Actions</h3>\n<p>If the specified delay in a <code>schedule()</code> call is zero, then the action <code>a</code> will be triggered one <strong>microstep</strong> later in <strong>superdense time</strong> (see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/superdense-time\">Superdense Time</a>). Hence, if the input <code>x</code> arrives at metric logical time <em>t</em>, and you call <code>schedule()</code> as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n</pre>\n<p>then when a reaction to <code>a</code> is triggered, the input <code>x</code> will be absent (it was present at the <em>previous</em> microstep). The reaction to <code>x</code> and the reaction to <code>a</code> occur at the same metric time <em>t</em>, but separated by one microstep, so these two reactions are <em>not</em> logically simultaneous. These reactions execute with different <a href=\"#tags\">Tags</a>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"actions-with-values-1\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#actions-with-values-1\" aria-label=\"actions with values 1 permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Actions With Values</h3>\n<p>If an action is declared with a data type, then it can carry a <strong>value</strong>, a data value that becomes available to any reaction triggered by the action. The most common use of this is to implement a logical delay, where a value provided at an input is produced on an output with a larger logical timestamp. To accomplish that, it is much easier to use the <strong>after</strong> keyword on a connection between reactors. Nevertheless, in this section, we explain how to directly use actions with value. In fact, the <strong>after</strong> keyword is implemented as described below.</p>\n<p>If you are familiar with other targets (like C) you may notice it is much easier to schedule actions with values in TypeScript because of TypeScript/JavaScript’s garbage collected memory management. The following example implements a logical delay using an action with a value.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Delay</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-as-ts\">as</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-control-as-ts\">as</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The action <code>a</code> is specified with a type <code>number</code>. The first reaction declares <code>a</code> as its effect. This declaration makes it possible for the reaction to schedule a future triggering of <code>a</code>. It’s necessary to explicitly annotate the type of <code>x</code> as a number in the schedule function because TypeScript doesn’t know the only trigger of a reaction must be present in that reaction.</p>\n<p>The second reaction declares that it is triggered by <code>a</code> and has effect <code>out</code>. When a reaction triggers or uses an action the value of that action is made available within the reaction as a local variable with the name of the action. This variable will take on the value of the action and it will have the value <code>undefined</code> if that action is absent because it was not scheduled for this reaction.</p>\n<p>The local variable cannot be used directly to schedule an action. As described above, an action <code>a</code> can only be scheduled in a reaction when it is 1) declared as an effect and 2) referenced through a property of the <code>actions</code> object. The reason for this implementation is that <code>actions.a</code> refers to the <strong>action</strong>, not its value, and it is possible to use both the action and the value in the same reaction. For example, the following reaction will produce a counting sequence after it is triggered the first time:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out, a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!==</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-control-as-ts\">as</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">newValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">newValue</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>Actions may carry values if they mention a data type, for instance:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rust\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">act</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Within a reaction, you can schedule that action with a value like so</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-rust\"><span class=\"source-rust\">ctx.</span><span class=\"source-rust entity-name-function-rust\">schedule_with_v</span><span class=\"source-rust\">(</span><span class=\"source-rust\">act, Asap, </span><span class=\"source-rust constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">30</span><span class=\"source-rust\">);</span>\n</pre>\n<p>you can get the value from another reaction like so:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-rust\"><span class=\"source-rust keyword-control-rust\">if</span><span class=\"source-rust\"> </span><span class=\"source-rust keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-rust\"> </span><span class=\"source-rust support-constant-core-rust\">Some</span><span class=\"source-rust\">(value) </span><span class=\"source-rust keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-rust\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-rust entity-name-function-rust\">get_action</span><span class=\"source-rust\">(</span><span class=\"source-rust\">act) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-rust\">  </span><span class=\"source-rust comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-rust comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> a value is present at this tag</span>\n<span class=\"source-rust\">} </span><span class=\"source-rust keyword-control-rust\">else</span><span class=\"source-rust\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-rust\">  </span><span class=\"source-rust comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-rust comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> value was not specified</span>\n<span class=\"source-rust\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>If an action does not mention a data type, the type defaults to <code>()</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<h3 id=\"schedule-functions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#schedule-functions\" aria-label=\"schedule functions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Schedule Functions</h3>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>Actions with values can be rather tricky to use because the value must usually be carried in dynamically allocated memory. It will not work for value to refer to a state variable of the reactor because that state variable will likely have changed value by the time the reactions to the action are invoked. Several variants of the <code>lf_schedule</code> function are provided to make it easier to pass values across time in varying circumstances.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>lf_schedule(&#x3C;action>, &#x3C;offset>);</code></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>This is the simplest version as it carries no value. The action need not have a data type.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>lf_schedule_int(&#x3C;action>, &#x3C;offset>, &#x3C;value>);</code></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>This version carries an <code>int</code> value. The data type of the action is required to be <code>int</code>.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>lf_schedule_token(&#x3C;action>, &#x3C;offset>, &#x3C;value>);</code></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>This version carries a <strong>token</strong>, which has type <code>token_t</code> and points to the value, which can have any type. There is a <code>create_token()</code> function that can be used to create a token, but programmers will rarely need to use this. Instead, you can use <code>lf_schedule_value()</code> (see below), which will automatically create a token. Alternatively, for inputs with types ending in <code>*</code> or <code>[]</code>, the value is wrapped in a token, and the token can be obtained using the syntax <code>inputname->token</code> in a reaction and then forwarded using <code>lf_schedule_token()</code> (see <a href=\"#Dynamically-Allocated-Structs\">Dynamically Allocated Structs</a> above). If the input is mutable, the reaction can then even modify the value pointed to by the token and/or use <code>lf_schedule_token()</code> to send the token to a future logical time. For example, the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/DelayPointer.lf\">DelayPointer</a> reactor realizes a logical delay for any data type carried by a token:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">DelayPointer</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">void</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">void</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">void</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Using lf_set_token delegates responsibility for</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> freeing the allocated memory downstream.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set_token</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">token</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> Schedule the actual token from the input rather than</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> a new token with a copy of the input value.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule_token</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">token</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>lf_schedule_value(&#x3C;action>, &#x3C;offset>, &#x3C;value>, &#x3C;length>);</code></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>This version is used to send into the future a value that has been dynamically allocated using malloc. It will be automatically freed when it is no longer needed. The <em>value</em> argument is a pointer to the memory containing the value. The <em>length</em> argument should be 1 if it is a not an array and the array length otherwise. This length will be needed downstream to interpret the data correctly. See <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/ScheduleValue.lf\">ScheduleValue.lf</a>.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>lf_schedule_copy(&#x3C;action>, &#x3C;offset>, &#x3C;value>, &#x3C;length>);</code></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>This version is for sending a copy of some data pointed to by the <code>&#x3C;value></code> argument. The data is assumed to be a scalar or array of type matching the <code>&#x3C;action></code> type. The <code>&#x3C;length></code> argument should be 1 if it is a not an array and the array length otherwise. This length will be needed downstream to interpret the data correctly.</p>\n<p>Occasionally, an action payload may not be dynamically allocated nor freed. For example, it could be a pointer to a statically allocated string. If you know this to be the case, the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/DelayString.lf\">DelayString</a> reactor will realize a logical time delay on such a string:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">DelayString</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(delay:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">msec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp punctuation-definition-comment-cpp\">//</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp comment-line-double-slash-cpp\"> The following copies the char*, not the string.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule_copy</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">delay</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">&amp;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">in</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The data type <code>string</code> is an alias for <code>char*</code>, but Lingua Franca does not know this, so it creates a token that contains a copy of the pointer to the string rather than a copy of the string itself.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p><span class=\"warning\">FIXME: Give a list of schedule() functions with descriptions.</span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>The Python reactor target provides a <code>.schedule()</code> method to trigger an action at a\nfuture logical time. The <code>.schedule()</code> method also optionally allows for a value\nto be sent into the future. For example, take the\n<a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/Python/src/ScheduleValue.lf\">ScheduleValue.lf</a>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">ScheduleValue</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py string-quoted-single-python\">Hello</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Received: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-comparison-python\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py string-quoted-single-python\">Hello</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">sys</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">stderr</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">write</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">FAILURE: Should have received &#039;Hello&#039;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python constant-character-escape-python\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>In this example, the logical action <code>a</code> is scheduled one\n<a href=\"/docs/handbook/superdense-time\">microstep</a> in the future with a string <code>value</code>\ncontaining <code>\"Hello\"</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p><span class=\"warning\">FIXME: List them here</span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>Within a reaction, actions may be scheduled using the <a href=\"https://lf-lang.github.io/reactor-rust/reactor_rt/struct.ReactionCtx.html#method.schedule\"><code>schedule</code></a> function:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-rust\"><span class=\"source-rust comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-rust comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> schedule without additional delay</span>\n<span class=\"source-rust\">ctx.</span><span class=\"source-rust entity-name-function-rust\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-rust\">(</span><span class=\"source-rust\">act, Asap);</span>\n<span class=\"source-rust comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-rust comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> schedule with an additional delay</span>\n<span class=\"source-rust\">ctx.</span><span class=\"source-rust entity-name-function-rust\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-rust\">(</span><span class=\"source-rust\">act, </span><span class=\"source-rust entity-name-function-macro-rust\">after!</span><span class=\"source-rust\">(</span><span class=\"source-rust constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">20</span><span class=\"source-rust\"> ms));</span>\n<span class=\"source-rust comment-line-double-slash-rust\">//</span><span class=\"source-rust comment-line-double-slash-rust\"> that&#039;s shorthand for</span>\n<span class=\"source-rust\">ctx.</span><span class=\"source-rust entity-name-function-rust\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-rust\">(</span><span class=\"source-rust\">act, </span><span class=\"source-rust entity-name-function-rust\">After</span><span class=\"source-rust\">(</span><span class=\"source-rust\">Duration.</span><span class=\"source-rust entity-name-function-rust\">of_millis</span><span class=\"source-rust\">(</span><span class=\"source-rust constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">20</span><span class=\"source-rust\">)));</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"stopping-execution\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#stopping-execution\" aria-label=\"stopping execution permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Stopping Execution</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>A reaction may request that the execution stop after all events with the current timestamp have been processed by calling the built-in method <code>request_stop()</code>, which takes no arguments. In a non-federated execution, the actual last tag of the program will be one microstep later than the tag at which <code>request_stop()</code> was called. For example, if the current tag is <code>(2 seconds, 0)</code>, the last (stop) tag will be <code>(2 seconds, 1)</code>. In a federated execution, however, the stop time will likely be larger than the current logical time. All federates are assured of stopping at the same logical time.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>The <a href=\"/docs/handbook/termination#timeout\">timeout</a> target property will take precedence over this function. For example, if a program has a timeout of <code>2 seconds</code> and <code>request_stop()</code> is called at the <code>(2 seconds, 0)</code> tag, the last tag will still be <code>(2 seconds, 0)</code>.</p>\n</blockquote>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>A reaction may request that the execution stop after all events with the current timestamp have been processed by calling the built-in method <code>lf.request_stop()</code>, which takes no arguments. In a non-federated execution, the actual last tag of the program will be one microstep later than the tag at which <code>lf.request_stop()</code> was called. For example, if the current tag is <code>(2 seconds, 0)</code>, the last (stop) tag will be <code>(2 seconds, 1)</code>. In a federated execution, however, the stop time will likely be larger than the current logical time. All federates are assured of stopping at the same logical time.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>The <a href=\"/docs/handbook/termination#timeout\">timeout</a> target property will take precedence over this function. For example, if a program has a timeout of <code>2 seconds</code> and <code>request_stop()</code> is called at the <code>(2 seconds, 0)</code> tag, the last tag will still be <code>(2 seconds, 0)</code>.</p>\n</blockquote>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>A reaction may request that the execution stops after all events with the current timestamp have been processed by calling <code>environment()->sync_shutdown()</code>. There is also a method <code>environment()->async_shutdown()</code>\nwhich may be invoked from outside an reaction, like an external thread.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>A reaction may request that the execution stop by calling the function <code>util.requestShutdown()</code> which takes no arguments. Execution will not stop immediately when this function is called; all events with the current tag will finish processing and execution will continue for one more microstep to give shutdown triggers a chance to execute. After this additional step, execution will terminate.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p><span class=\"warning\">FIXME: Details needed here.</span></p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"log-and-debug-information\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#log-and-debug-information\" aria-label=\"log and debug information permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Log and Debug Information</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<p>A suite of useful functions is provided in <a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/d8/d3c/util_8h.html\">util.h</a> for producing messages to be made visible when the generated program is run. Of course, you can always use <code>printf</code>, but this is not a good choice for logging or debug information, and it is not a good choice when output needs to be redirected to a window or some other user interface (see for example the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-c/blob/main/util/sensor_simulator.h\">sensor simulator</a>). Also, in federated execution, these functions identify which federate is producing the message. The functions are listed below. The arguments for all of these are identical to <code>printf</code> with the exception that a trailing newline is automatically added and therefore need not be included in the format string.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><code>LF_PRINT_DEBUG(format, ...)</code>: Use this for verbose messages that are only needed during debugging. Nothing is printed unless the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#logging\">target</a> parameter <code>logging</code> is set to <code>debug</code>. THe overhead is minimized when nothing is to be printed.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><code>LF_PRINT_LOG(format, ...)</code>: Use this for messages that are useful logs of the execution. Nothing is printed unless the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#logging\">target parameter <code>logging</code></a> is set to <code>log</code> or <code>debug</code>. This is a macro so that overhead is minimized when nothing is to be printed.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><code>lf_print(format, ...)</code>: Use this for messages that should normally be printed but may need to be redirected to a user interface such as a window or terminal (see <code>register_print_function</code> below). These messages can be suppressed by setting the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#logging\">logging target property</a> to <code>warn</code> or <code>error</code>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><code>lf_print_warning(format, ...)</code>: Use this for warning messages. These messages can be suppressed by setting the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#logging\">logging target property</a> to <code>error</code>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><code>lf_print_error(format, ...)</code>: Use this for error messages. These messages are not suppressed by any <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#logging\">logging target property</a>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><code>lf_print_error_and_exit(format, ...)</code>: Use this for catastrophic errors.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>In addition, a utility function is provided to register a function to redirect printed outputs:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>lf_register_print_function(function)</code>: Register a function that will be used instead of <code>printf</code> to print messages generated by any of the above functions. The function should accept the same arguments as <code>printf</code>.</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>The reactor-cpp library provides logging utilities in <a href=\"https://github.com/tud-ccc/reactor-cpp/blob/master/include/reactor-cpp/logging.hh\">logging.hh</a> for producing messages to be made visible when the generated program is run. Of course <code>std::cout</code> or <code>printf</code> can be used for the same purpose, but the logging mechanism provided by reactor-cpp is thread-safe ensuring that messages produced in parallel reactions are not interleaved with each other and provides common way for turning messages of a certain severity on and off.</p>\n<p>In particular, reactor-cpp provides the following logging interfaces:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>reactor::log::Debug()</code>: for verbose debug messages</li>\n<li><code>reactor::log::Info()</code>: for info messages of general interest, info is the default severity level</li>\n<li><code>reactor::log::Warning()</code>: for warning messages</li>\n<li><code>reactor::log::Error()</code>: for errors</li>\n</ul>\n<p>These utilities can be used analogues to <code>std::cout</code>. For instance:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">Info</span><span class=\"source-lf\">() &lt;&lt; </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Hello World! It is </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;&lt; get_physical_time();</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Note that unlike <code>std::cout</code> the new line delimiter is automatically added to the end of the message.</p>\n<p>Which type of messages are actually produced by the compiled program can be controlled with the <code>log-level</code> target property.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>The Python supports the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#logging\">logging</a> target specification. This will cause the runtime to produce more or less information about the execution. However, user-facing functions for different logging levels are not yet implemented (see issue <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/issues/619\">#619</a>).</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p><span class=\"warning\">FIXME: Details needed here.</span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p>The executable reacts to the environment variable <code>RUST_LOG</code>, which sets the logging level of the application. Possible values are\n<code>off</code>, <code>error</code>, <code>warn</code>, <code>info</code>, <code>debug</code>, <code>trace</code></p>\n<p>Error and warning logs are on by default. Enabling a level enables all greater levels (i.e., <code>RUST_LOG=info</code> also enables <code>warn</code> and <code>error</code>, but not <code>trace</code> or <code>debug</code>).</p>\n<p>Logging can also be turned on with the <code>--log-level</code> CLI option, if the application features a <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#command-line-arguments\">CLI</a>.</p>\n<p>Note that the <code>logging</code> target property is ignored, as its levels do not match the Rust standard levels we use (those of the <a href=\"https://docs.rs/log/\"><code>log</code> crate</a>).</p>\n<p>Note that when building with a release profile (i.e., target property <code>build-type</code> is not <code>Debug</code>), all log statements with level <code>debug</code> and <code>trace</code> are removed from the executable, and cannot be turned on at runtime. A warning is produced by the executable if you try to use these levels explicitly.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"libraries-available-to-programmers\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#libraries-available-to-programmers\" aria-label=\"libraries available to programmers permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Libraries Available to Programmers</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<h4 id=\"libraries-available-in-all-programs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#libraries-available-in-all-programs\" aria-label=\"libraries available in all programs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Libraries Available in All Programs</h4>\n<p>Reactions in C can use a number of pre-defined functions, macros, and constants without having to explicitly include any header files:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Time and tags</strong> (<a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/d2/dcd/tag_8h.html\">tag.h</a>):</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Specifying time value, such as <code>MSEC</code> and <code>FOREVER</code></li>\n<li>Time data types, such as <code>tag_t</code> and <code>instant_t</code></li>\n<li>Obtaining tag and time information, e.g. <code>lf_time_logical</code> and <code>lf_time_physical</code></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Ports</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Writing to output ports, such as <code>lf_set</code> and <code>lf_set_token</code> (<a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/d4/d13/set_8h.html\">set.h</a>)</li>\n<li>Iterating over sparse multiports, such as <code>lf_multiport_iterator</code> and <code>lf_multiport_next</code> (<a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/da/d00/port_8h.html\">port.h</a>)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Scheduling actions</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Schedule future events, such as <code>lf_schedule</code> and <code>lf_schedule_value</code> (<a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/dc/d65/api_8h.html\">api.h</a>)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>File Access</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>LF_SOURCE_DIRECTORY: A C string giving the full path to the directory containing the <code>.lf</code> file of the program.</li>\n<li>LF_PACKAGE_DIRECTORY: A C string giving the full path to the directory that is the root of the project or package (normally, the directory above the <code>src</code> directory).</li>\n<li>LF_FILE_SEPARATOR: A C string giving the file separator for the platform containing the <code>.lf</code> file (”/” for Unix-like systems, ”\\” for Windows).</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>These are useful when your application needs to open and read additional files. For example, the following C code can be used to open a file in a subdirectory called <code>dir</code> of the directory that contains the <code>.lf</code> file:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">    const char* path = LF_SOURCE_DIRECTORY LF_FILE_SEPARATOR &quot;dir&quot; LF_FILE_SEPARATOR &quot;filename&quot;\n    FILE* fp = fopen(path, &quot;rb&quot;);</pre>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Miscellaneous</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Changing modes in modal models, <code>lf_set_mode</code> (<a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/d4/d13/set_8h.html\">set.h</a>)</li>\n<li>Checking deadlines, <code>lf_check_deadline</code> (<a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/dc/d65/api_8h.html\">api.h</a>)</li>\n<li>Defining and recording tracepoints, such as <code>register_user_trace_event</code> and <code>tracepoint</code> (<a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/d1/d1b/trace_8h.html\">trace.h</a>)</li>\n<li>Printing utilities, such as <code>lf_print</code> and <code>lf_print_error</code> (<a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/d8/d3c/util_8h.html\">util.h</a>)</li>\n<li>Logging utilities, such as <code>LF_PRINT_LOG</code> and <code>LF_PRINT_DEBUG</code> (<a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/d8/d3c/util_8h.html\">util.h</a>)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h4 id=\"standard-c-libraries\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#standard-c-libraries\" aria-label=\"standard c libraries permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Standard C Libraries</h4>\n<p>The generated C code automatically includes the following <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_standard_library\">standard C libraries</a> (see also the <a href=\"https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/header\">C standard library header files</a>):</p>\n<ul>\n<li>limits.h (Defines <code>INT_MIN</code>, <code>INT_MAX</code>, etc.)</li>\n<li>stdbool.h (Defines <code>bool</code> datatype and <code>true</code> and <code>false</code> constants)</li>\n<li>stddef.h (Defines <code>size_t</code>, <code>NULL</code>, etc.)</li>\n<li>stdint.h (Defines <code>int64_t</code>, <code>int32_t</code>, etc.)</li>\n<li>stdlib.h (Defines <code>exit</code>, <code>getenv</code>, <code>atoi</code>, etc.)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Hence, programmers are free to use functions from these libraries without explicitly providing a <code>#include</code> statement. Nevertheless, providing one is harmless and may be good form. In particular, future releases may not include these header files</p>\n<h4 id=\"available-libraries-requiring-include\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#available-libraries-requiring-include\" aria-label=\"available libraries requiring include permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Available Libraries Requiring #include</h4>\n<p>More sophisticated library functions require a <code>#include</code> statement in a $preamble$.\nSpecifically, <a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/de/d03/platform_8h.html\">platform.h</a> includes the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sleep functions such as <code>lf_sleep</code></li>\n<li>Mutual exclusion such as <code>lf_critial_section_enter</code> and <code>lf_critical_section_exit</code></li>\n<li>Threading functions such as <code>lf_thread_create</code></li>\n</ul>\n<p>The threading functions are only available for platforms that support multithreading.</p>\n<h4 id=\"available-libraries-requiring-include-a-files-entry-and-a-cmake-include\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#available-libraries-requiring-include-a-files-entry-and-a-cmake-include\" aria-label=\"available libraries requiring include a files entry and a cmake include permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Available Libraries Requiring #include, a files entry, and a cmake-include</h4>\n<p>A few utility libraries are provided, but require considerably more setup.\nThese also help to illustrate how to incorporate your own libraries.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Audio functions (for Linux and Mac only): <a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/d1/dcb/audio__loop_8h.html\">audio_loop.h</a></li>\n<li>Audio file reader: <a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/d3/d8a/wave__file__reader_8h.html\">wave_file_reader.h</a></li>\n<li>A double-ended queue: <a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/dc/d44/deque_8h.html\">deque.h</a></li>\n<li>An ncurses terminal interface for I/O: <a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/reactor-c/dc/de9/sensor__simulator_8h.html\">sensor_simulator.h</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p><span class=\"warning\">FIXME: Details needed here.</span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p><span class=\"warning\">FIXME: Details needed here.</span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p><span class=\"warning\">FIXME: Details needed here.</span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<p><span class=\"warning\">FIXME: Details needed here.</span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py\">\n<h2 id=\"scheduler-target-property\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#scheduler-target-property\" aria-label=\"scheduler target property permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Scheduler Target Property</h2>\n<p>The <code>scheduler</code> target property is used to select the scheduler used by the C runtime. This scheduler determines the exact order in which reactions are processed, as long as the order complies with the deterministic semantics of Lingua Franca. It also assigns reactions to user-level threads and can thereby influence the assignment of reactions to processors.</p>\n<p>Because the C runtime scheduler operates at a higher level of abstraction than the OS, none of the scheduling policies that we currently support allow preemption; furthermore, they do not control migration of threads between processors.</p>\n<p>Another limitation of these schedulers is that they are constrained to process the reaction graph breadth-first. We define the <em>level</em> of a reaction <em>r</em> to be the length of the longest chain of causally dependent reactions that are all (causally) upstream of <em>r</em>. Current LF schedulers process one level of reactions at a time, but this constraint is more restrictive than necessary to implement Lingua Franca’s semantics and is notable only for its effect on execution times.</p>\n<p>The following schedulers are available:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>NP</code> (non-preemptive): This scheduler is the default scheduler. It ignores deadlines.</li>\n<li><code>GEDF_NP</code> (global earliest-deadline-first, non-preemptive): When the semantics of Lingua Franca allows for concurrent execution of two or more ready reactions with the same level at a particular tag, this scheduler will prioritize the reaction with the earliest deadline to run first. Reactions with no explicit deadline implicitly have an infinitely late deadline.</li>\n<li><code>adaptive</code>: This experimental scheduler behaves similarly to the <code>NP</code> scheduler, with the additional limitation that it is designed for applications that have potentially wide variability in physical execution times. It performs experiments to measure execution times at runtime to determine the degree of exploitable parallelism in various parts of the program. This lets it automate judgments which are made more naively by the other schedulers and which are typically made by the programmer in general-purpose languages.</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"target-implementation-details\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#target-implementation-details\" aria-label=\"target implementation details permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Target Implementation Details</h2>\n<div class=\"lf-c\">\n<h3 id=\"included-libraries\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#included-libraries\" aria-label=\"included libraries permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Included Libraries</h3>\n<p>Definitions for the following do not need to be explicitly included because the code generator exposes them in the user namespace automatically:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Functions and macros used to set ports and iterate over multiports</li>\n<li>Functions and macros used to schedule actions</li>\n<li>Functions and macros used to set a reactor’s mode</li>\n<li>Functions and macros used to create trace points</li>\n<li>Logging utility functions</li>\n<li>Typedefs relating to time and logical time, including <code>tag_t</code>, <code>instant_t</code>, <code>interval_t</code>, and <code>microstep_t</code></li>\n<li>API functions for obtaining timing information about the current program execution, including the current physical and logical time</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Some standard C libraries are exposed to the user through <code>reactor.h</code>, including <code>stddef.h</code>,\n<code>stdio.h</code>, and <code>stdlib.h</code>. In addition, <code>math.h</code> gets automatically included. However, users who wish to avoid breaking changes between releases should\nconsider including these libraries explicitly instead of relying on their being exposed by the\nruntime.</p>\n<p>Users who wish to include functionality that has a platform-specific implementation may choose to\nexplicitly include <code>platform.h</code>, which provides a uniform interface for various concurrency\nprimitives and sleep functions.</p>\n<h3 id=\"multithreaded-implementation\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#multithreaded-implementation\" aria-label=\"multithreaded implementation permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Multithreaded Implementation</h3>\n<p>By default, the C runtime system uses multiple worker threads in order to take advantage of multicore execution. The number of worker threads will match the number of cores on the machine unless the <code>workers</code> argument is given in the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#threading\">target</a> statement or the <code>--workers</code> <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#command-line-arguments\">command-line argument</a> is given.</p>\n<p>Upon initialization, the main thread will create the specified number of worker threads.\nExecution proceeds in a manner similar to the <a href=\"#single-threaded-implementation\">single threaded implementation</a>\nexcept that the worker threads concurrently draw reactions from the reaction queue.\nThe execution algorithm ensures that no reaction executes until all reactions that it depends on have executed or it has been determined that they will not execute at the current tag.</p>\n<h3 id=\"single-threaded-implementation\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#single-threaded-implementation\" aria-label=\"single threaded implementation permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Single Threaded Implementation</h3>\n<p>By giving the <code>single-threaded</code> (target option)[/docs/handbook/target-declaration#single-threaded] or the <code>--single-threaded</code> (command-line argument)[/docs/handbook/target-declaration#command-line-arguments], the generated program will execute the program using only a single thread. This option is most useful for creating programs to run on bare-metal microprocessors that have no threading support. On such platforms, mutual exclusion is typically realized by disabling interrupts.</p>\n<p>The execution strategy is to have two queues of pending accessor invocations, one that is sorted by\ntag (the <strong>event queue</strong>) and one that is sorted by priority (the <strong>reaction queue</strong>).\nExecution proceeds as follows:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>At initialization, an event for each timer is put on the event queue and logical time is initialized to the current time, represented as the number of nanoseconds elapsed since January 1, 1970.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>At each logical time, pull all events from event queue that have the same earliest tag, find the reactions that these events trigger, and put them on the reaction queue. If there are no events on the event queue, then exit the program (unless the <code>--keepalive true</code> (command-line argument)[/docs/handbook/target-declaration#command-line-arguments] is given).</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Wait until physical time matches or exceeds that earliest timestamp (unless the <code>--fast true</code> (command-line argument)[/docs/handbook/target-declaration#command-line-arguments] is given). Then advance logical time to match that earliest timestamp.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Execute reactions in order of priority from the reaction queue. These reactions may produce outputs, which results in more events getting put on the reaction queue. Those reactions are assured of having lower priority than the reaction that is executing. If a reaction calls <code>lf_schedule()</code>, an event will be put on the event queue, not the reaction queue.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>When the reaction queue is empty, go to 2.</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<p>Unlike the C target, the Cpp target implements more of the analysis and setup of a Lingua Franca in the runtime system. The runtime system is define in the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-cpp\">reactor-cpp</a> repository on GitHub. See that repo for details.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-py\">\n<p>The Python target is built on top of the C runtime to enable maximum efficiency where possible. It uses the single-threaded C runtime by default but will switch to the multi-threaded C runtime if a physical action is detected. The <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#threading\">threading</a> target property can be used to override this behavior.</p>\n<p>Running <a href=\"/docs/handbook/command-line-tools\">lfc</a> on a <code>XXX.lf</code> program that uses the Python target specification on a\nLinux machine will create the following files (other operating systems will have\na slightly different structure and/or files):</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-shell\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">├──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">│  </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">└──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">XXX.lf</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">└──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src-gen</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">    </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">└──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">XXX</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\">##### Files related to the Python C extension module for XXX ######</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">├──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">build</span><span class=\"source-shell\">               </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> Temporary files for setuptools</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">├──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">core</span><span class=\"source-shell\">                </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> Core C runtime files</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">├──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">ctarget.c</span><span class=\"source-shell\">           </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> C target API implementations</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">├──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">ctarget.h</span><span class=\"source-shell\">           </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> C target API definitions</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">├──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">LinguaFrancaXXX</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell variable-language-special-wildcard-shell\">*</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">.so</span><span class=\"source-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> The Python C extension module for XXX</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">├──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">pythontarget.c</span><span class=\"source-shell\">      </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> Python target API implementations</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">├──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">pythontarget.h</span><span class=\"source-shell\">      </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> Python target API definitions</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">├──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">setup.py</span><span class=\"source-shell\">            </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> Setup file used to build the Python C extension</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">├──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">XXX.c</span><span class=\"source-shell\">               </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> Source code of the Python C extension</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\">##### Files containing the Python code ######</span>\n<span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">        </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">└──</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">XXX.py</span><span class=\"source-shell\">              </span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell punctuation-definition-comment-shell\">#</span><span class=\"source-shell comment-line-number-sign-shell\"> Python file containing reactors and reaction code</span>\n</pre>\n<p>There are two major components in the <code>src-gen/XXX</code> directory that together enable the execution of a Python target application:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>An <a href=\"#the-xxxpy-file-containing-user-code\">XXX.py</a> file containing the user code (e.g., reactor definitions and reactions).