classifier_utils.py

# coding=utf-8
# Copyright 2019 The Google Research Authors.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

"""Utility functions for GLUE classification tasks."""

from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division

from __future__ import print_function

import collections
import csv
import os

import tensorflow as tf

from albert import modeling
from albert import optimization
from albert import tokenization


class InputExample(object):
  """A single training/test example for simple sequence classification."""

  def __init__(self, guid, text_a, text_b=None, label=None):
    """Constructs a InputExample.

    Args:
      guid: Unique id for the example.
      text_a: string. The untokenized text of the first sequence. For single
        sequence tasks, only this sequence must be specified.
      text_b: (Optional) string. The untokenized text of the second sequence.
        Only must be specified for sequence pair tasks.
      label: (Optional) string. The label of the example. This should be
        specified for train and dev examples, but not for test examples.
    """
    self.guid = guid
    self.text_a = text_a
    self.text_b = text_b
    self.label = label


class PaddingInputExample(object):
  """Fake example so the num input examples is a multiple of the batch size.

  When running eval/predict on the TPU, we need to pad the number of examples
  to be a multiple of the batch size, because the TPU requires a fixed batch
  size. The alternative is to drop the last batch, which is bad because it means
  the entire output data won't be generated.

  We use this class instead of `None` because treating `None` as padding
  battches could cause silent errors.
  """


class InputFeatures(object):
  """A single set of features of data."""

  def __init__(self,
               input_ids,
               input_mask,
               segment_ids,
               label_id,
               guid=None,
               example_id=None,
               is_real_example=True):
    self.input_ids = input_ids
    self.input_mask = input_mask
    self.segment_ids = segment_ids
    self.label_id = label_id
    self.example_id = example_id
    self.guid = guid
    self.is_real_example = is_real_example


class DataProcessor(object):
  """Base class for data converters for sequence classification data sets."""

  def __init__(self, use_spm, do_lower_case):
    super(DataProcessor, self).__init__()
    self.use_spm = use_spm
    self.do_lower_case = do_lower_case

  def get_train_examples(self, data_dir):
    """Gets a collection of `InputExample`s for the train set."""
    raise NotImplementedError()

  def get_dev_examples(self, data_dir):
    """Gets a collection of `InputExample`s for the dev set."""
    raise NotImplementedError()

  def get_test_examples(self, data_dir):
    """Gets a collection of `InputExample`s for prediction."""
    raise NotImplementedError()

  def get_labels(self):
    """Gets the list of labels for this data set."""
    raise NotImplementedError()

  @classmethod
  def _read_tsv(cls, input_file, quotechar=None):
    """Reads a tab separated value file."""
    with tf.gfile.Open(input_file, "r") as f:
      reader = csv.reader(f, delimiter="\t", quotechar=quotechar)
      lines = []
      for line in reader:
        lines.append(line)
      return lines

  def process_text(self, text):
    if self.use_spm:
      return tokenization.preprocess_text(text, self.do_lower_case)
    else:
      return tokenization.convert_to_unicode(text)


class MnliProcessor(DataProcessor):
  """Processor for the MultiNLI data set (GLUE version)."""

  def get_train_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "MNLI", "train.tsv")), "train")

  def get_dev_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "MNLI", "dev_matched.tsv")),
        "dev_matched")

  def get_test_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "MNLI", "test_matched.tsv")),
        "test")

  def get_labels(self):
    """See base class."""
    return ["contradiction", "entailment", "neutral"]

  def _create_examples(self, lines, set_type):
    """Creates examples for the training and dev sets."""
    examples = []
    for (i, line) in enumerate(lines):
      if i == 0:
        continue
      # Note(mingdachen): We will rely on this guid for GLUE submission.
      guid = self.process_text(line[0])
      text_a = self.process_text(line[8])
      text_b = self.process_text(line[9])
      if set_type == "test":
        label = "contradiction"
      else:
        label = self.process_text(line[-1])
      examples.append(
          InputExample(guid=guid, text_a=text_a, text_b=text_b, label=label))
    return examples


class MisMnliProcessor(MnliProcessor):
  """Processor for the Mismatched MultiNLI data set (GLUE version)."""

