kubelet-systemd.md

PLEASE NOTE: This document applies to the HEAD of the source tree

If you are using a released version of Kubernetes, you should refer to the docs that go with that version.

Documentation for other releases can be found at releases.k8s.io.

Kubelet and systemd interaction

Author: Derek Carr (@derekwaynecarr)

Status: Proposed

Motivation

Many Linux distributions have either adopted, or plan to adopt systemd as their init system.

This document describes how the node should be configured, and a set of enhancements that should be made to the kubelet to better integrate with these distributions independent of container runtime.

Scope of proposal

This proposal does not account for running the kubelet in a container.

Background on systemd

To help understand this proposal, we first provide a brief summary of systemd behavior.

systemd units

systemd manages a hierarchy of slice, scope, and service units.

• service - application on the server that is launched by systemd; how it should start/stop; when it should be started; under what circumstances it should be restarted; and any resource controls that should be applied to it.
• scope - a process or group of processes which are not launched by systemd (i.e. fork), like a service, resource controls may be applied
• slice - organizes a hierarchy in which scope and service units are placed. a slice may contain slice, scope, or service units; processes are attached to service and scope units only, not to slices. The hierarchy is intended to be unified, meaning a process may only belong to a single leaf node.

cgroup hierarchy: split versus unified hierarchies

Classical cgroup hierarchies were split per resource group controller, and a process could exist in different parts of the hierarchy.

For example, a process p1 could exist in each of the following at the same time:

• /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/important/
• /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/unimportant/
• /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuacct/unimportant/

In addition, controllers for one resource group could depend on another in ways that were not always obvious.

For example, the cpu controller depends on the cpuacct controller yet they were treated separately.

Many found it confusing for a single process to belong to different nodes in the cgroup hierarchy across controllers.

The Kernel direction for cgroup support is to move toward a unified cgroup hierarchy, where the per-controller hierarchies are eliminated in favor of hierarchies like the following:

• /sys/fs/cgroup/important/
• /sys/fs/cgroup/unimportant/

In a unified hierarchy, a process may only belong to a single node in the cgroup tree.

cgroupfs single writer

The Kernel direction for cgroup management is to promote a single-writer model rather than allowing multiple processes to independently write to parts of the file-system.

In distributions that run systemd as their init system, the cgroup tree is managed by systemd by default since it implicitly interacts with the cgroup tree when starting units. Manual changes made by other cgroup managers to the cgroup tree are not guaranteed to be preserved unless systemd is made aware. systemd can be told to ignore sections of the cgroup tree by configuring the unit to have the Delegate= option.

See: http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.resource-control.html#Delegate=

cgroup management with systemd and container runtimes

A slice corresponds to an inner-node in the cgroup file-system hierarchy.

For example, the system.slice is represented as follows:

/sys/fs/cgroup/<controller>/system.slice

A slice is nested in the hierarchy by its naming convention.

For example, the system-foo.slice is represented as follows:

/sys/fs/cgroup/<controller>/system.slice/system-foo.slice/

A service or scope corresponds to leaf nodes in the cgroup file-system hierarchy managed by systemd. Services and scopes can have child nodes managed outside of systemd if they have been delegated with the Delegate= option.

For example, if the docker.service is associated with the system.slice, it is represented as follows:

/sys/fs/cgroup/<controller>/system.slice/docker.service/

To demonstrate the use of scope units using the docker container runtime, if a user launches a container via docker run -m 100M busybox, a scope will be created because the process was not launched by systemd itself. The scope is parented by the slice associated with the launching daemon.

For example:

/sys/fs/cgroup/<controller>/system.slice/docker-<container-id>.scope

systemd defines a set of slices. By default, service and scope units are placed in system.slice, virtual machines and containers registered with systemd-machined are found in machine.slice, and user sessions handled by systemd-logind in user.slice.

Node Configuration on systemd

kubelet cgroup driver

The kubelet reads and writes to the cgroup tree during bootstrapping of the node. In the future, it will write to the cgroup tree to satisfy other purposes around quality of service, etc.

The kubelet must cooperate with systemd in order to ensure proper function of the system. The bootstrapping requirements for a systemd system are different than one without it.

The kubelet will accept a new flag to control how it interacts with the cgroup tree.

• --cgroup-driver= - cgroup driver used by the kubelet. cgroupfs or systemd.

By default, the kubelet should default --cgroup-driver to systemd on systemd distributions.

The kubelet should associate node bootstrapping semantics to the configured cgroup driver.