</li>\n<li>The source code for a <a href=\"#the-generated-linguafrancaxxx-python-module-a-c-extension-module\">Python C extension module</a> called <code>LinguaFrancaXXX</code> containing the C runtime, as well as hooks to execute the user-defined reactions.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The interactions between the <code>src-gen/XXX/XXX.py</code> file and the <code>LinguaFrancaXXX</code> module are explained <a href=\"#interactions-between-xxxpy-and-linguafrancaxxx\">below</a>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"the-xxxpy-file-containing-user-code\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-xxxpy-file-containing-user-code\" aria-label=\"the xxxpy file containing user code permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The <code>XXX.py</code> file containing user code</h3>\n<p>The <code>XXX.py</code> file contains all the reactor definitions in the form of Python classes. The contents of a reactor are converted as follows:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Each <strong>Reaction</strong> in a reactor definition will be converted to a class method.</li>\n<li>Each <strong>Parameter</strong> will be converted to a class <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html?highlight=property#property\">property</a> to make it read-only.</li>\n<li>Each <strong>State</strong> variable will be converted to an <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/classes.html#class-and-instance-variables\">instance variable</a>.</li>\n<li>Each trigger and effect will be converted to an object passed as a method function argument to reaction methods, allowing the body of the reaction to access them.</li>\n<li>Each reactor <strong>Preamble</strong> will be put in the class definition verbatim.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Finally, each reactor class instantiation will be converted to a Python object class instantiation.</p>\n<p>For example, imagine the following program:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\"># src/XXX.lf</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(bar(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">preamble</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> random</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">baz</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">_in</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">act</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(_in, act) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> Body of the reaction</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">random</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">seed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py comment-line-number-sign-python\"> Note the use of self</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Th reactor <code>Foo</code> and its instance, <code>foo</code>, will be converted to</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-python\"><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\"> src-gen/</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python keyword-codetag-notation-python\">XXX</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\">/</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python keyword-codetag-notation-python\">XXX</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\">.py</span>\n<span class=\"source-python constant-other-ellipsis-python\">...</span>\n<span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\"> Python class for reactor Foo</span>\n<span class=\"source-python meta-class-python storage-type-class-python\">class</span><span class=\"source-python meta-class-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-class-python entity-name-type-class-python\">_Foo</span><span class=\"source-python meta-class-python punctuation-section-class-begin-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\"> From the preamble, verbatim:</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">random</span>\n<span class=\"source-python meta-function-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python storage-type-function-python\">def</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python support-function-magic-python\">__init__</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-definition-parameters-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python variable-parameter-function-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-separator-parameters-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python keyword-operator-unpacking-parameter-python\">**</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python\">kwargs</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-definition-parameters-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python punctuation-section-function-begin-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\">Define parameters and their default values</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">_bar</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\"> Handle parameters that are set in instantiation</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python support-variable-magic-python\">__dict__</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">update</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">kwargs</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\"> Define state variables</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">baz</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python constant-language-python\">None</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-python meta-function-decorator-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-decorator-python entity-name-function-decorator-python punctuation-definition-decorator-python\">@</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-decorator-python support-type-python\">property</span>\n<span class=\"source-python meta-function-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python storage-type-function-python\">def</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python entity-name-function-python\">bar</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-definition-parameters-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python variable-parameter-function-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-definition-parameters-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python punctuation-section-function-begin-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-flow-python\">return</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">_bar</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-python meta-function-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python storage-type-function-python\">def</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python entity-name-function-python\">reaction_function_0</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-definition-parameters-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python variable-parameter-function-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-separator-parameters-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python\">_in</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-separator-parameters-python\">,</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python variable-parameter-function-language-python\">act</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python meta-function-parameters-python punctuation-definition-parameters-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-python punctuation-section-function-begin-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\"> Body of the reaction</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">random</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">seed</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\"> Note the use of self</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-flow-python\">return</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-python\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\"> Instantiate classes</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">xxx_lf</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python punctuation-definition-list-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-python constant-language-python\">None</span><span class=\"source-python punctuation-definition-list-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">*</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">xxx_foo_lf</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python punctuation-definition-list-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-python constant-language-python\">None</span><span class=\"source-python punctuation-definition-list-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">*</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\"> Start initializing </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python keyword-codetag-notation-python\">XXX</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\"> of class </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python keyword-codetag-notation-python\">XXX</span>\n<span class=\"source-python keyword-control-flow-python\">for</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">xxx_i</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-flow-python\">in</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">range</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-python punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">xxx_i</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python meta-item-access-python meta-indexed-name-python\">xxx_lf</span><span class=\"source-python meta-item-access-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-python meta-item-access-python meta-item-access-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-python meta-item-access-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">_XXX</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-parameter-function-call-python\">_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\"> Start initializing </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python keyword-codetag-notation-python\">XXX</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\">.foo of class Foo</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-flow-python\">for</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">xxx_foo_i</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-flow-python\">in</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">range</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-python punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python\">bank_index</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">xxx_foo_i</span>\n<span class=\"source-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python meta-item-access-python meta-indexed-name-python\">xxx_foo_lf</span><span class=\"source-python meta-item-access-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">[</span><span class=\"source-python meta-item-access-python meta-item-access-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-python meta-item-access-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">]</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">_Foo</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">            </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-parameter-function-call-python\">_bank_index</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">            </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-parameter-function-call-python\">_bar</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">0</span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python punctuation-separator-arguments-python\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-python constant-other-ellipsis-python\">...</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"the-generated-linguafrancaxxx-python-module-a-c-extension-module\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-generated-linguafrancaxxx-python-module-a-c-extension-module\" aria-label=\"the generated linguafrancaxxx python module a c extension module permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The generated LinguaFrancaXXX Python module (a C extension module)</h3>\n<p>The rest of the files in <code>src-gen/XXX</code> form a <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/extending/building.html#building-c-and-c-extensions\">Python C extension\nmodule</a>\ncalled <code>LinguaFrancaXXX</code> that can be built by executing <code>python3 setup.py build_ext --inplace</code> in the <code>src-gen/XXX/</code> folder. In this case, Python will\nread the instructions in the <code>src-gen/XXX/setup.py</code> file and build a\n<code>LinguaFrancaXXX</code> module in <code>src-gen/XXX/</code>. The <code>--inplace</code> flag puts the\ncompiled extension (the <code>LinguaFrancaXXX*.so</code> in the example above) in the\n<code>src-gen</code> directory alongside the <code>XXX.py</code> file.</p>\n<p>As mentioned before, the LinguaFrancaXXX module is separate from\n<code>src-gen/XXX/XXX.py</code> but interacts with it. Next, we explain this interaction.</p>\n<h3 id=\"interactions-between-xxxpy-and-linguafrancaxxx\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#interactions-between-xxxpy-and-linguafrancaxxx\" aria-label=\"interactions between xxxpy and linguafrancaxxx permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Interactions between XXX.py and LinguaFrancaXXX</h3>\n<p>The LinguaFrancaXXX module is imported in <code>src-gen/XXX/XXX.py</code>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-python\"><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">from</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">LinguaFrancaXXX</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">*</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This is done to enable the main function in <code>src-gen/XXX/XXX.py</code> to make a call to the <code>start()</code> function, which is part of the generated (and installed) <code>LinguaFrancaXXX</code> module. This function will start the main event handling loop of the C runtime.</p>\n<p>From then on, <code>LinguaFrancaXXX</code> will call reactions that are defined in <code>src-gen/XXX/XXX.py</code> when needed.</p>\n<h3 id=\"the-linguafrancabase-package\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-linguafrancabase-package\" aria-label=\"the linguafrancabase package permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The LinguaFrancaBase package</h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://pypi.org/project/LinguaFrancaBase/\">LinguaFrancaBase</a> is a package that contains several helper methods and definitions that are necessary for the Python target to work. This module is installable via <code>python3 -m pip install LinguaFrancaBase</code> but is automatically installed if needed during the installation of <code>LinguaFrancaXXX</code>. The source code of this package can be found <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-c-py\">on GitHub</a>.</p>\n<p>This package’s modules are imported in the <code>XXX.py</code> program:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-python\"><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">from</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">LinguaFrancaBase</span><span class=\"source-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python\">constants</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">*</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\">Useful constants</span>\n<span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">from</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">LinguaFrancaBase</span><span class=\"source-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python\">functions</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">*</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\">Useful helper functions</span>\n<span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">from</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">LinguaFrancaBase</span><span class=\"source-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-python\">classes</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">*</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python punctuation-definition-comment-python\">#</span><span class=\"source-python comment-line-number-sign-python\">Useful classes</span>\n</pre>\n<h3 id=\"already-imported-python-modules\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#already-imported-python-modules\" aria-label=\"already imported python modules permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Already imported Python modules</h3>\n<p>The following packages are already imported and thus do not need to be re-imported by the user:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-python\"><span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">os</span>\n<span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">sys</span>\n<span class=\"source-python keyword-control-import-python\">import</span><span class=\"source-python\"> </span><span class=\"source-python\">copy</span>\n</pre>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-ts\">\n<p>When a TypeScript reactor is compiled, the generated code is placed inside a project directory. This is because there are two steps of compilation. First, the Lingua Franca compiler generates a TypeScript project from the TypeScript reactor code. Second, the Lingua Franca compiler runs a TypeScript compiler on the generated TypeScript project to produce executable JavaScript. This is illustrated below:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf\">Lingua Franca (</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">lf) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt; TypeScript (</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">ts) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&gt; JavaScript (</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\">js)</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Assuming the directory containing our Lingua Franca file <code>Foo.lf</code> is named <code>TS</code>, the compiler will generate the following:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>TS/package.json</li>\n<li>TS/node_modules</li>\n<li>TS/Foo/tsconfig.json</li>\n<li>TS/Foo/babel.config.js</li>\n<li>TS/Foo/src/</li>\n<li>TS/Foo/dist/</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Items 1, 3, and 4 are configuration files for the generated project. Item 2 is a node_modules directory with contents specified by item 1. Item 5 is the directory for generated TypeScript code. Item 6 is the directory for compiled JavaScript code. In addition to the generated code for your Lingua Franca program, items 5 and 6 include libraries from the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-ts\">reactor-ts</a> submodule.</p>\n<p>The Lingua Franca compiler automatically invokes other programs as it compiles a Lingua Franca (.lf) file to a Node.js executable JavaScript (.js) file. The files package.json, babel.config.js, and tsconfig.json are used to configure the behavior of those other programs. Whenever you compile a .lf file for the first time, the Lingua Franca compiler will copy default versions of these configuration files into the new project so the other programs can run. <strong>The Lingua Franca compiler will only copy a default configuration file into a project if that file is not already present in the generated project.</strong> This means you, the reactor programmer, may safely modify these configuration files to control the finer points of compilation. Beware, other generated files in the project’s src and dist directories may be overwritten by the compiler.</p>\n<h3 id=\"packagejson\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#packagejson\" aria-label=\"packagejson permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>package.json</h3>\n<p>Node.js uses a <a href=\"https://nodejs.org/en/knowledge/getting-started/npm/what-is-the-file-package-json/\">package.json</a> file to describe metadata relevant to a Node project. This includes a list of project dependencies (i.e. modules) used by the project. When the Lingua Franca compiler copies a default package.json file into a Lingua Franca project that doesn’t already have a package.json, the compiler runs the command <code>npm install</code> to create a node_modules directory. The default package.json only lists dependencies for the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-ts\">reactor-ts</a> submodule. <a href=\"#using-node-modules\">Follow these instructions</a> to modify package.json if you want to use other Node modules in your reactors.</p>\n<h3 id=\"tsconfigjson\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#tsconfigjson\" aria-label=\"tsconfigjson permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>tsconfig.json</h3>\n<p>After generating a TypeScript program from a .lf file, the Lingua Franca compiler uses the TypeScript compiler <code>tsc</code> to run a type check. The behavior of <code>tsc</code> is configured by the <a href=\"https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/tsconfig-json.html\">tsconfig.json</a> file. You probably won’t need to modify tsconfig.json, but you can if you know what you’re doing.</p>\n<h3 id=\"babelconfigjs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#babelconfigjs\" aria-label=\"babelconfigjs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>babel.config.js</h3>\n<p>If the <code>tsc</code> type check was successful, the Lingua Franca compiler uses <code>babel</code> to compile the generated TypeScript code into JavaScript. (This <a href=\"https://iamturns.com/typescript-babel/\">blog post</a> articulates the advantages of using <code>babel</code> over <code>tsc</code> to generate JavaScript.) There are many different flavors of JavaScript and the <a href=\"https://babeljs.io/docs/en/configuration\">babel.config.js</a> file specifies exactly what <code>babel</code> should generate. This is the file to edit if you want the Lingua Franca compiler to produce a different version of JavaScript as its final output.</p>\n<h3 id=\"debugging-type-errors\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#debugging-type-errors\" aria-label=\"debugging type errors permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Debugging Type Errors</h3>\n<p>Let’s take the <a href=\"#a-minimal-example\">minimal reactor example</a>, and intentionally break it by adding a type error into the reaction.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">ReactionTypeError</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts keyword-operator-type-annotation-ts\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts support-type-primitive-ts\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-type-annotation-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">THIS IS NOT A NUMBER</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This reactor will not compile, and should you attempt to compile it you will get an output from the compiler which looks something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">--- Standard output from command:\nsrc/ReactionTypeError.ts(23,25): error TS2322: Type &#039;&quot;THIS IS NOT A NUMBER&quot;&#039; is not assignable to type &#039;number&#039;.\n\n--- End of standard output.</pre>\n<p>In particular the output</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">src/ReactionTypeError.ts(23,25): error TS2322: Type &#039;&quot;THIS IS NOT A NUMBER&quot;&#039; is not assignable to type &#039;number&#039;.</pre>\n<p>identifies the problem: surprisingly, the string <code>\"THIS IS NOT A NUMBER\"</code> is not a number. However the line information <code>(23,25)</code> is a little confusing because it points to the location of the type error <strong>in the generated</strong> .ts file <code>ReactionTypeError/src/ReactionTypeError.ts</code> not in the original .lf file <code>ReactionTypeError.lf</code>. The .ts files produced by the TypeScript code generator are quite readable if you are familiar with the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-ts\">reactor-ts</a> submodule, but even if you aren’t familiar it is not too difficult to track down the problem. Just open <code>ReactionTypeError/src/ReactionTypeError.ts</code> in your favorite text editor (we recommend <a href=\"https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/languages/typescript\">Visual Studio</a> for its excellent TypeScript integration) and look at line 23.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">14</span><span class=\"source-lf\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">addReaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">15</span><span class=\"source-lf\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Triggers</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">16</span><span class=\"source-lf\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Args</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">17</span><span class=\"source-lf\">            function (this, __t: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">Readable</span><span class=\"source-lf\">&lt;Tag&gt;) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">18</span><span class=\"source-lf\">                </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// =============== START react prologue</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">19</span><span class=\"source-lf\">                </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">const</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> util </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">this</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">20</span><span class=\"source-lf\">                let t </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">__t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">21</span><span class=\"source-lf\">                </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// =============== END react prologue</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">22</span><span class=\"source-lf\">                try {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">23</span><span class=\"source-lf\">                    let foo:number </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">THIS IS NOT A NUMBER</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">24</span><span class=\"source-lf\">                    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">Hello World.</span><span class=\"source-lf string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">25</span><span class=\"source-lf\">                } finally {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">26</span><span class=\"source-lf\">                    </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// =============== START react epilogue</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">27</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">28</span><span class=\"source-lf\">                    </span><span class=\"source-lf comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// =============== END react epilogue</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">29</span><span class=\"source-lf\">                }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">30</span><span class=\"source-lf\">            }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">31</span><span class=\"source-lf\">        );</span>\n</pre>\n<p>There (inside the try block) we can find the problematic reaction code. <em>Reaction code is copied verbatim into generated .ts files</em>.</p>\n<p>It can be a bit harder to interpret type errors outside of reaction code, but most type error messages are still relatively clear. For example if you attempt to connect a reactor output to an incompatibly typed input like:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">ConnectionError</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Sender</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">r</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-new-lflang\">new</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Receiver</span><span class=\"source-lf\">();</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">s</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-constant-reactorinstance-lflang\">r</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">bar</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Sender</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Receiver</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">bar</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">string</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>you should get an error like</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">--- Standard output from command:\nsrc/InputTypeError.ts(36,23): error TS2345: Argument of type &#039;OutPort&lt;number&gt;&#039; is not assignable to parameter of type &#039;Port&lt;string&gt;&#039;.\n  Types of property &#039;value&#039; are incompatible.\n    Type &#039;number | undefined&#039; is not assignable to type &#039;string | undefined&#039;.\n      Type &#039;number&#039; is not assignable to type &#039;string | undefined&#039;.\n\n--- End of standard output.</pre>\n<p>The key message being <code>Argument of type 'OutPort&#x3C;number>' is not assignable to parameter of type 'Port&#x3C;string>'</code>.</p>\n<p>One last tip: if you attempt to reference a port, action, timer etc. named <code>foo</code> that isn’t declared in the triggers, uses, or effects declaration of the reaction, you will get the error <code>Cannot find name 'foo'</code> in the reaction body.</p>\n<h3 id=\"utility-function-reference\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#utility-function-reference\" aria-label=\"utility function reference permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Utility Function Reference</h3>\n<p>These utility functions may be called within a TypeScript reaction:</p>\n<p><code>util.requestShutdown(): void</code> Ends execution after one microstep. See <a href=\"#stopping-execution\">Stopping Execution</a>.</p>\n<p><code>util.getCurrentTag(): Tag</code> Gets the current (logical) tag. See <a href=\"#tags\">Tags</a>.</p>\n<p><code>util.getCurrentLogicalTime(): TimeValue</code> Gets the current logical TimeValue. See <a href=\"#timed-behavior\">Time</a>.</p>\n<p><code>util.getCurrentPhysicalTime(): TimeValue</code> Gets the current physical TimeValue. See <a href=\"#timed-behavior\">Time</a>.</p>\n<p><code>util.getElapsedLogicalTime(): TimeValue</code> Gets the elapsed logical TimeValue from execution start. See <a href=\"#timed-behavior\">Time</a>.</p>\n<p><code>util.getElapsedPhysicalTime(): TimeValue</code> Gets the elapsed physical TimeValue from execution start. See <a href=\"#timed-behavior\">Time</a>.</p>\n<p><code>util.success(): void</code> Invokes the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-ts\">reactor-ts</a> App’s default success callback. FIXME: Currently doesn’t do anything in Lingua Franca.</p>\n<p><code>util.failure(): void</code> Invokes the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-ts\">reactor-ts</a> App’s default failure callback. Throws an error.</p>\n<h3 id=\"building-reactor-ts-documentation\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#building-reactor-ts-documentation\" aria-label=\"building reactor ts documentation permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Building Reactor-ts Documentation</h3>\n<p>To build and view proper documentation for <code>time.ts</code> (and other reactor-ts libraries), install <a href=\"https://typedoc.org/\">typedoc</a> and run</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">typedoc</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell constant-other-option-dash-shell\">-</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell string-unquoted-argument constant-other-option\">-out</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">docs</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">src</span>\n</pre>\n<p>from the root of the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/reactor-ts\">reactor-ts</a>. You probably already have the reactor-ts submodule at</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">lingua-franca/xtext/org.icyphy.linguafranca/src/lib/TS/reactor-ts/</pre>\n<p>You should see an output like.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Using TypeScript 3.8.3 from /usr/local/lib/node_modules/typescript/lib\nRendering [========================================] 100%\n\nDocumentation generated at /Users/&lt;username&gt;/git/lingua-franca/xtext/org.icyphy.linguafranca/src/lib/TS/reactor-ts/docs</pre>\n<p>Open that path in a browser with <code>/index.html</code> appended to the end like</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">/Users/&lt;username&gt;/git/lingua-franca/xtext/org.icyphy.linguafranca/src/lib/TS/reactor-ts/docs/index.html</pre>\n<p>to navigate the docs.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-rs\">\n<h3 id=\"target-properties\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#target-properties\" aria-label=\"target properties permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Target Properties</h3>\n<p>Target properties may be mentioned like so:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rust\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// enables single-file project layout</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    single-file-project</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">false</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang comment-line-double-dash-lflang\">// timeout for the execution. The program will shutdown at most after the specified duration.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">3</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"></span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    cargo-features</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">cli</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>See <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration\">Target Declaration</a> for the full list of supported target properties.</p>\n<h3 id=\"the-executable\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-executable\" aria-label=\"the executable permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The Executable</h3>\n<p>The executable name is the name of the main reactor <em>transformed to snake_case</em>: <code>main reactor RustProgram</code> will generate <code>rust_program</code>. See <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#command-line-arguments\">Command-Line Arguments</a> for details.</p>\n<h3 id=\"file-layout\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#file-layout\" aria-label=\"file layout permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>File layout</h3>\n<p>The Rust code generator generates a Cargo project with a classical layout:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">├── Cargo.lock\n├── Cargo.toml\n├── src\n│   ├── main.rs\n│   └── reactors\n│       ├── mod.rs\n|       ├── ...\n|\n└── target\n    ├── ...</pre>\n<p>The module structure is as follows:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>the crate has a module <code>reactors</code></li>\n<li>each LF reactor has its own submodule of <code>reactors</code>. For instance, <code>Minimal.lf</code> will generate <code>minimal.rs</code>. The name is transformed to snake_case.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>This means that to refer to the contents of another reactor module, e.g. that of <code>Other.lf</code>, you have to write <code>super::other::Foo</code>. This is relevant to access <code>preamble</code> items.</p>\n<h4 id=\"single-file-layout\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#single-file-layout\" aria-label=\"single file layout permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Single-file layout</h4>\n<p>The Rust target supports an alternative file layout, where all reactors are generated into the <code>main.rs</code> file, making the project fit in a single file (excluding <code>Cargo.toml</code>). <em>The module structure is unchanged:</em> the file still contains a <code>mod reactors { ... }</code> within which each reactor has its <code>mod foo { ... }</code>. You can thus change the layout without having to update any LF code.</p>\n<p>Set the target property <code>single-file-project: true</code> to use this layout.</p>\n<p>Note: this alternative layout is provided for the purposes of making self-contained benchmark files. Generating actual runnable benchmarks from an LF file may be explored in the future.</p>\n<h3 id=\"specifying-dependencies\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#specifying-dependencies\" aria-label=\"specifying dependencies permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Specifying dependencies</h3>\n<p>The Rust code generator leverages Cargo to allow LF programs to profit from Rust’s large package ecosystem. The code generator may also link support files written in pure Rust into the generated crate. Target properties are used to achieve all this.</p>\n<h4 id=\"adding-cargo-dependencies\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#adding-cargo-dependencies\" aria-label=\"adding cargo dependencies permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Adding cargo dependencies</h4>\n<p>The <code>cargo-dependencies</code> target property may be used to specify dependencies on crates coming from <code>crates.io</code>. Here’s an example:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rust\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">   cargo-dependencies</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">      termcolor</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">0.8</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">   }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The value of the <em>cargo-dependencies</em> property is a map of crate identifiers to a <em>dependency-spec</em>. An informal example follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-json\"><span class=\"source-json\">cargo-dependencies: </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-begin-json\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js punctuation-definition-comment-json\">//</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js\"> Name-of-the-crate: &quot;version&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">a</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">n</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">d</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-begin-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json\">0.8</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-end-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-pair-json\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js punctuation-definition-comment-json\">//</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js\"> Equivalent to using an explicit map:</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">a</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">n</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">d</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-begin-json\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">v</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">e</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">s</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">i</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">o</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">n</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-begin-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json\">0.8</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-end-json\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-end-json\">}</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-pair-json\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js punctuation-definition-comment-json\">//</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js\"> The map allows specifying more details</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">a</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">n</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">d</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-begin-json\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js punctuation-definition-comment-json\">//</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js\"> A path to a local unpublished crate.</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js punctuation-definition-comment-json\">//</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js\"> Note &#039;path&#039; is mutually exclusive with &#039;git&#039;.</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">p</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">a</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">t</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">h</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-begin-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json\">/home/me/Git/local-rand-clone</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-end-json\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-end-json\">}</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-pair-json\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">a</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">n</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">d</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-begin-json\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js punctuation-definition-comment-json\">//</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js\"> A URL to a git repo</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">g</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">i</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">t</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-begin-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json\">https://github.com/me/rand</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-end-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-pair-json\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js punctuation-definition-comment-json\">//</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js\"> Specify an explicit Git revision number</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">e</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">v</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-begin-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json\">abcdef1234</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-end-json\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-end-json\">}</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-pair-json\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">a</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">n</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">d</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-begin-json\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">v</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">e</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">s</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">i</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">o</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">n</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-begin-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json\">0.8</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-end-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-pair-json\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js punctuation-definition-comment-json\">//</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js\"> you can specify cargo features</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">f</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">e</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">a</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">t</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">u</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">e</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">s</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json punctuation-definition-array-begin-json\">[</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-begin-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json string-quoted-double-json\">some-cargo-feature</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-end-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json punctuation-separator-array-json\">,</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json punctuation-definition-array-end-json\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-end-json\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-end-json\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>When a <em>dependency-spec</em> is specified as an object, its key-value pairs correspond directly to those of a <a href=\"https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/specifying-dependencies.html#specifying-dependencies-from-git-repositories\">Cargo dependency specification</a>. For instance for the following dependency spec:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-json\"><span class=\"source-json\">   rand: </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-begin-json\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">v</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">e</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">s</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">i</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">o</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">n</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-begin-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json\">0.8</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-end-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-pair-json\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js punctuation-definition-comment-json\">//</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json comment-line-double-slash-js\"> you can specify cargo features</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">f</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">e</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">a</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">t</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">u</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">e</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">s</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json punctuation-definition-array-begin-json\">[</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-begin-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json string-quoted-double-json\">some-cargo-feature</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-end-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json punctuation-separator-array-json\">,</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json punctuation-definition-array-end-json\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-end-json\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>we add the following to the generated <code>Cargo.toml</code>:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-toml\"><span class=\"source-toml meta-tag-table-toml punctuation-definition-table-toml\">[</span><span class=\"source-toml meta-tag-table-toml entity-other-attribute-name-table-toml\">dependencies</span><span class=\"source-toml meta-tag-table-toml\">.