  def get_dev_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "MNLI", "dev_mismatched.tsv")),
        "dev")

  def get_test_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "MNLI", "test_mismatched.tsv")),
        "test")


class MrpcProcessor(DataProcessor):
  """Processor for the MRPC data set (GLUE version)."""

  def get_train_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "MRPC", "train.tsv")), "train")

  def get_dev_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "MRPC", "dev.tsv")), "dev")

  def get_test_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "MRPC", "test.tsv")), "test")

  def get_labels(self):
    """See base class."""
    return ["0", "1"]

  def _create_examples(self, lines, set_type):
    """Creates examples for the training and dev sets."""
    examples = []
    for (i, line) in enumerate(lines):
      if i == 0:
        continue
      guid = "%s-%s" % (set_type, i)
      text_a = self.process_text(line[3])
      text_b = self.process_text(line[4])
      if set_type == "test":
        guid = line[0]
        label = "0"
      else:
        label = self.process_text(line[0])
      examples.append(
          InputExample(guid=guid, text_a=text_a, text_b=text_b, label=label))
    return examples


class ColaProcessor(DataProcessor):
  """Processor for the CoLA data set (GLUE version)."""

  def get_train_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "CoLA", "train.tsv")), "train")

  def get_dev_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "CoLA", "dev.tsv")), "dev")

  def get_test_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "CoLA", "test.tsv")), "test")

  def get_labels(self):
    """See base class."""
    return ["0", "1"]

  def _create_examples(self, lines, set_type):
    """Creates examples for the training and dev sets."""
    examples = []
    for (i, line) in enumerate(lines):
      # Only the test set has a header
      if set_type == "test" and i == 0:
        continue
      guid = "%s-%s" % (set_type, i)
      if set_type == "test":
        guid = line[0]
        text_a = self.process_text(line[1])
        label = "0"
      else:
        text_a = self.process_text(line[3])
        label = self.process_text(line[1])
      examples.append(
          InputExample(guid=guid, text_a=text_a, text_b=None, label=label))
    return examples


class Sst2Processor(DataProcessor):
  """Processor for the SST-2 data set (GLUE version)."""

  def get_train_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "SST-2", "train.tsv")), "train")

  def get_dev_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "SST-2", "dev.tsv")), "dev")

  def get_test_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "SST-2", "test.tsv")), "test")

  def get_labels(self):
    """See base class."""
    return ["0", "1"]

  def _create_examples(self, lines, set_type):
    """Creates examples for the training and dev sets."""
    examples = []
    for (i, line) in enumerate(lines):
      if i == 0:
        continue
      if set_type != "test":
        guid = "%s-%s" % (set_type, i)
        text_a = self.process_text(line[0])
        label = self.process_text(line[1])
      else:
        guid = self.process_text(line[0])
        # guid = "%s-%s" % (set_type, line[0])
        text_a = self.process_text(line[1])
        label = "0"
      examples.append(
          InputExample(guid=guid, text_a=text_a, text_b=None, label=label))
    return examples


class StsbProcessor(DataProcessor):
  """Processor for the STS-B data set (GLUE version)."""

  def get_train_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "STS-B", "train.tsv")), "train")

  def get_dev_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "STS-B", "dev.tsv")), "dev")

  def get_test_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "STS-B", "test.tsv")), "test")

  def get_labels(self):
    """See base class."""
    return [None]

  def _create_examples(self, lines, set_type):
    """Creates examples for the training and dev sets."""
    examples = []
    for (i, line) in enumerate(lines):
      if i == 0:
        continue
      guid = self.process_text(line[0])
      # guid = "%s-%s" % (set_type, line[0])
      text_a = self.process_text(line[7])
      text_b = self.process_text(line[8])
      if set_type != "test":
        label = float(line[-1])
      else:
        label = 0
      examples.append(
          InputExample(guid=guid, text_a=text_a, text_b=text_b, label=label))
    return examples


class QqpProcessor(DataProcessor):
  """Processor for the QQP data set (GLUE version)."""

