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import { noop } from 'shared/util'
import { handleError } from './error'
import { isIOS, isNative } from './env'
const callbacks = []
let pending = false
function flushCallbacks () {
pending = false
const copies = callbacks.slice(0)
callbacks.length = 0
for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) {
copies[i]()
}
}
// Here we have async deferring wrappers using both microtasks and (macro) tasks.
// In < 2.4 we used microtasks everywhere, but there are some scenarios where
// microtasks have too high a priority and fire in between supposedly
// sequential events (e.g. #4521, #6690) or even between bubbling of the same
// event (#6566). However, using (macro) tasks everywhere also has subtle problems
// when state is changed right before repaint (e.g. #6813, out-in transitions).
// Here we use microtask by default, but expose a way to force (macro) task when
// needed (e.g. in event handlers attached by v-on).
let microTimerFunc
let macroTimerFunc
let useMacroTask = false
// Determine (macro) task defer implementation.
// Technically setImmediate should be the ideal choice, but it's only available
// in IE. The only polyfill that consistently queues the callback after all DOM
// events triggered in the same loop is by using MessageChannel.
/* istanbul ignore if */
if (typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined' && isNative(setImmediate)) {
macroTimerFunc = () => {
setImmediate(flushCallbacks)
}
} else if (typeof MessageChannel !== 'undefined' && (
isNative(MessageChannel) ||
// PhantomJS
MessageChannel.toString() === '[object MessageChannelConstructor]'
)) {
const channel = new MessageChannel()
const port = channel.port2
channel.port1.onmessage = flushCallbacks
macroTimerFunc = () => {
port.postMessage(1)
}
} else {
/* istanbul ignore next */
macroTimerFunc = () => {
setTimeout(flushCallbacks, 0)
}
}
// Determine microtask defer implementation.
/* istanbul ignore next, $flow-disable-line */
if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) {
const p = Promise.resolve()
microTimerFunc = () => {
p.then(flushCallbacks)
// in problematic UIWebViews, Promise.then doesn't completely break, but
// it can get stuck in a weird state where callbacks are pushed into the
// microtask queue but the queue isn't being flushed, until the browser
// needs to do some other work, e.g. handle a timer. Therefore we can
// "force" the microtask queue to be flushed by adding an empty timer.
if (isIOS) setTimeout(noop)
}
} else {
// fallback to macro
microTimerFunc = macroTimerFunc
}
/**
* Wrap a function so that if any code inside triggers state change,
* the changes are queued using a (macro) task instead of a microtask.
*/
export function withMacroTask (fn: Function): Function {
return fn._withTask || (fn._withTask = function () {
useMacroTask = true
const res = fn.apply(null, arguments)
useMacroTask = false
return res
})
}
export function nextTick (cb?: Function, ctx?: Object) {
let _resolve
callbacks.push(() => {
if (cb) {
try {
cb.call(ctx)
} catch (e) {
handleError(e, ctx, 'nextTick')
}
} else if (_resolve) {
_resolve(ctx)
}
})
if (!pending) {
pending = true
if (useMacroTask) {
macroTimerFunc()
} else {
microTimerFunc()
}
}
// $flow-disable-line
if (!cb && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') {
return new Promise(resolve => {
_resolve = resolve
})
}
}
nextTick
nextTick 是 Vue 的一个核心实现,在介绍 Vue 的 nextTick 之前, 我们需要对JS的运行机制有一个了解
JS运行机制
JS 执行是单线程的,它是基于事件循环的。事件循环大致分为以下几个步骤:
(1)所有同步任务都在主线程上执行,形成一个执行栈(execution context stack)。
(2)主线程之外,还存在一个"任务队列"(task queue)。只要异步任务有了运行结果,就在"任务队列"之中放置一个事件。
(3)一旦"执行栈"中的所有同步任务执行完毕,系统就会读取"任务队列",看看里面有哪些事件。那些对应的异步任务,于是结束等待状态,进入执行栈,开始执行。
(4)主线程不断重复上面的第三步。
主线程的执行过程就是一个 tick,而所有的异步结果都是通过 “任务队列” 来调度。 消息队列中存放的是一个个的任务(task)。 规范中规定 task 分为两大类,分别是 macro task 和 micro task
常见的 macro task 有 setTimeout、MessageChannel、postMessage、setImmediate;
常见的 micro task 有 MutationObsever 和 Promise.then。
具体可以参考之前写的文章: JavaScript之Event Loop
Vue实现
Vue 源码 2.5+ 后,nextTick 的实现单独有一个 JS 文件来维护它,它的源码并不多,总共也就 100 多行, 它定义在在 src/core/util/next-tick.js 中
next-tick.js 申明了 microTimerFunc 和 macroTimerFunc 2 个变量,它们分别对应的是 micro task 的函数和 macro task 的函数
next-tick.js 对外暴露了 2 个函数,先来看 nextTick,它的逻辑也很简单,把传入的回调函数 cb 压入 callbacks 数组,最后一次性地根据 useMacroTask 条件执行 macroTimerFunc 或者是 microTimerFunc,而它们都会在下一个 tick 执行 flushCallbacks,flushCallbacks 的逻辑非常简单,对 callbacks 遍历,然后执行相应的回调函数。
这里使用 callbacks 而不是直接在 nextTick 中执行回调函数的原因是保证在同一个 tick 内多次执行 nextTick,不会开启多个异步任务,而把这些异步任务都压成一个同步任务,在下一个 tick 执行完毕
next-tick.js 还对外暴露了 withMacroTask 函数,它是对函数做一层包装,确保函数执行过程中对数据任意的修改,触发变化执行 nextTick 的时候强制走 macroTimerFunc。比如对于一些 DOM 交互事件,如 v-on 绑定的事件回调函数的处理,会强制走 macro task
总结
数据的变化到 DOM 的重新渲染是一个异步过程,发生在下一个 tick。平时开发中,如从服务端接口去获取数据的时候,数据做了修改,如果我们的某些方法去依赖了数据修改后的 DOM 变化,我们就必须在 nextTick 后执行
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