</span><span class=\"source-toml meta-tag-table-toml entity-other-attribute-name-table-toml\">rand</span><span class=\"source-toml meta-tag-table-toml punctuation-definition-table-toml\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-toml keyword-key-toml\">version</span><span class=\"source-toml\"> </span><span class=\"source-toml punctuation-definition-keyValuePair-toml\">=</span><span class=\"source-toml\"> </span><span class=\"source-toml string-quoted-single-basic-line-toml\">&quot;0.8&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-toml keyword-key-toml\">features</span><span class=\"source-toml\"> </span><span class=\"source-toml punctuation-definition-keyValuePair-toml\">=</span><span class=\"source-toml\"> </span><span class=\"source-toml punctuation-definition-array-toml\">[</span><span class=\"source-toml string-quoted-single-basic-line-toml\">&quot;some-cargo-feature&quot;</span><span class=\"source-toml punctuation-definition-array-toml\">]</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Not all keys are necessarily supported though, e.g. the <code>registry</code> key is not supported (yet).</p>\n<h4 id=\"configuring-the-runtime\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#configuring-the-runtime\" aria-label=\"configuring the runtime permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Configuring the runtime</h4>\n<p>The runtime crate can be configured just like other crates, using the <code>cargo-dependencies</code> target property, e.g.:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-json\"><span class=\"source-json\">cargo-dependencies: </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-begin-json\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">e</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">a</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">c</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">t</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">o</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">_</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">t</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-begin-json\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json\">     </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">f</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">e</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">a</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">t</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">u</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">r</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">e</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json invalid-illegal-expected-dictionary-separator-json\">s</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json punctuation-separator-dictionary-key-value-json\">:</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\"> </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json punctuation-definition-array-begin-json\">[</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-begin-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json string-quoted-double-json\">parallel-runtime</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json string-quoted-double-json punctuation-definition-string-end-json\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-array-json punctuation-definition-array-end-json\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json\">   </span><span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json meta-structure-dictionary-value-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-end-json\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-json meta-structure-dictionary-json punctuation-definition-dictionary-end-json\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The dependency is always included, with defaults picked by LFC. The location information (<em>path</em>/<em>git</em>/<em>version</em> key) is optional.\nSee <a href=\"https://lf-lang.github.io/reactor-rust/reactor_rt/index.html\">reactor_rt</a> for the supported features.</p>\n<h4 id=\"linking-support-files\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#linking-support-files\" aria-label=\"linking support files permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Linking support files</h4>\n<p>You can link-in additional rust modules using the <code>rust-include</code> target property:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rust\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  rust-include</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: [</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">foo.rs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">]</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The property is a list of paths (relative to the directory containing the <code>.lf</code> file). Each path should either point to a Rust file (<code>.rs</code>), or a directory that contains a <code>mod.rs</code> file. Each of those will be copied to the <code>src</code> directory of the generated Cargo project, and linked in to the <code>main.rs</code> file.</p>\n<p>To refer to the included module, you can use e.g. <code>crate::foo</code> if your module is named <code>foo</code>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"generation-scheme\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#generation-scheme\" aria-label=\"generation scheme permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Generation scheme</h3>\n<p>Each reactor generates its own <code>struct</code> which contains state variables. For instance,</p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>LF</th>\n<th>Generated Rust</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rust\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">SomeReactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">field</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</td>\n<td>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-rust\"><span class=\"source-rust storage-type-rust\">struct</span><span class=\"source-rust\"> </span><span class=\"source-rust entity-name-type-rust\">SomeReactor</span><span class=\"source-rust\"> </span><span class=\"source-rust\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-rust\">  field: </span><span class=\"source-rust support-type-primitive-rust\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-rust\">}</span>\n</pre>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>In the following we refer to that struct as the <em>state struct</em>.</p>\n<h4 id=\"reactions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#reactions\" aria-label=\"reactions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Reactions</h4>\n<p>Reactions are each generated in a separate method of the reactor struct. Reaction names are unspecified and may be mangled to prevent explicit calling. The parameters of that method are</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>&#x26;mut self</code>: the state struct described above,</li>\n<li><code>ctx: &#x26;mut ReactionCtx</code>: the context object for the reaction execution,</li>\n<li>For each dependency, a parameter is generated.\n<ul>\n<li>If the dependency is a component of this reactor, the name of the parameter is just the name of the component</li>\n<li>If the dependency is a port of a child reactor, the name of the parameter is <code>&#x3C;name of the child instance>__&#x3C;name of the port></code>, e.g. <code>child__out</code> for <code>child.out</code>.</li>\n<li>The type of the parameter depends on the kind of dependency and of component:</li>\n</ul>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Component</th>\n<th>Use/trigger dependency</th>\n<th>Effect dependency</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Port of type <code>T</code></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><code>&#x26;ReadablePort&#x3C;T></code></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><code>WritablePort&#x3C;T></code></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Logical action of type <code>T</code></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><code>&#x26;LogicalAction&#x3C;T></code></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><code>&#x26;mut LogicalAction&#x3C;T></code></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Physical action of type <code>T</code></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><code>&#x26;PhysicalActionRef&#x3C;T></code></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><code>&#x26;mut PhysicalActionRef&#x3C;T></code></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Timer</td>\n<td>\n<p><code>&#x26;Timer</code></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>n/a</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Port bank of type <code>T</code></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><code>&#x26;ReadablePortBank&#x3C;T></code></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><code>WritablePortBank&#x3C;T></code></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>Undeclared dependencies, and dependencies on timers and <code>startup</code> or <code>shutdown</code>, do not generate a parameter.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https://lf-lang.github.io/reactor-rust/reactor_rt/struct.ReactionCtx.html\"><code>ReactionCtx</code></a> object is a mediator to manipulate all those dependency objects. It has methods to set ports, schedule actions, retrieve the current logical time, etc.</p>\n<p>For instance:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rust\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Source</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">output</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">out</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">i32</span><span class=\"source-lf\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">set</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">out, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">76600</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>In this example, the context object <code>ctx</code> is used to set a port to a value. The port is in scope as <code>out</code>.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>⚠ TODO when the runtime crate is public link to the docs, they should be the most exhaustive documentation.</p>\n</blockquote>\n</div>\n````","headings":[{"value":"Overview","depth":2},{"value":"Requirements","depth":2},{"value":"Limitations","depth":2},{"value":"The Target Specification","depth":2},{"value":"Parameters and State Variables","depth":2},{"value":"Array Values for Parameters","depth":3},{"value":"Array Values for States","depth":3},{"value":"States and Parameters with Struct Values","depth":3},{"value":"Array-Valued Parameters","depth":3},{"value":"State Variables","depth":3},{"value":"Array Expressions for State Variables and Parameters","depth":3},{"value":"Assigning Arbitrary Initial Expressions to State Variables and Parameters","depth":3},{"value":"Array or Object Parameters","depth":3},{"value":"Inputs and Outputs","depth":2},{"value":"Sending and Receiving Data","depth":3},{"value":"Persistent Inputs","depth":3},{"value":"Fixed Length Array Inputs and Outputs","depth":3},{"value":"Variable Length Array Inputs and Outputs","depth":3},{"value":"Dynamically Allocated Data","depth":3},{"value":"Mutable Inputs","depth":3},{"value":"String Types","depth":3},{"value":"Macros For Setting Output Values","depth":3},{"value":"Sending and Receiving Large Data Types","depth":3},{"value":"Sending and Receiving Objects","depth":3},{"value":"Sending and Receiving Custom Types","depth":3},{"value":"Time","depth":2},{"value":"Tags","depth":3},{"value":"Summary of Time Functions","depth":3},{"value":"Actions","depth":2},{"value":"Zero-Delay Actions","depth":3},{"value":"Actions With Values","depth":3},{"value":"Zero-Delay Actions","depth":3},{"value":"Actions With Values","depth":3},{"value":"Schedule Functions","depth":3},{"value":"Stopping Execution","depth":2},{"value":"Log and Debug Information","depth":2},{"value":"Libraries Available to Programmers","depth":2},{"value":"Libraries Available in All Programs","depth":4},{"value":"Standard C Libraries","depth":4},{"value":"Available Libraries Requiring #include","depth":4},{"value":"Available Libraries Requiring #include, a files entry, and a cmake-include","depth":4},{"value":"Scheduler Target Property","depth":2},{"value":"Target Implementation Details","depth":2},{"value":"Included Libraries","depth":3},{"value":"Multithreaded Implementation","depth":3},{"value":"Single Threaded Implementation","depth":3},{"value":"The XXX.py file containing user code","depth":3},{"value":"The generated LinguaFrancaXXX Python module (a C extension module)","depth":3},{"value":"Interactions between XXX.py and LinguaFrancaXXX","depth":3},{"value":"The LinguaFrancaBase package","depth":3},{"value":"Already imported Python modules","depth":3},{"value":"package.json","depth":3},{"value":"tsconfig.json","depth":3},{"value":"babel.config.js","depth":3},{"value":"Debugging Type Errors","depth":3},{"value":"Utility Function Reference","depth":3},{"value":"Building Reactor-ts Documentation","depth":3},{"value":"Target Properties","depth":3},{"value":"The Executable","depth":3},{"value":"File layout","depth":3},{"value":"Single-file layout","depth":4},{"value":"Specifying dependencies","depth":3},{"value":"Adding cargo dependencies","depth":4},{"value":"Configuring the runtime","depth":4},{"value":"Linking support files","depth":4},{"value":"Generation scheme","depth":3},{"value":"Reactions","depth":4}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/target-language-details","title":"Target Language Details","oneline":"Detailed reference for each target langauge.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Expressions","oneline":"Expressions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/expressions"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Target Declaration","oneline":"The target declaration and its parameters in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/target-declaration"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"3-target-language-details","slug":"/docs/handbook/target-language-details","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/reference/Target Language Details.md","previousID":"24e3b5ae-ac22-5a79-956a-4258d40ae77c","nextID":"de456861-0847-5726-aba2-da3ba779bd9d","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/termination","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"3fe7316e-2329-5244-8f02-9a4a1e4e4d74","excerpt":"Shutdown Reactions There are several mechanisms for terminating a Lingua Franca in an orderly fashion.\nAll of these mechanisms result in a final tag at which…","html":"<h2 id=\"shutdown-reactions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#shutdown-reactions\" aria-label=\"shutdown reactions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Shutdown Reactions</h2>\n<p>There are several mechanisms for terminating a Lingua Franca in an orderly fashion.\nAll of these mechanisms result in a <strong>final tag</strong> at which any reaction that declares $shutdown$ as a trigger will be invoked (recall that a <strong>tag</strong> is a tuple (<strong>logical time</strong>, <strong>microstep</strong>)). Other reactions may also be invoked at this final tag, and the order in which reactions are invoked will be constrained by the normal precedence rules.</p>\n<p>If a reaction triggered by $shutdown$ produces outputs, then downstream reactors will also be invoked at the final tag. If the reaction schedules any actions by calling <code>schedule()</code>, those will be ignored. In fact, any event after the final tag will be ignored. After the completion of the final tag, the program will exit.</p>\n<p>There are four ways to terminate a program:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Timeout</strong>: The program specifies the last logical time at which reactions should be triggered.</li>\n<li><strong>Starvation</strong>: At the conclusion of some tag, there are no events in the event queue at future tags.</li>\n<li><strong>Stop request</strong>: Some reaction requests that the program terminate.</li>\n<li><strong>External signal</strong>: Program is terminated externally using operating services like control-C or <code>kill</code>.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>We address each of these in turn.</p>\n<h2 id=\"timeout\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#timeout\" aria-label=\"timeout permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Timeout</h2>\n<p>The <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#timeout\">target property <code>timeout</code></a> specifies the last logical time at which reactions should be triggered. The last invocation of reactions will be at tag (<code>timeout</code>, 0).</p>\n<p>There is a significant subtlety when using <a href=\"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors#physical-connections\">physical connections</a>, which are connections using the syntax <code>~></code>. Such connections specify that the tag at the receiving end will be based on the physical time at which the message is received. If the tag assigned at the receiving end is greater than the final tag, then the message is lost. Hence, <strong>messages sent near the <code>timeout</code> time are likely to be lost!</strong></p>\n<h2 id=\"starvation\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#starvation\" aria-label=\"starvation permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Starvation</h2>\n<p>If a Lingua Franca program has no <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions#physical-actions\">physical actions</a>, and if at any time during execution there are no future events waiting to be processed, then there is no possibility for any more reactions to occur and the program will exit. This situation is called <strong>starvation</strong>. If there is a <strong>timer</strong> anywhere in the program with a period, then this condition never occurs.</p>\n<p>One subtlety is that reactions triggered by $shutdown$ will be invoked one microstep later than the last tag at which there was an event. They cannot be invoked at the same tag because it is only after that last tag has completed that the runtime system can be sure that there are no future events. It would not be correct to trigger the $shutdown$ reactions at that point because it would be impossible to respect the required reaction ordering.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py lf-ts\">\n<p>Starvation termination is not currently implemented for federated execution. You will need to use one of the other mechanisms to terminate a federated program.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"stop-request\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#stop-request\" aria-label=\"stop request permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Stop Request</h2>\n<p>If a reaction calls the built-in <code>request_stop()</code> function, then it is requesting that the program cease execution as soon as possible. This cessation will normally occur in the next microstep. The current tag will be completed as normal. Then the tag will be advanced by one microstep, and reactions triggered by $shutdown$ will be executed, along with any other reactions with triggers at that tag, with all reactions executed in precedence order.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py lf-ts\">\n<p>In a federated execution, things are more complicated. In general, it is not possible to cease execution in the next microstep because this would mean that every federate has a communication channel to every other with delay equal to one microstep. This does not create a causality loop, but it means that all federates have to advance time in lockstep, which creates a global barrier synchronization that would likely kill performance. It would also make decentralized coordination impossible because the safe-to-process (STP) threshold for all federates would diverge to infinity.</p>\n<p>For <strong>centralized coordination</strong>, when a reaction in a federate calls <code>request_stop()</code>, the federate sends a <strong>STOP_REQUEST</strong> message to the RTI with its current timestamp <em>t</em> as a payload and completes execution of any other reactions triggered at the current tag. It then blocks, waiting for a <strong>STOP_GRANTED</strong> message with a timestamp payload <em>s</em>. If <em>s</em> > <em>t</em>, then it sets <code>timeout</code> = <em>s</em> and continues executing, using the timeout mechanism (see above) to stop. If <em>s</em> = <em>t</em>, then schedules the shutdown phase to occur one microstep later, as in the unfederated case.</p>\n<p>When the RTI receives a <strong>STOP_REQUEST</strong> message from a federate, it forwards it to all other federates and waits for a reply from all. Each reply will have a timestamp payload. The RTI chooses <em>s</em>, the largest of these timestamps, and sends a <strong>STOP_GRANTED</strong> message to all federates with payload <em>s</em>.</p>\n<p>When a federate receives a <strong>STOP_REQUEST</strong> message, it replies with its current logical time <em>t</em>, completes its current tag (if one is progress), and blocks, waiting for a <strong>STOP_GRANTED</strong> message from the RTI. When it gets the reply with payload <em>s</em>, if <em>s</em> > <em>t</em>, then it sets <code>timeout</code> = <em>s</em> and continues executing, using the timeout mechanism (see above) to stop. If <em>s</em> = <em>t</em>, then it schedules the shutdown phase to occur one microstep later, as in the unfederated case.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"external-signal\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#external-signal\" aria-label=\"external signal permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>External Signal</h2>\n<p>A control-C or other kill signal to a running Lingua Franca program will cause execution to stop immediately.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py lf-ts\">\n<p>For federated programs, each federate and the RTI catches external signals to shut down in an orderly way.</p>\n<p>When a federate gets such an external signal (e.g. control-C), it sends a <strong>RESIGN</strong> message to the RTI and an <strong>EOF</strong> (end of file) on each socket connection to another federate. It then closes all sockets and shuts down. The RTI and all other federates should continue running until some other termination condition occurs.</p>\n<p>When the RTI gets such an external signal (e.g. control-C), it broadcasts a <strong>STOP_REQUEST</strong> message to all federates, waits for their replies (with a timeout in case the federate or the network has failed), chooses the maximum timestamp <em>s</em> on the replies, broadcasts a <strong>STOP_GRANTED</strong> message to all federates with payload <em>s</em>, and waits for <strong>LOGICAL_TIME_COMPLETE</strong> messages as above.</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Shutdown Reactions","depth":2},{"value":"Timeout","depth":2},{"value":"Starvation","depth":2},{"value":"Stop Request","depth":2},{"value":"External Signal","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/termination","title":"Termination","oneline":"Terminating a Lingua Franca execution.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Distributed Execution","oneline":"Distributed Execution (preliminary)","permalink":"/docs/handbook/distributed-execution"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-termination","slug":"/docs/handbook/termination","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Termination.md","previousID":"fac84eb6-489b-5361-9187-7dc6ad9f5022","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.632Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/termination","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"6f15c9ee-d99f-5526-99a6-3dd6bce05820","excerpt":"Shutdown Reactions There are several mechanisms for terminating a Lingua Franca in an orderly fashion.\nAll of these mechanisms result in a final tag at which…","html":"<h2 id=\"shutdown-reactions\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#shutdown-reactions\" aria-label=\"shutdown reactions permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Shutdown Reactions</h2>\n<p>There are several mechanisms for terminating a Lingua Franca in an orderly fashion.\nAll of these mechanisms result in a <strong>final tag</strong> at which any reaction that declares $shutdown$ as a trigger will be invoked (recall that a <strong>tag</strong> is a tuple (<strong>logical time</strong>, <strong>microstep</strong>)). Other reactions may also be invoked at this final tag, and the order in which reactions are invoked will be constrained by the normal precedence rules.</p>\n<p>If a reaction triggered by $shutdown$ produces outputs, then downstream reactors will also be invoked at the final tag. If the reaction schedules any actions by calling <code>schedule()</code>, those will be ignored. In fact, any event after the final tag will be ignored. After the completion of the final tag, the program will exit.</p>\n<p>There are four ways to terminate a program:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Timeout</strong>: The program specifies the last logical time at which reactions should be triggered.</li>\n<li><strong>Starvation</strong>: At the conclusion of some tag, there are no events in the event queue at future tags.</li>\n<li><strong>Stop request</strong>: Some reaction requests that the program terminate.</li>\n<li><strong>External signal</strong>: Program is terminated externally using operating services like control-C or <code>kill</code>.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>We address each of these in turn.</p>\n<h2 id=\"timeout\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#timeout\" aria-label=\"timeout permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Timeout</h2>\n<p>The <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#timeout\">target property <code>timeout</code></a> specifies the last logical time at which reactions should be triggered. The last invocation of reactions will be at tag (<code>timeout</code>, 0).</p>\n<p>There is a significant subtlety when using <a href=\"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors#physical-connections\">physical connections</a>, which are connections using the syntax <code>~></code>. Such connections specify that the tag at the receiving end will be based on the physical time at which the message is received. If the tag assigned at the receiving end is greater than the final tag, then the message is lost. Hence, <strong>messages sent near the <code>timeout</code> time are likely to be lost!</strong></p>\n<h2 id=\"starvation\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#starvation\" aria-label=\"starvation permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Starvation</h2>\n<p>If a Lingua Franca program has no <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions#physical-actions\">physical actions</a>, and if at any time during execution there are no future events waiting to be processed, then there is no possibility for any more reactions to occur and the program will exit. This situation is called <strong>starvation</strong>. If there is a <strong>timer</strong> anywhere in the program with a period, then this condition never occurs.</p>\n<p>One subtlety is that reactions triggered by $shutdown$ will be invoked one microstep later than the last tag at which there was an event. They cannot be invoked at the same tag because it is only after that last tag has completed that the runtime system can be sure that there are no future events. It would not be correct to trigger the $shutdown$ reactions at that point because it would be impossible to respect the required reaction ordering.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py lf-ts\">\n<p>Starvation termination is not currently implemented for federated execution. You will need to use one of the other mechanisms to terminate a federated program.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"stop-request\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#stop-request\" aria-label=\"stop request permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Stop Request</h2>\n<p>If a reaction calls the built-in <code>request_stop()</code> function, then it is requesting that the program cease execution as soon as possible. This cessation will normally occur in the next microstep. The current tag will be completed as normal. Then the tag will be advanced by one microstep, and reactions triggered by $shutdown$ will be executed, along with any other reactions with triggers at that tag, with all reactions executed in precedence order.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py lf-ts\">\n<p>In a federated execution, things are more complicated. In general, it is not possible to cease execution in the next microstep because this would mean that every federate has a communication channel to every other with delay equal to one microstep. This does not create a causality loop, but it means that all federates have to advance time in lockstep, which creates a global barrier synchronization that would likely kill performance. It would also make decentralized coordination impossible because the safe-to-process (STP) threshold for all federates would diverge to infinity.</p>\n<p>For <strong>centralized coordination</strong>, when a reaction in a federate calls <code>request_stop()</code>, the federate sends a <strong>STOP_REQUEST</strong> message to the RTI with its current timestamp <em>t</em> as a payload and completes execution of any other reactions triggered at the current tag. It then blocks, waiting for a <strong>STOP_GRANTED</strong> message with a timestamp payload <em>s</em>. If <em>s</em> > <em>t</em>, then it sets <code>timeout</code> = <em>s</em> and continues executing, using the timeout mechanism (see above) to stop. If <em>s</em> = <em>t</em>, then schedules the shutdown phase to occur one microstep later, as in the unfederated case.</p>\n<p>When the RTI receives a <strong>STOP_REQUEST</strong> message from a federate, it forwards it to all other federates and waits for a reply from all. Each reply will have a timestamp payload. The RTI chooses <em>s</em>, the largest of these timestamps, and sends a <strong>STOP_GRANTED</strong> message to all federates with payload <em>s</em>.</p>\n<p>When a federate receives a <strong>STOP_REQUEST</strong> message, it replies with its current logical time <em>t</em>, completes its current tag (if one is progress), and blocks, waiting for a <strong>STOP_GRANTED</strong> message from the RTI. When it gets the reply with payload <em>s</em>, if <em>s</em> > <em>t</em>, then it sets <code>timeout</code> = <em>s</em> and continues executing, using the timeout mechanism (see above) to stop. If <em>s</em> = <em>t</em>, then it schedules the shutdown phase to occur one microstep later, as in the unfederated case.</p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"external-signal\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#external-signal\" aria-label=\"external signal permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>External Signal</h2>\n<p>A control-C or other kill signal to a running Lingua Franca program will cause execution to stop immediately.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py lf-ts\">\n<p>For federated programs, each federate and the RTI catches external signals to shut down in an orderly way.</p>\n<p>When a federate gets such an external signal (e.g. control-C), it sends a <strong>RESIGN</strong> message to the RTI and an <strong>EOF</strong> (end of file) on each socket connection to another federate. It then closes all sockets and shuts down. The RTI and all other federates should continue running until some other termination condition occurs.</p>\n<p>When the RTI gets such an external signal (e.g. control-C), it broadcasts a <strong>STOP_REQUEST</strong> message to all federates, waits for their replies (with a timeout in case the federate or the network has failed), chooses the maximum timestamp <em>s</em> on the replies, broadcasts a <strong>STOP_GRANTED</strong> message to all federates with payload <em>s</em>, and waits for <strong>LOGICAL_TIME_COMPLETE</strong> messages as above.</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Shutdown Reactions","depth":2},{"value":"Timeout","depth":2},{"value":"Starvation","depth":2},{"value":"Stop Request","depth":2},{"value":"External Signal","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/termination","title":"Termination","oneline":"Terminating a Lingua Franca execution.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Distributed Execution","oneline":"Distributed Execution (preliminary)","permalink":"/docs/handbook/distributed-execution"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-termination","slug":"/docs/handbook/termination","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Termination.md","previousID":"79d9c9b2-eee4-5652-9541-c483de60119e","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.023Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"223d571d-f7cc-5930-b37d-c76be744072f","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ Logical Time A key property of Lingua Franca is logical time. All events occur at an instant in logical time. By default, the runtime…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<h2 id=\"logical-time\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#logical-time\" aria-label=\"logical time permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Logical Time</h2>\n<p>A key property of Lingua Franca is <strong>logical time</strong>. All events occur at an instant in logical time. By default, the runtime system does its best to align logical time with <strong>physical time</strong>, which is some measurement of time on the execution platform. The <strong>lag</strong> is defined to be physical time minus logical time, and the goal of the runtime system is maintain a small non-negative lag.</p>\n<p>The <strong>lag</strong> is allowed to go negative only if the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#fast\"><code>fast</code> target property</a> or the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#command-line-arguments\"><code>--fast</code></a> command-line argument is set to <code>true</code>. In that case, the program will execute as fast as possible with no regard to physical time.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-rs\">\n<p>In Lingua Franca, $time$ is a data type.\nA parameter, state variable, port, or action may have type $time$.\n<span class=\"lf-c\">In the C target, time values internally have type <code>instant_t</code> or <code>interval_t</code>,\nboth of which are (usually) equivalent to the C type <code>long long</code>.</span>\n<span class=\"lf-cpp\">In the C++ target, time values internally have the type <code>std::chrono::nanoseconds</code>. For details, see the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a>.</span>\n<span class=\"lf-rs warning\">In the Rust target, time values internally have type FIXME.</span></p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"time-values\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#time-values\" aria-label=\"time values permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Time Values</h2>\n<p>A time value is given with units (unless the value is 0, in which case the units can be omitted).\nThe allowable units are:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>For nanoseconds: <code>ns</code>, <code>nsec</code>, or <code>nsecs</code></li>\n<li>For microseconds: <code>us</code>, <code>usec</code>, or <code>usecs</code></li>\n<li>For milliseconds: <code>ms</code>, <code>msec</code>, or <code>msecs</code></li>\n<li>For seconds: <code>s</code>, <code>sec</code>, <code>secs</code>, <code>second</code>, or <code>seconds</code></li>\n<li>For minutes: <code>min</code>, <code>minute</code>, <code>mins</code>, or <code>minutes</code></li>\n<li>For hours: <code>h</code>, <code>hour</code>, or <code>hours</code></li>\n<li>For days: <code>d</code>, <code>day</code>, or <code>days</code></li>\n<li>For weeks: <code>week</code> or <code>weeks</code></li>\n</ul>\n<p>The following example illustrates using time values for parameters and state variables:</p>\n<p>$start(SlowingClock)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">SlowingClock</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(start: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, incr: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">start</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">instant_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_logical_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Logical time since start: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> nsec.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        elapsed_logical_time</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">incr</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">SlowingClock</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(start: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms), incr: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">start</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">start</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_logical_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Logical time since start: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_logical_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> nsec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    interval </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> incr</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">SlowingClock</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(start </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, incr </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">start</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Logical time since start: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> nsec.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">incr</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">SlowingClock</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(start: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, incr: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">start</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Logical time since start: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getElapsedLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-dom-ts\">add</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">incr</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">SlowingClock</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(start: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, incr: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">start</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">incr</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> incr</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">expected_time</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">a, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">After</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.start));</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Logical time since start: {} nsec.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">as_nanos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    );</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.interval </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.incr;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">a, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">After</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.interval));</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.expected_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.interval;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(SlowingClock)$</p>\n<p>This has two time parameters, <code>start</code> and <code>incr</code>, each with default value <code>100 ms</code> <span class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-rs\">and type $time$</span>. This parameter is used to initialize the <code>interval</code> state variable, which also stores a time. The $logical$ $action$ <code>a</code>, explained in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions#logical-actions\">Actions</a>, is used to schedule events to occur at time <code>start</code> after program startup and then at intervals that are increased each time by <code>incr</code>. The result of executing this program will look like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Logical time since start: 100000000 nsec.\nLogical time since start: 300000000 nsec.\nLogical time since start: 600000000 nsec.\nLogical time since start: 1000000000 nsec.\n...</pre>\n<h2 id=\"timers\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#timers\" aria-label=\"timers permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Timers</h2>\n<p>The simplest use of logical time in Lingua Franca is to invoke a reaction periodically. This is done by first declaring a $timer$ using this syntax:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;(&lt;offset&gt;, &lt;period&gt;)</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>&#x3C;period></code>, which is optional, specifies the time interval between timer events. The <code>&#x3C;offset></code>, which is also optional, specifies the (logical) time interval between when the program starts executing and the first timer event. If no period is given, then the timer event occurs only once. If neither an offset nor a period is specified, then one timer event occurs at program start, simultaneous with the $startup$ event.</p>\n<p>The period and offset are given by a number and a units, for example, <code>10 ms</code>. See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/expressions#basic-expressions\">expressions documentation</a> for allowable units. Consider the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Timer)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Logical time is: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getCurrentLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Logical time is {}.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">as_nanos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    );</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Timer)$</p>\n<p>This specifies a timer named <code>t</code> that will first trigger at the start of execution and then repeatedly trigger at intervals of one second. Notice that the time units can be left off if the value is zero.</p>\n<p>This target provides a built-in function for retrieving the logical time at which the reaction is invoked,\n<span class=\"lf-c\"><code>get_logical_time()</code></span>\n<span class=\"lf-cpp warning\">FIXME</span>\n<span class=\"lf-py warning\">lf.time.logical()</span>\n<span class=\"lf-ts\">util.getCurrentLogicalTime()</span>\n<span class=\"lf-rs warning\">FIXME</span>.\nOn most platforms (with the exception of some embedded platforms), the returned value is a 64-bit number representing the number of nanoseconds that have elapsed since January 1, 1970. Executing the above displays something like the following:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Logical time is 1648402121312985000.\nLogical time is 1648402122312985000.\nLogical time is 1648402123312985000.\n...</pre>\n<p>The output lines appear at one second intervals unless the <code>fast</code> option has been specified.</p>\n<h2 id=\"elapsed-time\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#elapsed-time\" aria-label=\"elapsed time permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Elapsed Time</h2>\n<p>The times above are a bit hard to read, so, for convenience, each target provides a built-in function to retrieve the <em>elapsed</em> time. For example:</p>\n<p>$start(TimeElapsed)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TimeElapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Elapsed logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TimeElapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Elapsed logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TimeElapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Elapsed logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TimeElapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Elapsed logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getElapsedLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TimeElapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Elapsed logical time is {}.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">as_nanos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    );</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(TimeElapsed)$</p>\n<p>See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a> for the full set of functions provided for accessing time values.</p>\n<p>Executing this program will produce something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Elapsed logical time is 0.\nElapsed logical time is 1000000000.\nElapsed logical time is 2000000000.\n...