  def get_train_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "QQP", "train.tsv")), "train")

  def get_dev_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "QQP", "dev.tsv")), "dev")

  def get_test_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "QQP", "test.tsv")), "test")

  def get_labels(self):
    """See base class."""
    return ["0", "1"]

  def _create_examples(self, lines, set_type):
    """Creates examples for the training and dev sets."""
    examples = []
    for (i, line) in enumerate(lines):
      if i == 0:
        continue
      guid = line[0]
      # guid = "%s-%s" % (set_type, line[0])
      if set_type != "test":
        try:
          text_a = self.process_text(line[3])
          text_b = self.process_text(line[4])
          label = self.process_text(line[5])
        except IndexError:
          continue
      else:
        text_a = self.process_text(line[1])
        text_b = self.process_text(line[2])
        label = "0"
      examples.append(
          InputExample(guid=guid, text_a=text_a, text_b=text_b, label=label))
    return examples


class QnliProcessor(DataProcessor):
  """Processor for the QNLI data set (GLUE version)."""

  def get_train_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "QNLI", "train.tsv")), "train")

  def get_dev_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "QNLI", "dev.tsv")),
        "dev_matched")

  def get_test_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "QNLI", "test.tsv")),
        "test_matched")

  def get_labels(self):
    """See base class."""
    return ["entailment", "not_entailment"]

  def _create_examples(self, lines, set_type):
    """Creates examples for the training and dev sets."""
    examples = []
    for (i, line) in enumerate(lines):
      if i == 0:
        continue
      guid = self.process_text(line[0])
      # guid = "%s-%s" % (set_type, line[0])
      text_a = self.process_text(line[1])
      text_b = self.process_text(line[2])
      if set_type == "test_matched":
        label = "entailment"
      else:
        label = self.process_text(line[-1])
      examples.append(
          InputExample(guid=guid, text_a=text_a, text_b=text_b, label=label))
    return examples


class RteProcessor(DataProcessor):
  """Processor for the RTE data set (GLUE version)."""

  def get_train_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "RTE", "train.tsv")), "train")

  def get_dev_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "RTE", "dev.tsv")), "dev")

  def get_test_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "RTE", "test.tsv")), "test")

  def get_labels(self):
    """See base class."""
    return ["entailment", "not_entailment"]

  def _create_examples(self, lines, set_type):
    """Creates examples for the training and dev sets."""
    examples = []
    for (i, line) in enumerate(lines):
      if i == 0:
        continue
      guid = self.process_text(line[0])
      # guid = "%s-%s" % (set_type, line[0])
      text_a = self.process_text(line[1])
      text_b = self.process_text(line[2])
      if set_type == "test":
        label = "entailment"
      else:
        label = self.process_text(line[-1])
      examples.append(
          InputExample(guid=guid, text_a=text_a, text_b=text_b, label=label))
    return examples


class WnliProcessor(DataProcessor):
  """Processor for the WNLI data set (GLUE version)."""

  def get_train_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "WNLI", "train.tsv")), "train")

  def get_dev_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "WNLI", "dev.tsv")), "dev")

  def get_test_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "WNLI", "test.tsv")), "test")

  def get_labels(self):
    """See base class."""
    return ["0", "1"]

  def _create_examples(self, lines, set_type):
    """Creates examples for the training and dev sets."""
    examples = []
    for (i, line) in enumerate(lines):
      if i == 0:
        continue
      guid = self.process_text(line[0])
      # guid = "%s-%s" % (set_type, line[0])
      text_a = self.process_text(line[1])
      text_b = self.process_text(line[2])
      if set_type != "test":
        label = self.process_text(line[-1])
      else:
        label = "0"
      examples.append(
          InputExample(guid=guid, text_a=text_a, text_b=text_b, label=label))
    return examples


class AXProcessor(DataProcessor):
  """Processor for the AX data set (GLUE version)."""

