diff --git a/pom.xml b/pom.xml
index 81360cb8..9e74e5a0 100644
--- a/pom.xml
+++ b/pom.xml
@@ -88,6 +88,12 @@
             <groupId>org.jenkins-ci.plugins</groupId>
             <artifactId>scm-api</artifactId>
         </dependency>
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>org.awaitility</groupId>
+            <artifactId>awaitility</artifactId>
+            <version>4.2.2</version>
+            <scope>test</scope>
+        </dependency>
         <dependency>
             <groupId>org.jenkins-ci.plugins.workflow</groupId>
             <artifactId>workflow-job</artifactId>
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/jenkinsci/plugins/workflow/flow/FlowExecutionList.java b/src/main/java/org/jenkinsci/plugins/workflow/flow/FlowExecutionList.java
index e0a0809f..1aea2847 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/jenkinsci/plugins/workflow/flow/FlowExecutionList.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/jenkinsci/plugins/workflow/flow/FlowExecutionList.java
@@ -253,24 +253,25 @@ public ListenableFuture<?> apply(final Function<StepExecution, Void> f) {
 
             for (FlowExecution e : FlowExecutionList.get()) {
                 ListenableFuture<List<StepExecution>> execs = e.getCurrentExecutions(false);
-                all.add(execs);
-                Futures.addCallback(execs,new FutureCallback<List<StepExecution>>() {
-                    @Override
-                    public void onSuccess(@NonNull List<StepExecution> result) {
-                        for (StepExecution e : result) {
-                            try {
-                                f.apply(e);
-                            } catch (RuntimeException x) {
-                                LOGGER.log(Level.WARNING, null, x);
-                            }
+                // It is important that the combined future's return values do not reference the individual step
+                // executions, so we use transform instead of addCallback. Otherwise, it is possible to leak references
+                // to the WorkflowRun for each processed StepExecution in the case where a single live FlowExecution
+                // has a stuck CpsVmExecutorService that prevents the getCurrentExecutions future from completing.
+                ListenableFuture<Void> results = Futures.transform(execs, (List<StepExecution> result) -> {
+                    for (StepExecution se : result) {
+                        try {
+                            f.apply(se);
+                        } catch (RuntimeException x) {
+                            LOGGER.log(Level.WARNING, null, x);
                         }
                     }
-
-                    @Override
-                    public void onFailure(@NonNull Throwable t) {
-                        LOGGER.log(Level.WARNING, null, t);
-                    }
+                    return null;
+                }, MoreExecutors.directExecutor());
+                ListenableFuture<Void> resultsWithWarningsLogged = Futures.catching(results, Throwable.class, t -> {
+                    LOGGER.log(Level.WARNING, null, t);
+                    return null;
                 }, MoreExecutors.directExecutor());
+                all.add(resultsWithWarningsLogged);
             }
 
             return Futures.allAsList(all);
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/jenkinsci/plugins/workflow/flow/FlowExecutionListTest.java b/src/test/java/org/jenkinsci/plugins/workflow/flow/FlowExecutionListTest.java
index 8cf59f30..9b9ee501 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/jenkinsci/plugins/workflow/flow/FlowExecutionListTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/jenkinsci/plugins/workflow/flow/FlowExecutionListTest.java
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 
 package org.jenkinsci.plugins.workflow.flow;
 
+import static org.awaitility.Awaitility.await;
 import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
 import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.containsString;
 import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.hasItem;
@@ -38,13 +39,14 @@
 import hudson.model.TaskListener;
 import hudson.model.queue.QueueTaskFuture;
 import java.io.Serializable;
-import java.time.Duration;
-import java.time.Instant;
+import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
 import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
-import java.util.function.Supplier;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 import java.util.logging.Level;
-import org.hamcrest.Matcher;
+import jenkins.model.Jenkins;
 import org.jenkinsci.plugins.workflow.cps.CpsFlowDefinition;
 import org.jenkinsci.plugins.workflow.job.WorkflowJob;
 import org.jenkinsci.plugins.workflow.job.WorkflowRun;
@@ -52,6 +54,7 @@
 import org.jenkinsci.plugins.workflow.steps.StepContext;
 import org.jenkinsci.plugins.workflow.steps.StepDescriptor;
 import org.jenkinsci.plugins.workflow.steps.StepExecution;
+import org.jenkinsci.plugins.workflow.steps.StepExecutions;
 import org.jenkinsci.plugins.workflow.test.steps.SemaphoreStep;
 import org.junit.ClassRule;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -60,6 +63,7 @@
 import org.jvnet.hudson.test.Issue;
 import org.jvnet.hudson.test.LoggerRule;
 import org.jvnet.hudson.test.JenkinsSessionRule;
+import org.jvnet.hudson.test.MemoryAssert;
 import org.jvnet.hudson.test.TestExtension;
 import org.kohsuke.stapler.DataBoundConstructor;
 