</pre>\n<h2 id=\"comparing-logical-and-physical-times\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#comparing-logical-and-physical-times\" aria-label=\"comparing logical and physical times permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Comparing Logical and Physical Times</h2>\n<p>The following program compares logical and physical times:</p>\n<p>$start(TimeLag)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TimeLag</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">interval_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> t </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">interval_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> T </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_physical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Elapsed logical time: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, physical time: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, lag: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> T</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> T</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">t</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TimeLag</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> logical_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> physical_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_physical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Elapsed logical time: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> logical_time</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> physical time: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> physical_time</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> lag: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> physical_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> logical_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TimeLag</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">T</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">physical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Elapsed logical time: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">, physical time: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">T</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">, lag: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">T</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TimeLag</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">const</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-constant-ts\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getElapsedLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">const</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-constant-ts\">T</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getElapsedPhysicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Elapsed logical time: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">, physical time: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-constant-ts\">T</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">, lag: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-constant-object-ts\">T</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">subtract</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TimeLag</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> t </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> T </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get_elapsed_physical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Elapsed logical time: {}, physical time: {}, lag: {}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      t.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">as_nanos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      T.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">as_nanos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      (T</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-arithmetic-rust\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">t).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">as_nanos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    );</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(TimeLag)$</p>\n<p>Execution will show something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Elapsed logical time: 0, physical time: 855000, lag: 855000\nElapsed logical time: 1000000000, physical time: 1004714000, lag: 4714000\nElapsed logical time: 2000000000, physical time: 2004663000, lag: 4663000\nElapsed logical time: 3000000000, physical time: 3000210000, lag: 210000\n...</pre>\n<p>In this case, the lag varies from a few hundred microseconds to a small number of milliseconds. The amount of lag will depend on the execution platform.</p>\n<h2 id=\"simultaneity-and-instantaneity\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#simultaneity-and-instantaneity\" aria-label=\"simultaneity and instantaneity permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Simultaneity and Instantaneity</h2>\n<p>If two timers have the same <em>offset</em> and <em>period</em>, then their events are logically simultaneous. No observer will be able to see that one timer has triggered and the other has not.</p>\n<p>A reaction is always invoked at a well-defined logical time, and logical time does not advance during its execution. Any output produced by the reaction will be <strong>logically simultaneous</strong> with the input. In other words, reactions are <strong>logically instantaneous</strong> (for an exception, see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/logical-execution-time\">Logical Execution Time</a>). Physical time, however, does elapse during execution of a reaction.</p>\n<h2 id=\"timeout\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#timeout\" aria-label=\"timeout permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Timeout</h2>\n<p>By default, a Lingua Franca program will terminate when there are no more events to process. If there is a timer with a non-zero period, then there will always be more events to process, so the default execution will be unbounded. To specify a finite execution horizon, you can either specify a <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#timeout\"><code>timeout</code> target property</a> or a <a href=\"docs/handbook/target-declaration#command-line-arguments\"><code>--timeout</code> command-line option</a>. For example, the following <code>timeout</code> property will cause the above timer with a period of one second to terminate after 11 events:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> s</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> s</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> s</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> s</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> s</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<h2 id=\"startup-and-shutdown\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#startup-and-shutdown\" aria-label=\"startup and shutdown permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Startup and Shutdown</h2>\n<p>To cause a reaction to be invoked at the start of execution, a special <strong>startup</strong> trigger is provided:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> perform initialization </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <strong>startup</strong> trigger is equivalent to a timer with no <em>offset</em> or <em>period</em>.</p>\n<p>To cause a reaction to be invoked at the end of execution, a special <strong>shutdown</strong> trigger is provided. Consider the following reactor, commonly used to build regression tests:</p>\n<p>$start(TestCount)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(start: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, stride: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">s:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inputs_received</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">ERROR: Expected </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">stride</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">inputs_received</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">shutdown</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Shutdown invoked.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">inputs_received</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">num_inputs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">ERROR: Expected to receive </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> inputs, but got </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">num_inputs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">inputs_received</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(start: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, stride: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">s:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inputs_received</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> value </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  value </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">value </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">cerr </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">ERROR: Expected: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> count </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    count </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> stride</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    inputs_received</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">shutdown</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Shutdown invoked.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">inputs_received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> num_inputs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">cerr </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">ERROR: Expected to receive </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> num_inputs</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> inputs, but got </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> inputs_received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(start</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_inputs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inputs_received</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-comparison-python\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">sys</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">stderr</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">write</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">ERROR: Expected </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-escape-python\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">stride</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">inputs_received</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">shutdown</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Shutdown invoked.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">inputs_received</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-comparison-python\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">num_inputs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">sys</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">stderr</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">write</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">ERROR: Expected to receive </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">num_inputs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> inputs, but got </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">inputs_received</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-escape-python\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(start: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, stride: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, numInputs: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inputsReceived</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">error</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts\">ERROR: Expected </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-variable-object-process-ts\">process</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-process-ts\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">stride</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">inputsReceived</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">shutdown</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Shutdown invoked.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">inputsReceived</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">numInputs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">error</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts\">ERROR: Expected to receive </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">numInputs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts\">, but got </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">inputsReceived</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-variable-object-process-ts\">process</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-process-ts\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(start: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, stride: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_inputs: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">stride</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> stride</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">num_inputs</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> num_inputs</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inputs_received</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> x </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">x).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">unwrap</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Received {}.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">, x);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> x </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-comparison-rust\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.count {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">ERROR: Expected {}.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.count);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-misc-rust\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">process</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-misc-rust\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.count </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.stride;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.inputs_received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">shutdown</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Shutdown invoked.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.inputs_received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-comparison-rust\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.num_inputs {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">ERROR: Expected to receive {} inputs, but got {}.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.num_inputs,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.inputs_received</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      );</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-misc-rust\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">process</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-misc-rust\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(TestCount)$</p>\n<p>This reactor tests its inputs against expected values, which are expected to start with the value given by the <code>start</code> parameter and increase by <code>stride</code> with each successive input. It expects to receive a total of <code>num_inputs</code> input events. It checks the total number of inputs received in its $shutdown$ reaction.</p>\n<p>The <strong>shutdown</strong> trigger typically occurs at <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions#superdense-time\">microstep</a> 0, but may occur at a larger microstep. See <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions#superdense-time\">Superdense Time</a> and <a href=\"/docs/handbook/termination\">Termination</a>.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Logical Time","depth":2},{"value":"Time Values","depth":2},{"value":"Timers","depth":2},{"value":"Elapsed Time","depth":2},{"value":"Comparing Logical and Physical Times","depth":2},{"value":"Simultaneity and Instantaneity","depth":2},{"value":"Timeout","depth":2},{"value":"Startup and Shutdown","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers","title":"Time and Timers","oneline":"Time and timers in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Parameters and State Variables","oneline":"Parameters and state variables in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Composing Reactors","oneline":"Composing reactors in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-time-and-timers","slug":"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Time and Timers.md","previousID":"3af5735d-7d46-5bd0-b069-21d6c92f9c29","nextID":"e10dcb67-476a-59a9-9c74-e21a7a60d142","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.632Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
\ No newline at end of file
+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"051bc602-4435-5af0-930a-f471f905219e","excerpt":"$page-showing-target$ Logical Time A key property of Lingua Franca is logical time. All events occur at an instant in logical time. By default, the runtime…","html":"<p>$page-showing-target$</p>\n<h2 id=\"logical-time\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#logical-time\" aria-label=\"logical time permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Logical Time</h2>\n<p>A key property of Lingua Franca is <strong>logical time</strong>. All events occur at an instant in logical time. By default, the runtime system does its best to align logical time with <strong>physical time</strong>, which is some measurement of time on the execution platform. The <strong>lag</strong> is defined to be physical time minus logical time, and the goal of the runtime system is maintain a small non-negative lag.</p>\n<p>The <strong>lag</strong> is allowed to go negative only if the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#fast\"><code>fast</code> target property</a> or the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#command-line-arguments\"><code>--fast</code></a> command-line argument is set to <code>true</code>. In that case, the program will execute as fast as possible with no regard to physical time.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-rs\">\n<p>In Lingua Franca, $time$ is a data type.\nA parameter, state variable, port, or action may have type $time$.\n<span class=\"lf-c\">In the C target, time values internally have type <code>instant_t</code> or <code>interval_t</code>,\nboth of which are (usually) equivalent to the C type <code>long long</code>.</span>\n<span class=\"lf-cpp\">In the C++ target, time values internally have the type <code>std::chrono::nanoseconds</code>. For details, see the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a>.</span>\n<span class=\"lf-rs warning\">In the Rust target, time values internally have type FIXME.</span></p>\n</div>\n<h2 id=\"time-values\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#time-values\" aria-label=\"time values permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Time Values</h2>\n<p>A time value is given with units (unless the value is 0, in which case the units can be omitted).\nThe allowable units are:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>For nanoseconds: <code>ns</code>, <code>nsec</code>, or <code>nsecs</code></li>\n<li>For microseconds: <code>us</code>, <code>usec</code>, or <code>usecs</code></li>\n<li>For milliseconds: <code>ms</code>, <code>msec</code>, or <code>msecs</code></li>\n<li>For seconds: <code>s</code>, <code>sec</code>, <code>secs</code>, <code>second</code>, or <code>seconds</code></li>\n<li>For minutes: <code>min</code>, <code>minute</code>, <code>mins</code>, or <code>minutes</code></li>\n<li>For hours: <code>h</code>, <code>hour</code>, or <code>hours</code></li>\n<li>For days: <code>d</code>, <code>day</code>, or <code>days</code></li>\n<li>For weeks: <code>week</code> or <code>weeks</code></li>\n</ul>\n<p>The following example illustrates using time values for parameters and state variables:</p>\n<p>$start(SlowingClock)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">SlowingClock</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(start: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, incr: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">start</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">instant_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_logical_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Logical time since start: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> nsec.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        elapsed_logical_time</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">incr</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">SlowingClock</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(start: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms), incr: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms)) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">start</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">start</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_logical_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Logical time since start: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> elapsed_logical_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> nsec</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    interval </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> incr</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">SlowingClock</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(start </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, incr </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">start</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Logical time since start: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> nsec.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">incr</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">SlowingClock</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(start: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, incr: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">start</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Logical time since start: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getElapsedLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-dom-ts\">add</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">incr</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">actions</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-property-ts\">a</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-separator-comma-ts\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts constant-language-null-ts\">null</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">SlowingClock</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(start: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms, incr: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">100</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> ms) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">start</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">incr</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> incr</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">interval</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">expected_time</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf\">()</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">action</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">a</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">a, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">After</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.start));</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(a) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> a </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Logical time since start: {} nsec.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">as_nanos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    );</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.interval </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.incr;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">schedule</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">a, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">After</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.interval));</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.expected_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.interval;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(SlowingClock)$</p>\n<p>This has two time parameters, <code>start</code> and <code>incr</code>, each with default value <code>100 ms</code> <span class=\"lf-c lf-cpp lf-rs\">and type $time$</span>. This parameter is used to initialize the <code>interval</code> state variable, which also stores a time. The $logical$ $action$ <code>a</code>, explained in <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions#logical-actions\">Actions</a>, is used to schedule events to occur at time <code>start</code> after program startup and then at intervals that are increased each time by <code>incr</code>. The result of executing this program will look like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Logical time since start: 100000000 nsec.\nLogical time since start: 300000000 nsec.\nLogical time since start: 600000000 nsec.\nLogical time since start: 1000000000 nsec.\n...</pre>\n<h2 id=\"timers\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#timers\" aria-label=\"timers permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Timers</h2>\n<p>The simplest use of logical time in Lingua Franca is to invoke a reaction periodically. This is done by first declaring a $timer$ using this syntax:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> &lt;name&gt;(&lt;offset&gt;, &lt;period&gt;)</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <code>&#x3C;period></code>, which is optional, specifies the time interval between timer events. The <code>&#x3C;offset></code>, which is also optional, specifies the (logical) time interval between when the program starts executing and the first timer event. If no period is given, then the timer event occurs only once. If neither an offset nor a period is specified, then one timer event occurs at program start, simultaneous with the $startup$ event.</p>\n<p>The period and offset are given by a number and a units, for example, <code>10 ms</code>. See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/expressions#basic-expressions\">expressions documentation</a> for allowable units. Consider the following example:</p>\n<p>$start(Timer)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Logical time is: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getCurrentLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-lflang\">sec</span><span class=\"source-lf\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Logical time is {}.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">as_nanos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    );</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(Timer)$</p>\n<p>This specifies a timer named <code>t</code> that will first trigger at the start of execution and then repeatedly trigger at intervals of one second. Notice that the time units can be left off if the value is zero.</p>\n<p>This target provides a built-in function for retrieving the logical time at which the reaction is invoked,\n<span class=\"lf-c\"><code>get_logical_time()</code></span>\n<span class=\"lf-cpp warning\">FIXME</span>\n<span class=\"lf-py warning\">lf.time.logical()</span>\n<span class=\"lf-ts\">util.getCurrentLogicalTime()</span>\n<span class=\"lf-rs warning\">FIXME</span>.\nOn most platforms (with the exception of some embedded platforms), the returned value is a 64-bit number representing the number of nanoseconds that have elapsed since January 1, 1970. Executing the above displays something like the following:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Logical time is 1648402121312985000.\nLogical time is 1648402122312985000.\nLogical time is 1648402123312985000.\n...</pre>\n<p>The output lines appear at one second intervals unless the <code>fast</code> option has been specified.</p>\n<h2 id=\"elapsed-time\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#elapsed-time\" aria-label=\"elapsed time permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Elapsed Time</h2>\n<p>The times above are a bit hard to read, so, for convenience, each target provides a built-in function to retrieve the <em>elapsed</em> time. For example:</p>\n<p>$start(TimeElapsed)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TimeElapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Elapsed logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TimeElapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Elapsed logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TimeElapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Elapsed logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TimeElapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Elapsed logical time is </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getElapsedLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TimeElapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Elapsed logical time is {}.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">        ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">as_nanos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    );</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(TimeElapsed)$</p>\n<p>See the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-language-details\">Target Language Details</a> for the full set of functions provided for accessing time values.</p>\n<p>Executing this program will produce something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Elapsed logical time is 0.\nElapsed logical time is 1000000000.\nElapsed logical time is 2000000000.\n...</pre>\n<h2 id=\"comparing-logical-and-physical-times\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#comparing-logical-and-physical-times\" aria-label=\"comparing logical and physical times permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Comparing Logical and Physical Times</h2>\n<p>The following program compares logical and physical times:</p>\n<p>$start(TimeLag)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TimeLag</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">interval_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> t </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp support-type-posix-reserved-cpp support-type-built-in-posix-reserved-cpp\">interval_t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> T </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">lf_time_physical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Elapsed logical time: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, physical time: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">, lag: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%lld</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> T</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> T</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">t</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TimeLag</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> logical_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> physical_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">get_elapsed_physical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Elapsed logical time: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> logical_time</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> physical time: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> physical_time</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> lag: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> physical_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> logical_time </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TimeLag</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">logical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">T</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">lf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">physical_elapsed</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Elapsed logical time: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">, physical time: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">T</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">, lag: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">T</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python keyword-operator-arithmetic-python\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TimeLag</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">const</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-constant-ts\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getElapsedLogicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts storage-type-ts\">const</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts meta-definition-variable-ts variable-other-constant-ts\">T</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-var-single-variable-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts keyword-operator-assignment-ts\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-object-ts\">util</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">getElapsedPhysicalTime</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-var-expr-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Elapsed logical time: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">, physical time: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-constant-ts\">T</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">, lag: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts variable-other-constant-object-ts\">T</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-function-call-ts entity-name-function-ts\">subtract</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">main</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TimeLag</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">timer</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> t(</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> s)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(t) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> t </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get_elapsed_logical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> T </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get_elapsed_physical_time</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Elapsed logical time: {}, physical time: {}, lag: {}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      t.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">as_nanos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      T.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">as_nanos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      (T</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-arithmetic-rust\">-</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">t).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">as_nanos</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">),</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    );</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(TimeLag)$</p>\n<p>Execution will show something like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Elapsed logical time: 0, physical time: 855000, lag: 855000\nElapsed logical time: 1000000000, physical time: 1004714000, lag: 4714000\nElapsed logical time: 2000000000, physical time: 2004663000, lag: 4663000\nElapsed logical time: 3000000000, physical time: 3000210000, lag: 210000\n...</pre>\n<p>In this case, the lag varies from a few hundred microseconds to a small number of milliseconds. The amount of lag will depend on the execution platform.</p>\n<h2 id=\"simultaneity-and-instantaneity\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#simultaneity-and-instantaneity\" aria-label=\"simultaneity and instantaneity permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Simultaneity and Instantaneity</h2>\n<p>If two timers have the same <em>offset</em> and <em>period</em>, then their events are logically simultaneous. No observer will be able to see that one timer has triggered and the other has not.</p>\n<p>A reaction is always invoked at a well-defined logical time, and logical time does not advance during its execution. Any output produced by the reaction will be <strong>logically simultaneous</strong> with the input. In other words, reactions are <strong>logically instantaneous</strong> (for an exception, see <a href=\"/docs/handbook/logical-execution-time\">Logical Execution Time</a>). Physical time, however, does elapse during execution of a reaction.</p>\n<h2 id=\"timeout\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#timeout\" aria-label=\"timeout permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Timeout</h2>\n<p>By default, a Lingua Franca program will terminate when there are no more events to process. If there is a timer with a non-zero period, then there will always be more events to process, so the default execution will be unbounded. To specify a finite execution horizon, you can either specify a <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#timeout\"><code>timeout</code> target property</a> or a <a href=\"docs/handbook/target-declaration#command-line-arguments\"><code>--timeout</code> command-line option</a>. For example, the following <code>timeout</code> property will cause the above timer with a period of one second to terminate after 11 events:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> s</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> s</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> s</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> s</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">  timeout</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-numeric-int-lflang\">10</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> s</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<h2 id=\"startup-and-shutdown\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#startup-and-shutdown\" aria-label=\"startup and shutdown permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Startup and Shutdown</h2>\n<p>To cause a reaction to be invoked at the start of execution, a special <strong>startup</strong> trigger is provided:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf\"><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">Foo</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> perform initialization </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">.</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The <strong>startup</strong> trigger is equivalent to a timer with no <em>offset</em> or <em>period</em>.</p>\n<p>To cause a reaction to be invoked at the end of execution, a special <strong>shutdown</strong> trigger is provided. Consider the following reactor, commonly used to build regression tests:</p>\n<p>$start(TestCount)$</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(start: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, stride: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">s:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inputs_received</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">ERROR: Expected </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">stride</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">inputs_received</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">shutdown</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Shutdown invoked.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">inputs_received</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">num_inputs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">printf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">ERROR: Expected to receive </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> inputs, but got </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-other-placeholder\">%d</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">num_inputs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-pointer-access-cpp\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp variable-other-property-cpp\">inputs_received</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(start: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, stride: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_input</span><span class=\"source-lf\">s:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inputs_received</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">int</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp storage-type-primitive-cpp storage-type-built-in-primitive-cpp\">auto</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> value </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-cpp\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-cpp\">*</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp variable-other-object-access-cpp\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-dot-access-cpp\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-member-cpp\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-member-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  value </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">value </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">cerr </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">ERROR: Expected: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> count </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    count </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-assignment-compound-cpp\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> stride</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    inputs_received</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-increment-cpp\">++</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">shutdown</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">cout </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Shutdown invoked.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\">inputs_received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-comparison-cpp\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp\"> num_inputs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">cerr </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">ERROR: Expected to receive </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> num_inputs</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\"> inputs, but got </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> inputs_received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp keyword-operator-bitwise-shift-cpp\">&lt;&lt;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-scope-resolution-cpp\">std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-namespace-access-cpp punctuation-separator-scope-resolution-cpp\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">endl</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-py\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Python</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(start</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, stride</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_inputs</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inputs_received</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-comparison-python\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">sys</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">stderr</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">write</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">ERROR: Expected </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-escape-python\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">stride</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">inputs_received</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-assignment-python\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py constant-numeric-dec-python\">1</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">shutdown</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">print</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python\">Shutdown invoked.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python string-quoted-single-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-control-flow-python\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">inputs_received</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py keyword-operator-comparison-python\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">num_inputs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py punctuation-separator-colon-python\">:</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">sys</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">stderr</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-generic-python\">write</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python storage-type-string-python\">f</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-begin-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">ERROR: Expected to receive </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">num_inputs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\"> inputs, but got </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">{</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python variable-language-special-self-python\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python punctuation-separator-period-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python meta-member-access-python meta-attribute-python\">inputs_received</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-format-placeholder-other-python\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python constant-character-escape-python\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python meta-fstring-python punctuation-definition-string-end-python string-interpolated-python string-quoted-single-python\">&quot;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-member-access-python meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python support-function-builtin-python\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-begin-python\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python meta-function-call-arguments-python constant-numeric-dec-python\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py meta-function-call-python punctuation-definition-arguments-end-python\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-py\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-ts\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">TypeScript</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(start: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, stride: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, numInputs: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inputsReceived</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">number</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts\">Received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">error</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts\">ERROR: Expected </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-variable-object-process-ts\">process</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-process-ts\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-assignment-compound-ts\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">stride</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts punctuation-terminator-statement-ts\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">inputsReceived</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-increment-ts\">++</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">shutdown</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">log</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-begin-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts\">Shutdown invoked.