  def get_test_examples(self, data_dir):
    """See base class."""
    return self._create_examples(
        self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "diagnostic", "diagnostic.tsv")),
        "test")

  def get_labels(self):
    """See base class."""
    return ["contradiction", "entailment", "neutral"]

  def _create_examples(self, lines, set_type):
    """Creates examples for the training and dev sets."""
    examples = []
    for (i, line) in enumerate(lines):
      if i == 0:
        continue
      # Note(mingdachen): We will rely on this guid for GLUE submission.
      guid = self.process_text(line[0])
      text_a = self.process_text(line[1])
      text_b = self.process_text(line[2])
      if set_type == "test":
        label = "contradiction"
      else:
        label = self.process_text(line[-1])
      examples.append(
          InputExample(guid=guid, text_a=text_a, text_b=text_b, label=label))
    return examples


def convert_single_example(ex_index, example, label_list, max_seq_length,
                           tokenizer, task_name):
  """Converts a single `InputExample` into a single `InputFeatures`."""

  if isinstance(example, PaddingInputExample):
    return InputFeatures(
        input_ids=[0] * max_seq_length,
        input_mask=[0] * max_seq_length,
        segment_ids=[0] * max_seq_length,
        label_id=0,
        is_real_example=False)

  if task_name != "sts-b":
    label_map = {}
    for (i, label) in enumerate(label_list):
      label_map[label] = i

  tokens_a = tokenizer.tokenize(example.text_a)
  tokens_b = None
  if example.text_b:
    tokens_b = tokenizer.tokenize(example.text_b)

  if tokens_b:
    # Modifies `tokens_a` and `tokens_b` in place so that the total
    # length is less than the specified length.
    # Account for [CLS], [SEP], [SEP] with "- 3"
    _truncate_seq_pair(tokens_a, tokens_b, max_seq_length - 3)
  else:
    # Account for [CLS] and [SEP] with "- 2"
    if len(tokens_a) > max_seq_length - 2:
      tokens_a = tokens_a[0:(max_seq_length - 2)]

  # The convention in ALBERT is:
  # (a) For sequence pairs:
  #  tokens:   [CLS] is this jack ##son ##ville ? [SEP] no it is not . [SEP]
  #  type_ids: 0     0  0    0    0     0       0 0     1  1  1  1   1 1
  # (b) For single sequences:
  #  tokens:   [CLS] the dog is hairy . [SEP]
  #  type_ids: 0     0   0   0  0     0 0
  #
  # Where "type_ids" are used to indicate whether this is the first
  # sequence or the second sequence. The embedding vectors for `type=0` and
  # `type=1` were learned during pre-training and are added to the
  # embedding vector (and position vector). This is not *strictly* necessary
  # since the [SEP] token unambiguously separates the sequences, but it makes
  # it easier for the model to learn the concept of sequences.
  #
  # For classification tasks, the first vector (corresponding to [CLS]) is
  # used as the "sentence vector". Note that this only makes sense because
  # the entire model is fine-tuned.
  tokens = []
  segment_ids = []
  tokens.append("[CLS]")
  segment_ids.append(0)
  for token in tokens_a:
    tokens.append(token)
    segment_ids.append(0)
  tokens.append("[SEP]")
  segment_ids.append(0)

  if tokens_b:
    for token in tokens_b:
      tokens.append(token)
      segment_ids.append(1)
    tokens.append("[SEP]")
    segment_ids.append(1)

  input_ids = tokenizer.convert_tokens_to_ids(tokens)

  # The mask has 1 for real tokens and 0 for padding tokens. Only real
  # tokens are attended to.
  input_mask = [1] * len(input_ids)