Node allocatable

The proposal makes no changes to the definition as presented here: https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/docs/proposals/node-allocatable.md

The node will report a set of allocatable compute resources defined as follows:

[Allocatable] = [Node Capacity] - [Kube-Reserved] - [System-Reserved]

Node capacity

The kubelet will continue to interface with cAdvisor to determine node capacity.

System reserved

The node may set aside a set of designated resources for non-Kubernetes components.

The kubelet accepts the followings flags that support this feature:

• --system-reserved= - A set of ResourceName=ResourceQuantity pairs that describe resources reserved for host daemons.
• --system-container= - Optional resource-only container in which to place all non-kernel processes that are not already in a container. Empty for no container. Rolling back the flag requires a reboot. (Default: "").

The current meaning of system-container is inadequate on systemd environments. The kubelet should use the flag to know the location that has the processes that are associated with system-reserved, but it should not modify the cgroups of existing processes on the system during bootstrapping of the node. This is because systemd is the cgroup manager on the host and it has not delegated authority to the kubelet to change how it manages units.

The following describes the type of things that can happen if this does not change: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1202859

As a result, the kubelet needs to distinguish placement of non-kernel processes based on the cgroup driver, and only do its current behavior when not on systemd.

The flag should be modified as follows:

• --system-container= - Name of resource-only container that holds all non-kernel processes whose resource consumption is accounted under system-reserved. The default value is cgroup driver specific. systemd defaults to system, cgroupfs defines no default. Rolling back the flag requires a reboot.

The kubelet will error if the defined --system-container does not exist on systemd environments. It will verify that the appropriate cpu and memory controllers are enabled.

Kubernetes reserved

The node may set aside a set of resources for Kubernetes components:

• --kube-reserved=: - A set of ResourceName=ResourceQuantity pairs that describe resources reserved for host daemons.

The kubelet does not enforce --kube-reserved at this time, but the ability to distinguish the static reservation from observed usage is important for node accounting.

This proposal asserts that kubernetes.slice is the default slice associated with the kubelet and kube-proxy service units defined in the project. Keeping it separate from system.slice allows for accounting to be distinguished separately.

The kubelet will detect its cgroup to track kube-reserved observed usage on systemd. If the kubelet detects that its a child of the system-container based on the observed cgroup hierarchy, it will warn.

If the kubelet is launched directly from a terminal, it's most likely destination will be in a scope that is a child of user.slice as follows:

/sys/fs/cgroup/<controller>/user.slice/user-1000.slice/session-1.scope

In this context, the parent scope is what will be used to facilitate local developer debugging scenarios for tracking kube-reserved usage.

The kubelet has the following flag:

• --resource-container="/kubelet": Absolute name of the resource-only container to create and run the Kubelet in (Default: /kubelet).

This flag will not be supported on systemd environments since the init system has already spawned the process and placed it in the corresponding container associated with its unit.

Kubernetes container runtime reserved

This proposal asserts that the reservation of compute resources for any associated container runtime daemons is tracked by the operator under the system-reserved or kubernetes-reserved values and any enforced limits are set by the operator specific to the container runtime.

Docker

If the kubelet is configured with the container-runtime set to docker, the kubelet will detect the cgroup associated with the docker daemon and use that to do local node accounting. If an operator wants to impose runtime limits on the docker daemon to control resource usage, the operator should set those explicitly in the service unit that launches docker. The kubelet will not set any limits itself at this time and will assume whatever budget was set aside for docker was included in either --kube-reserved or --system-reserved reservations.

Many OS distributions package docker by default, and it will often belong to the system.slice hierarchy, and therefore operators will need to budget it for there by default unless they explicitly move it.

rkt

rkt has no client/server daemon, and therefore has no explicit requirements on container-runtime reservation.

kubelet cgroup enforcement

The kubelet does not enforce the system-reserved or kube-reserved values by default.

The kubelet should support an additional flag to turn on enforcement:

• --system-reserved-enforce=false - Optional flag that if true tells the kubelet to enforce the system-reserved constraints defined (if any)
• --kube-reserved-enforce=false - Optional flag that if true tells the kubelet to enforce the kube-reserved constraints defined (if any)

Usage of this flag requires that end-user containers are launched in a separate part of cgroup hierarchy via cgroup-root.

If this flag is enabled, the kubelet will continually validate that the configured resource constraints are applied on the associated cgroup.

kubelet cgroup-root behavior under systemd

The kubelet supports a cgroup-root flag which is the optional root cgroup to use for pods.

This flag should be treated as a pass-through to the underlying configured container runtime.

