README.md

awesome-decentralized-storage

A curated list of proof of storage and decentralized storage resources and links.

• Proof of Storage Schemes
• Proof of Space Implementations
• Decentralized Storage Platforms

Proof of Storage Schemes

• PDP/Proof of Data Possession
• PoSE/Proof of Secure Erasure
• PoRet/Proof of Retrievability
• PoDR/Proof of Data Replication
• PoSpace/Proof of Space
• PoRep/Proof of Replication
• PoSt/Proof of Spacetime

PDP

• [1] Giuseppe Ateniese, Randal Burns, Reza Curtmola, Joseph Herring, Lea Kissner, Zachary Peterson, and Dawn Song. 2007. Provable data possession at untrusted stores. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM conference on Computer and communications security (CCS '07). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 598-609

• [2] Mehul A. Shah, Mary Baker, Jeffrey C. Mogul, and Ram Swaminathan. 2007. Auditing to keep online storage services honest. In Proceedings of the 11th USENIX workshop on Hot topics in operating systems (HOTOS'07), Galen Hunt (Ed.). USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, USA, Article 11 , 6 pages

• [3] Décio Luiz Gazzoni Filho and Paulo Sérgio Licciardi Messeder Barreto. 2006. Demonstrating data possession and uncheatable data transfer. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2006/150

• [4] Deswarte Y., Quisquater JJ., Saïdane A. (2004) Remote Integrity Checking. In: Jajodia S., Strous L. (eds) Integrity and Internal Control in Information Systems VI. IICIS 2003. IFIP International Federation for Information Processing, vol 140. Springer, Boston, MA

PoSE

• [1] Karvelas N.P., Kiayias A. (2014) Efficient Proofs of Secure Erasure. In: Abdalla M., De Prisco R. (eds) Security and Cryptography for Networks. SCN 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 8642. Springer, Cham

• [2] Perito D., Tsudik G. (2010) Secure Code Update for Embedded Devices via Proofs of Secure Erasure. In: Gritzalis D., Preneel B., Theoharidou M. (eds) Computer Security – ESORICS 2010. ESORICS 2010. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 6345. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

• [3] Karvelas, N. P. (2013). Proofs of secure erasure. Athens, Greece: Masters thesis, University of Athens

• [4] Harry Buhrman, Richard Cleve, Michal Koucký, Bruno Loff, and Florian Speelman. 2014. Computing with a full memory: catalytic space. In Proceedings of the forty-sixth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing (STOC '14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 857-866

PoRet

• [1] Ari Juels and Burton S. Kaliski, Jr.. 2007. Pors: proofs of retrievability for large files. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM conference on Computer and communications security (CCS '07). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 584-597

• [2] Kevin D. Bowers, Ari Juels, and Alina Oprea. 2009. Proofs of retrievability: theory and implementation. In Proceedings of the 2009 ACM workshop on Cloud computing security (CCSW '09). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 43-54

• [3] Shacham H., Waters B. (2008) Compact Proofs of Retrievability. In: Pieprzyk J. (eds) Advances in Cryptology - ASIACRYPT 2008. ASIACRYPT 2008. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 5350. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

• [4] E. L. Miller and T. S. Schwarz. Store, Forget, and Check: Using Algebraic Signatures to Check Remotely Administered Storage. 26th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS'06)(ICDCS), Lisboa, Portugal, 2006, pp. 12 [Slides]

• [5] Ateniese G., Kamara S., Katz J. (2009) Proofs of Storage from Homomorphic Identification Protocols. In: Matsui M. (eds) Advances in Cryptology – ASIACRYPT 2009. ASIACRYPT 2009. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 5912. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg [Slides]

• [6] A. Miller, A. Juels, E. Shi, B. Parno and J. Katz. Permacoin: Repurposing Bitcoin Work for Data Preservation. 2014 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), Berkeley, CA, USA, 2014, pp. 475-490

• [7] Kopp H., Bösch C., Kargl F. (2016) KopperCoin – A Distributed File Storage with Financial Incentives. In: Bao F., Chen L., Deng R., Wang G. (eds) Information Security Practice and Experience. ISPEC 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 10060. Springer, Cham

PoDR

• [1] Ivan Damgård and Chaya Ganesh and Claudio Orlandi. Proofs of Replicated Storage Without Timing Assumptions. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2018/654