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts string-quoted-double-ts punctuation-definition-string-end-ts\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-control-conditional-ts\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">inputsReceived</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts keyword-operator-comparison-ts\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">numInputs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-class-console-ts\">console</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-console-ts\">error</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-begin-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts\">ERROR: Expected to receive </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">numInputs</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts\">, but got </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-begin-ts\">${</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts meta-embedded-line-ts variable-other-readwrite-ts\">inputsReceived</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts meta-template-expression-ts punctuation-definition-template-expression-end-ts\">}</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts string-template-ts punctuation-definition-string-template-end-ts\">`</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-variable-object-process-ts\">process</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts punctuation-accessor-ts\">.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-function-call-ts support-function-process-ts\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts constant-numeric-decimal-ts\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts meta-brace-round-ts\">)</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts meta-block-ts punctuation-definition-block-ts\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-ts\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-rs\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Rust</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">reactor</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf entity-name-type-lflang\">TestCount</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(start: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, stride: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">, num_inputs: </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">stride</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> stride</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">num_inputs</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> num_inputs</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">count</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> start</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">state</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">inputs_received</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf constant-numeric-int-lflang\">0</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-modifier-lflang\">input</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf variable-other-lflang\">x</span><span class=\"source-lf\">:</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf storage-type-lflang\">u32</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(x) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-other-rust\">let</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> x </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> ctx.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">get</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">x).</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">unwrap</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Received {}.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">, x);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> x </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-comparison-rust\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.count {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">ERROR: Expected {}.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">, </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.count);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-misc-rust\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">process</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-misc-rust\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.count </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.stride;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.inputs_received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-assignment-rust\">+=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">shutdown</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">Shutdown invoked.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-control-rust\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.inputs_received </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-comparison-rust\">!=</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.num_inputs {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs support-function-std-rust\">println!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">ERROR: Expected to receive {} inputs, but got {}.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs string-quoted-double-rust\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.num_inputs,</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">          </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs variable-language-rust\">self</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">.inputs_received</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      );</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">      std</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-misc-rust\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">process</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs keyword-operator-misc-rust\">::</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs entity-name-function-rust\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs constant-numeric-integer-decimal-rust\">2</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">);</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">    }</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">  </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-rs\">=}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>$end(TestCount)$</p>\n<p>This reactor tests its inputs against expected values, which are expected to start with the value given by the <code>start</code> parameter and increase by <code>stride</code> with each successive input. It expects to receive a total of <code>num_inputs</code> input events. It checks the total number of inputs received in its $shutdown$ reaction.</p>\n<p>The <strong>shutdown</strong> trigger typically occurs at <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions#superdense-time\">microstep</a> 0, but may occur at a larger microstep. See <a href=\"/docs/handbook/actions#superdense-time\">Superdense Time</a> and <a href=\"/docs/handbook/termination\">Termination</a>.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Logical Time","depth":2},{"value":"Time Values","depth":2},{"value":"Timers","depth":2},{"value":"Elapsed Time","depth":2},{"value":"Comparing Logical and Physical Times","depth":2},{"value":"Simultaneity and Instantaneity","depth":2},{"value":"Timeout","depth":2},{"value":"Startup and Shutdown","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers","title":"Time and Timers","oneline":"Time and timers in Lingua Franca.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Parameters and State Variables","oneline":"Parameters and state variables in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/parameters-and-state-variables"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Composing Reactors","oneline":"Composing reactors in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/composing-reactors"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"1-time-and-timers","slug":"/docs/handbook/time-and-timers","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/topics/Time and Timers.md","previousID":"20781702-b6a5-5a16-b4d8-b4c45cd76fa3","nextID":"834f9d0d-f7c6-5732-8c60-bad1954701f7","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.023Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/timing-analysis/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/timing-analysis/page-data.json
index 4061accf6..adfde2d37 100644
--- a/page-data/docs/handbook/timing-analysis/page-data.json
+++ b/page-data/docs/handbook/timing-analysis/page-data.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/timing-analysis","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"b74bbb93-dd8b-5890-a416-4d55d83de321","excerpt":"Examples Precision-Timed Actuation (discussion Dec 2018) Given a time unit c, H3 reacts sporadically >= 100c (e.g., 10, 120, 230, …) H4 reacts periodically with…","html":"<h1 id=\"examples\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#examples\" aria-label=\"examples permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Examples</h1>\n<h2 id=\"precision-timed-actuation-discussion-dec-2018\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#precision-timed-actuation-discussion-dec-2018\" aria-label=\"precision timed actuation discussion dec 2018 permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Precision-Timed Actuation (discussion Dec 2018)</h2>\n<p>Given a time unit c,</p>\n<ul>\n<li>H3 reacts sporadically >= 100c (e.g., 10, 120, 230, …)</li>\n<li>H4 reacts periodically with period 50c (e.g., 0, 50, 100, …)</li>\n<li>Delay adds 100c to the timestamp of each incoming event</li>\n<li>Actuate shall start executing H5 <em>before</em> r.t. clock exceeds time stamp of incoming events</li>\n</ul>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">+--------+\n|        |          +--------+     +-------+     +---------+\n|   H3   +----------&gt; H1     |     |       |     |         |\n|        |          |        +-----&gt; Delay +-----&gt; Actuate |\n+--------+    +-----&gt; H2     |     |  100  |     |   (H5)  |\n              |     +--------+     +-------+     +---------+\n              |\n+--------+    |\n|        |    |\n|   H4   +----+\n|        |\n+--------+</pre>\n<p>We can construct a dependency graph:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">H3 ---&gt; H1 ---&gt; H2 ---&gt; H5\n            |\nH4 ---------+</pre>\n<p>A feasible schedule requires that:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>WCET(H3) + WCET(H1) + WCET(H2) &#x3C;= 100c</li>\n<li>WCET(H4) + WCET(H1) + WCET(H2) &#x3C;= 100c</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"preemption-example\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#preemption-example\" aria-label=\"preemption example permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Preemption Example</h2>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">          T = 1s          C = 300ms\n       +---------+      +----------+\n       |         |      |   Corr   |\n       |   GPS   +------&gt; r1       +----+\n       |         |      |          |    |\n       +---------+      +----------+    |     +----------------+         D = 100ms\n                                        |     |                |        +--------+\n         T = 100ms                      +-----&gt; r2             |        |        |\n       +---------+                            |       Ctrl     +--------&gt;  Act.  |\n       |         |           +----------------&gt; r3             |        |        |\n       |  IMU    +-----------+                |                |        +--------+\n       |         |                            +----------------+\n       +---------+</pre>\n<p>This example needs the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>r3 needs to preempt r1.</li>\n<li>The event from GPS needs a delay of 300ms between Corr and Ctrl, so Ctrl never sees an older event.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>If we want to avoid preemption, as this hurts WCET analysis:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Split reactor Corr. into three (or more) reactors and add a delay of 100 ms after each one.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>For both solutions, the scheduler needs a “safe to process” analysis for reaction r3 to execute while r1 is\nstill executing for an older time-stamped event.</p>\n<p>Preemption can be avoided when there are enough cores (or hardware threads in PRET) available to execute r1 and r3 concurrently.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Examples","depth":1},{"value":"Precision-Timed Actuation (discussion Dec 2018)","depth":2},{"value":"Preemption Example","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/timing-analysis","title":"Timing Analysis","oneline":"Timing Analysis.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}}},"pageContext":{"slug":"/docs/handbook/timing-analysis","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/less-developed/Timing Analysis.md","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.629Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/timing-analysis","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"791b4a7b-0b3a-528e-a7be-2cb254c96f50","excerpt":"Examples Precision-Timed Actuation (discussion Dec 2018) Given a time unit c, H3 reacts sporadically >= 100c (e.g., 10, 120, 230, …) H4 reacts periodically with…","html":"<h1 id=\"examples\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#examples\" aria-label=\"examples permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Examples</h1>\n<h2 id=\"precision-timed-actuation-discussion-dec-2018\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#precision-timed-actuation-discussion-dec-2018\" aria-label=\"precision timed actuation discussion dec 2018 permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Precision-Timed Actuation (discussion Dec 2018)</h2>\n<p>Given a time unit c,</p>\n<ul>\n<li>H3 reacts sporadically >= 100c (e.g., 10, 120, 230, …)</li>\n<li>H4 reacts periodically with period 50c (e.g., 0, 50, 100, …)</li>\n<li>Delay adds 100c to the timestamp of each incoming event</li>\n<li>Actuate shall start executing H5 <em>before</em> r.t. clock exceeds time stamp of incoming events</li>\n</ul>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">+--------+\n|        |          +--------+     +-------+     +---------+\n|   H3   +----------&gt; H1     |     |       |     |         |\n|        |          |        +-----&gt; Delay +-----&gt; Actuate |\n+--------+    +-----&gt; H2     |     |  100  |     |   (H5)  |\n              |     +--------+     +-------+     +---------+\n              |\n+--------+    |\n|        |    |\n|   H4   +----+\n|        |\n+--------+</pre>\n<p>We can construct a dependency graph:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">H3 ---&gt; H1 ---&gt; H2 ---&gt; H5\n            |\nH4 ---------+</pre>\n<p>A feasible schedule requires that:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>WCET(H3) + WCET(H1) + WCET(H2) &#x3C;= 100c</li>\n<li>WCET(H4) + WCET(H1) + WCET(H2) &#x3C;= 100c</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"preemption-example\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#preemption-example\" aria-label=\"preemption example permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Preemption Example</h2>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">          T = 1s          C = 300ms\n       +---------+      +----------+\n       |         |      |   Corr   |\n       |   GPS   +------&gt; r1       +----+\n       |         |      |          |    |\n       +---------+      +----------+    |     +----------------+         D = 100ms\n                                        |     |                |        +--------+\n         T = 100ms                      +-----&gt; r2             |        |        |\n       +---------+                            |       Ctrl     +--------&gt;  Act.  |\n       |         |           +----------------&gt; r3             |        |        |\n       |  IMU    +-----------+                |                |        +--------+\n       |         |                            +----------------+\n       +---------+</pre>\n<p>This example needs the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>r3 needs to preempt r1.</li>\n<li>The event from GPS needs a delay of 300ms between Corr and Ctrl, so Ctrl never sees an older event.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>If we want to avoid preemption, as this hurts WCET analysis:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Split reactor Corr. into three (or more) reactors and add a delay of 100 ms after each one.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>For both solutions, the scheduler needs a “safe to process” analysis for reaction r3 to execute while r1 is\nstill executing for an older time-stamped event.</p>\n<p>Preemption can be avoided when there are enough cores (or hardware threads in PRET) available to execute r1 and r3 concurrently.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Examples","depth":1},{"value":"Precision-Timed Actuation (discussion Dec 2018)","depth":2},{"value":"Preemption Example","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/timing-analysis","title":"Timing Analysis","oneline":"Timing Analysis.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}}},"pageContext":{"slug":"/docs/handbook/timing-analysis","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/less-developed/Timing Analysis.md","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.015Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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index e92194a5d..748a3cde5 100644
--- a/page-data/docs/handbook/tools/page-data.json
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@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/tools","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"3743e93e-bf90-51e2-9b3b-5498ad3f799e","excerpt":"IDE integration The idea is to build a language server to facilitate the integration with a variety of editors/IDEs. See Language Server Protocol (LSP) for more…","html":"<h1 id=\"ide-integration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#ide-integration\" aria-label=\"ide integration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>IDE integration</h1>\n<p>The idea is to build a language server to facilitate the integration with a variety of editors/IDEs. See <a href=\"https://langserver.org/\">Language Server Protocol (LSP)</a> for more information.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">                 +-------------------------------------+\n+--------+       |  +----------+         +----------+  |\n|        +-------|--&gt;    LF    +---------&gt;  Target  |  |\n| Editor |  src  |  | Compiler | gen src | Compiler |  |\n|        &lt;-------|--+          &lt;---------+          |  |\n+--------+  err  |  +----------+ gen err +----------+  |\n                 |          Language Server            |\n                 +-------------------------------------+</pre>\n<p>If the LF compiler encounters any syntax errors, it will report them to the editor (the language client). If the LF code compiles, the output will be sent to the target compiler. If the target compiler reports any errors, these, too, will be reported to the editor via the language server. The tricky part is to match target language errors to LF source locations; the language server will have to do some bookkeeping.</p>","headings":[{"value":"IDE integration","depth":1}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/tools","title":"Tools","oneline":"LF Tools.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}}},"pageContext":{"slug":"/docs/handbook/tools","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/less-developed/Tools.md","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.629Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/tools","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"61cd9ca1-e842-5a49-9f75-b0310f8cec4e","excerpt":"IDE integration The idea is to build a language server to facilitate the integration with a variety of editors/IDEs. See Language Server Protocol (LSP) for more…","html":"<h1 id=\"ide-integration\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#ide-integration\" aria-label=\"ide integration permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>IDE integration</h1>\n<p>The idea is to build a language server to facilitate the integration with a variety of editors/IDEs. See <a href=\"https://langserver.org/\">Language Server Protocol (LSP)</a> for more information.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">                 +-------------------------------------+\n+--------+       |  +----------+         +----------+  |\n|        +-------|--&gt;    LF    +---------&gt;  Target  |  |\n| Editor |  src  |  | Compiler | gen src | Compiler |  |\n|        &lt;-------|--+          &lt;---------+          |  |\n+--------+  err  |  +----------+ gen err +----------+  |\n                 |          Language Server            |\n                 +-------------------------------------+</pre>\n<p>If the LF compiler encounters any syntax errors, it will report them to the editor (the language client). If the LF code compiles, the output will be sent to the target compiler. If the target compiler reports any errors, these, too, will be reported to the editor via the language server. The tricky part is to match target language errors to LF source locations; the language server will have to do some bookkeeping.</p>","headings":[{"value":"IDE integration","depth":1}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/tools","title":"Tools","oneline":"LF Tools.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}}},"pageContext":{"slug":"/docs/handbook/tools","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/less-developed/Tools.md","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.015Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/tracing","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"dc2fba71-a5ab-5e62-b9f4-3751893c124f","excerpt":"Tracing is a powerful tool when it comes to analysis and debugging of applications. Unfortunately, most tracing tools that are readily available are designed…","html":"<p>Tracing is a powerful tool when it comes to analysis and debugging of applications. Unfortunately, most tracing tools that are readily available are designed specifically for analyzing processes, threads and system calls. Specialized tools are required to enable analysis that is tailored to an alternative model of computation such as Reactors. The tools should be capable of understanding the fundamental concepts of the model, such as the distinction between logical and physical time, as well as structural units such as reactors and reactions. This page gives an overview of the currently supported trace mechanism, as well as an outline of alternative tools that could be useful in the future.</p>\n<p>Tracing is different from <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#logging\">logging</a>. Logging produces human-readable output in textual form and incurs significant overhead. Tracing produces binary data that must be further processed to be useful and is designed to have minimal impact on the execution time of a program.</p>\n<p>Tracing is currently supported in the C, Python, and C++ targets. The mechanism used in C and Python is different from that used in C++. Tracing in C++ requires third-party tools that may only be available in Linux. Tracing in C and Python does not require any third-party tools.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<h2 id=\"tracing-in-c\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#tracing-in-c\" aria-label=\"tracing in c permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Tracing in C++</h2>\n<p>Tracing in the C++ target of Lingua Franca is based on three third-party tools. <a href=\"https://lttng.org/docs/v2.12/\">LTTng</a> is a Linux tool used to instrument the Lingua Franca program and to record traces in the <a href=\"https://diamon.org/ctf/\">CTF</a>, which minimizes the overhead of instrumentation. Chrome (or Chromium) has a build in <a href=\"https://www.chromium.org/developers/how-tos/trace-event-profiling-tool\">trace viewer</a> that is used to visualize the recorded trace data in a reactor-specific way. Since the Chrome trace-viewer cannot read CTF traces directly, we use <a href=\"https://babeltrace.org/\">Babeltrace2</a> to convert the recorded CTF trace to a JSON file that the Google trace viewer can load.</p>\n<h2 id=\"usage\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#usage\" aria-label=\"usage permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Usage</h2>\n<p>Some helper scripts that we will use below, can be found in the <a href=\"https://github.com/tud-ccc/reactor-cpp/tree/master/tracing\">reactor-cpp repository</a>.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>Build and install the user space tools of LTTng (lttng-ust) as described <a href=\"https://lttng.org/docs/#doc-installing-lttng\">here</a>. On Arch, there is a community package available <code>pacman -Sy lttng-ust</code>. On Ubuntu, you need to install <code>lttng-tools</code>, <code>lttng-modules-dkms</code>, and <code>liblttng-ust-dev</code></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Build and install Babeltrace2 and its python bindings as described <a href=\"https://github.com/efficios/babeltrace/blob/stable-2.0/README.adoc\">here</a>. In most cases, the following steps should work:</p>\n<ol>\n<li><code>git clone --branch v2.0.4 git@github.com:efficios/babeltrace.git</code></li>\n<li><code>cd babeltrace</code></li>\n<li><code>./bootstrap</code></li>\n<li><code>./configure --prefix=/path/to/preferred/install/location --enable-python-bindings --disable-debug-info --disable-man-pages</code></li>\n<li><code>make install</code></li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Make sure babeltrace is available on your path:</p>\n<ol>\n<li><code>export PYTHONPATH=${PYTHONPATH}:/path/to/preferred/install/location/lib/python3.8/site-packages</code></li>\n<li><code>export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}:/path/to/preferred/install/location/lib</code></li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Modify the target declaration of your Lingua Franca program to enable tracing:</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    tracing</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>Build the Lingua Franca program. The current build process is not very robust and does not automatically rebuild the reactor-cpp framework with tracing support if an earlier build exist. Be sure to remove all build artifacts <code>rm -r bin build include lib share src-gen</code> before triggering a new build. Alternatively, if you compile with <code>lfc</code>, you can add <code>-c</code> to the command to clean before building.</li>\n<li>Start a LTTng user space session by simply running the <code>start_tracing.sh</code> script. This will print the directory in which the recorded traces will be placed.</li>\n<li>Run your instrumented Lingua Franca application.</li>\n<li>Stop the LTTng session using <code>stop_tracing.sh</code>.</li>\n<li>Convert the recorded CTF trace to a JSON file using <code>ctf_to_json.py &#x3C;lttng-session-dir></code>. <code>&#x3C;lttng-session-dir></code> is the output directory reported by <code>start_tracing.sh</code>. By default, this produces a file <code>trace.json</code>. Optionally, the default output file can be overridden using <code>-o</code> or <code>--output</code>.</li>\n<li>Open Chrome (or Chromium) and go to <code>about://tracing</code>. Load the previously generated JSON file to visualize it.</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"the-trace-view\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-trace-view\" aria-label=\"the trace view permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The Trace View</h2>\n<p><img src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/6460123/81709144-fcb29a00-9471-11ea-9032-95cb6a368e98.png\" alt=\"Screenshot_20200512_165849\"></p>\n<p>The trace visualization consists of two parts. The upper part (labeled <em>Execution</em>), shows the physical time at which reactions are executed by the scheduler or by its worker threads. The lower parts show the reactors of the program. For each reactor, all scheduled actions (red markers) and all triggered reactions (blue markers) are visualized by their logical time. All elements in the trace view can be clicked on to display more detailed information.</p>\n<h2 id=\"supporting-tracing-in-other-targets\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#supporting-tracing-in-other-targets\" aria-label=\"supporting tracing in other targets permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Supporting Tracing in Other Targets</h2>\n<p>The same mechanism as described above can be used to trace Lingua Franca applications in other target languages. The key is to instrument the target runtime in order to produce CTF traces. <a href=\"https://lttng.org/docs/\">LTTng</a> comes with support for multiple languages. As a fallback solution, C can be used to define the trace points which then can be used from the target language through a foreign function interface. It should also be considered, to use an alternative library in the target language that is capable of producing CTF traces. The only requirement is that the generated CTF events have a similar structure, as it is currently used in the C++ target. See <a href=\"https://github.com/tud-ccc/reactor-cpp/blob/master/include/reactor-cpp/trace.hh\">trace.hh</a> in <a href=\"https://github.com/tud-ccc/reactor-cpp\">reactor-cpp</a> to get an overview of the available trace points.</p>\n<h2 id=\"trace-viewers\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#trace-viewers\" aria-label=\"trace viewers permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Trace Viewers</h2>\n<p>This section gives a brief overview of trace viewers that could be applicable for tracing Lingua Franca applications.</p>\n<h3 id=\"google-trace-viewer\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#google-trace-viewer\" aria-label=\"google trace viewer permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Google Trace Viewer</h3>\n<p>The Google Trace Viewer is the only viewer currently supported. Since it reads JSON files, it is easy to use and a conversion script can easily tailor the trace data such that it is correctly displayed by the viewer. Documentation of the JSON trace format can be found <a href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1CvAClvFfyA5R-PhYUmn5OOQtYMH4h6I0nSsKchNAySU/preview#\">here</a>. There is also a list of available <a href=\"https://github.com/catapult-project/catapult/blob/master/tracing/tracing/base/color_scheme.html\">color codes</a>. The approach of using LTTng for tracing, a converter and Google Trace Viewer can also be used to sample and visualize data live. This is shown in the <a href=\"https://clearpathrobotics.com/blog/2020/01/scalopus-tracing-framework-c-python/\">Scalapus project</a>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"trace-compass\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#trace-compass\" aria-label=\"trace compass permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Trace Compass</h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.eclipse.org/tracecompass/\">Trace Compass</a> is based on Eclipse and has native support for CTF traces. Due to the Eclipse support, Trace Compass is a natural candidate for integration with the Lingua Franca IDE. However, Trace Compass is tailored for the visualization of kernel traces or running user processes. Out of the box, it cannot make sense of reactor traces. There are various ways to customize Trace Compass in order to properly display the data, but they are difficult to use and/or not well documented.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Custom trace analysis and views can be defined in an <a href=\"https://archive.eclipse.org/tracecompass/doc/stable/org.eclipse.tracecompass.doc.user/Data-driven-analysis.html\">XML format</a>. This probably works well for smaller tasks, but programming a mildly complex analysis in XML without proper error checking and debugging appears ridiculous.</li>\n<li>Custom analysis and views can also be programmed in <a href=\"https://archive.eclipse.org/tracecompass.incubator/doc/org.eclipse.tracecompass.incubator.scripting.doc.user/User-Guide.html\">scripting languages</a> such as Python or Java Script. However, the tools seem not to be ready for production. I was not able to get the Python support working. Using Java Script the tools worked for simple tasks, but I was not able to come to a satisfactory results due to lack of or incomplete documentation and low customizability.</li>\n<li>Writing a Trace Compass <a href=\"https://rtist.hcldoc.com/help/index.jsp?topic=%2Forg.eclipse.tracecompass.doc.dev%2Fdoc%2FView-Tutorial.html\">Plugin</a>. This seems to be the most promising approach, but probably requires a considerable amount of work. Writing such a plugin and integrating it with the Lingua Franca IDE could be a nice student project though.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"vampir\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#vampir\" aria-label=\"vampir permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Vampir</h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://vampir.eu/\">Vampir</a> is another powerful tracing tool that is mainly developed at TU Dresden. It targets mostly HPC applications, and I am not sure if it can be adjusted to display specific information other than details of processes and threads.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py\">\n<h2 id=\"tracing-in-c-and-python\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#tracing-in-c-and-python\" aria-label=\"tracing in c and python permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Tracing in C and Python</h2>\n<p>The C and Python tracing mechanism depends only on the availability of the <code>pthread</code> library. Like C++ tracing, tracing is enabled by a target parameter:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    tracing</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Once it is enabled, when the compiled program, say <code>Foo.lf</code>, is executed, a trace file is created, <code>Foo.lft</code> (the extension is for “Lingua Franca trace”). If you wish to customize the root name of the trace file, you can specify the following target property instead:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    tracing</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: {</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">trace-file-name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">Bar</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will result in the trace file being named <code>Bar.lft</code>, regardless of the name of the <code>.lf</code> file.</p>\n<p>The trace file is a binary file. It is not human readable. There are  utilities for reading it:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>trace_to_csv</code>: This program creates a text file with one line per traced event in comma-separated list format.</li>\n<li><code>trace_to_chrome</code>: This program creates a text file in JSON format that is suitable for reading into the same Google Trace Viewer, which runs in Chrome, as used above in C++ tracing.</li>\n<li><code>trace_to_influxdb</code> : This program will send the traced event to a running InfluxDB database server.</li>\n<li><code>fedsd</code>: This program creates a timed sequence diagram showing the interactions between components of a federated program (see <a href=\"#tracing-federated-programs\">Tracing Federated Programs</a> below).</li>\n</ul>\n<p>These four programs are located in reactor-c at <code>lingua-franca/core/src/main/resources/lib/c/reactor-c/util/tracing</code>. Running <code>sudo make install</code> in that directory will put executables into <code>usr/local/bin</code>.</p>\n<p>Consider for example the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/concurrent/ThreadedThreaded.lf\">ThreadedThreaded.lf</a> test, which executes a number of heavyweight computations in parallel on multiple cores. If you enable tracing as shown above and run the program, a <code>ThreadedTheread.lft</code> file will appear. Running</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">   </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">trace_to_csv</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">ThreadedThreaded</span>\n</pre>\n<p>will create a file called <code>ThreadedThreaded.csv</code> that looks like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Event, Reactor, Reaction, Worker, Elapsed Logical Time, Microstep, Elapsed Physical Time, Trigger, Extra Delay\nSchedule called, a, 0, 0, 0, 0, 704000, a.t, 0\nSchedule called, a, 0, 0, 0, 0, 704000, a.t, 200000000\nSchedule called, a, 0, 0, 200000000, 0, 177916000, a.t, 200000000\n...\nReaction starts, a, 0, 1, 0, 0, 765000, NO TRIGGER, 0\nReaction ends, a, 0, 1, 0, 0, 765000, NO TRIGGER, 0\nReaction starts, t[0], 0, 1, 0, 0, 793000, NO TRIGGER, 0\nReaction ends, t[0], 0, 1, 0, 0, 177520000, NO TRIGGER, 0\nReaction starts, t[3], 0, 1, 200000000, 0, 177955000, NO TRIGGER, 0\nReaction ends, t[3], 0, 1, 200000000, 0, 348602000, NO TRIGGER, 0</pre>\n<p>The first line defines each of the columns. For example, the second line records a call to <code>lf_schedule()</code> for reactor named <code>a</code>, with no associated reaction, in worker thread 0, at (elapsed) logical time 0 with microstep 0. The call occurred at (elapsed) physical time\n704 microseconds and is scheduling the trigger named <code>a.t</code> (a timer) with extra delay 0. This file can be imported into any spreadsheet program and sorted and analyzed.</p>\n<p>The <code>trace_to_csv</code> utility will also create a summary file called <code>ThreadedThreaded_summary.csv</code> that looks like this after importing in Excel:</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 634px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 66%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"CSV summary file\"\n        title=\"CSV summary file\"\n        src=\"/static/2b3e075392aa458c0f6cfb121969ba8a/374ac/ChromeTracingInC3.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/2b3e075392aa458c0f6cfb121969ba8a/772e8/ChromeTracingInC3.png 200w,\n/static/2b3e075392aa458c0f6cfb121969ba8a/e17e5/ChromeTracingInC3.png 400w,\n/static/2b3e075392aa458c0f6cfb121969ba8a/374ac/ChromeTracingInC3.png 634w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 634px) 100vw, 634px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>If you call</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">   </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">trace_to_chrome</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">ThreadedThreaded</span>\n</pre>\n<p>then a ThreadedThreaded.json file is created. To visualize the data, point your Chrome browser to <code>chrome://tracing/</code>. Click on the <code>Load</code> button and select the <code>.json</code> file that you just created. The result should look something like this:</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 61%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"Chrome tracing visualization\"\n        title=\"Chrome tracing visualization\"\n        src=\"/static/cd5e307fe4cde8f1c589361654a9616e/5a190/ChromeTracingInC.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/cd5e307fe4cde8f1c589361654a9616e/772e8/ChromeTracingInC.png 200w,\n/static/cd5e307fe4cde8f1c589361654a9616e/e17e5/ChromeTracingInC.png 400w,\n/static/cd5e307fe4cde8f1c589361654a9616e/5a190/ChromeTracingInC.png 800w,\n/static/cd5e307fe4cde8f1c589361654a9616e/c1b63/ChromeTracingInC.png 1200w,\n/static/cd5e307fe4cde8f1c589361654a9616e/29007/ChromeTracingInC.png 1600w,\n/static/cd5e307fe4cde8f1c589361654a9616e/7ca1f/ChromeTracingInC.png 1890w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>The tan-colored regions whose labels start with “A” and “W” represent time spent advancing logical time and waiting for activity on the reaction queue, respectively. When logical time advances, unless you have specified the <code>-fast</code> option, one of the worker threads blocks execution until physical time catches up with logical time. The remaining worker threads block waiting for reactions that are ready to execute appear on the reaction queue.</p>\n<p>The JSON trace format can be found <a href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1CvAClvFfyA5R-PhYUmn5OOQtYMH4h6I0nSsKchNAySU/preview#\">here</a>. There is also a list of available <a href=\"https://github.com/catapult-project/catapult/blob/master/tracing/tracing/base/color_scheme.html\">color codes</a>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"user-defined-tracepoints\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#user-defined-tracepoints\" aria-label=\"user defined tracepoints permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>User-Defined Tracepoints</h3>\n<p>Users can add their own tracepoints in order to provide low-overhead recording of events and events with values that occur during the execution of reactions. To do this, the first step is to register the trace event in a <strong>startup</strong> reaction as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-logical-cpp\">!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">register_user_trace_event</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Description of event</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">fprintf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">stderr</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">ERROR: Failed to register trace event.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The description of the event is an arbitrary string, but the string must be unique. All events with the same description will be collected together in any display of events.</p>\n<p>To then actually record an event, in a reaction, call <code>tracepoint_user_event</code>, passing it the same string. E.g.,</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t    ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">tracepoint_user_event</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Description of event</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t    ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>You can also pass a value to the trace. The type of the value is <code>long long</code>, so it can be a time value or an int. For example,</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t    ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">tracepoint_user_value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Description of event</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t    ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>An example of a Chrome display of a run of the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/concurrent/Tracing.lf\">Tracing regression test</a> is here:</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 12.5%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAADCAYAAACTWi8uAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAAjklEQVQI123FSRKCMBAFUO5/NEWgGBwwAUUU2pWgdCew+JYpRRcuXj1vsfTh+wHiOIHW2lFKoW0aXJsL6FyD6gp0OoKqEnQoQKUCFXuQzkFqizbfoN1laLcpvFUQIU4y3Loe0zTNrLWwxrwJxhcRWGGMHzx8DQ/HC8MISbpG19/BzDNhgch/7DYO/8zG4AlexeHwe814hwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"Chrome tracing visualization\"\n        title=\"Chrome tracing visualization\"\n        src=\"/static/c24a0f22c18d7974ba1b4f83718ccee1/5a190/ChromeTracingInC2.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/c24a0f22c18d7974ba1b4f83718ccee1/772e8/ChromeTracingInC2.png 200w,\n/static/c24a0f22c18d7974ba1b4f83718ccee1/e17e5/ChromeTracingInC2.png 400w,\n/static/c24a0f22c18d7974ba1b4f83718ccee1/5a190/ChromeTracingInC2.png 800w,\n/static/c24a0f22c18d7974ba1b4f83718ccee1/c1b63/ChromeTracingInC2.png 1200w,\n/static/c24a0f22c18d7974ba1b4f83718ccee1/29007/ChromeTracingInC2.png 1600w,\n/static/c24a0f22c18d7974ba1b4f83718ccee1/7f486/ChromeTracingInC2.png 3010w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>In this image, “Number of Destination invocations” is an event description to\nwhich values 1 through 10 were passed. This results in the shaded value plot\nshown first. The other four rows are just pure events (with no value). They are\nshown by (extremely) thin lines positioned at the physical time of the\noccurrence of the event. Dragging the mouse over those thin lines shows further\ndetails about the event in the window below.</p>\n<h3 id=\"tracing-federated-programs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#tracing-federated-programs\" aria-label=\"tracing federated programs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Tracing Federated Programs</h3>\n<p>When the <code>tracing</code> target parameter is set to <code>true</code> in a <a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/docs/handbook/distributed-execution?target=c\">federated program</a>, then each federate plus the RTI will generate a binary trace file. The utility <code>fedsd</code> generates an HTML file containing an SVG graphic that shows the messages exchanged between components over time. Like the other utilities, <code>fedsd</code> is defined in <code>lingua_franca/util/tracing</code> and installed using <code>make install</code>.</p>\n<p>Consider the following LF program:</p>\n<img src=\"/3a0cb49ee500f6016dd2f2f9be47de50/Feedback.svg\" alt=\"Feedback example\" width=\"300\">\n<p>Setting <code>tracing: true</code> in this program and running it produces four <code>.lft</code> files. Running <code>fedsd</code> on those files:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">   fedsd</pre>\n<p>results in converting the files to <code>.csv</code> files and then generating a <code>trace_svg.html</code> file. Opening that file reveals a trace, the beginning of which looks like this:</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 74.5%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"Feedback trace\"\n        title=\"Feedback trace\"\n        src=\"/static/a795bc0d68f4a7bcd3c2833b4b88b961/5a190/SDstartup.