  # Zero-pad up to the sequence length.
  while len(input_ids) < max_seq_length:
    input_ids.append(0)
    input_mask.append(0)
    segment_ids.append(0)

  assert len(input_ids) == max_seq_length
  assert len(input_mask) == max_seq_length
  assert len(segment_ids) == max_seq_length

  if task_name != "sts-b":
    label_id = label_map[example.label]
  else:
    label_id = example.label

  if ex_index < 5:
    tf.logging.info("*** Example ***")
    tf.logging.info("guid: %s" % (example.guid))
    tf.logging.info("tokens: %s" % " ".join(
        [tokenization.printable_text(x) for x in tokens]))
    tf.logging.info("input_ids: %s" % " ".join([str(x) for x in input_ids]))
    tf.logging.info("input_mask: %s" % " ".join([str(x) for x in input_mask]))
    tf.logging.info("segment_ids: %s" % " ".join([str(x) for x in segment_ids]))
    tf.logging.info("label: %s (id = %d)" % (example.label, label_id))

  feature = InputFeatures(
      input_ids=input_ids,
      input_mask=input_mask,
      segment_ids=segment_ids,
      label_id=label_id,
      is_real_example=True)
  return feature


def file_based_convert_examples_to_features(
    examples, label_list, max_seq_length, tokenizer, output_file, task_name):
  """Convert a set of `InputExample`s to a TFRecord file."""

  writer = tf.python_io.TFRecordWriter(output_file)

  for (ex_index, example) in enumerate(examples):
    if ex_index % 10000 == 0:
      tf.logging.info("Writing example %d of %d" % (ex_index, len(examples)))

    feature = convert_single_example(ex_index, example, label_list,
                                     max_seq_length, tokenizer, task_name)

    def create_int_feature(values):
      f = tf.train.Feature(int64_list=tf.train.Int64List(value=list(values)))
      return f

    def create_float_feature(values):
      f = tf.train.Feature(float_list=tf.train.FloatList(value=list(values)))
      return f

    features = collections.OrderedDict()
    features["input_ids"] = create_int_feature(feature.input_ids)
    features["input_mask"] = create_int_feature(feature.input_mask)
    features["segment_ids"] = create_int_feature(feature.segment_ids)
    features["label_ids"] = create_float_feature([feature.label_id])\
        if task_name == "sts-b" else create_int_feature([feature.label_id])
    features["is_real_example"] = create_int_feature(
        [int(feature.is_real_example)])

    tf_example = tf.train.Example(features=tf.train.Features(feature=features))
    writer.write(tf_example.SerializeToString())
  writer.close()


def file_based_input_fn_builder(input_file, seq_length, is_training,
                                drop_remainder, task_name, use_tpu, bsz,
                                multiple=1):
  """Creates an `input_fn` closure to be passed to TPUEstimator."""
  labeltype = tf.float32 if task_name == "sts-b" else tf.int64

  name_to_features = {
      "input_ids": tf.FixedLenFeature([seq_length * multiple], tf.int64),
      "input_mask": tf.FixedLenFeature([seq_length * multiple], tf.int64),
      "segment_ids": tf.FixedLenFeature([seq_length * multiple], tf.int64),
      "label_ids": tf.FixedLenFeature([], labeltype),
      "is_real_example": tf.FixedLenFeature([], tf.int64),
  }

  def _decode_record(record, name_to_features):
    """Decodes a record to a TensorFlow example."""
    example = tf.parse_single_example(record, name_to_features)

    # tf.Example only supports tf.int64, but the TPU only supports tf.int32.
    # So cast all int64 to int32.
    for name in list(example.keys()):
      t = example[name]
      if t.dtype == tf.int64:
        t = tf.to_int32(t)
      example[name] = t

    return example

  def input_fn(params):
    """The actual input function."""
    if use_tpu:
      batch_size = params["batch_size"]
    else:
      batch_size = bsz

    # For training, we want a lot of parallel reading and shuffling.
    # For eval, we want no shuffling and parallel reading doesn't matter.
    d = tf.data.TFRecordDataset(input_file)
    if is_training:
      d = d.repeat()
      d = d.shuffle(buffer_size=100)

    d = d.apply(
        tf.contrib.data.map_and_batch(
            lambda record: _decode_record(record, name_to_features),
            batch_size=batch_size,
            drop_remainder=drop_remainder))

    return d

  return input_fn


def _truncate_seq_pair(tokens_a, tokens_b, max_length):
  """Truncates a sequence pair in place to the maximum length."""