• [2] R. Curtmola, R. Burns, G. Ateniese and O. Khan. MR-PDP: Multiple-Replica Provable Data Possession. 2008 28th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), Beijing, 2008, pp. 411-420

• [3] Frederik Armknecht, Ludovic Barman, Jens-Matthias Bohli, and Ghassan O. Karame. Mirror: Enabling proofs of data replication. In 25th USENIX Security Symposium, 2016

PoSpace

• [1] Dziembowski S., Faust S., Kolmogorov V., Pietrzak K. (2015) Proofs of Space. In: Gennaro R., Robshaw M. (eds) Advances in Cryptology -- CRYPTO 2015. CRYPTO 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 9216. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

• [2] Ren L., Devadas S. (2016) Proof of Space from Stacked Expanders. In: Hirt M., Smith A. (eds) Theory of Cryptography. TCC 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 9985. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

• [3] G. Ateniese, I. Bonacina, A. Faonio, and N. Galesi. Proofs of space: When space is of the essence. In Security and Cryptography for Networks (SCN), pages 538–557. Springer, 2014

• [4] Georg Fuchsbauer. SpaceMint: A Cryptocurrency Based on Proofs of Space. ERCIM News 110, July 2017, Special theme: Blockchain Engineering. 2017, pp.13

• [5] Vivek Bhupatiraju, John Kuszmaul, and Vinjai Vale. [Slides] [Exploring proof of space with hard-to-pebble graphs](https://math.mit.edu/research/highschool/primes/materials/2016/conf/10-2\ Bhupatiraju-Kuszmaul-Vale.pdf). 2016

• [6] Abusalah H., Alwen J., Cohen B., Khilko D., Pietrzak K., Reyzin L. (2017) Beyond Hellman’s Time-Memory Trade-Offs with Applications to Proofs of Space. In: Takagi T., Peyrin T. (eds) Advances in Cryptology – ASIACRYPT 2017. ASIACRYPT 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 10625. Springer, Cham [Slides]

PoRep

• [1] Krzysztof Pietrzak. Proofs of Catalytic Space. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2018/194

• [2] Ben Fisch. Tight Proofs of Space and Replication. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2018/702

• [3] J. Benet, D. Dalrymple, and N. Greco. Proof of replication. Technical report, Protocol Labs, July 27, 2017

• [4] B. Fisch, J. Bonneau, N. Greco, and J. Benet. Scaling proof-of-replication for filecoin mining. Technical report, Stanford University, 2018

• [5] Ben Fisch. PoReps: Proofs of Space on Useful Data. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2018/678

• [6] Ethan Cecchetti and Ben Fisch and Ian Miers and Ari Juels. PIEs: Public Incompressible Encodings for Decentralized Storage. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2018/684

• [7] Ben Fisch. [Talk] Proof of Replication using Depth Robust Graphs - Ben Fisch BPASE '18, January 24-26th 2018, Stanford University Stanford Cyber Initiative [Slides]

PoSt

• [1] Tal Moran and Ilan Orlov. Rational Proofs of Space-Time. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2016/035

Proof of Space Implementations

• Burstcoin
• Chia: Proof of Space and Time, VDF-based PoT
• SpaceMint
• SpaceMesh
• Permacoin: only paper, no implementation
• BitcoinOre: already dead

Burstcoin

• [1] Seán Gauld, Franz von Ancoina, Robert Stadler. The Burst Dymaxion: An Arbitrary Scalable, Energy Efficient and Anonymous Transaction Network Based on Colored Tangles (Whitepaper)