@@ -132,7 +136,7 @@ public class FlowExecutionListTest {
                 at org.jenkinsci.plugins.workflow.flow.FlowExecutionList$ItemListenerImpl.onLoaded(FlowExecutionList.java:175)
                 at jenkins.model.Jenkins.<init>(Jenkins.java:1019)
             */
-            waitFor(logging::getMessages, hasItem(containsString("Will resume [org.jenkinsci.plugins.workflow.test.steps.SemaphoreStep")));
+            await().atMost(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS).until(logging::getMessages, hasItem(containsString("Will resume [org.jenkinsci.plugins.workflow.test.steps.SemaphoreStep")));
             WorkflowJob p = r.jenkins.getItemByFullName("p", WorkflowJob.class);
             SemaphoreStep.success("wait/1", null);
             WorkflowRun b = p.getBuildByNumber(1);
@@ -160,6 +164,34 @@ public class FlowExecutionListTest {
         });
     }
 
+    @Test public void stepExecutionIteratorDoesNotLeakBuildsWhenOneIsStuck() throws Throwable {
+        sessions.then(r -> {
+            var notStuck = r.createProject(WorkflowJob.class, "not-stuck");
+            notStuck.setDefinition(new CpsFlowDefinition("semaphore 'wait'", true));
+            var notStuckBuild = notStuck.scheduleBuild2(0).waitForStart();
+            SemaphoreStep.waitForStart("wait/1", notStuckBuild);
+            WeakReference<Object> notStuckBuildRef = new WeakReference<>(notStuckBuild);
+            // Create a Pipeline that runs a long-lived task on its CpsVmExecutorService, causing it to get stuck.
+            var stuck = r.createProject(WorkflowJob.class, "stuck");
+            stuck.setDefinition(new CpsFlowDefinition("blockSynchronously 'stuck'", false));
+            var stuckBuild = stuck.scheduleBuild2(0).waitForStart();
+            await().atMost(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS).until(() -> SynchronousBlockingStep.isStarted("stuck"));
+            // Make FlowExecutionList$StepExecutionIteratorImpl.applyAll submit a task to the CpsVmExecutorService
+            // for stuck #1 that will never complete, so the resulting future will never complete.
+            StepExecution.applyAll(e -> null);
+            // Let notStuckBuild complete and clean up all references.
+            SemaphoreStep.success("wait/1", null);
+            r.waitForCompletion(notStuckBuild);
+            notStuckBuild = null; // Clear out the local variable in this thread.
+            Jenkins.get().getQueue().clearLeftItems(); // Otherwise we'd have to wait 5 minutes for the cache to be cleared.
+            // Make sure that the reference can be GC'd.
+            MemoryAssert.assertGC(notStuckBuildRef, true);
+            // Allow stuck #1 to complete so the test can be cleaned up promptly.
+            SynchronousBlockingStep.unblock("stuck");
+            r.waitForCompletion(stuckBuild);
+        });
+    }
+
     public static class NonResumableStep extends Step implements Serializable {
         public static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
         @DataBoundConstructor
@@ -198,14 +230,59 @@ public String getFunctionName() {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Wait up to 5 seconds for the given supplier to return a matching value.
+     * Blocks the CPS VM thread synchronously (bad!) to test related problems.
      */
-    private static <T> void waitFor(Supplier<T> valueSupplier, Matcher<T> matcher) throws InterruptedException {
-        Instant end = Instant.now().plus(Duration.ofSeconds(5));
-        while (!matcher.matches(valueSupplier.get()) && Instant.now().isBefore(end)) {
-            Thread.sleep(100L);
+    public static class SynchronousBlockingStep extends Step implements Serializable {
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+        private static final Map<String, State> blocked = new HashMap<>();
+        private final String id;
+
+        @DataBoundConstructor
+        public SynchronousBlockingStep(String id) {
+            this.id = id;
+            if (blocked.put(id, State.NOT_STARTED) != null) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Attempting to reuse ID: " + id);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public StepExecution start(StepContext context) throws Exception {
+            return StepExecutions.synchronous(context, c -> {
+                blocked.put(id, State.BLOCKED);
+                c.get(TaskListener.class).getLogger().println(id + " blocked");
+                while (blocked.get(id) == State.BLOCKED) {
+                    Thread.sleep(100L);
+                }
+                c.get(TaskListener.class).getLogger().println(id + " unblocked ");
+                return null;
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static boolean isStarted(String id) {
+            var state = blocked.get(id);
+            return state != null && state != State.NOT_STARTED;
+        }
+
+        public static void unblock(String id) {
+            blocked.put(id, State.UNBLOCKED);
+        }
+
+        private enum State {
+            NOT_STARTED,
+            BLOCKED,
+            UNBLOCKED,
+        }
+
+        @TestExtension("stepExecutionIteratorDoesNotLeakBuildsWhenOneIsStuck") public static class DescriptorImpl extends StepDescriptor {
+            @Override
+            public Set<? extends Class<?>> getRequiredContext() {
+                return Collections.singleton(TaskListener.class);
+            }
+            @Override
+            public String getFunctionName() {
+                return "blockSynchronously";
+            }
         }
-        assertThat("Matcher should have matched after 5s", valueSupplier.get(), matcher);
     }
 
 }