If --cgroup-enforce=true, this flag warrants special consideration by the operator depending on how the node was configured. For example, if the container runtime is docker and its using the systemd cgroup driver, then docker will take the daemon wide default and launch containers in the same slice associated with the docker.service. By default, this would mean system.slice which could cause end-user pods to be launched in the same part of the cgroup hierarchy as system daemons.

In those environments, it is recommended that cgroup-root is configured to be a subtree of machine.slice.

Proposed cgroup hierarchy

$ROOT
  |
  +- system.slice 
  |   |
  |   +- sshd.service
  |   +- docker.service (optional)
  |   +- ...
  |
  +- kubernetes.slice
  |   |
  |   +- kubelet.service
  |   +- docker.service (optional)
  |
  +- machine.slice (container runtime specific)
  |   |
  |   +- docker-<container-id>.scope
  |
  +- user.slice
  |   +- ...

• system.slice corresponds to --system-reserved, and contains any services the operator brought to the node as normal configuration.
• kubernetes.slice corresponds to the --kube-reserved, and contains kube specific daemons.
• machine.slice should parent all end-user containers on the system and serve as the root of the end-user cluster workloads run on the system.
• user.slice is not explicitly tracked by the kubelet, but it is possible that ssh sessions to the node where the user launches actions directly. Any resource accounting reserved for those actions should be part of system-reserved.

The container runtime daemon, docker in this outline, must be accounted for in either system.slice or kubernetes.slice.

In the future, the depth of the container hierarchy is not recommended to be rooted more than 2 layers below the root as it historically has caused issues with node performance in other cgroup aware systems (https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=850718). It is anticipated that the kubelet will parent containers based on quality of service in the future. In that environment, those changes will be relative to the configured cgroup-root.

Linux Kernel Parameters

The kubelet will set the following:

• sysctl -w vm.overcommit_memory=1
• sysctl -w vm.panic_on_oom=0
• sysctl -w kernel/panic=10
• sysctl -w kernel/panic_on_oops=1

OOM Score Adjustment

The kubelet at bootstrapping will set the oom_score_adj value for Kubernetes daemons, and any dependent container-runtime daemons.

If container-runtime is set to docker, then set its oom_score_adj=-900

Implementation concerns

kubelet block-level architecture

+----------+       +----------+    +----------+
|          |       |          |    | Pod      |
|  Node    <-------+ Container<----+ Lifecycle|
|  Manager |       | Manager  |    | Manager  |
|          +------->          |    |          |
+---+------+       +-----+----+    +----------+
    |                    |
    |                    |
    |  +-----------------+
    |  |                 |
    |  |                 |
+---v--v--+        +-----v----+
| cgroups |        | container|
| library |        | runtimes |
+---+-----+        +-----+----+
    |                    |
    |                    |
    +---------+----------+
              |
              |
  +-----------v-----------+
  |     Linux Kernel      |
  +-----------------------+

The kubelet should move to an architecture that resembles the above diagram:

• The kubelet should not interface directly with the cgroup file-system, but instead should use a common cgroups library that has the proper abstraction in place to work with either cgroupfs or systemd. The kubelet should just use libcontainer abstractions to facilitate this requirement. The libcontainer abstractions as currently defined only support an Apply(pid) pattern, and we need to separate that abstraction to allow cgroup to be created and then later joined.
• The existing ContainerManager should separate node bootstrapping into a separate NodeManager that is dependent on the configured cgroup-driver.
• The kubelet flags for cgroup paths will convert internally as part of cgroup library, i.e. /foo/bar will just convert to foo-bar.slice

kubelet accounting for end-user pods

This proposal re-enforces that it is inappropriate at this time to depend on --cgroup-root as the primary mechanism to distinguish and account for end-user pod compute resource usage.

Instead, the kubelet can and should sum the usage of each running pod on the node to account for end-user pod usage separate from system-reserved and kubernetes-reserved accounting via cAdvisor.

Known issues

Docker runtime support for --cgroup-parent

Docker versions <= 1.0.9 did not have proper support for -cgroup-parent flag on systemd. This was fixed in this PR (moby/moby#18612). As result, it's expected that containers launched by the docker daemon may continue to go in the default system.slice and appear to be counted under system-reserved node usage accounting.

If operators run with later versions of docker, they can avoid this issue via the use of cgroup-root flag on the kubelet, but this proposal makes no requirement on operators to do that at this time, and this can be revisited if/when the project adopts docker 1.10.

Some OS distributions will fix this bug in versions of docker <= 1.0.9, so operators should be aware of how their version of docker was packaged when using this feature.