From ad12a0a0c634aa625865a539fb1c2eede0d7a198 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: HM Rando Date: Mon, 1 Feb 2021 19:14:21 -0500 Subject: [PATCH] outline --- content/20.pharmaceuticals.md | 35 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-- 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/content/20.pharmaceuticals.md b/content/20.pharmaceuticals.md index ed9d8f909..1100db6a7 100644 --- a/content/20.pharmaceuticals.md +++ b/content/20.pharmaceuticals.md @@ -790,6 +790,8 @@ Dendritic cells are potent antigen-presenting immune cells that easily take up m Ultimately, primed T follicular helper cells can stimulate germinal center B cells that also present the viral antigen to produce antibodies against the virus [@doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.004]. These cells are isolated from the patient, grown and transfected _ex vivo_, and reintroduced to the patient [@doi:10.1038/nrd.2017.243]. +####### ModernaTX mRNA Vaccine + mRNA-1273 was the first COVID-19 vaccine to enter a phase I clinical in the United States. ModernaTX, Inc. is currently spearheading an investigation on the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of mRNA-1273, a conventional lipid nanoparticle encapsulated RNA encoding a full-length prefusion stabilized spike (S) protein for SARS-CoV-2 [@clinicaltrials:NCT04283461]. In a study that is ongoing, forty-five participants were enrolled and given intramuscular injections of mRNA-1273 in their deltoid muscle on day 1 and day 29, and then followed for the next twelve months. @@ -809,7 +811,36 @@ As of August 2020, placebo-blinded and randomized results for mRNA vaccines are In the dose ranging study, even the lowest dose of 25 μg of mRNA-1273 appeared to be sufficient to induce an immunogenicity profile comparable to that observed in convalescent plasma and appeared to be well tolerated among the population of healthy, non-pregnant participants from 18-55 years of age. Based on the preliminary results from mRNA-1273 [@doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2022483], a new trial aims to enroll 30,000 participants who will be randomized for two injections of 100 μg of mRNA-1273 or placebo, again spaced 28 days apart [@clinicaltrials:NCT04470427]. -##### Adjuvants for Vaccines +###### Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 + +###### Viral Vector Vaccines + +####### COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca + +####### Sputnik-V + +####### Janssen’s Ad26.COV2-S + +###### Inactivated Whole Virus Vaccines + + + +####### SinoVac's CoronaVac + + +####### Sinopharm (2 candidates) + +###### Protein Subunit Vaccines + + + +####### Novavax NVX-CoV2373 + +###### Vaccine Development Summary + +##### Complementary Approaches to Vaccine Development + +###### Adjuvants for Vaccines Adjuvants include a variety of molecules or larger microbial-related products that have an effect on the immune system or an immune response of interest. They can either be comprised of or contain immunostimulants or immunomodulators. @@ -820,7 +851,7 @@ A variety of possible mechanisms for adjuvants have been researched [@doi:10.103 Selection of one or more adjuvants requires considering how to promote the advantageous effects of the components and/or immune response and, likewise, to inhibit possible deleterious effects. There are also considerations related to the method of delivering (or co-delivering) the adjuvant and antigen components of a vaccine. -##### Trained Immunity +###### Trained Immunity Another approach that is being investigated explores the potential for vaccines that are not made from the SARS-CoV-2 virus to confer what has been termed trained immunity. In a recent review [@doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0285-6], trained immunity was defined as forms of memory that are temporary (e.g., months or years) and reversible.