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/a795bc0d68f4a7bcd3c2833b4b88b961/772e8/SDstartup.png 200w,\n/static/a795bc0d68f4a7bcd3c2833b4b88b961/e17e5/SDstartup.png 400w,\n/static/a795bc0d68f4a7bcd3c2833b4b88b961/5a190/SDstartup.png 800w,\n/static/a795bc0d68f4a7bcd3c2833b4b88b961/c1b63/SDstartup.png 1200w,\n/static/a795bc0d68f4a7bcd3c2833b4b88b961/dca52/SDstartup.png 1550w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>This section of the trace shows only the initial negotiation for the start time for the federation. The vertical axis represents physical time, and the labels on that axis display physical time relative to the start time that is the result of this initial negotiation. The vertical axis is not linear so that more events can be displayed in a small space. The horizontal lines represent messages sent and received, with the message type and tag information (if any) shown.</p>\n<p>A more interesting part of the trace is shown here:</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 83.50000000000001%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAARCAYAAADdRIy+AAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAACkElEQVQ4y42TCU/bQBCF8/9/Uf8ATYFCOBIIgQZy2/ha23t5fXzVOiFtUKUy0mq1xzy9eW9mYIxBaY2Pruv63ViDNmZ/xz601hilqCtHIXJEmiLeI6bPM1ZRyDoKEbJgYK3F6H1yWzceFSMVKhVgHZ22UDmsKKjyot9/TR65OPvBxY9LxrOnHugjBovVkni+oC4kVDXUDcYnK9XTa5yjcTVhFBNmgm2WM5rOeHxdEJeKMI5xteur82swffvF+eUF58MhD6MblMhRUhGmGcJYdqIgKjW7VBBmOU3HSZRleSLX4GEx52w65vvknm/nQ84mE15WG5brHUpZugOCqyoqa4/J7WHleX686xleP02ZrDdM1iuioqQC1lKwKhJiU5KXBZUxlJnAqr15H051/wKUSuGNcbRs0qh/rG3VG1V7d9uayGnmccDVyyObPKUFGl9i1yE/l+zBlDfAA9FRtI5SK5ytTrSytWMebNhmMZEuyWuLaCoW4Q7zlxQDf/jch4EpWUQBSkpKIXgPAoK3JfPFG2GWkIisz2noiLOUpm3/APqGPWrjH1yDTFJux/c8TB95nj5RxEmvoVTy1OKuoyyK05JfF28Esznh64JkvcUpTaV0/9Hr5Ev1X21lMYfpaQ8G/NOUNBfkSYqTmiJOEWFEvt4RBgF12xzJ9KP3MY4HNp8Be4Z1XVM515sQrtZMrkZcfj/n6XXem/MRHuxLgNvdFrHckO1Cfl5dM7y+5WW9ZZf4kaqPPWe+yvDqYczd6JbRzR0Xw58kQURbuV7Hv0N/leHNy4zxasXyPWS525DLgiSOyeOEWhucVL3zlVRoqf4P6PvJmn1jtoepKo0mlgW6riit7peX5v55SiaLE1c/A/4G0W0dW/rKcIMAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"Feedback trace\"\n        title=\"Feedback trace\"\n        src=\"/static/55172f228a0cf5e1a4262488864e0675/5a190/Messages.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/55172f228a0cf5e1a4262488864e0675/772e8/Messages.png 200w,\n/static/55172f228a0cf5e1a4262488864e0675/e17e5/Messages.png 400w,\n/static/55172f228a0cf5e1a4262488864e0675/5a190/Messages.png 800w,\n/static/55172f228a0cf5e1a4262488864e0675/c1b63/Messages.png 1200w,\n/static/55172f228a0cf5e1a4262488864e0675/ddb6a/Messages.png 1592w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>This shows <code>f1</code> (on the right) advancing time to 10 ms, and sending a message (in red, via the RTI) to <code>f2</code>, which then forwards it to <code>f3</code> (again, via the RTI).</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Tracing in C++","depth":2},{"value":"Usage","depth":2},{"value":"The Trace View","depth":2},{"value":"Supporting Tracing in Other Targets","depth":2},{"value":"Trace Viewers","depth":2},{"value":"Google Trace Viewer","depth":3},{"value":"Trace Compass","depth":3},{"value":"Vampir","depth":3},{"value":"Tracing in C and Python","depth":2},{"value":"User-Defined Tracepoints","depth":3},{"value":"Tracing Federated Programs","depth":3}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/tracing","title":"Tracing","oneline":"Tracing (preliminary)","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Target Declaration","oneline":"The target declaration and its parameters in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/target-declaration"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Containerized Execution","oneline":"Containerized Execution using Docker","permalink":"/docs/handbook/containerized-execution"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"3-tracing","slug":"/docs/handbook/tracing","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/reference/Tracing.md","previousID":"78abc88e-a737-518b-9204-08519a3147bc","nextID":"ccae77e0-d279-503e-9e61-a1badb2bb631","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.631Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/tracing","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"7f0a051c-f9a3-5d83-b042-6408ba55e8a0","excerpt":"Tracing is a powerful tool when it comes to analysis and debugging of applications. Unfortunately, most tracing tools that are readily available are designed…","html":"<p>Tracing is a powerful tool when it comes to analysis and debugging of applications. Unfortunately, most tracing tools that are readily available are designed specifically for analyzing processes, threads and system calls. Specialized tools are required to enable analysis that is tailored to an alternative model of computation such as Reactors. The tools should be capable of understanding the fundamental concepts of the model, such as the distinction between logical and physical time, as well as structural units such as reactors and reactions. This page gives an overview of the currently supported trace mechanism, as well as an outline of alternative tools that could be useful in the future.</p>\n<p>Tracing is different from <a href=\"/docs/handbook/target-declaration#logging\">logging</a>. Logging produces human-readable output in textual form and incurs significant overhead. Tracing produces binary data that must be further processed to be useful and is designed to have minimal impact on the execution time of a program.</p>\n<p>Tracing is currently supported in the C, Python, and C++ targets. The mechanism used in C and Python is different from that used in C++. Tracing in C++ requires third-party tools that may only be available in Linux. Tracing in C and Python does not require any third-party tools.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-cpp\">\n<h2 id=\"tracing-in-c\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#tracing-in-c\" aria-label=\"tracing in c permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Tracing in C++</h2>\n<p>Tracing in the C++ target of Lingua Franca is based on three third-party tools. <a href=\"https://lttng.org/docs/v2.12/\">LTTng</a> is a Linux tool used to instrument the Lingua Franca program and to record traces in the <a href=\"https://diamon.org/ctf/\">CTF</a>, which minimizes the overhead of instrumentation. Chrome (or Chromium) has a build in <a href=\"https://www.chromium.org/developers/how-tos/trace-event-profiling-tool\">trace viewer</a> that is used to visualize the recorded trace data in a reactor-specific way. Since the Chrome trace-viewer cannot read CTF traces directly, we use <a href=\"https://babeltrace.org/\">Babeltrace2</a> to convert the recorded CTF trace to a JSON file that the Google trace viewer can load.</p>\n<h2 id=\"usage\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#usage\" aria-label=\"usage permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Usage</h2>\n<p>Some helper scripts that we will use below, can be found in the <a href=\"https://github.com/tud-ccc/reactor-cpp/tree/master/tracing\">reactor-cpp repository</a>.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>Build and install the user space tools of LTTng (lttng-ust) as described <a href=\"https://lttng.org/docs/#doc-installing-lttng\">here</a>. On Arch, there is a community package available <code>pacman -Sy lttng-ust</code>. On Ubuntu, you need to install <code>lttng-tools</code>, <code>lttng-modules-dkms</code>, and <code>liblttng-ust-dev</code></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Build and install Babeltrace2 and its python bindings as described <a href=\"https://github.com/efficios/babeltrace/blob/stable-2.0/README.adoc\">here</a>. In most cases, the following steps should work:</p>\n<ol>\n<li><code>git clone --branch v2.0.4 git@github.com:efficios/babeltrace.git</code></li>\n<li><code>cd babeltrace</code></li>\n<li><code>./bootstrap</code></li>\n<li><code>./configure --prefix=/path/to/preferred/install/location --enable-python-bindings --disable-debug-info --disable-man-pages</code></li>\n<li><code>make install</code></li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Make sure babeltrace is available on your path:</p>\n<ol>\n<li><code>export PYTHONPATH=${PYTHONPATH}:/path/to/preferred/install/location/lib/python3.8/site-packages</code></li>\n<li><code>export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}:/path/to/preferred/install/location/lib</code></li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Modify the target declaration of your Lingua Franca program to enable tracing:</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-cpp\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">Cpp</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    tracing</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>Build the Lingua Franca program. The current build process is not very robust and does not automatically rebuild the reactor-cpp framework with tracing support if an earlier build exist. Be sure to remove all build artifacts <code>rm -r bin build include lib share src-gen</code> before triggering a new build. Alternatively, if you compile with <code>lfc</code>, you can add <code>-c</code> to the command to clean before building.</li>\n<li>Start a LTTng user space session by simply running the <code>start_tracing.sh</code> script. This will print the directory in which the recorded traces will be placed.</li>\n<li>Run your instrumented Lingua Franca application.</li>\n<li>Stop the LTTng session using <code>stop_tracing.sh</code>.</li>\n<li>Convert the recorded CTF trace to a JSON file using <code>ctf_to_json.py &#x3C;lttng-session-dir></code>. <code>&#x3C;lttng-session-dir></code> is the output directory reported by <code>start_tracing.sh</code>. By default, this produces a file <code>trace.json</code>. Optionally, the default output file can be overridden using <code>-o</code> or <code>--output</code>.</li>\n<li>Open Chrome (or Chromium) and go to <code>about://tracing</code>. Load the previously generated JSON file to visualize it.</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"the-trace-view\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-trace-view\" aria-label=\"the trace view permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The Trace View</h2>\n<p><img src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/6460123/81709144-fcb29a00-9471-11ea-9032-95cb6a368e98.png\" alt=\"Screenshot_20200512_165849\"></p>\n<p>The trace visualization consists of two parts. The upper part (labeled <em>Execution</em>), shows the physical time at which reactions are executed by the scheduler or by its worker threads. The lower parts show the reactors of the program. For each reactor, all scheduled actions (red markers) and all triggered reactions (blue markers) are visualized by their logical time. All elements in the trace view can be clicked on to display more detailed information.</p>\n<h2 id=\"supporting-tracing-in-other-targets\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#supporting-tracing-in-other-targets\" aria-label=\"supporting tracing in other targets permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Supporting Tracing in Other Targets</h2>\n<p>The same mechanism as described above can be used to trace Lingua Franca applications in other target languages. The key is to instrument the target runtime in order to produce CTF traces. <a href=\"https://lttng.org/docs/\">LTTng</a> comes with support for multiple languages. As a fallback solution, C can be used to define the trace points which then can be used from the target language through a foreign function interface. It should also be considered, to use an alternative library in the target language that is capable of producing CTF traces. The only requirement is that the generated CTF events have a similar structure, as it is currently used in the C++ target. See <a href=\"https://github.com/tud-ccc/reactor-cpp/blob/master/include/reactor-cpp/trace.hh\">trace.hh</a> in <a href=\"https://github.com/tud-ccc/reactor-cpp\">reactor-cpp</a> to get an overview of the available trace points.</p>\n<h2 id=\"trace-viewers\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#trace-viewers\" aria-label=\"trace viewers permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Trace Viewers</h2>\n<p>This section gives a brief overview of trace viewers that could be applicable for tracing Lingua Franca applications.</p>\n<h3 id=\"google-trace-viewer\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#google-trace-viewer\" aria-label=\"google trace viewer permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Google Trace Viewer</h3>\n<p>The Google Trace Viewer is the only viewer currently supported. Since it reads JSON files, it is easy to use and a conversion script can easily tailor the trace data such that it is correctly displayed by the viewer. Documentation of the JSON trace format can be found <a href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1CvAClvFfyA5R-PhYUmn5OOQtYMH4h6I0nSsKchNAySU/preview#\">here</a>. There is also a list of available <a href=\"https://github.com/catapult-project/catapult/blob/master/tracing/tracing/base/color_scheme.html\">color codes</a>. The approach of using LTTng for tracing, a converter and Google Trace Viewer can also be used to sample and visualize data live. This is shown in the <a href=\"https://clearpathrobotics.com/blog/2020/01/scalopus-tracing-framework-c-python/\">Scalapus project</a>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"trace-compass\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#trace-compass\" aria-label=\"trace compass permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Trace Compass</h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.eclipse.org/tracecompass/\">Trace Compass</a> is based on Eclipse and has native support for CTF traces. Due to the Eclipse support, Trace Compass is a natural candidate for integration with the Lingua Franca IDE. However, Trace Compass is tailored for the visualization of kernel traces or running user processes. Out of the box, it cannot make sense of reactor traces. There are various ways to customize Trace Compass in order to properly display the data, but they are difficult to use and/or not well documented.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Custom trace analysis and views can be defined in an <a href=\"https://archive.eclipse.org/tracecompass/doc/stable/org.eclipse.tracecompass.doc.user/Data-driven-analysis.html\">XML format</a>. This probably works well for smaller tasks, but programming a mildly complex analysis in XML without proper error checking and debugging appears ridiculous.</li>\n<li>Custom analysis and views can also be programmed in <a href=\"https://archive.eclipse.org/tracecompass.incubator/doc/org.eclipse.tracecompass.incubator.scripting.doc.user/User-Guide.html\">scripting languages</a> such as Python or Java Script. However, the tools seem not to be ready for production. I was not able to get the Python support working. Using Java Script the tools worked for simple tasks, but I was not able to come to a satisfactory results due to lack of or incomplete documentation and low customizability.</li>\n<li>Writing a Trace Compass <a href=\"https://rtist.hcldoc.com/help/index.jsp?topic=%2Forg.eclipse.tracecompass.doc.dev%2Fdoc%2FView-Tutorial.html\">Plugin</a>. This seems to be the most promising approach, but probably requires a considerable amount of work. Writing such a plugin and integrating it with the Lingua Franca IDE could be a nice student project though.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"vampir\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#vampir\" aria-label=\"vampir permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Vampir</h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://vampir.eu/\">Vampir</a> is another powerful tracing tool that is mainly developed at TU Dresden. It targets mostly HPC applications, and I am not sure if it can be adjusted to display specific information other than details of processes and threads.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"lf-c lf-py\">\n<h2 id=\"tracing-in-c-and-python\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#tracing-in-c-and-python\" aria-label=\"tracing in c and python permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Tracing in C and Python</h2>\n<p>The C and Python tracing mechanism depends only on the availability of the <code>pthread</code> library. Like C++ tracing, tracing is enabled by a target parameter:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    tracing</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">true</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>Once it is enabled, when the compiled program, say <code>Foo.lf</code>, is executed, a trace file is created, <code>Foo.lft</code> (the extension is for “Lingua Franca trace”). If you wish to customize the root name of the trace file, you can specify the following target property instead:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang keyword-control-lflang\">target</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang constant-language-lflang\">C</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\"> {</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">    tracing</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: {</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang variable-parameter-lflang\">trace-file-name</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">: </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">Bar</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang string-quoted-double-lflang\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-targetspec-lflang\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf\">};</span>\n</pre>\n<p>This will result in the trace file being named <code>Bar.lft</code>, regardless of the name of the <code>.lf</code> file.</p>\n<p>The trace file is a binary file. It is not human readable. There are  utilities for reading it:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>trace_to_csv</code>: This program creates a text file with one line per traced event in comma-separated list format.</li>\n<li><code>trace_to_chrome</code>: This program creates a text file in JSON format that is suitable for reading into the same Google Trace Viewer, which runs in Chrome, as used above in C++ tracing.</li>\n<li><code>trace_to_influxdb</code> : This program will send the traced event to a running InfluxDB database server.</li>\n<li><code>fedsd</code>: This program creates a timed sequence diagram showing the interactions between components of a federated program (see <a href=\"#tracing-federated-programs\">Tracing Federated Programs</a> below).</li>\n</ul>\n<p>These four programs are located in reactor-c at <code>lingua-franca/core/src/main/resources/lib/c/reactor-c/util/tracing</code>. Running <code>sudo make install</code> in that directory will put executables into <code>usr/local/bin</code>.</p>\n<p>Consider for example the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/concurrent/ThreadedThreaded.lf\">ThreadedThreaded.lf</a> test, which executes a number of heavyweight computations in parallel on multiple cores. If you enable tracing as shown above and run the program, a <code>ThreadedTheread.lft</code> file will appear. Running</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">   </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">trace_to_csv</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">ThreadedThreaded</span>\n</pre>\n<p>will create a file called <code>ThreadedThreaded.csv</code> that looks like this:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">Event, Reactor, Reaction, Worker, Elapsed Logical Time, Microstep, Elapsed Physical Time, Trigger, Extra Delay\nSchedule called, a, 0, 0, 0, 0, 704000, a.t, 0\nSchedule called, a, 0, 0, 0, 0, 704000, a.t, 200000000\nSchedule called, a, 0, 0, 200000000, 0, 177916000, a.t, 200000000\n...\nReaction starts, a, 0, 1, 0, 0, 765000, NO TRIGGER, 0\nReaction ends, a, 0, 1, 0, 0, 765000, NO TRIGGER, 0\nReaction starts, t[0], 0, 1, 0, 0, 793000, NO TRIGGER, 0\nReaction ends, t[0], 0, 1, 0, 0, 177520000, NO TRIGGER, 0\nReaction starts, t[3], 0, 1, 200000000, 0, 177955000, NO TRIGGER, 0\nReaction ends, t[3], 0, 1, 200000000, 0, 348602000, NO TRIGGER, 0</pre>\n<p>The first line defines each of the columns. For example, the second line records a call to <code>lf_schedule()</code> for reactor named <code>a</code>, with no associated reaction, in worker thread 0, at (elapsed) logical time 0 with microstep 0. The call occurred at (elapsed) physical time\n704 microseconds and is scheduling the trigger named <code>a.t</code> (a timer) with extra delay 0. This file can be imported into any spreadsheet program and sorted and analyzed.</p>\n<p>The <code>trace_to_csv</code> utility will also create a summary file called <code>ThreadedThreaded_summary.csv</code> that looks like this after importing in Excel:</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 634px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 66%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"CSV summary file\"\n        title=\"CSV summary file\"\n        src=\"/static/2b3e075392aa458c0f6cfb121969ba8a/374ac/ChromeTracingInC3.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/2b3e075392aa458c0f6cfb121969ba8a/772e8/ChromeTracingInC3.png 200w,\n/static/2b3e075392aa458c0f6cfb121969ba8a/e17e5/ChromeTracingInC3.png 400w,\n/static/2b3e075392aa458c0f6cfb121969ba8a/374ac/ChromeTracingInC3.png 634w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 634px) 100vw, 634px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>If you call</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-sh\"><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell\">   </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-statement-command-name-shell entity-name-function-call-shell entity-name-command-shell\">trace_to_chrome</span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell\"> </span><span class=\"source-shell meta-statement-shell meta-statement-command-shell meta-argument-shell string-unquoted-argument-shell\">ThreadedThreaded</span>\n</pre>\n<p>then a ThreadedThreaded.json file is created. To visualize the data, point your Chrome browser to <code>chrome://tracing/</code>. Click on the <code>Load</code> button and select the <code>.json</code> file that you just created. The result should look something like this:</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 61%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"Chrome tracing visualization\"\n        title=\"Chrome tracing visualization\"\n        src=\"/static/cd5e307fe4cde8f1c589361654a9616e/5a190/ChromeTracingInC.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/cd5e307fe4cde8f1c589361654a9616e/772e8/ChromeTracingInC.png 200w,\n/static/cd5e307fe4cde8f1c589361654a9616e/e17e5/ChromeTracingInC.png 400w,\n/static/cd5e307fe4cde8f1c589361654a9616e/5a190/ChromeTracingInC.png 800w,\n/static/cd5e307fe4cde8f1c589361654a9616e/c1b63/ChromeTracingInC.png 1200w,\n/static/cd5e307fe4cde8f1c589361654a9616e/29007/ChromeTracingInC.png 1600w,\n/static/cd5e307fe4cde8f1c589361654a9616e/7ca1f/ChromeTracingInC.png 1890w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>The tan-colored regions whose labels start with “A” and “W” represent time spent advancing logical time and waiting for activity on the reaction queue, respectively. When logical time advances, unless you have specified the <code>-fast</code> option, one of the worker threads blocks execution until physical time catches up with logical time. The remaining worker threads block waiting for reactions that are ready to execute appear on the reaction queue.</p>\n<p>The JSON trace format can be found <a href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1CvAClvFfyA5R-PhYUmn5OOQtYMH4h6I0nSsKchNAySU/preview#\">here</a>. There is also a list of available <a href=\"https://github.com/catapult-project/catapult/blob/master/tracing/tracing/base/color_scheme.html\">color codes</a>.</p>\n<h3 id=\"user-defined-tracepoints\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#user-defined-tracepoints\" aria-label=\"user defined tracepoints permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>User-Defined Tracepoints</h3>\n<p>Users can add their own tracepoints in order to provide low-overhead recording of events and events with values that occur during the execution of reactions. To do this, the first step is to register the trace event in a <strong>startup</strong> reaction as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf support-variable-lflang\">startup</span><span class=\"source-lf\">) </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp keyword-control-if-cpp\">if</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-begin-bracket-round-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp keyword-operator-logical-cpp\">!</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">register_user_trace_event</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Description of event</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-parens-cpp punctuation-section-parens-end-bracket-round-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-begin-bracket-curly-cpp\">{</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">fprintf</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">stderr</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">ERROR: Failed to register trace event.</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp constant-character-escape-cpp\">\\n</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">            </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">exit</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">1</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp\">        </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp meta-block-cpp punctuation-section-block-end-bracket-curly-cpp\">}</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>The description of the event is an arbitrary string, but the string must be unique. All events with the same description will be collected together in any display of events.</p>\n<p>To then actually record an event, in a reaction, call <code>tracepoint_user_event</code>, passing it the same string. E.g.,</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t    ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">tracepoint_user_event</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Description of event</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t    ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>You can also pass a value to the trace. The type of the value is <code>long long</code>, so it can be a time value or an int. For example,</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-lf-c\"><span class=\"source-lf\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-control-lflang\">reaction</span><span class=\"source-lf\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf\">in) </span><span class=\"source-lf keyword-operator-lflang\">-&gt;</span><span class=\"source-lf\"> out </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">{=</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t    ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t    </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp entity-name-function-call-cpp\">tracepoint_user_value</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-begin-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">(</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-begin-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp\">Description of event</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp string-quoted-double-cpp punctuation-definition-string-end-cpp\">&quot;</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-separator-delimiter-comma-cpp\">,</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\"> </span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp constant-numeric-decimal-cpp\">42</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-section-arguments-end-bracket-round-function-call-cpp\">)</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp punctuation-terminator-statement-cpp\">;</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t    ...</span>\n<span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">\t</span><span class=\"source-lf meta-embedded-block-cpp\">=}</span>\n</pre>\n<p>An example of a Chrome display of a run of the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/blob/master/test/C/src/concurrent/Tracing.lf\">Tracing regression test</a> is here:</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 12.5%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAADCAYAAACTWi8uAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAAjklEQVQI123FSRKCMBAFUO5/NEWgGBwwAUUU2pWgdCew+JYpRRcuXj1vsfTh+wHiOIHW2lFKoW0aXJsL6FyD6gp0OoKqEnQoQKUCFXuQzkFqizbfoN1laLcpvFUQIU4y3Loe0zTNrLWwxrwJxhcRWGGMHzx8DQ/HC8MISbpG19/BzDNhgch/7DYO/8zG4AlexeHwe814hwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"Chrome tracing visualization\"\n        title=\"Chrome tracing visualization\"\n        src=\"/static/c24a0f22c18d7974ba1b4f83718ccee1/5a190/ChromeTracingInC2.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/c24a0f22c18d7974ba1b4f83718ccee1/772e8/ChromeTracingInC2.png 200w,\n/static/c24a0f22c18d7974ba1b4f83718ccee1/e17e5/ChromeTracingInC2.png 400w,\n/static/c24a0f22c18d7974ba1b4f83718ccee1/5a190/ChromeTracingInC2.png 800w,\n/static/c24a0f22c18d7974ba1b4f83718ccee1/c1b63/ChromeTracingInC2.png 1200w,\n/static/c24a0f22c18d7974ba1b4f83718ccee1/29007/ChromeTracingInC2.png 1600w,\n/static/c24a0f22c18d7974ba1b4f83718ccee1/7f486/ChromeTracingInC2.png 3010w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>In this image, “Number of Destination invocations” is an event description to\nwhich values 1 through 10 were passed. This results in the shaded value plot\nshown first. The other four rows are just pure events (with no value). They are\nshown by (extremely) thin lines positioned at the physical time of the\noccurrence of the event. Dragging the mouse over those thin lines shows further\ndetails about the event in the window below.</p>\n<h3 id=\"tracing-federated-programs\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#tracing-federated-programs\" aria-label=\"tracing federated programs permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Tracing Federated Programs</h3>\n<p>When the <code>tracing</code> target parameter is set to <code>true</code> in a <a href=\"https://www.lf-lang.org/docs/handbook/distributed-execution?target=c\">federated program</a>, then each federate plus the RTI will generate a binary trace file. The utility <code>fedsd</code> generates an HTML file containing an SVG graphic that shows the messages exchanged between components over time. Like the other utilities, <code>fedsd</code> is defined in <code>lingua_franca/util/tracing</code> and installed using <code>make install</code>.</p>\n<p>Consider the following LF program:</p>\n<img src=\"/3a0cb49ee500f6016dd2f2f9be47de50/Feedback.svg\" alt=\"Feedback example\" width=\"300\">\n<p>Setting <code>tracing: true</code> in this program and running it produces four <code>.lft</code> files. Running <code>fedsd</code> on those files:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">   fedsd</pre>\n<p>results in converting the files to <code>.csv</code> files and then generating a <code>trace_svg.html</code> file. Opening that file reveals a trace, the beginning of which looks like this:</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 74.5%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"Feedback trace\"\n        title=\"Feedback trace\"\n        src=\"/static/a795bc0d68f4a7bcd3c2833b4b88b961/5a190/SDstartup.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/a795bc0d68f4a7bcd3c2833b4b88b961/772e8/SDstartup.png 200w,\n/static/a795bc0d68f4a7bcd3c2833b4b88b961/e17e5/SDstartup.png 400w,\n/static/a795bc0d68f4a7bcd3c2833b4b88b961/5a190/SDstartup.png 800w,\n/static/a795bc0d68f4a7bcd3c2833b4b88b961/c1b63/SDstartup.png 1200w,\n/static/a795bc0d68f4a7bcd3c2833b4b88b961/dca52/SDstartup.png 1550w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>This section of the trace shows only the initial negotiation for the start time for the federation. The vertical axis represents physical time, and the labels on that axis display physical time relative to the start time that is the result of this initial negotiation. The vertical axis is not linear so that more events can be displayed in a small space. The horizontal lines represent messages sent and received, with the message type and tag information (if any) shown.</p>\n<p>A more interesting part of the trace is shown here:</p>\n<p><span\n      class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\"\n      style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 800px; \"\n    >\n      <span\n    class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\"\n    style=\"padding-bottom: 83.50000000000001%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"\n  ></span>\n  <img\n        class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\"\n        alt=\"Feedback trace\"\n        title=\"Feedback trace\"\n        src=\"/static/55172f228a0cf5e1a4262488864e0675/5a190/Messages.png\"\n        srcset=\"/static/55172f228a0cf5e1a4262488864e0675/772e8/Messages.png 200w,\n/static/55172f228a0cf5e1a4262488864e0675/e17e5/Messages.png 400w,\n/static/55172f228a0cf5e1a4262488864e0675/5a190/Messages.png 800w,\n/static/55172f228a0cf5e1a4262488864e0675/c1b63/Messages.png 1200w,\n/static/55172f228a0cf5e1a4262488864e0675/ddb6a/Messages.png 1592w\"\n        sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\"\n        style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n      />\n    </span></p>\n<p>This shows <code>f1</code> (on the right) advancing time to 10 ms, and sending a message (in red, via the RTI) to <code>f2</code>, which then forwards it to <code>f3</code> (again, via the RTI).</p>\n</div>","headings":[{"value":"Tracing in C++","depth":2},{"value":"Usage","depth":2},{"value":"The Trace View","depth":2},{"value":"Supporting Tracing in Other Targets","depth":2},{"value":"Trace Viewers","depth":2},{"value":"Google Trace Viewer","depth":3},{"value":"Trace Compass","depth":3},{"value":"Vampir","depth":3},{"value":"Tracing in C and Python","depth":2},{"value":"User-Defined Tracepoints","depth":3},{"value":"Tracing Federated Programs","depth":3}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/tracing","title":"Tracing","oneline":"Tracing (preliminary)","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Target Declaration","oneline":"The target declaration and its parameters in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/target-declaration"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Containerized Execution","oneline":"Containerized Execution using Docker","permalink":"/docs/handbook/containerized-execution"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"3-tracing","slug":"/docs/handbook/tracing","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/reference/Tracing.md","previousID":"de456861-0847-5726-aba2-da3ba779bd9d","nextID":"0d63a4b3-f226-54ba-a299-23b69782aba6","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/troubleshooting/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/troubleshooting/page-data.json
index c91e015e5..b8b84a6e4 100644
--- a/page-data/docs/handbook/troubleshooting/page-data.json
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-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/troubleshooting","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"9ae9609c-94d2-5c4a-bee7-fbd04900dade","excerpt":"The purpose of this page is to collect problems and solutions that users on various platforms have had with the Lingua Franca tools. If you have suggestions for…","html":"<p>The purpose of this page is to collect problems and solutions that users on various platforms have had with the Lingua Franca tools. If you have suggestions for additions to this page, please <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/blob/main/packages/documentation/copy/en/tools/Troubleshooting.md\">submit a pull request</a>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"environment-issues\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#environment-issues\" aria-label=\"environment issues permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Environment Issues</h2>\n<p>The Lingua Franca tools rely on being able to invoke various external programs such as <code>cmake</code>, target-language compilers, Python, and Node.js. If any of these programs is missing, you will get an error message suggesting that you install the program. If you install the program and the error message persists, this usually means that the program is not visible in the environment in which the Lingua Franca tool is being run.</p>\n<p>The simplest approach to diagnosing the problem is to first verify that the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/command-line-tools\">command-line tools</a> work. For example, on the command line:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">$ lfc --version\nlfc 0.2.1\n$ cmake --version\ncmake version 3.22.2\n$ lfc src/MyFile.lf\n... successful compile ...</pre>\n<p>If you then have trouble compiling the same file using <a href=\"/docs/handbook/epoch-ide\">Epoch</a> or the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/code-extension\">Visual Studio Code extension</a>, then those tools are executing in a different environment that may not have the same <code>PATH</code> variable and may, for example, fail to find some external program or invoke a different version of that program.</p>\n<p>On many platforms, one way to ensure that <a href=\"/docs/handbook/epoch-ide\">Epoch</a> and the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/code-extension\">Visual Studio Code extension</a> use the same environment as the command-line tools is to invoke them on the command line. For example, on a Mac, you can invoke Epoch and Visual Studio Code as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">$ open -a epoch\n$ code .</pre>\n<p>This way, the tools inherit the environment from the shell from which you invoke them. Often, that environment is quite different from what you get if, for example, you invoke the tools by double clicking on their icons.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Environment Issues","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/troubleshooting","title":"Troubleshooting","oneline":"Troubleshooting page for Lingua Franca tools.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Command Line Tools","oneline":"Command-line tools for Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/command-line-tools"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"2-troubleshooting","slug":"/docs/handbook/troubleshooting","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/tools/Troubleshooting.md","previousID":"f39daad8-6a05-5fb1-bcc1-715e43ce359f","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.631Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/troubleshooting","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"78367630-3206-5c98-84fb-60208b4bbdae","excerpt":"The purpose of this page is to collect problems and solutions that users on various platforms have had with the Lingua Franca tools. If you have suggestions for…","html":"<p>The purpose of this page is to collect problems and solutions that users on various platforms have had with the Lingua Franca tools. If you have suggestions for additions to this page, please <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/blob/main/packages/documentation/copy/en/tools/Troubleshooting.md\">submit a pull request</a>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"environment-issues\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#environment-issues\" aria-label=\"environment issues permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Environment Issues</h2>\n<p>The Lingua Franca tools rely on being able to invoke various external programs such as <code>cmake</code>, target-language compilers, Python, and Node.js. If any of these programs is missing, you will get an error message suggesting that you install the program. If you install the program and the error message persists, this usually means that the program is not visible in the environment in which the Lingua Franca tool is being run.</p>\n<p>The simplest approach to diagnosing the problem is to first verify that the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/command-line-tools\">command-line tools</a> work. For example, on the command line:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">$ lfc --version\nlfc 0.2.1\n$ cmake --version\ncmake version 3.22.2\n$ lfc src/MyFile.lf\n... successful compile ...</pre>\n<p>If you then have trouble compiling the same file using <a href=\"/docs/handbook/epoch-ide\">Epoch</a> or the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/code-extension\">Visual Studio Code extension</a>, then those tools are executing in a different environment that may not have the same <code>PATH</code> variable and may, for example, fail to find some external program or invoke a different version of that program.</p>\n<p>On many platforms, one way to ensure that <a href=\"/docs/handbook/epoch-ide\">Epoch</a> and the <a href=\"/docs/handbook/code-extension\">Visual Studio Code extension</a> use the same environment as the command-line tools is to invoke them on the command line. For example, on a Mac, you can invoke Epoch and Visual Studio Code as follows:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">$ open -a epoch\n$ code .</pre>\n<p>This way, the tools inherit the environment from the shell from which you invoke them. Often, that environment is quite different from what you get if, for example, you invoke the tools by double clicking on their icons.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Environment Issues","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/troubleshooting","title":"Troubleshooting","oneline":"Troubleshooting page for Lingua Franca tools.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Command Line Tools","oneline":"Command-line tools for Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/command-line-tools"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"2-troubleshooting","slug":"/docs/handbook/troubleshooting","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/tools/Troubleshooting.md","previousID":"3843375e-c15b-5455-8678-0c0fa5f6264e","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.019Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/tutorial-video/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/tutorial-video/page-data.json
