diff --git a/kadet/__init__.py b/kadet/__init__.py
index abf62ee..55c691d 100644
--- a/kadet/__init__.py
+++ b/kadet/__init__.py
@@ -4,12 +4,10 @@
 
 import hashlib
 import json
-from typing import ClassVar
-
+from typing import Any, Annotated 
 import yaml
 from box import Box, BoxList
-from pydantic import BaseModel as PydanticBaseModel
-from pydantic import Extra
+from pydantic import BaseModel as PydanticBaseModel, Field
 from typeguard import check_type
 
 ABORT_EXCEPTION_TYPE = ValueError
@@ -110,7 +108,7 @@ def need(self, key, msg="key and value needed", istype=None):
         if key not in self.kwargs:
             raise ABORT_EXCEPTION_TYPE(err_msg)  # XXX in Kapitan this is CompileError
         elif istype is not None:
-            check_type(key, self.kwargs[key], istype)
+            check_type(self.kwargs[key], istype)
 
     def optional(self, key, default=None, istype=None):
         """Set self.kwargs key as optional.
@@ -119,13 +117,13 @@ def optional(self, key, default=None, istype=None):
         match type passed in istype.
         """
         if key in self.kwargs and istype is not None:
-            check_type(key, self.kwargs[key], istype)
+            check_type(self.kwargs[key], istype)
 
         if key not in self.kwargs:
             if default is None:
                 self.kwargs[key] = default
             elif istype is not None:
-                check_type(key, default, istype)
+                check_type(default, istype)
                 self.kwargs[key] = default
 
     def new(self):
@@ -195,11 +193,10 @@ def sha256(self):
 
 
 class BaseModel(PydanticBaseModel):
-    root: ClassVar  # hide root from repr
+    root: Annotated[Dict, Field(repr=False)] = Dict()
 
     def __init__(self, **data):
         super().__init__(**data)
-        self.root = Dict()  # initialise empty root
 
         if hasattr(self, "new"):
             assert callable(self.new)
@@ -258,4 +255,4 @@ class Config:
         arbitrary_types_allowed = True  # allow all types e.g. BaseObj
         copy_on_model_validation = False  # performance?
         underscore_attrs_are_private = True
-        extra = Extra.allow
+        extra = 'allow'
diff --git a/poetry.lock b/poetry.lock
index 87737dd..b99bb5f 100644
--- a/poetry.lock
+++ b/poetry.lock
@@ -1,107 +1,217 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Poetry 1.8.2 and should not be changed by hand.
+
 [[package]]
-name = "pydantic"
-version = "1.10.2"
-description = "Data validation and settings management using python type hints"
-category = "main"
+name = "annotated-types"
+version = "0.6.0"
+description = "Reusable constraint types to use with typing.Annotated"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.7"
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
+files = [
+    {file = "annotated_types-0.6.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:0641064de18ba7a25dee8f96403ebc39113d0cb953a01429249d5c7564666a43"},
+    {file = "annotated_types-0.6.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:563339e807e53ffd9c267e99fc6d9ea23eb8443c08f112651963e24e22f84a5d"},
+]
 
-[package.dependencies]
-typing-extensions = ">=4.1.0"
+[[package]]
+name = "colorama"
+version = "0.4.6"
+description = "Cross-platform colored terminal text."
+optional = false
+python-versions = "!=3.0.*,!=3.1.*,!=3.2.*,!=3.3.*,!=3.4.*,!=3.5.*,!=3.6.*,>=2.7"
+files = [
+    {file = "colorama-0.4.6-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:4f1d9991f5acc0ca119f9d443620b77f9d6b33703e51011c16baf57afb285fc6"},
+    {file = "colorama-0.4.6.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:08695f5cb7ed6e0531a20572697297273c47b8cae5a63ffc6d6ed5c201be6e44"},
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "exceptiongroup"
+version = "1.2.0"
+description = "Backport of PEP 654 (exception groups)"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
+files = [
+    {file = "exceptiongroup-1.2.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:4bfd3996ac73b41e9b9628b04e079f193850720ea5945fc96a08633c66912f14"},
+    {file = "exceptiongroup-1.2.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:91f5c769735f051a4290d52edd0858999b57e5876e9f85937691bd4c9fa3ed68"},
+]
 
 [package.extras]
-dotenv = ["python-dotenv (>=0.10.4)"]
-email = ["email-validator (>=1.0.3)"]
+test = ["pytest (>=6)"]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "python-box"
-version = "6.0.2"
-description = "Advanced Python dictionaries with dot notation access"
-category = "main"
+name = "iniconfig"
+version = "2.0.0"
+description = "brain-dead simple config-ini parsing"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
+files = [
+    {file = "iniconfig-2.0.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:b6a85871a79d2e3b22d2d1b94ac2824226a63c6b741c88f7ae975f18b6778374"},
+    {file = "iniconfig-2.0.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:2d91e135bf72d31a410b17c16da610a82cb55f6b0477d1a902134b24a455b8b3"},
+]
 