• [2] Burstcoin Official Website

• [3] Butstwiki

• [4] Technical information to create plot files - Burstwiki

• [5] Technical information about mining and block forging - Burstwiki

Chia

• [1] Chia Official Website
• [2] Chia FAQ
• [3] Bram Cohen, Chia Network. [Talk] Stopping grinding attacks in proofs of space. Stanford Seminar, 2018
• [4] Bram Cohen. [Talk] Beyond Hellman’s Time-Memory Trade-Offs with Applications to Proofs of Space - Bram Cohen BPASE '18, January 24-26th 2018, Stanford University Stanford Cyber Initiative
• [5] Ben Fisch. [Talk] Verifiable Delay Functions: Applications and Candidate Constructions - Ben Fisch BPASE '18, January 24-26th 2018, Stanford University Stanford Cyber Initiative
• [6] Bram Cohen. [Talk] Proofs of Space and Time with Bram Cohen - with a lightning talk from Mark Nadal, 2018 [Slides]
• [7] Bram Cohen. [Talk] Combining Proofs of Space and Proofs of Time - Bram Cohen (Bittorrent, Inc) BPASE '17, January 27th 2017, Stanford University Stanford Cyber Initiative [Slides]
• [8] Bram Cohen. SF Bitcoin Devs Seminar: Removing the Waste from Cryptocurrencies: Challenges and More Challenges. 2015 [Slides] [Code]
• [9] Krzysztof Pietrzak. Simple Verifiable Delay Functions. 10th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2019), 60:1-15. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2018/627
• [10] Cohen B., Pietrzak K. (2018) Simple Proofs of Sequential Work. In: Nielsen J., Rijmen V. (eds) Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT 2018. EUROCRYPT 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 10821. Springer, Cham. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2018/183
• [11] Buchmann and Vollmer. Binary quadratic forms. 2017
• [12] Dan Boneh, Benedikt B¨unz, Ben Fisch. A Survey of Two Verifiable Delay Functions. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2018/712
• [CP19] Bram Cohen and Krzysztof Pietrazak. The Chia Network Blockchain. July 9, 2019 (Green Paper)
• Chia Proof of Space Construction. 2019

SpaceMint

• [1] Georg Fuchsbauer. SpaceMint: A Cryptocurrency Based on Proofs of Space. ERCIM News 110, July 2017, Special theme: Blockchain Engineering. 2017, pp.13 (PoSpace-04)

• [2] Trond Hønsi. SpaceMint: A Cryptocurrency Based on Proofs of Space. Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU): Master thesis, 2017

SpaceMesh

• [1] SpaceMesh Official Website

• [2] Spacemesh: A fair, secure, decentralized and scalable cryptocurrency and a smart contracts computer (Whitepaper)

• [3] Github spacemeshos/go-spacemesh

Permacoin

• [1] A. Miller, A. Juels, E. Shi, B. Parno and J. Katz. Permacoin: Repurposing Bitcoin Work for Data Preservation. 2014 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), Berkeley, CA, USA, 2014, pp. 475-490 (PoRet-06)

BitcoinOre

• [1] Bitcoin Ore (BCO) : A brand new PoC mining ecosystem for all. 2017

Decentralized Storage Platforms

• Sia
• Storj
• IPFS
• Filecoin
• Swarm
• KopperCoin: only paper, no implementation
• Retricoin: only paper, no implementation

Sia

• [1] Sia Official Website

• [2] Sia Technology

• [3] D. Vorick, L. Champine. Sia: Simple Decentralized Storage. 2014 (Whitepaper)

Storj

• [1] Storj Official Website

• [2] Storj Labs, Inc. Storj: A Decentralized Cloud Storage Network Framework. 2018 (Whitepaper 3.0)

• [3] Shawn Wilkinson, Tome Boshevski and etc.. Storj: A Peer-to-Peer Cloud Storage Network. 2016 (Whitepaper 2.0)

• [4] Tome Boshevski, Josh Brandof and Vitalik Buterin. Storj: A Peer-to-Peer Cloud Storage Network. 2014 (Whitepaper 1.0)

• [5] Shawn Wilkinson, Jim Lowry. Metadisk: Blockchain-Based Decentralized File Storage Application. 2014

IPFS

• [1] IPFS Official Website

• [2] IPFS Documentation

• [3] Juan Benet. IPFS - Content Addressed, Versioned, P2P File System. arXiv:1407.3561 [cs.NI], 2014

• [4] Maymounkov P., Mazières D. (2002) Kademlia: A Peer-to-Peer Information System Based on the XOR Metric. In: Druschel P., Kaashoek F., Rowstron A. (eds) Peer-to-Peer Systems. IPTPS 2002. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 2429. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

• [5] S. Mies and I. Baumgart. S/Kademlia: A practicable approach towards secure key-based routing. Parallel and Distributed Systems, International Conference on(ICPADS), Hsinchu, Taiwan, 2007, pp. 1-8

• [6] Juan Benet of Protocol Labs. [Talk] Stanford Seminar - IPFS and the Permanent Web. 2015

Filecoin

• [1] Filecoin Official Website

• [2] Filecoin FAQs

• [3] Protocol Labs, Inc. Filecoin Primer. 2017

• [4] Protocol Labs. Filecoin: A Decentralized Storage Network. 2017 (Whitepaper)

• [5] Filecoin.io. Filecoin: A Cryptocurrency Operated File Storage Network. 2014 (Original Whitepaper)