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-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/tutorial-video","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"1c26869d-d194-50db-848e-0b35bc47ff28","excerpt":"Lingua Franca (LF) is a polyglot coordination language for concurrent and possibly time-sensitive applications ranging from low-level embedded code to…","html":"<p>Lingua Franca (LF) is a polyglot coordination language for concurrent and possibly time-sensitive applications ranging from low-level embedded code to distributed cloud and edge applications. On Oct. 8, 2021, we offered a tutorial on Lingua Franca for the EMSOFT conference, a part of ESWEEK.\nA <a href=\"https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o\">video playlist</a> recording is available in six segments, as detailed below.</p>\n<p><strong>Useful links:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o\">Complete video playlist</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"#introduction\">Part I: Introduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"#hello\">Part II: Hello World</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"#target\">Part III: Target Languages</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"#concepts\">Part IV: Basic Concepts</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"#concurrency\">Part V: Concurrency and Performance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"#research\">Part VI: Research Overview</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/14cfIMmkBFwt6NOj2ujVs7YXPAXYsoHgLS2rUgBM-Deg/present?slide=id.g623f095f12_0_0\">Slides</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><a name=\"introduction\"></a></p>\n<h2 id=\"part-i-introduction\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#part-i-introduction\" aria-label=\"part i introduction permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Part I: Introduction</h2>\n<p>This part briefly describes the background of the project and explains how to get started with the software.</p>\n<p><strong>Useful links:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https://youtu.be/7vkhX5tS_oI\">Complete video of part I</a></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Individual parts of the video:</p>\n<!--img style=\"float: right;\" src=\"../../../../../img/tutorial/vm.png\" width=50%-->\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Contents</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vkhX5tS_oI&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=1&#x26;t=0s\">Introduction</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vkhX5tS_oI&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=1&#x26;t=61s\">Motivation</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vkhX5tS_oI&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=1&#x26;t=185s\">Overview of this tutorial</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vkhX5tS_oI&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=1&#x26;t=668s\">History of the project</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vkhX5tS_oI&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=1&#x26;t=897s\">Participating</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vkhX5tS_oI&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=1&#x26;t=925s\">Getting started</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vkhX5tS_oI&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=1&#x26;t=1063s\">Native releases (Epoch IDE and lfc)</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vkhX5tS_oI&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=1&#x26;t=1311s\">Virtual Machine with LF pre-installed</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https://vm.lf-lang.org/\">Virtual machine image</a>: download the <code>Ubuntu-for-LF.ova</code> image and import into your favorite virtualization software (e.g., VirtualBox or VMWare Player). Start the VM and run Epoch IDE by clicking on the icon on the left.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https://releases.lf-lang.org/\">Epoch IDE and lfc command-line compiler</a>: Add <code>lfc</code> (and <code>epoch</code>) to your <code>$PATH</code> environment variable.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https://reqs.lf-lang.org/\">Requirements for each target language</a>: We use the C target in this tutorial.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a name=\"hello\"></a></p>\n<h2 id=\"part-ii-hello-world\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#part-ii-hello-world\" aria-label=\"part ii hello world permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Part II: Hello World</h2>\n<p>This part introduces the language with a simple example.</p>\n<p><strong>Useful links:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://youtu.be/GNwaf4OpfPM\">Complete video of part II</a></li>\n<li>Individual parts of the video:\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Contents</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNwaf4OpfPM&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=2&#x26;t=0s\">Open Epoch and create a project</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNwaf4OpfPM&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=2&#x26;t=104s\">Hello World</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNwaf4OpfPM&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=2&#x26;t=284s\">Adding a timer</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNwaf4OpfPM&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=2&#x26;t=426s\">Adding a timeout target property</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNwaf4OpfPM&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=2&#x26;t=470s\">Adding state variables</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNwaf4OpfPM&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=2&#x26;t=635s\">Creating and connecting multiple reactors</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNwaf4OpfPM&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=2&#x26;t=1020s\">Parameterized reactors</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNwaf4OpfPM&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=2&#x26;t=1102s\">LF tour recap</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNwaf4OpfPM&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=2&#x26;t=1157s\">Diagrams</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a name=\"target\"></a></p>\n<h2 id=\"part-iii-target-languages\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#part-iii-target-languages\" aria-label=\"part iii target languages permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Part III: Target Languages</h2>\n<p>This part focuses on the target languages other than C, namely C++, Python, TypeScript, and Rust.</p>\n<p><strong>Useful links:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://youtu.be/0AteHXOHnto\">Complete video of part III</a></li>\n<li>Individual parts of the video:\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Contents</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AteHXOHnto&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=3&#x26;t=0s\">Introduction</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AteHXOHnto&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=3&#x26;t=57s\">Cpp</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AteHXOHnto&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=3&#x26;t=650s\">Python</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AteHXOHnto&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=3&#x26;t=1270s\">Python Demo: Piano Synth</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AteHXOHnto&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=3&#x26;t=1555s\">TypeScript</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AteHXOHnto&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=3&#x26;t=2014s\">Rust</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a name=\"concepts\"></a></p>\n<h2 id=\"part-iv-basic-concepts\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#part-iv-basic-concepts\" aria-label=\"part iv basic concepts permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Part IV: Basic Concepts</h2>\n<p>This part focuses on basic concepts in the language and includes three demos.</p>\n<p><strong>Useful links:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://youtu.be/tl3F_jgc248\">Complete video of part IV</a></li>\n<li>Individual parts of the video:\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Contents</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tl3F_jgc248&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=4&#x26;t=0s\">Reflex game overview</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tl3F_jgc248&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=4&#x26;t=310s\">Generating the prompts: Basic concepts</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tl3F_jgc248&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=4&#x26;t=435s\">Program control of time: Logical action</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tl3F_jgc248&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=4&#x26;t=585s\">Handling external events: Physical action</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tl3F_jgc248&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=4&#x26;t=782s\">Cycle and causality loop</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tl3F_jgc248&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=4&#x26;t=963s\">Reflex game in Python</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tl3F_jgc248&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=4&#x26;t=1155s\">The Rhythm example</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a name=\"concurrency\"></a></p>\n<h2 id=\"part-v-concurrency\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#part-v-concurrency\" aria-label=\"part v concurrency permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Part V: Concurrency</h2>\n<p>This part focuses on how the language expresses concurrency, exploits multicore, and supports distributed execution.</p>\n<p><strong>Useful links:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://youtu.be/MoTf8L0jOD0\">Complete video of part V</a></li>\n<li>Individual parts of the video:\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Contents</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoTf8L0jOD0&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=5&#x26;t=0s\">Introduction</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoTf8L0jOD0&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=5&#x26;t=39s\">Banks and Multiports</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoTf8L0jOD0&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=5&#x26;t=569s\">Utilizing Multicore</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoTf8L0jOD0&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=5&#x26;t=1069s\">Tracing</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoTf8L0jOD0&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=5&#x26;t=1420s\">Performance</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoTf8L0jOD0&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=5&#x26;t=1765s\">Federated Execution</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a name=\"research\"></a></p>\n<h2 id=\"part-vi-research-overview\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#part-vi-research-overview\" aria-label=\"part vi research overview permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Part VI: Research Overview</h2>\n<p>This part focuses on a few of the research projects that have been stimulated by the Lingua Franca project.</p>\n<p><strong>Useful links:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://youtu.be/GNwaf4OpfPM\">Complete video of part VI</a></li>\n<li>Individual parts of the video:\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Contents</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afJowM35YHg&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=6&#x26;t=0s\">Introduction</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afJowM35YHg&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=6&#x26;t=375s\">AUTOSAR</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afJowM35YHg&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=6&#x26;t=867s\">Autoware/Carla</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afJowM35YHg&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=6&#x26;t=1663s\">Bare Iron Platforms</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afJowM35YHg&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=6&#x26;t=2076s\">Modal Models</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afJowM35YHg&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=6&#x26;t=2432s\">Automated Verification</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afJowM35YHg&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=6&#x26;t=2877s\">Secure Federated Execution</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afJowM35YHg&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=6&#x26;t=3247s\">LF Language Server</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</li>\n</ul>","headings":[{"value":"Part I: Introduction","depth":2},{"value":"Part II: Hello World","depth":2},{"value":"Part III: Target Languages","depth":2},{"value":"Part IV: Basic Concepts","depth":2},{"value":"Part V: Concurrency","depth":2},{"value":"Part VI: Research Overview","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/tutorial-video","title":"Tutorial Video","oneline":"Tutorial video presented by the Lingua Franca team.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Overview","oneline":"Overview of Lingua 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On Oct. 8, 2021, we offered a tutorial on Lingua Franca for the EMSOFT conference, a part of ESWEEK.\nA <a href=\"https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o\">video playlist</a> recording is available in six segments, as detailed below.</p>\n<p><strong>Useful links:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o\">Complete video playlist</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"#introduction\">Part I: Introduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"#hello\">Part II: Hello World</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"#target\">Part III: Target Languages</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"#concepts\">Part IV: Basic Concepts</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"#concurrency\">Part V: Concurrency and Performance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"#research\">Part VI: Research Overview</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/14cfIMmkBFwt6NOj2ujVs7YXPAXYsoHgLS2rUgBM-Deg/present?slide=id.g623f095f12_0_0\">Slides</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><a name=\"introduction\"></a></p>\n<h2 id=\"part-i-introduction\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#part-i-introduction\" aria-label=\"part i introduction permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Part I: Introduction</h2>\n<p>This part briefly describes the background of the project and explains how to get started with the software.</p>\n<p><strong>Useful links:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https://youtu.be/7vkhX5tS_oI\">Complete video of part I</a></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Individual parts of the video:</p>\n<!--img style=\"float: right;\" src=\"../../../../../img/tutorial/vm.png\" width=50%-->\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Contents</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vkhX5tS_oI&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=1&#x26;t=0s\">Introduction</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vkhX5tS_oI&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=1&#x26;t=61s\">Motivation</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vkhX5tS_oI&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=1&#x26;t=185s\">Overview of this tutorial</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vkhX5tS_oI&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=1&#x26;t=668s\">History of the project</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vkhX5tS_oI&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=1&#x26;t=897s\">Participating</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vkhX5tS_oI&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=1&#x26;t=925s\">Getting started</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vkhX5tS_oI&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=1&#x26;t=1063s\">Native releases (Epoch IDE and lfc)</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vkhX5tS_oI&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=1&#x26;t=1311s\">Virtual Machine with LF pre-installed</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https://vm.lf-lang.org/\">Virtual machine image</a>: download the <code>Ubuntu-for-LF.ova</code> image and import into your favorite virtualization software (e.g., VirtualBox or VMWare Player). Start the VM and run Epoch IDE by clicking on the icon on the left.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https://releases.lf-lang.org/\">Epoch IDE and lfc command-line compiler</a>: Add <code>lfc</code> (and <code>epoch</code>) to your <code>$PATH</code> environment variable.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https://reqs.lf-lang.org/\">Requirements for each target language</a>: We use the C target in this tutorial.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a name=\"hello\"></a></p>\n<h2 id=\"part-ii-hello-world\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#part-ii-hello-world\" aria-label=\"part ii hello world permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Part II: Hello World</h2>\n<p>This part introduces the language with a simple example.</p>\n<p><strong>Useful links:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://youtu.be/GNwaf4OpfPM\">Complete video of part II</a></li>\n<li>Individual parts of the video:\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Contents</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNwaf4OpfPM&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=2&#x26;t=0s\">Open Epoch and create a project</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNwaf4OpfPM&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=2&#x26;t=104s\">Hello World</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNwaf4OpfPM&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=2&#x26;t=284s\">Adding a timer</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNwaf4OpfPM&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=2&#x26;t=426s\">Adding a timeout target property</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNwaf4OpfPM&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=2&#x26;t=470s\">Adding state variables</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNwaf4OpfPM&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=2&#x26;t=635s\">Creating and connecting multiple reactors</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNwaf4OpfPM&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=2&#x26;t=1020s\">Parameterized reactors</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNwaf4OpfPM&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=2&#x26;t=1102s\">LF tour recap</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNwaf4OpfPM&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=2&#x26;t=1157s\">Diagrams</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a name=\"target\"></a></p>\n<h2 id=\"part-iii-target-languages\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#part-iii-target-languages\" aria-label=\"part iii target languages permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Part III: Target Languages</h2>\n<p>This part focuses on the target languages other than C, namely C++, Python, TypeScript, and Rust.</p>\n<p><strong>Useful links:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://youtu.be/0AteHXOHnto\">Complete video of part III</a></li>\n<li>Individual parts of the video:\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Contents</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AteHXOHnto&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=3&#x26;t=0s\">Introduction</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AteHXOHnto&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=3&#x26;t=57s\">Cpp</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AteHXOHnto&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=3&#x26;t=650s\">Python</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AteHXOHnto&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=3&#x26;t=1270s\">Python Demo: Piano Synth</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AteHXOHnto&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=3&#x26;t=1555s\">TypeScript</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AteHXOHnto&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=3&#x26;t=2014s\">Rust</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a name=\"concepts\"></a></p>\n<h2 id=\"part-iv-basic-concepts\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#part-iv-basic-concepts\" aria-label=\"part iv basic concepts permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Part IV: Basic Concepts</h2>\n<p>This part focuses on basic concepts in the language and includes three demos.</p>\n<p><strong>Useful links:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://youtu.be/tl3F_jgc248\">Complete video of part IV</a></li>\n<li>Individual parts of the video:\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Contents</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tl3F_jgc248&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=4&#x26;t=0s\">Reflex game overview</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tl3F_jgc248&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=4&#x26;t=310s\">Generating the prompts: Basic concepts</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tl3F_jgc248&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=4&#x26;t=435s\">Program control of time: Logical action</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tl3F_jgc248&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=4&#x26;t=585s\">Handling external events: Physical action</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tl3F_jgc248&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=4&#x26;t=782s\">Cycle and causality loop</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tl3F_jgc248&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=4&#x26;t=963s\">Reflex game in Python</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tl3F_jgc248&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=4&#x26;t=1155s\">The Rhythm example</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a name=\"concurrency\"></a></p>\n<h2 id=\"part-v-concurrency\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#part-v-concurrency\" aria-label=\"part v concurrency permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Part V: Concurrency</h2>\n<p>This part focuses on how the language expresses concurrency, exploits multicore, and supports distributed execution.</p>\n<p><strong>Useful links:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://youtu.be/MoTf8L0jOD0\">Complete video of part V</a></li>\n<li>Individual parts of the video:\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Contents</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoTf8L0jOD0&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=5&#x26;t=0s\">Introduction</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoTf8L0jOD0&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=5&#x26;t=39s\">Banks and Multiports</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoTf8L0jOD0&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=5&#x26;t=569s\">Utilizing Multicore</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoTf8L0jOD0&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=5&#x26;t=1069s\">Tracing</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoTf8L0jOD0&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=5&#x26;t=1420s\">Performance</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoTf8L0jOD0&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=5&#x26;t=1765s\">Federated Execution</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a name=\"research\"></a></p>\n<h2 id=\"part-vi-research-overview\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#part-vi-research-overview\" aria-label=\"part vi research overview permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Part VI: Research Overview</h2>\n<p>This part focuses on a few of the research projects that have been stimulated by the Lingua Franca project.</p>\n<p><strong>Useful links:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://youtu.be/GNwaf4OpfPM\">Complete video of part VI</a></li>\n<li>Individual parts of the video:\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Contents</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afJowM35YHg&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=6&#x26;t=0s\">Introduction</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afJowM35YHg&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=6&#x26;t=375s\">AUTOSAR</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afJowM35YHg&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=6&#x26;t=867s\">Autoware/Carla</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afJowM35YHg&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=6&#x26;t=1663s\">Bare Iron Platforms</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afJowM35YHg&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=6&#x26;t=2076s\">Modal Models</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afJowM35YHg&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=6&#x26;t=2432s\">Automated Verification</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afJowM35YHg&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=6&#x26;t=2877s\">Secure Federated Execution</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afJowM35YHg&#x26;list=PL4zzL7roKtfXyKE3k8lOwPub9YEjulS4o&#x26;index=6&#x26;t=3247s\">LF Language Server</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</li>\n</ul>","headings":[{"value":"Part I: Introduction","depth":2},{"value":"Part II: Hello World","depth":2},{"value":"Part III: Target Languages","depth":2},{"value":"Part IV: Basic Concepts","depth":2},{"value":"Part V: Concurrency","depth":2},{"value":"Part VI: Research Overview","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/tutorial-video","title":"Tutorial Video","oneline":"Tutorial video presented by the Lingua Franca team.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Overview","oneline":"Overview of Lingua 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@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/website-development","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"7dd621fc-4588-5e5b-af9e-4d32f41cacea","excerpt":"Getting Started First, for simple changes to the website, such as fixing typos, the easiest way is to scroll to the bottom of the page, follow the link at the…","html":"<h2 id=\"getting-started\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#getting-started\" aria-label=\"getting started permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Getting Started</h2>\n<p>First, for simple changes to the website, such as fixing typos, the easiest way is to scroll to the bottom of the page, follow the link at the bottom to send a pull request, edit the resulting page, and issue a pull request.</p>\n<p>For more elaborate changes, including adding new pages, you will need to clone the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca\">GitHub repository</a>. You can then set up your local clone to provide a local copy of the website at <a href=\"http://localhost:8000\">http://localhost:8000</a> by following the instructions in the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/blob/main/README.md\">README file</a>. This way, you can test your changes before issuing a pull request.</p>\n<h2 id=\"editing-the-handbook\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#editing-the-handbook\" aria-label=\"editing the handbook permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Editing the Handbook</h2>\n<p>The handbook is the most updated part of the website and it includes quite a bit of infrastructure to support writing pages that describe features in any or all of the target languages. The root of the handbook pages in the <code>packages/documentation</code> part of the repo. That directory has a useful <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/blob/main/packages/documentation/README.md\">README file</a> that describes the structure and provides instructions for inserting code examples in any target language and target-specific text within a body of target-independent text.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Getting Started","depth":2},{"value":"Editing the Handbook","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/website-development","title":"Website Development","oneline":"Development of the Lingua Franca website.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Running Benchmarks","oneline":"Running Benchmarks.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/running-benchmarks"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"5-website-development","slug":"/docs/handbook/website-development","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/developer/Website Development.md","previousID":"53c51787-7427-522e-8adc-4f7226f7e921","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-03T18:19:08.629Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/website-development","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"b01c2bc6-ec2d-58b7-98ff-862665007525","excerpt":"Getting Started First, for simple changes to the website, such as fixing typos, the easiest way is to scroll to the bottom of the page, follow the link at the…","html":"<h2 id=\"getting-started\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#getting-started\" aria-label=\"getting started permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Getting Started</h2>\n<p>First, for simple changes to the website, such as fixing typos, the easiest way is to scroll to the bottom of the page, follow the link at the bottom to send a pull request, edit the resulting page, and issue a pull request.</p>\n<p>For more elaborate changes, including adding new pages, you will need to clone the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca\">GitHub repository</a>. You can then set up your local clone to provide a local copy of the website at <a href=\"http://localhost:8000\">http://localhost:8000</a> by following the instructions in the <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/blob/main/README.md\">README file</a>. This way, you can test your changes before issuing a pull request.</p>\n<h2 id=\"editing-the-handbook\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#editing-the-handbook\" aria-label=\"editing the handbook permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Editing the Handbook</h2>\n<p>The handbook is the most updated part of the website and it includes quite a bit of infrastructure to support writing pages that describe features in any or all of the target languages. The root of the handbook pages in the <code>packages/documentation</code> part of the repo. That directory has a useful <a href=\"https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/blob/main/packages/documentation/README.md\">README file</a> that describes the structure and provides instructions for inserting code examples in any target language and target-specific text within a body of target-independent text.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Getting Started","depth":2},{"value":"Editing the Handbook","depth":2}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/website-development","title":"Website Development","oneline":"Development of the Lingua Franca website.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Running Benchmarks","oneline":"Running Benchmarks.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/running-benchmarks"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"5-website-development","slug":"/docs/handbook/website-development","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/developer/Website Development.md","previousID":"8d78ab4e-cebd-5116-bbe9-871de58f9aeb","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.015Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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diff --git a/page-data/docs/handbook/zephyr/page-data.json b/page-data/docs/handbook/zephyr/page-data.json
index 7996a47e5..06e27d78e 100644
--- a/page-data/docs/handbook/zephyr/page-data.json
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@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/zephyr","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"0aeb22f2-9a87-5bd9-95af-7956ef72ec66","excerpt":"Overview Lingua Franca’s C-runtime supports the Zephyr RTOS. This enables developing and\nprogramming hundreds\nof resource-constrained microcontrollers. In this…","html":"<h1 id=\"overview\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#overview\" aria-label=\"overview permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Overview</h1>\n<p>Lingua Franca’s C-runtime supports the Zephyr RTOS. This enables developing and\nprogramming <a href=\"https://docs.zephyrproject.org/latest/boards/index.html\">hundreds</a>\nof resource-constrained microcontrollers. In this guide we will see how LF\nprograms can be built, programmed and debugged both in emulation and on real\nhardware. When developing LF programs for Zephyr we use a <code>west</code>-centric\napproach. Using <code>west</code>, which is the preferred build tool for Zephyr projects,\nrequires structuring the code base and development flow as expected by <code>west</code>.\nWe use a <a href=\"https://docs.zephyrproject.org/latest/develop/west/workspaces.html#west-t3\">T3 Forest\nTopology</a>\nfor our workspace. This means that we create a workspace where multiple\ndifferent LF Zephyr projects can be hosted together with a single copy of the\nZephyr RTOS sources.</p>\n<h2 id=\"prerequisites\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#prerequisites\" aria-label=\"prerequisites permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Prerequisites</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Linux or macOS development system. (The guide is written for Linux)</li>\n<li>nrf52 Development Kit (optional)</li>\n</ul>\n<h1 id=\"getting-started\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#getting-started\" aria-label=\"getting started permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Getting started</h1>\n<p>The first step is to set up a proper Zephyr development environment. Follow the\nsteps in the <strong>Install dependencies</strong> and <strong>Install Zephyr SDK</strong> sections of the\nofficial <a href=\"https://docs.zephyrproject.org/latest/develop/getting_started/index.html\">Zephyr Getting Started\nGuide</a>.\nDo not perform the steps under <strong>Get Zephyr and install Python\ndependencies</strong>. These steps will be performed inside the LF Zephyr workspace we\nare going to create next.</p>\n<h2 id=\"setting-up-the-lf-zephyr-workspace\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#setting-up-the-lf-zephyr-workspace\" aria-label=\"setting up the lf zephyr workspace permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Setting up the LF Zephyr workspace</h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Clone the template repository into a workspace directory of Zephyr projects</li>\n</ol>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">git clone https://github.com/lf-lang/lf-west-template lf-zephyr-workspace &amp;&amp; cd lf-zephyr-workspace</pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Setup and activate a virtual environment</li>\n</ol>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">python3 -m venv .venv\nsource .venv/bin/activate</pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>Install <code>west</code></li>\n</ol>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">pip3 install west</pre>\n<p>Now <code>west</code> is installed within a virtual environment. <strong>This environment has to\nbe activated every time you want to use west with LF</strong></p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>Get the Zephyr source code</li>\n</ol>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">west update</pre>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>Export CMake packages for Zephyr</li>\n</ol>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">west zephyr-export</pre>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>Install Python dependencies</li>\n</ol>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">pip install -r deps/zephyr/scripts/requirements.txt</pre>\n<h2 id=\"workspace-organization\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#workspace-organization\" aria-label=\"workspace organization permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Workspace organization</h2>\n<p>Now you should have the following installed:\n-<code>west</code>; Verify with <code>west boards</code></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Zephyr SDK located at <code>/opt/zephyr-sdk-VERSION</code></li>\n<li>Zephyr RTOS pulled down to <code>deps/zephyr</code></li>\n<li>A few example applications under <code>apps/</code></li>\n</ul>\n<p>This workspace is meant to house all of your different LF Zephyr apps, as long\nas they are using the same version of Zephyr. Each app has to contain the\nfollowing:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">&lt;app&gt;\n├── app.overlay\n├── prj.conf\n├── Kconfig\n└── src\n    └── MyApplication.lf</pre>\n<p>Our custom west-extension will invoke <code>lfc</code> and create a <code>src-gen</code> directory\nstructured as a <a href=\"https://docs.zephyrproject.org/latest/develop/application/index.html\">Zephyr\napplication</a>.\nThis generated project can then be built, emulated or flashed by <code>west</code>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"hello-world\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#hello-world\" aria-label=\"hello world permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Hello World!</h2>\n<p>You should now be able to build and emulate a simple “Hello World” LF program:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">cd apps/HelloWorld\nlfc src/HelloWorld.lf -n\nwest build src-gen/HelloWorld -t run</pre>\n<p><code>HelloWorld.lf</code> has the target properties <code>platform: \"Zephyr\"</code> and <code>threading: false</code>. This tells <code>lfc</code> to create a Zephyr-compatible CMake project. Then we\nuse <code>west</code> to build the generated CMake project and to start an emulation.</p>\n<p>To enable <strong>west-centric</strong> development we have added a custom west command,\n<code>west lfc</code>. It is a wrapper around the original lfc but also copies the files\n<code>prj.conf</code> and <code>Kconfig</code> into to generated project. It can also invoke <code>west build</code> directly. The above example can be compiled and emulated with the\nfollowing command:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">west lfc src/HelloWorld.lf --build &quot;-t run&quot;</pre>\n<p>The string within the quotation marks after <code>--build</code> is passed on to <code>west build</code>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"nrf52-blinky\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#nrf52-blinky\" aria-label=\"nrf52 blinky permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Nrf52 blinky</h2>\n<p>In this example we will program a simple Blinky program onto an nrf52dk. This\nrequires an actual nrf52 board and also the <code>nrfjprog</code> utility is installed. See\nthe following installation guide\n<a href=\"https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Development-tools/nrf-command-line-tools/download\">here</a>.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">cd apps/NrfBliny\nwest lfc src/NrfBlinky.lf --build &quot;-p always -b nrf52dk_nrf52832&quot;\nwest flash</pre>\n<p>In this example we use the <code>-p always</code> to tell west to do a clean build and <code>-b nrf52dk_nrf52832</code> to target the nrf52dk. These parameters are west-specific so\nrefer to west documentation for more info. <code>west flash</code> is used to interact with\n<code>nrfjprog</code> and flash the application into the dev-board.</p>\n<h2 id=\"bare-bones-zephyr-app\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#bare-bones-zephyr-app\" aria-label=\"bare bones zephyr app permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Bare-bones Zephyr app</h2>\n<p>We also have a simple example of a bare-bones Zephyr app. This requires a\nphysical board.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">cd apps/HelloZephyr\nwest build -b nrf52dk_nrf52832 -p always\nwest flash</pre>\n<h1 id=\"zephyr-configuration-options\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#zephyr-configuration-options\" aria-label=\"zephyr configuration options permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Zephyr configuration options</h1>\n<p>The Lingua Franca Zephyr platform depends on some specific <a href=\"https://docs.zephyrproject.org/latest/build/kconfig/index.html#\">Zephyr Kernel\nconfigurations</a>.\nFor instance, the Counter drivers must be linked with the application to provide\nhi-resolution timing. These required configurations are stored in a file called\n<code>prj_lf.conf</code> which <code>lfc</code> generates into the <code>src-gen</code> folder. You can provide\nyour own configurations through the following three files that <code>west lfc</code>\nexpects to find at the root of each app:</p>\n<ol>\n<li><code>prj.conf</code>, see <a href=\"https://docs.zephyrproject.org/latest/build/kconfig/setting.html#setting-symbols-in-configuration-files\">Seeting symbols in configuration files</a></li>\n<li><code>Kconfig</code>, see <a href=\"https://docs.zephyrproject.org/latest/build/kconfig/index.html\">Configuration system (Kconfig)</a></li>\n<li><code>app.overlay</code>, see <a href=\"https://docs.zephyrproject.org/latest/build/dts/index.html#devicetree\">Devicetree</a></li>\n</ol>\n<h1 id=\"the-west-lfc-command\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-west-lfc-command\" aria-label=\"the west lfc command permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The <code>west lfc</code> command</h1>\n<p>The custom <code>lfc</code> west command has already been used in previous sections. It can\nbe inspected in <code>scripts/lf_build.py</code>. It invokes <code>lfc</code> on the provided LF\nsource file. It also copies <code>app.overlay</code>,<code>prj.conf</code> and <code>Kconfig</code> into the\nsrc-gen directory before it, optionally, calls <code>west build</code> on the resulting\nproject.</p>\n<p>Please see <code>west lfc --help</code> for more information and the <code>scripts/lf_build.py</code>.</p>\n<h1 id=\"lfc-centric-development\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#lfc-centric-development\" aria-label=\"lfc centric development permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>LFC-centric development</h1>\n<p>In this guide we have shown how LF Zephyr apps can be developed in a\n<code>west</code>-centric manner. It is also possible to target Zephyr in a <code>lfc</code>-centric\napproach. When you give <code>lfc</code> a LF program with the <code>platform</code> target property\nset to <code>Zephyr</code>, it will generate a Zephyr project that can be built with\n<code>west</code>. For this to work, the environment variable <code>ZEPHYR_BASE</code> must be set to\npoint to the Zephyr RTOS sources. To demonstrate this, create a simple example\nprogram:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">cat &gt;&gt; LfcCentricZephyr.lf &lt;&lt; &#039;END&#039;\ntarget C {\n    platform: &quot;Zephyr&quot;\n}\nmain reactor{\n    reaction(startup) {=\n        lf_print(&quot;Hello World!&quot;);\n    =}\n}\nEND</pre>\n<p>If <code>west</code> is installed in a virtual environment, activate it, and set up the\nenvironment. Assuming that the template is located at <code>/home/lf-zephyr-workspace</code></p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">source /home/lf-zephyr-workspace/.venv/bin/activate\nexport ZEPHYR_BASE=/home/lf-zephyr-workspace/deps/zephyr\nlfc LfcCentricZephyr.lf</pre>\n<p>This will create a Zephyr project at <code>src-gen/LfcCentricZephyr</code> and invoke\nthe Zephyr toolchain to compile it. Since we have not specified any board,\nthe default, which is <code>qemu_cortex_m3</code>, is used. We can run an emulation of\nthe program with:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">cd src-gen/LfcCentricZephyr\nwest build -t run</pre>\n<h1 id=\"debugging-lf-zephyr-programs-using-qemu-and-gdb\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#debugging-lf-zephyr-programs-using-qemu-and-gdb\" aria-label=\"debugging lf zephyr programs using qemu and gdb permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Debugging LF Zephyr programs using QEMU and GDB</h1>\n<p>In this section we will see how a LF program can be debugged while running in\nQEMU emulation.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Compile <code>HelloWorld.lf</code> for <code>qemu_cortex_m3</code></li>\n</ol>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">cd apps/HelloWorld\nwest lfc src/HelloWorld.lf --build &quot;-b qemu_cortex_m3 -p always&quot;</pre>\n<p>Note that we here, unlike the very first example, explicitly tell <code>lfc</code> that we\nare targeting a <code>qemu_cortex_m3</code> platform. This is the default platform which is\nused unless another is specified. It is added here for clarity.</p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>In one terminal, start qemu as a debug server waiting for a local connection\nfrom <code>gdb</code></li>\n</ol>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">ninja -C build debugserver</pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>In another terminal start <code>gdb</code> and connect to the qemu server. Load the\napplication image and run until main.</li>\n</ol>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">/ZEPHYR_SDK_INSTALL_DIR/arm-zephyr-eabi/bin/arm-zephyr-eabi-gdb\n(gdb) target remote localhost:1234\n(gdb) file build/zephyr/zephyr.elf\n(gdb) b main\n(gdb) c</pre>\n<p>From here you can step through the LF program. To get a more visual interface you can try:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">(gdb) tui enable</pre>\n<h2 id=\"timing-in-qemu-emulations\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#timing-in-qemu-emulations\" aria-label=\"timing in qemu emulations permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Timing in QEMU emulations</h2>\n<p>The QEMU emulation is not cycle-accurate and implements optimizations such that\nif the system goes to sleep, like when the last active thread in the program\ncalls <code>k_sleep()</code>, then the emulator fast-forwards time. This does not affect\nthe QEMU-emulation of the <em>unthreaded</em> runtime since it implements sleeping\nbetween events using <em>busy-waits</em>. However, the <em>threaded</em> runtime sleeps\nbetween events using a call to <code>k_cond_timedwait</code> which has the side-effect that\nQEMU fast-forwards time. This causes the emulation of threaded programs to\nappear as if the <code>fast</code> target property was set to <code>true</code>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"troubleshooting\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#troubleshooting\" aria-label=\"troubleshooting permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Troubleshooting</h2>\n<h3 id=\"multiple-zephyr-installations\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#multiple-zephyr-installations\" aria-label=\"multiple zephyr installations permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Multiple Zephyr installations</h3>\n<p>If the following warning is shown when invoking <code>west lfc</code> or any other <code>west</code>\ncommand:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">WARNING: ZEPHYR_BASE=/path/to/zephyr in the calling environment will be used,\nbut the zephyr.base config option in /path/to/lf-west-template is &quot;deps/zephyr&quot;\nwhich implies a different ZEPHYR_BASE=/path/to/lf-west-template/deps/zephyr\nTo disable this warning in the future, execute &#039;west config --global zephyr.base-prefer env&#039;</pre>\n<p>Then it means that you have multiple Zephyr repositories installed. We do not\nrecommend this as <code>west</code> will link the application with the Zephyr found in the\nCMake package registry. Please refer to the Getting Started section to purge the\nsystem of old Zephyr installations.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Overview","depth":1},{"value":"Prerequisites","depth":2},{"value":"Getting started","depth":1},{"value":"Setting up the LF Zephyr workspace","depth":2},{"value":"Workspace organization","depth":2},{"value":"Hello World!","depth":2},{"value":"Nrf52 blinky","depth":2},{"value":"Bare-bones Zephyr app","depth":2},{"value":"Zephyr configuration options","depth":1},{"value":"The west lfc command","depth":1},{"value":"LFC-centric development","depth":1},{"value":"Debugging LF Zephyr programs using QEMU and GDB","depth":1},{"value":"Timing in QEMU emulations","depth":2},{"value":"Troubleshooting","depth":2},{"value":"Multiple Zephyr installations","depth":3}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/zephyr","title":"Zephyr","oneline":"Developing LF Programs for Zephyr RTOS.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Arduino","oneline":"Developing LF Programs on Arduino.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/arduino"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Actions","oneline":"Actions in Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/actions"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"4-zephyr","slug":"/docs/handbook/zephyr","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/embedded/Zephyr.md","previousID":"da638aa7-d57c-5c3f-ad8d-457901217b16","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-10-28T14:20:20.040Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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+{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-documentation-tsx","path":"/docs/handbook/zephyr","result":{"data":{"markdownRemark":{"id":"2fa7de19-7487-58e4-a747-3706750aca7c","excerpt":"Overview Lingua Franca’s C-runtime supports the Zephyr RTOS. This enables developing and\nprogramming hundreds\nof resource-constrained microcontrollers. In this…","html":"<h1 id=\"overview\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#overview\" aria-label=\"overview permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Overview</h1>\n<p>Lingua Franca’s C-runtime supports the Zephyr RTOS. This enables developing and\nprogramming <a href=\"https://docs.zephyrproject.org/latest/boards/index.html\">hundreds</a>\nof resource-constrained microcontrollers. In this guide we will see how LF\nprograms can be built, programmed and debugged both in emulation and on real\nhardware. When developing LF programs for Zephyr we use a <code>west</code>-centric\napproach. Using <code>west</code>, which is the preferred build tool for Zephyr projects,\nrequires structuring the code base and development flow as expected by <code>west</code>.