-[package.extras]
-pyyaml = ["pyyaml"]
-all = ["ruamel.yaml (>=0.17)", "toml", "msgpack"]
-msgpack = ["msgpack"]
-"ruamel.yaml" = ["ruamel.yaml (>=0.17)"]
-toml = ["toml"]
-yaml = ["ruamel.yaml (>=0.17)"]
+[[package]]
+name = "packaging"
+version = "24.0"
+description = "Core utilities for Python packages"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
+files = [
+    {file = "packaging-24.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:2ddfb553fdf02fb784c234c7ba6ccc288296ceabec964ad2eae3777778130bc5"},
+    {file = "packaging-24.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:eb82c5e3e56209074766e6885bb04b8c38a0c015d0a30036ebe7ece34c9989e9"},
+]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "pyyaml"
-version = "6.0"
-description = "YAML parser and emitter for Python"
-category = "main"
+name = "pluggy"
+version = "1.4.0"
+description = "plugin and hook calling mechanisms for python"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
+files = [
+    {file = "pluggy-1.4.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7db9f7b503d67d1c5b95f59773ebb58a8c1c288129a88665838012cfb07b8981"},
+    {file = "pluggy-1.4.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:8c85c2876142a764e5b7548e7d9a0e0ddb46f5185161049a79b7e974454223be"},
+]
+
+[package.extras]
+dev = ["pre-commit", "tox"]
+testing = ["pytest", "pytest-benchmark"]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "typeguard"
-version = "2.13.3"
-description = "Run-time type checker for Python"
-category = "main"
+name = "pydantic"
+version = "2.6.4"
+description = "Data validation using Python type hints"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.5.3"
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
+files = [
+    {file = "pydantic-2.6.4-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:cc46fce86607580867bdc3361ad462bab9c222ef042d3da86f2fb333e1d916c5"},
+    {file = "pydantic-2.6.4.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:b1704e0847db01817624a6b86766967f552dd9dbf3afba4004409f908dcc84e6"},
+]
+
+[package.dependencies]
+annotated-types = ">=0.4.0"
+pydantic-core = "2.16.3"
+typing-extensions = ">=4.6.1"
 
 [package.extras]
-doc = ["sphinx-rtd-theme", "sphinx-autodoc-typehints (>=1.2.0)"]
-test = ["pytest", "typing-extensions", "mypy"]
+email = ["email-validator (>=2.0.0)"]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "typing-extensions"
-version = "4.4.0"
-description = "Backported and Experimental Type Hints for Python 3.7+"
-category = "main"
+name = "pydantic-core"
+version = "2.16.3"
+description = ""
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.7"
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
+files = [
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+version = "2.0.1"
+description = "A lil' TOML parser"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
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+
+[[package]]
+name = "typeguard"
+version = "4.2.1"
+description = "Run-time type checker for Python"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
+files = [
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+    {file = "typeguard-4.2.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:c556a1b95948230510070ca53fa0341fb0964611bd05d598d87fb52115d65fee"},
 ]
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+
+[package.dependencies]
+typing-extensions = {version = ">=4.10.0", markers = "python_version < \"3.13\""}
+
+[package.extras]
+doc = ["Sphinx (>=7)", "packaging", "sphinx-autodoc-typehints (>=1.2.0)"]
+test = ["coverage[toml] (>=7)", "mypy (>=1.2.0)", "pytest (>=7)"]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "typing-extensions"
+version = "4.10.0"
+description = "Backported and Experimental Type Hints for Python 3.8+"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
+files = [
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+    {file = "typing_extensions-4.10.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:b0abd7c89e8fb96f98db18d86106ff1d90ab692004eb746cf6eda2682f91b3cb"},
 ]
+
+[metadata]
+lock-version = "2.0"
+python-versions = ">=3.10"
+content-hash = "797d29938e293b05c662a8878d906b7ec1b805bc61a85e3a77ec3098c800b363"
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index d94ad02..6267da3 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -21,11 +21,12 @@ classifiers = [
 ]
 
 [tool.poetry.dependencies]
-python = '>=3.7'
+python = '>=3.10'
 PyYAML = ">=5.3.1"
-typeguard = ">=2.12.1"
+typeguard = ">=3.0.0"
 python-box = "6.0.2"
-pydantic = "^1.9.2"
+pydantic = ">=2.0"
+pytest = ">=8.0"
 
 [build-system]
 requires = ["poetry-core>=1.0.0"]
diff --git a/tests/test_kadet.py b/tests/test_kadet.py
index 8788e0e..cffc5c8 100644
--- a/tests/test_kadet.py
+++ b/tests/test_kadet.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 import tempfile
 import unittest
 from typing import Optional
+from typeguard import TypeCheckError
 
 from kadet import BaseModel, BaseObj, Dict
 
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@
 class KadetTestModel(BaseModel):
     name: str
     size: int
-    quantity: Optional[int]
+    quantity: Optional[int] = None
     description: str = "default description"
 
     def body(self):
@@ -41,13 +42,13 @@ def body(self):
 
 
 class KadetTestExtendedModel(KadetTestModel):
-    name = "hello"
-    size = 3
+    name: str = "hello"
+    size: int = 3
 
 
 class KadetTestNewBodyModel(KadetTestModel):
-    name = "hello"
-    size = 3
+    name: str = "hello"
+    size: int = 3
 
     def body(self):
         # Extend KadetTestModel and redefine body
@@ -221,7 +222,7 @@ def test_need(self):
         """test_need."""
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             KadetTestObj(this_should_error=True)
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeCheckError):
             KadetTestObj(name="stone", size="huge")
 
     def test_new_with(self):
@@ -232,7 +233,7 @@ def test_new_with(self):
 
     def test_optional_typerror(self):
         """test_optional."""
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeCheckError):
             KadetTestObj(name="stone", size=2, quantity="three")
 
     def test_optional(self):