• [6] Protocol Labs. Power Fault Tolerance Technical Report (WIP). 2017

• [7] Juan Benet of Protocol Labs. Filecoin Research Roadmap for 2017

• [8] Ben Fisch. Tight Proofs of Space and Replication. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2018/702 (PoRep-02)

• [9] J. Benet, D. Dalrymple, and N. Greco. Proof of replication. Technical report, Protocol Labs, July 27, 2017 (PoRep-03)

• [10] B. Fisch, J. Bonneau, N. Greco, and J. Benet. [Scaling proof-of-replication for filecoin mining](/Scaling proof-of-replication for filecoin mining). Technical report, Stanford University, 2018 (PoRep-04)

• [11] Ben Fisch. PoReps: Proofs of Space on Useful Data. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2018/678 (PoRep-05)

• [12] Juan Benet. [Talk] Filecoin: protocol overview, the important results, and new open problems - Juan Benet BPASE '18, January 24-26th 2018, Stanford University Stanford Cyber Initiative [Slides]

• [13] Juan Benet of Protocol Labs. [Talk] FILECOIN & THE RISE OF OPEN SERVICES. 2018

• [14] Juan Benet of Filecoin, Protocol Labs and IPFS: [Talk] "Filecoin" | Blockstack Berlin 2018

• [15] Filecoin Project Roadmap (2018 Q2) - Google Docs

• [16] Filecoin 2018 Q1 & Q2 Update

• [17] Filecoin 2018 Q3 & Q4 Update

• [18] Opening the Filecoin Project Repos

• [19] Github filecoin-project/go-filecoin: the first implementation of the Filecoin Protocol

• [20] Github filecoin-project/specs: the specification of the Filecoin Protocol

• [21] Github filecoin-project/rust-fil-proofs: proof-of-replication and other crypto components

• [22] Github filecoin-project/replication-game: proof-of-replication optimization competition

• [23] Github filecoin-project/research: open problems, ideas, and discussions

Swarm

• [1] Swarm Official Website

• [2] Swarm Documentation

• [3] Swarm Resources

• [4] Viktor Trón, Aron Fischer, Dániel A. Nagy, Zsolt Felföldi, Nick Johnson. swap, swear and swindle incentive system for swarm (Orange Paper 1/sw^3), 2016

• [5] Viktor Trón, Aron Fischer, Nick Johnson. smash-proof: auditable storage for swarm secured by masked audit secret hash (Orange Paper 2/smash), 2016

• [6] Viktor Trón, Aron Fischer. Generalized swam swear and swindle games (Swap-swear-swindle Orange Paper/sw3paper), Work In Progress, 2019

• [7] Viktor Trón, Aron Fischer, Daniel A. Nag. Swarm: a decentralised peer-to-peer network for messaging and storage (Orange Network Paper), Work In Progress, 2019

• [8] P.O.T. Data structure for decentralised database services on Swarm (Orange Paper X), In Preparation

• [9] Mutable Resource Updates. An off-chain scheme for versioning content in Swarm (Orange Paper X). In Preparation

• [10] Privacy on swarm. Encryption, access control, private browsing in Swarm (Orange Paper X). Tentative

• [11] Analysis of attack resilience of swarm storage (Orange Paper X). Tentative

• [12] Swarm working groups

• [13] Viktor Tron.[Talk] Base layer infrastructure services for web3 - EthCC, Paris, March 2018

• [14] Daniel A Nagy. [Talk] Encryption in Swarm - EthCC, Paris, March 2018

• [15] Louis Holbrook. [Talk] Resource Updates - EthCC, Paris, March 2018

• [16] Viktor Trón and Aron Fischer. [Talk] Swap, Swear and Swindle Games - Devcon3 Cancun, November 2017

• [17] Viktor Tron. [Talk] SWARM - Ethereum London, Octerber 2017

KopperCoin

• [1] Kopp H., Bösch C., Kargl F. (2016) KopperCoin – A Distributed File Storage with Financial Incentives. In: Bao F., Chen L., Deng R., Wang G. (eds) Information Security Practice and Experience. ISPEC 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 10060. Springer, Cham (PoRet-07)

Retricoin

• [1] Binanda Sengupta, Samiran Bag, Sushmita Ruj, and Kouichi Sakurai. 2016. Retricoin: Bitcoin based on compact proofs of retrievability. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking (ICDCN '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 14, 10 pages