  # This is a simple heuristic which will always truncate the longer sequence
  # one token at a time. This makes more sense than truncating an equal percent
  # of tokens from each, since if one sequence is very short then each token
  # that's truncated likely contains more information than a longer sequence.
  while True:
    total_length = len(tokens_a) + len(tokens_b)
    if total_length <= max_length:
      break
    if len(tokens_a) > len(tokens_b):
      tokens_a.pop()
    else:
      tokens_b.pop()


def create_model(bert_config, is_training, input_ids, input_mask, segment_ids,
                 labels, num_labels, use_one_hot_embeddings, task_name):
  """Creates a classification model."""
  model = modeling.AlbertModel(
      config=bert_config,
      is_training=is_training,
      input_ids=input_ids,
      input_mask=input_mask,
      token_type_ids=segment_ids,
      use_one_hot_embeddings=use_one_hot_embeddings)

  # In the demo, we are doing a simple classification task on the entire
  # segment.
  #
  # If you want to use the token-level output, use model.get_sequence_output()
  # instead.
  output_layer = model.get_pooled_output()

  hidden_size = output_layer.shape[-1].value

  output_weights = tf.get_variable(
      "output_weights", [num_labels, hidden_size],
      initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.02))

  output_bias = tf.get_variable(
      "output_bias", [num_labels], initializer=tf.zeros_initializer())

  with tf.variable_scope("loss"):
    if is_training:
      # I.e., 0.1 dropout
      output_layer = tf.nn.dropout(output_layer, keep_prob=0.9)

    logits = tf.matmul(output_layer, output_weights, transpose_b=True)
    logits = tf.nn.bias_add(logits, output_bias)
    if task_name != "sts-b":
      probabilities = tf.nn.softmax(logits, axis=-1)
      predictions = tf.argmax(probabilities, axis=-1, output_type=tf.int32)
      log_probs = tf.nn.log_softmax(logits, axis=-1)
      one_hot_labels = tf.one_hot(labels, depth=num_labels, dtype=tf.float32)

      per_example_loss = -tf.reduce_sum(one_hot_labels * log_probs, axis=-1)
    else:
      probabilities = logits
      logits = tf.squeeze(logits, [-1])
      predictions = logits
      per_example_loss = tf.square(logits - labels)
    loss = tf.reduce_mean(per_example_loss)

    return (loss, per_example_loss, probabilities, logits, predictions)


def model_fn_builder(bert_config, num_labels, init_checkpoint, learning_rate,
                     num_train_steps, num_warmup_steps, use_tpu,
                     use_one_hot_embeddings, task_name):
  """Returns `model_fn` closure for TPUEstimator."""

  def model_fn(features, labels, mode, params):  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
    """The `model_fn` for TPUEstimator."""

    tf.logging.info("*** Features ***")
    for name in sorted(features.keys()):
      tf.logging.info("  name = %s, shape = %s" % (name, features[name].shape))

    input_ids = features["input_ids"]
    input_mask = features["input_mask"]
    segment_ids = features["segment_ids"]
    label_ids = features["label_ids"]
    is_real_example = None
    if "is_real_example" in features:
      is_real_example = tf.cast(features["is_real_example"], dtype=tf.float32)
    else:
      is_real_example = tf.ones(tf.shape(label_ids), dtype=tf.float32)

    is_training = (mode == tf.estimator.ModeKeys.TRAIN)

    (total_loss, per_example_loss, probabilities, logits, predictions) = \
        create_model(bert_config, is_training, input_ids, input_mask,
                     segment_ids, label_ids, num_labels,
                     use_one_hot_embeddings, task_name)

    tvars = tf.trainable_variables()
    initialized_variable_names = {}
    scaffold_fn = None
    if init_checkpoint:
      (assignment_map, initialized_variable_names
      ) = modeling.get_assignment_map_from_checkpoint(tvars, init_checkpoint)
      if use_tpu:

        def tpu_scaffold():
          tf.train.init_from_checkpoint(init_checkpoint, assignment_map)
          return tf.train.Scaffold()

        scaffold_fn = tpu_scaffold
      else:
        tf.train.init_from_checkpoint(init_checkpoint, assignment_map)