\nWe use a <a href=\"https://docs.zephyrproject.org/latest/develop/west/workspaces.html#west-t3\">T3 Forest\nTopology</a>\nfor our workspace. This means that we create a workspace where multiple\ndifferent LF Zephyr projects can be hosted together with a single copy of the\nZephyr RTOS sources.</p>\n<h2 id=\"prerequisites\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#prerequisites\" aria-label=\"prerequisites permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Prerequisites</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Linux or macOS development system. (The guide is written for Linux)</li>\n<li>nrf52 Development Kit (optional)</li>\n</ul>\n<h1 id=\"getting-started\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#getting-started\" aria-label=\"getting started permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Getting started</h1>\n<p>The first step is to set up a proper Zephyr development environment. Follow the\nsteps in the <strong>Install dependencies</strong> and <strong>Install Zephyr SDK</strong> sections of the\nofficial <a href=\"https://docs.zephyrproject.org/latest/develop/getting_started/index.html\">Zephyr Getting Started\nGuide</a>.\nDo not perform the steps under <strong>Get Zephyr and install Python\ndependencies</strong>. These steps will be performed inside the LF Zephyr workspace we\nare going to create next.</p>\n<h2 id=\"setting-up-the-lf-zephyr-workspace\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#setting-up-the-lf-zephyr-workspace\" aria-label=\"setting up the lf zephyr workspace permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Setting up the LF Zephyr workspace</h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Clone the template repository into a workspace directory of Zephyr projects</li>\n</ol>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">git clone https://github.com/lf-lang/lf-west-template lf-zephyr-workspace &amp;&amp; cd lf-zephyr-workspace</pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Setup and activate a virtual environment</li>\n</ol>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">python3 -m venv .venv\nsource .venv/bin/activate</pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>Install <code>west</code></li>\n</ol>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">pip3 install west</pre>\n<p>Now <code>west</code> is installed within a virtual environment. <strong>This environment has to\nbe activated every time you want to use west with LF</strong></p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>Get the Zephyr source code</li>\n</ol>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">west update</pre>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>Export CMake packages for Zephyr</li>\n</ol>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">west zephyr-export</pre>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>Install Python dependencies</li>\n</ol>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">pip install -r deps/zephyr/scripts/requirements.txt</pre>\n<h2 id=\"workspace-organization\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#workspace-organization\" aria-label=\"workspace organization permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Workspace organization</h2>\n<p>Now you should have the following installed:\n-<code>west</code>; Verify with <code>west boards</code></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Zephyr SDK located at <code>/opt/zephyr-sdk-VERSION</code></li>\n<li>Zephyr RTOS pulled down to <code>deps/zephyr</code></li>\n<li>A few example applications under <code>apps/</code></li>\n</ul>\n<p>This workspace is meant to house all of your different LF Zephyr apps, as long\nas they are using the same version of Zephyr. Each app has to contain the\nfollowing:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">&lt;app&gt;\n├── app.overlay\n├── prj.conf\n├── Kconfig\n└── src\n    └── MyApplication.lf</pre>\n<p>Our custom west-extension will invoke <code>lfc</code> and create a <code>src-gen</code> directory\nstructured as a <a href=\"https://docs.zephyrproject.org/latest/develop/application/index.html\">Zephyr\napplication</a>.\nThis generated project can then be built, emulated or flashed by <code>west</code>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"hello-world\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#hello-world\" aria-label=\"hello world permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Hello World!</h2>\n<p>You should now be able to build and emulate a simple “Hello World” LF program:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">cd apps/HelloWorld\nlfc src/HelloWorld.lf -n\nwest build src-gen/HelloWorld -t run</pre>\n<p><code>HelloWorld.lf</code> has the target properties <code>platform: \"Zephyr\"</code> and <code>threading: false</code>. This tells <code>lfc</code> to create a Zephyr-compatible CMake project. Then we\nuse <code>west</code> to build the generated CMake project and to start an emulation.</p>\n<p>To enable <strong>west-centric</strong> development we have added a custom west command,\n<code>west lfc</code>. It is a wrapper around the original lfc but also copies the files\n<code>prj.conf</code> and <code>Kconfig</code> into to generated project. It can also invoke <code>west build</code> directly. The above example can be compiled and emulated with the\nfollowing command:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">west lfc src/HelloWorld.lf --build &quot;-t run&quot;</pre>\n<p>The string within the quotation marks after <code>--build</code> is passed on to <code>west build</code>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"nrf52-blinky\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#nrf52-blinky\" aria-label=\"nrf52 blinky permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Nrf52 blinky</h2>\n<p>In this example we will program a simple Blinky program onto an nrf52dk. This\nrequires an actual nrf52 board and also the <code>nrfjprog</code> utility is installed. See\nthe following installation guide\n<a href=\"https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Development-tools/nrf-command-line-tools/download\">here</a>.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">cd apps/NrfBliny\nwest lfc src/NrfBlinky.lf --build &quot;-p always -b nrf52dk_nrf52832&quot;\nwest flash</pre>\n<p>In this example we use the <code>-p always</code> to tell west to do a clean build and <code>-b nrf52dk_nrf52832</code> to target the nrf52dk. These parameters are west-specific so\nrefer to west documentation for more info. <code>west flash</code> is used to interact with\n<code>nrfjprog</code> and flash the application into the dev-board.</p>\n<h2 id=\"bare-bones-zephyr-app\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#bare-bones-zephyr-app\" aria-label=\"bare bones zephyr app permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Bare-bones Zephyr app</h2>\n<p>We also have a simple example of a bare-bones Zephyr app. This requires a\nphysical board.</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">cd apps/HelloZephyr\nwest build -b nrf52dk_nrf52832 -p always\nwest flash</pre>\n<h1 id=\"zephyr-configuration-options\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#zephyr-configuration-options\" aria-label=\"zephyr configuration options permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Zephyr configuration options</h1>\n<p>The Lingua Franca Zephyr platform depends on some specific <a href=\"https://docs.zephyrproject.org/latest/build/kconfig/index.html#\">Zephyr Kernel\nconfigurations</a>.\nFor instance, the Counter drivers must be linked with the application to provide\nhi-resolution timing. These required configurations are stored in a file called\n<code>prj_lf.conf</code> which <code>lfc</code> generates into the <code>src-gen</code> folder. You can provide\nyour own configurations through the following three files that <code>west lfc</code>\nexpects to find at the root of each app:</p>\n<ol>\n<li><code>prj.conf</code>, see <a href=\"https://docs.zephyrproject.org/latest/build/kconfig/setting.html#setting-symbols-in-configuration-files\">Seeting symbols in configuration files</a></li>\n<li><code>Kconfig</code>, see <a href=\"https://docs.zephyrproject.org/latest/build/kconfig/index.html\">Configuration system (Kconfig)</a></li>\n<li><code>app.overlay</code>, see <a href=\"https://docs.zephyrproject.org/latest/build/dts/index.html#devicetree\">Devicetree</a></li>\n</ol>\n<h1 id=\"the-west-lfc-command\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#the-west-lfc-command\" aria-label=\"the west lfc command permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>The <code>west lfc</code> command</h1>\n<p>The custom <code>lfc</code> west command has already been used in previous sections. It can\nbe inspected in <code>scripts/lf_build.py</code>. It invokes <code>lfc</code> on the provided LF\nsource file. It also copies <code>app.overlay</code>,<code>prj.conf</code> and <code>Kconfig</code> into the\nsrc-gen directory before it, optionally, calls <code>west build</code> on the resulting\nproject.</p>\n<p>Please see <code>west lfc --help</code> for more information and the <code>scripts/lf_build.py</code>.</p>\n<h1 id=\"lfc-centric-development\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#lfc-centric-development\" aria-label=\"lfc centric development permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>LFC-centric development</h1>\n<p>In this guide we have shown how LF Zephyr apps can be developed in a\n<code>west</code>-centric manner. It is also possible to target Zephyr in a <code>lfc</code>-centric\napproach. When you give <code>lfc</code> a LF program with the <code>platform</code> target property\nset to <code>Zephyr</code>, it will generate a Zephyr project that can be built with\n<code>west</code>. For this to work, the environment variable <code>ZEPHYR_BASE</code> must be set to\npoint to the Zephyr RTOS sources. To demonstrate this, create a simple example\nprogram:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">cat &gt;&gt; LfcCentricZephyr.lf &lt;&lt; &#039;END&#039;\ntarget C {\n    platform: &quot;Zephyr&quot;\n}\nmain reactor{\n    reaction(startup) {=\n        lf_print(&quot;Hello World!&quot;);\n    =}\n}\nEND</pre>\n<p>If <code>west</code> is installed in a virtual environment, activate it, and set up the\nenvironment. Assuming that the template is located at <code>/home/lf-zephyr-workspace</code></p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">source /home/lf-zephyr-workspace/.venv/bin/activate\nexport ZEPHYR_BASE=/home/lf-zephyr-workspace/deps/zephyr\nlfc LfcCentricZephyr.lf</pre>\n<p>This will create a Zephyr project at <code>src-gen/LfcCentricZephyr</code> and invoke\nthe Zephyr toolchain to compile it. Since we have not specified any board,\nthe default, which is <code>qemu_cortex_m3</code>, is used. We can run an emulation of\nthe program with:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">cd src-gen/LfcCentricZephyr\nwest build -t run</pre>\n<h1 id=\"debugging-lf-zephyr-programs-using-qemu-and-gdb\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#debugging-lf-zephyr-programs-using-qemu-and-gdb\" aria-label=\"debugging lf zephyr programs using qemu and gdb permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Debugging LF Zephyr programs using QEMU and GDB</h1>\n<p>In this section we will see how a LF program can be debugged while running in\nQEMU emulation.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Compile <code>HelloWorld.lf</code> for <code>qemu_cortex_m3</code></li>\n</ol>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">cd apps/HelloWorld\nwest lfc src/HelloWorld.lf --build &quot;-b qemu_cortex_m3 -p always&quot;</pre>\n<p>Note that we here, unlike the very first example, explicitly tell <code>lfc</code> that we\nare targeting a <code>qemu_cortex_m3</code> platform. This is the default platform which is\nused unless another is specified. It is added here for clarity.</p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>In one terminal, start qemu as a debug server waiting for a local connection\nfrom <code>gdb</code></li>\n</ol>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">ninja -C build debugserver</pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>In another terminal start <code>gdb</code> and connect to the qemu server. Load the\napplication image and run until main.</li>\n</ol>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">/ZEPHYR_SDK_INSTALL_DIR/arm-zephyr-eabi/bin/arm-zephyr-eabi-gdb\n(gdb) target remote localhost:1234\n(gdb) file build/zephyr/zephyr.elf\n(gdb) b main\n(gdb) c</pre>\n<p>From here you can step through the LF program. To get a more visual interface you can try:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">(gdb) tui enable</pre>\n<h2 id=\"timing-in-qemu-emulations\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#timing-in-qemu-emulations\" aria-label=\"timing in qemu emulations permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Timing in QEMU emulations</h2>\n<p>The QEMU emulation is not cycle-accurate and implements optimizations such that\nif the system goes to sleep, like when the last active thread in the program\ncalls <code>k_sleep()</code>, then the emulator fast-forwards time. This does not affect\nthe QEMU-emulation of the <em>unthreaded</em> runtime since it implements sleeping\nbetween events using <em>busy-waits</em>. However, the <em>threaded</em> runtime sleeps\nbetween events using a call to <code>k_cond_timedwait</code> which has the side-effect that\nQEMU fast-forwards time. This causes the emulation of threaded programs to\nappear as if the <code>fast</code> target property was set to <code>true</code>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"troubleshooting\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#troubleshooting\" aria-label=\"troubleshooting permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Troubleshooting</h2>\n<h3 id=\"multiple-zephyr-installations\" style=\"position:relative;\"><a href=\"#multiple-zephyr-installations\" aria-label=\"multiple zephyr installations permalink\" class=\"anchor before\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a>Multiple Zephyr installations</h3>\n<p>If the following warning is shown when invoking <code>west lfc</code> or any other <code>west</code>\ncommand:</p>\n<pre class=\"source-lf language-text\">WARNING: ZEPHYR_BASE=/path/to/zephyr in the calling environment will be used,\nbut the zephyr.base config option in /path/to/lf-west-template is &quot;deps/zephyr&quot;\nwhich implies a different ZEPHYR_BASE=/path/to/lf-west-template/deps/zephyr\nTo disable this warning in the future, execute &#039;west config --global zephyr.base-prefer env&#039;</pre>\n<p>Then it means that you have multiple Zephyr repositories installed. We do not\nrecommend this as <code>west</code> will link the application with the Zephyr found in the\nCMake package registry. Please refer to the Getting Started section to purge the\nsystem of old Zephyr installations.</p>","headings":[{"value":"Overview","depth":1},{"value":"Prerequisites","depth":2},{"value":"Getting started","depth":1},{"value":"Setting up the LF Zephyr workspace","depth":2},{"value":"Workspace organization","depth":2},{"value":"Hello World!","depth":2},{"value":"Nrf52 blinky","depth":2},{"value":"Bare-bones Zephyr app","depth":2},{"value":"Zephyr configuration options","depth":1},{"value":"The west lfc command","depth":1},{"value":"LFC-centric development","depth":1},{"value":"Debugging LF Zephyr programs using QEMU and GDB","depth":1},{"value":"Timing in QEMU emulations","depth":2},{"value":"Troubleshooting","depth":2},{"value":"Multiple Zephyr installations","depth":3}],"frontmatter":{"permalink":"/docs/handbook/zephyr","title":"Zephyr","oneline":"Developing LF Programs for Zephyr RTOS.","preamble":""}},"prev":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Arduino","oneline":"Developing LF Programs on Arduino.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/arduino"}}},"next":{"childMarkdownRemark":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Contributing","oneline":"Contribute to Lingua Franca.","permalink":"/docs/handbook/contributing"}}}},"pageContext":{"id":"4-zephyr","slug":"/docs/handbook/zephyr","repoPath":"/packages/documentation/copy/en/embedded/Zephyr.md","previousID":"13afd544-f12d-5a5a-baa3-4f2614d757c6","lang":"en","modifiedTime":"2023-11-10T00:53:08.015Z"}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}
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role="navigation"><ul><li class="nav-item"><a href="/download">Download</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a href="/docs/">Docs</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a href="/docs/handbook/overview">Handbook</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a href="/community">Community</a></li></ul></nav></div><div class="right above-small"><div class="search-section"><div class="nav-item"><form id="search-form" class="search top-nav" role="search"><svg fill="none" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 6" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m10.5 0c.5052 0 .9922.0651042 1.4609.195312.4688.130209.9063.315105 1.3125.554688.4063.239583.7761.52865 1.1094.86719.3386.33333.6276.70312.8672 1.10937s.4245.84375.5547 1.3125.1953.95573.1953 1.46094-.0651.99219-.1953 1.46094-.3151.90625-.5547 1.3125-.5286.77864-.8672 1.11718c-.3333.33334-.7031.61978-1.1094.85938-.4062.2396-.8437.4245-1.3125.5547-.4687.1302-.9557.1953-1.4609.1953-.65104 0-1.27604-.1094-1.875-.3281-.59375-.2188-1.14062-.5339-1.64062-.94534l-6.132818 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1.42969.96875c.54688.23437 1.13021.35156 1.75.35156z" fill="#fff"></path></svg><span><input id="search-box-top" type="search" placeholder="Search Docs" aria-label="Search the Lingua Franca site"/></span><input type="submit" style="display:none"/></form></div></div></div></div><div id="site-content"></div></header><main role="main"><div class="raised main-content-block"><p><i>Note: Lingua Franca is an evolving language, and the older papers below may use a syntax that does not match the current syntax. Nevertheless, these papers are useful for understanding the principles.</i></p><h2 id="published-papers">Published Papers</h2><p>In reverse chronological order: </p><ul><li><p><strong>VER&#x27;23</strong>: Shaokai Lin, Yatin A. Manerkar, Marten Lohstroh, Elizabeth Polgreen, Sheng-Jung Yu, Chadlia Jerad, Edward A. Lee, Sanjit A. Seshia, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3609134">Towards Building Verifiable CPS using Lingua Franca</a>,&quot; <!-- --><i>ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems</i> (TECS), Vol. 22, No. 5s, Sept. 9, 2023.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>CAL_CPS&#x27;23</strong>: Edward A. Lee, Ravi Akella, Soroush Bateni, Shaokai Lin, Marten Lohstroh, Christian Menard, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3609119">Consistency vs. Availability in Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems</a>,&quot; in <!-- --><i>ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems</i> (TECS), Vol. 22, No. 5s, Sept. 9, 2023.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>TACO&#x27;23</strong>: Christian Menard, Marten Lohstroh, Soroush Bateni, Matthew Chorlian, Arthur Deng, Peter Donovan, Clément Fournier, Shaokai Lin, Felix Suchert, Tassilo Tanneberger, Hokeun Kim, Jeronimo Castrillon, Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617687">High-Performance Deterministic Concurrency using Lingua Franca</a>,&quot; <!-- --><i>ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization</i> (TACO), Accepted Aug. 29, 2023<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>LET&#x27;23</strong>: Edward A. Lee and Marten Lohstroh, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://www.icyphy.org/publications/2023_LeeLohstroh/">Generalizing Logical Execution Time</a>,&quot; in <!-- --><i>Principles of Systems Design - Essays Dedicated to Thomas A. Hensinzer on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday</i>, LNCS 13660, July 2023, to appear.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>CAL_IC&#x27;23</strong>: Edward A. Lee, Soroush Bateni, Shaokai Lin, Marten Lohstroh, and Christian Menard,  &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://doi.org/10.34133/icomputing.0013">Trading Off Consistency and Availability in Tiered Heterogeneous Distributed Systems</a>,&quot; Intelligent Computing, vol. 2, no. Article 0013, pp. 1-23, February 15 2023.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>Modes&#x27;23</strong>: Alexander Schulz-Rosengarten, Reinhard von Hanxleden,Marten Lohstroh, Soroush Bateni, Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.09597">Modal Reactors</a>,&quot; arXiv:2301.09597 [cs.PL], January 23, 2023.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>CAL&#x27;23</strong>: Edward A. Lee, Ravi Akella, Soroush Bateni, Shaokai Lin, Marten Lohstroh, Christian Menard, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.08906">Consistency vs. Availability in Distributed Real-Time Systems</a>,&quot; arXiv:2301.08906 [cs.DC], January 21, 2023.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>NG-RES&#x27;23</strong>: Erling Rennemo Jellum, Shaokai Lin, Peter Donovan, Efsane Soyer, Fuzail Shakir, Torleiv Bryne, Milica Orlandic, Marten Lohstroh, Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://doi.org/10.4230/OASIcs.NG-RES.2023.3">Beyond the Threaded Programming Model on Real-Time Operating Systems</a>,&quot; Workshop on Next Generation Real-Time Embedded Systems (NG-RES), January 18 2023.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>Perf&#x27;23</strong>: Christian Menard, Marten Lohstroh, Soroush Bateni, Matthew Chorlian, Arthur Deng, Peter Donovan, Clément Fournier, Shaokai Lin, Felix Suchert, Tassilo Tanneberger, Hokeun Kim, Jeronimo Castrillon and Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.02444">High-Performance Deterministic Concurrency using Lingua Franca</a>,&quot; arXiv:2301.02444 [cs.PL], Jan. 9, 2023<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>Xronos&#x27;22</strong>: Soroush Bateni, Marten Lohstroh, Hou Seng Wong, Rohan Tabish, Hokeun Kim, Shaokai Lin, Christian Menard, Cong Liu, and Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.09555">Xronos: Predictable Coordination for Safety-Critical Distributed Embedded Systems</a>,&quot; arXiv:2207.09555 [cs.DC], July 19, 2022.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>ISoLA&#x27;21</strong>: Edward A. Lee and Marten Lohstroh, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89159-6_15">Time for All Programs, Not Just Real-Time Programs</a>,&quot; Proc. Int. Symp. on Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods (ISoLA), Rhodes, Greece, October 17-29, 2021.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>CAL&#x27;21</strong>: Edward A. Lee, Soroush Bateni, Shaokai Lin, Marten Lohstroh, Christian Menard, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.07771">Quantifying and Generalizing the CAP Theorem</a>,&quot; arXiv:2109.07771 [cs.DC], Sep. 16, 2021.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>TECS&#x27;21</strong>: Marten Lohstroh, Christian Menard, Soroush Bateni, and Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3448128">Toward a Lingua Franca for Deterministic Concurrent Systems</a>,&quot; <!-- --><em>ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems</em> (TECS), 20(4), May 2021.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>Doctoral Thesis</strong>: Marten Lohstroh, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2020/EECS-2020-235.html">Reactors: A Deterministic Model of Concurrent Computation for Reactive Systems</a>&quot;, UC Berkeley, EECS Department.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>FDL&#x27;20:</strong> Marten Lohstroh, Christian Menard, Alexander Schulz-Rosengarten, Matthew Weber, Jeronimo Castrillon, Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~marten/pdf/Lohstroh_etAl_FDL20.pdf">A Language for Deterministic Coordination Across Multiple Timelines</a>,&quot; Forum on Design Languages (FDL), Kiel, Germany, September, 2020.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>DATE&#x27;20:</strong> Christian Menard, Andrés Goens, Marten Lohstroh, Jeronimo Castrillon, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.01367">Achieving Determinism in Adaptive AUTOSAR</a>,&quot; Proceedings of the 2020 Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference (DATE), EDA Consortium, Mar 2020, doi: <!-- --><a href="https://doi.org/10.23919/DATE48585.2020.9116430">10.23919/DATE48585.2020.9116430</a>.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>RTSS&#x27;19:</strong> Marten Lohstroh and Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9052189">Work-in-Progress: Real-Time Reactors in C</a>,&quot; Proceedings of the Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS), Hong Kong, Dec. 2019. doi: <!-- --><a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/RTSS46320.2019.00067">10.1109/RTSS46320.2019.00067</a>.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>CyPhy&#x27;19:</strong> Marten Lohstroh, Iñigo Incer Romeo, Andrés Goens, Patricia Derler, Jeronimo Castrillon, Edward A. Lee, and Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~marten/pdf/Lohstroh_etAl_CyPhy19.pdf">Reactors: A Deterministic Model for Composable Reactive Systems</a>,&quot; Model-Based Design of Cyber Physical Systems (CyPhy&#x27;19), Held in conjunction with ESWEEK 2019, New York, NY, Oct. 17-18, 2019.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>EMSOFT&#x27;19:</strong> Marten Lohstroh, Martin Schoeberl, Mathieu Jan, Edward Wang, Edward A. Lee &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://ptolemy.berkeley.edu/publications/papers/19/LohstrohEtAl_IroncladTiming_EMSOFT_2019.pdf">Work-in-Progress: Programs with Ironclad Timing Guarantees</a>,&quot; ACM SIGBED International Conference on Embedded Software (EMSOFT), New York, NY, October 13-18, 2019.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>FDL&#x27;19:</strong> Marten Lohstroh and Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://ptolemy.berkeley.edu/publications/papers/19/Lohstroh_Lee_DeterministicActors_FDL_2019.pdf">Deterministic Actors</a>,&quot; Forum on Design Languages (FDL), Southampton, UK, September, 2019.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>DAC&#x27;19</strong> Marten Lohstroh, Martin Schoeberl, Andres Goens, Armin Wasicek, Christopher Gill, Marjan Sirjani, Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://ptolemy.berkeley.edu/publications/papers/19/LohstrohEtAl_Reactors_DAC_2019.pdf">Invited: Actors Revisited for Time-Critical Systems</a>,&quot; Design Automation Conference (DAC), June, 2019.<!-- --></p></li></ul><h2 id="presentations">Presentations</h2><ul><li><p><a href="https://youtu.be/WlQ8oXG1K8c">Time for All Programs, Not Just Real-Time Programs</a>, invited talk by Edward A. Lee,  Oct. 25 2021, ISoLA, Rhodes, Greece<!-- --></p></li><li><p><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/wiki/Tutorial">Video recordings</a> of a four-hour Lingua Franca Tutorial offered at EMSOFT, Oct. 8, 2021.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMIrJgZz4G8">Video recording</a> of talk by Marten Lohstroh on &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://www.tecosa.center.kth.se/event/tecosa-seminar-deterministic-reactive-software-for-embedded-edge-and-cloud-systems/">Deterministic Reactive Software for Embedded, Edge, and Cloud Systems</a>,&quot; at KTH, Center for Trustworthy Edge Computing Systems and Applications (TECoSA), June 3, 2021.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><a href="https://youtu.be/46OXz55qhFA">Video recording</a> of talk by Efsane Soyer on &quot;[Hardware-Supported Timing-Critical Software in Lingua Franca,&quot; at <!-- --><a href="https://cps-vo.org/group/cps-pimtg21/program-agenda">NSF CPS PI Meeting</a>, June 2, 2021. (<!-- --><strong>Received best graduate student presentation award!</strong>)<!-- --></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6YBtnBO7wdg">Video recording</a> of talk by Marten Lohstroh on Making Mainstream Programming Languages Deterministic Again, at 27th International Open Workshop on Synchronous Programming (Synchron), November 25-27, 2020<!-- --></p></li><li><p>Marten Lohstroh, Christian Menard, Alexander Schulz-Rosengarten, Matthew Weber, Jeronimo Castrillon, Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/tree/main/packages/lingua-franca/static/assets/slides/Lohstroh_etAl_FDL20.pdf">A Language for Deterministic Coordination Across Multiple Timelines</a>,&quot; (Slides only) Forum on Design Languages (FDL), Kiel, Germany, September, 2020.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkUjmbUU1zc">Video recording</a> of a presentation by Christian Menard, Achieving Determinism in Adaptive AUTOSAR, at virtual 23rd DATE conference 2020.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><a href="https://youtu.be/Bk0ST1ckAsI">Video recording</a> of a guest lecture by Edward A. Lee, Reactors and Lingua Franca: A Programming Model for Cyberphysical Systems, April 16, 2020.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><a href="https://youtu.be/TsE3vEzZFpI">Video recording</a> of a presentation by Edward A. Lee of two Lingua Franca examples, Reflex Game and Distributed, at &quot;virtual&quot; group lunch on 04-15-20.<!-- --></p></li><li><p>Marten Lohstroh, Iñigo Incer Romeo, Andrés Goens, Patricia Derler, Jeronimo Castrillon, Edward A. Lee, and Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/tree/main/packages/lingua-franca/static/assets/slides/Lohstroh_etAl_CyPhy19.pdf">Reactors: A Deterministic Model for Composable Reactive Systems</a>,&quot; (Slides only) Model-Based Design of Cyber Physical Systems (CyPhy&#x27;19), Held in conjunction with ESWEEK 2019, New York, NY, Oct. 18. <!-- --></p></li><li><p>Marten Lohstroh, Martin Schoeberl, Mathieu Jan, Edward Wang, Edward A. Lee &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/tree/main/packages/lingua-franca/static/assets/slides/Lohstroh_etAl_EMSOFT19.pdf">Work-in-Progress: Programs with Ironclad Timing Guarantees</a>,&quot; (Slides only) ACM SIGBED International Conference on Embedded Software (EMSOFT), New York, NY, October 14.<!-- --></p></li><li><p>Marten Lohstroh and Edward A. Lee &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/tree/main/packages/lingua-franca/static/assets/slides/Lohstroh_Lee_FDL19.pdf">Deterministic Actors</a>,&quot; (Slides only) Forum on Design Languages (FDL), Southampton, UK, September 3, 2019.<!-- --></p></li><li><p>Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/tree/main/packages/lingua-franca/static/assets/slides/Lee_ActorsRevisited_CyPhy.pdf">Actors Revisited for Predictable Systems</a>,&quot; (Slides only) Model-Based Design of Cyber-Physical Systems (CyPhy), New York, Oct. 17, 2019.<!-- --></p></li></ul><h2 id="press-coverage">Press Coverage</h2><ul><li>&quot;<!-- --><a href="https://semiengineering.com/toward-a-lingua-franca-for-intelligent-system-design/">Toward A Lingua Franca For Intelligent System Design</a>,&quot; by Frank Schirrmeister, <!-- --><em>Semiconductor Engineering</em>, September 26, 2019.<!-- --></li></ul></div><div class="main-content-block"><h2 style="text-align:center">Learning Resources</h2><div class="columns"><div class="item raised"><h4>Get Started</h4><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/overview">Overview</a></li><li><a to="/docs/handbook/developer-setup" href="/docs/handbook/developer-setup">Download and Build</a></li><li><a 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1.42969.96875c.54688.23437 1.13021.35156 1.75.35156z" fill="#fff"></path></svg><span><input id="search-box-top" type="search" placeholder="Search Docs" aria-label="Search the Lingua Franca site"/></span><input type="submit" style="display:none"/></form></div></div></div></div><div id="site-content"></div></header><main role="main"><div class="raised main-content-block"><p><i>Note: Lingua Franca is an evolving language, and the older papers below may use a syntax that does not match the current syntax. Nevertheless, these papers are useful for understanding the principles.</i></p><h2 id="published-papers">Published Papers</h2><p>In reverse chronological order: </p><ul><li><p><strong>VER&#x27;23</strong>: Shaokai Lin, Yatin A. Manerkar, Marten Lohstroh, Elizabeth Polgreen, Sheng-Jung Yu, Chadlia Jerad, Edward A. Lee, Sanjit A. Seshia, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3609134">Towards Building Verifiable CPS using Lingua Franca</a>,&quot; <!-- --><i>ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems</i> (TECS), Vol. 22, No. 5s, Sept. 9, 2023.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>CAL_CPS&#x27;23</strong>: Edward A. Lee, Ravi Akella, Soroush Bateni, Shaokai Lin, Marten Lohstroh, Christian Menard, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3609119">Consistency vs. Availability in Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems</a>,&quot; in <!-- --><i>ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems</i> (TECS), Vol. 22, No. 5s, Sept. 9, 2023.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>TACO&#x27;23</strong>: Christian Menard, Marten Lohstroh, Soroush Bateni, Matthew Chorlian, Arthur Deng, Peter Donovan, Clément Fournier, Shaokai Lin, Felix Suchert, Tassilo Tanneberger, Hokeun Kim, Jeronimo Castrillon, Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617687">High-Performance Deterministic Concurrency using Lingua Franca</a>,&quot; <!-- --><i>ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization</i> (TACO), Accepted Aug. 29, 2023<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>LET&#x27;23</strong>: Edward A. Lee and Marten Lohstroh, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://www.icyphy.org/publications/2023_LeeLohstroh/">Generalizing Logical Execution Time</a>,&quot; in <!-- --><i>Principles of Systems Design - Essays Dedicated to Thomas A. Hensinzer on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday</i>, LNCS 13660, July 2023, to appear.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>CAL_IC&#x27;23</strong>: Edward A. Lee, Soroush Bateni, Shaokai Lin, Marten Lohstroh, and Christian Menard,  &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://doi.org/10.34133/icomputing.0013">Trading Off Consistency and Availability in Tiered Heterogeneous Distributed Systems</a>,&quot; Intelligent Computing, vol. 2, no. Article 0013, pp. 1-23, February 15 2023.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>Modes&#x27;23</strong>: Alexander Schulz-Rosengarten, Reinhard von Hanxleden,Marten Lohstroh, Soroush Bateni, Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.09597">Modal Reactors</a>,&quot; arXiv:2301.09597 [cs.PL], January 23, 2023.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>CAL&#x27;23</strong>: Edward A. Lee, Ravi Akella, Soroush Bateni, Shaokai Lin, Marten Lohstroh, Christian Menard, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.08906">Consistency vs. Availability in Distributed Real-Time Systems</a>,&quot; arXiv:2301.08906 [cs.DC], January 21, 2023.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>NG-RES&#x27;23</strong>: Erling Rennemo Jellum, Shaokai Lin, Peter Donovan, Efsane Soyer, Fuzail Shakir, Torleiv Bryne, Milica Orlandic, Marten Lohstroh, Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://doi.org/10.4230/OASIcs.NG-RES.2023.3">Beyond the Threaded Programming Model on Real-Time Operating Systems</a>,&quot; Workshop on Next Generation Real-Time Embedded Systems (NG-RES), January 18 2023.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>Perf&#x27;23</strong>: Christian Menard, Marten Lohstroh, Soroush Bateni, Matthew Chorlian, Arthur Deng, Peter Donovan, Clément Fournier, Shaokai Lin, Felix Suchert, Tassilo Tanneberger, Hokeun Kim, Jeronimo Castrillon and Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.02444">High-Performance Deterministic Concurrency using Lingua Franca</a>,&quot; arXiv:2301.02444 [cs.PL], Jan. 9, 2023<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>Xronos&#x27;22</strong>: Soroush Bateni, Marten Lohstroh, Hou Seng Wong, Rohan Tabish, Hokeun Kim, Shaokai Lin, Christian Menard, Cong Liu, and Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.09555">Xronos: Predictable Coordination for Safety-Critical Distributed Embedded Systems</a>,&quot; arXiv:2207.09555 [cs.DC], July 19, 2022.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>ISoLA&#x27;21</strong>: Edward A. Lee and Marten Lohstroh, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89159-6_15">Time for All Programs, Not Just Real-Time Programs</a>,&quot; Proc. Int. Symp. on Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods (ISoLA), Rhodes, Greece, October 17-29, 2021.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>CAL&#x27;21</strong>: Edward A. Lee, Soroush Bateni, Shaokai Lin, Marten Lohstroh, Christian Menard, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.07771">Quantifying and Generalizing the CAP Theorem</a>,&quot; arXiv:2109.07771 [cs.DC], Sep. 16, 2021.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>TECS&#x27;21</strong>: Marten Lohstroh, Christian Menard, Soroush Bateni, and Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3448128">Toward a Lingua Franca for Deterministic Concurrent Systems</a>,&quot; <!-- --><em>ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems</em> (TECS), 20(4), May 2021.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>Doctoral Thesis</strong>: Marten Lohstroh, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2020/EECS-2020-235.html">Reactors: A Deterministic Model of Concurrent Computation for Reactive Systems</a>&quot;, UC Berkeley, EECS Department.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>FDL&#x27;20:</strong> Marten Lohstroh, Christian Menard, Alexander Schulz-Rosengarten, Matthew Weber, Jeronimo Castrillon, Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~marten/pdf/Lohstroh_etAl_FDL20.pdf">A Language for Deterministic Coordination Across Multiple Timelines</a>,&quot; Forum on Design Languages (FDL), Kiel, Germany, September, 2020.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>DATE&#x27;20:</strong> Christian Menard, Andrés Goens, Marten Lohstroh, Jeronimo Castrillon, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.01367">Achieving Determinism in Adaptive AUTOSAR</a>,&quot; Proceedings of the 2020 Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference (DATE), EDA Consortium, Mar 2020, doi: <!-- --><a href="https://doi.org/10.23919/DATE48585.2020.9116430">10.23919/DATE48585.2020.9116430</a>.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>RTSS&#x27;19:</strong> Marten Lohstroh and Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9052189">Work-in-Progress: Real-Time Reactors in C</a>,&quot; Proceedings of the Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS), Hong Kong, Dec. 2019. doi: <!-- --><a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/RTSS46320.2019.00067">10.1109/RTSS46320.2019.00067</a>.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>CyPhy&#x27;19:</strong> Marten Lohstroh, Iñigo Incer Romeo, Andrés Goens, Patricia Derler, Jeronimo Castrillon, Edward A. Lee, and Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~marten/pdf/Lohstroh_etAl_CyPhy19.pdf">Reactors: A Deterministic Model for Composable Reactive Systems</a>,&quot; Model-Based Design of Cyber Physical Systems (CyPhy&#x27;19), Held in conjunction with ESWEEK 2019, New York, NY, Oct. 17-18, 2019.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>EMSOFT&#x27;19:</strong> Marten Lohstroh, Martin Schoeberl, Mathieu Jan, Edward Wang, Edward A. Lee &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://ptolemy.berkeley.edu/publications/papers/19/LohstrohEtAl_IroncladTiming_EMSOFT_2019.pdf">Work-in-Progress: Programs with Ironclad Timing Guarantees</a>,&quot; ACM SIGBED International Conference on Embedded Software (EMSOFT), New York, NY, October 13-18, 2019.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>FDL&#x27;19:</strong> Marten Lohstroh and Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://ptolemy.berkeley.edu/publications/papers/19/Lohstroh_Lee_DeterministicActors_FDL_2019.pdf">Deterministic Actors</a>,&quot; Forum on Design Languages (FDL), Southampton, UK, September, 2019.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><strong>DAC&#x27;19</strong> Marten Lohstroh, Martin Schoeberl, Andres Goens, Armin Wasicek, Christopher Gill, Marjan Sirjani, Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://ptolemy.berkeley.edu/publications/papers/19/LohstrohEtAl_Reactors_DAC_2019.pdf">Invited: Actors Revisited for Time-Critical Systems</a>,&quot; Design Automation Conference (DAC), June, 2019.<!-- --></p></li></ul><h2 id="presentations">Presentations</h2><ul><li><p><a href="https://youtu.be/WlQ8oXG1K8c">Time for All Programs, Not Just Real-Time Programs</a>, invited talk by Edward A. Lee,  Oct. 25 2021, ISoLA, Rhodes, Greece<!-- --></p></li><li><p><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/lingua-franca/wiki/Tutorial">Video recordings</a> of a four-hour Lingua Franca Tutorial offered at EMSOFT, Oct. 8, 2021.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMIrJgZz4G8">Video recording</a> of talk by Marten Lohstroh on &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://www.tecosa.center.kth.se/event/tecosa-seminar-deterministic-reactive-software-for-embedded-edge-and-cloud-systems/">Deterministic Reactive Software for Embedded, Edge, and Cloud Systems</a>,&quot; at KTH, Center for Trustworthy Edge Computing Systems and Applications (TECoSA), June 3, 2021.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><a href="https://youtu.be/46OXz55qhFA">Video recording</a> of talk by Efsane Soyer on &quot;[Hardware-Supported Timing-Critical Software in Lingua Franca,&quot; at <!-- --><a href="https://cps-vo.org/group/cps-pimtg21/program-agenda">NSF CPS PI Meeting</a>, June 2, 2021. (<!-- --><strong>Received best graduate student presentation award!</strong>)<!-- --></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6YBtnBO7wdg">Video recording</a> of talk by Marten Lohstroh on Making Mainstream Programming Languages Deterministic Again, at 27th International Open Workshop on Synchronous Programming (Synchron), November 25-27, 2020<!-- --></p></li><li><p>Marten Lohstroh, Christian Menard, Alexander Schulz-Rosengarten, Matthew Weber, Jeronimo Castrillon, Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/tree/main/packages/lingua-franca/static/assets/slides/Lohstroh_etAl_FDL20.pdf">A Language for Deterministic Coordination Across Multiple Timelines</a>,&quot; (Slides only) Forum on Design Languages (FDL), Kiel, Germany, September, 2020.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkUjmbUU1zc">Video recording</a> of a presentation by Christian Menard, Achieving Determinism in Adaptive AUTOSAR, at virtual 23rd DATE conference 2020.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><a href="https://youtu.be/Bk0ST1ckAsI">Video recording</a> of a guest lecture by Edward A. Lee, Reactors and Lingua Franca: A Programming Model for Cyberphysical Systems, April 16, 2020.<!-- --></p></li><li><p><a href="https://youtu.be/TsE3vEzZFpI">Video recording</a> of a presentation by Edward A. Lee of two Lingua Franca examples, Reflex Game and Distributed, at &quot;virtual&quot; group lunch on 04-15-20.<!-- --></p></li><li><p>Marten Lohstroh, Iñigo Incer Romeo, Andrés Goens, Patricia Derler, Jeronimo Castrillon, Edward A. Lee, and Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/tree/main/packages/lingua-franca/static/assets/slides/Lohstroh_etAl_CyPhy19.pdf">Reactors: A Deterministic Model for Composable Reactive Systems</a>,&quot; (Slides only) Model-Based Design of Cyber Physical Systems (CyPhy&#x27;19), Held in conjunction with ESWEEK 2019, New York, NY, Oct. 18. <!-- --></p></li><li><p>Marten Lohstroh, Martin Schoeberl, Mathieu Jan, Edward Wang, Edward A. Lee &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/tree/main/packages/lingua-franca/static/assets/slides/Lohstroh_etAl_EMSOFT19.pdf">Work-in-Progress: Programs with Ironclad Timing Guarantees</a>,&quot; (Slides only) ACM SIGBED International Conference on Embedded Software (EMSOFT), New York, NY, October 14.<!-- --></p></li><li><p>Marten Lohstroh and Edward A. Lee &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/tree/main/packages/lingua-franca/static/assets/slides/Lohstroh_Lee_FDL19.pdf">Deterministic Actors</a>,&quot; (Slides only) Forum on Design Languages (FDL), Southampton, UK, September 3, 2019.<!-- --></p></li><li><p>Edward A. Lee, &quot;<!-- --><a href="https://github.com/lf-lang/website-lingua-franca/tree/main/packages/lingua-franca/static/assets/slides/Lee_ActorsRevisited_CyPhy.pdf">Actors Revisited for Predictable Systems</a>,&quot; (Slides only) Model-Based Design of Cyber-Physical Systems (CyPhy), New York, Oct. 17, 2019.<!-- --></p></li></ul><h2 id="press-coverage">Press Coverage</h2><ul><li>&quot;<!-- --><a href="https://semiengineering.com/toward-a-lingua-franca-for-intelligent-system-design/">Toward A Lingua Franca For Intelligent System Design</a>,&quot; by Frank Schirrmeister, <!-- --><em>Semiconductor Engineering</em>, September 26, 2019.<!-- --></li></ul></div><div class="main-content-block"><h2 style="text-align:center">Learning Resources</h2><div class="columns"><div class="item raised"><h4>Get Started</h4><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/overview">Overview</a></li><li><a to="/docs/handbook/developer-setup" href="/docs/handbook/developer-setup">Download and Build</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/tutorial-video">Tutorial Video (EMSOFT 2021)</a></li><li><a aria-current="page" class="" href="/publications-and-presentations">Publications and Presentations</a></li></ul></div><div class="item raised"><h4>Write your first reactor</h4><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor?targetSelector=lf-c">C</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor?targetSelector=lf-cpp">C++</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor?targetSelector=lf-py">Python</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor?targetSelector=lf-ts">TypeScript</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/a-first-reactor?targetSelector=lf-rs">Rust</a></li></ul></div></div></div></main><footer id="site-footer" role="contentinfo"><section id="customize"><article><h3>Customize</h3><label><p>Color Mode<!-- -->:<!-- --></p><div class="switch-wrap"><select name="colours"><option value="system" selected="">System<!-- --></option><option value="force-light">Always Light<!-- --></option><option 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