    tf.logging.info("**** Trainable Variables ****")
    for var in tvars:
      init_string = ""
      if var.name in initialized_variable_names:
        init_string = ", *INIT_FROM_CKPT*"
      tf.logging.info("  name = %s, shape = %s%s", var.name, var.shape,
                      init_string)

    output_spec = None
    if mode == tf.estimator.ModeKeys.TRAIN:

      train_op = optimization.create_optimizer(
          total_loss, learning_rate, num_train_steps, num_warmup_steps, use_tpu)

      output_spec = tf.contrib.tpu.TPUEstimatorSpec(
          mode=mode,
          loss=total_loss,
          train_op=train_op,
          scaffold_fn=scaffold_fn)
    elif mode == tf.estimator.ModeKeys.EVAL:
      if task_name not in ["sts-b", "cola"]:
        def metric_fn(per_example_loss, label_ids, logits, is_real_example):
          predictions = tf.argmax(logits, axis=-1, output_type=tf.int32)
          accuracy = tf.metrics.accuracy(
              labels=label_ids, predictions=predictions,
              weights=is_real_example)
          loss = tf.metrics.mean(
              values=per_example_loss, weights=is_real_example)
          return {
              "eval_accuracy": accuracy,
              "eval_loss": loss,
          }
      elif task_name == "sts-b":
        def metric_fn(per_example_loss, label_ids, logits, is_real_example):
          """Compute Pearson correlations for STS-B."""
          # Display labels and predictions
          concat1 = tf.contrib.metrics.streaming_concat(logits)
          concat2 = tf.contrib.metrics.streaming_concat(label_ids)

          # Compute Pearson correlation
          pearson = tf.contrib.metrics.streaming_pearson_correlation(
              logits, label_ids, weights=is_real_example)

          # Compute MSE
          # mse = tf.metrics.mean(per_example_loss)
          mse = tf.metrics.mean_squared_error(
              label_ids, logits, weights=is_real_example)

          loss = tf.metrics.mean(
              values=per_example_loss,
              weights=is_real_example)

          return {"pred": concat1, "label_ids": concat2, "pearson": pearson,
                  "MSE": mse, "eval_loss": loss,}
      elif task_name == "cola":
        def metric_fn(per_example_loss, label_ids, logits, is_real_example):
          """Compute Matthew's correlations for STS-B."""
          predictions = tf.argmax(logits, axis=-1, output_type=tf.int32)
          # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthews_correlation_coefficient
          tp, tp_op = tf.metrics.true_positives(
              predictions, label_ids, weights=is_real_example)
          tn, tn_op = tf.metrics.true_negatives(
              predictions, label_ids, weights=is_real_example)
          fp, fp_op = tf.metrics.false_positives(
              predictions, label_ids, weights=is_real_example)
          fn, fn_op = tf.metrics.false_negatives(
              predictions, label_ids, weights=is_real_example)

          # Compute Matthew's correlation
          mcc = tf.div_no_nan(
              tp * tn - fp * fn,
              tf.pow((tp + fp) * (tp + fn) * (tn + fp) * (tn + fn), 0.5))

          # Compute accuracy
          accuracy = tf.metrics.accuracy(
              labels=label_ids, predictions=predictions,
              weights=is_real_example)

          loss = tf.metrics.mean(
              values=per_example_loss,
              weights=is_real_example)

          return {"matthew_corr": (mcc, tf.group(tp_op, tn_op, fp_op, fn_op)),
                  "eval_accuracy": accuracy, "eval_loss": loss,}

      eval_metrics = (metric_fn,
                      [per_example_loss, label_ids, logits, is_real_example])
      output_spec = tf.contrib.tpu.TPUEstimatorSpec(
          mode=mode,
          loss=total_loss,
          eval_metrics=eval_metrics,
          scaffold_fn=scaffold_fn)
    else:
      output_spec = tf.contrib.tpu.TPUEstimatorSpec(
          mode=mode,
          predictions={"probabilities": probabilities,
                       "predictions": predictions},
          scaffold_fn=scaffold_fn)
    return output_spec

  return model_fn