From a3befcea66d704727ad37b2a2a11f57a0276b601 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Alan Lu Date: Wed, 21 Feb 2018 21:58:39 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] v1.1.3 --- docs/Gnosis.html | 2 +- docs/events.js.html | 2 +- docs/index.html | 2 +- docs/index.js.html | 2 +- docs/lmsr.js.html | 2 +- docs/markets.js.html | 2 +- docs/oracles.js.html | 2 +- docs/tutorial-api-overview.html | 2 +- docs/tutorial-developer-guide.html | 2 +- docs/tutorial-events-oracles-and-markets.html | 268 ++-- docs/tutorial-installation.html | 5 +- docs/tutorial-lmsr-primer.html | 2 +- docs/utils.js.html | 2 +- package-lock.json | 1253 ++++++++++++++++- package.json | 2 +- 15 files changed, 1421 insertions(+), 129 deletions(-) diff --git a/docs/Gnosis.html b/docs/Gnosis.html index ca024a4..386efbf 100644 --- a/docs/Gnosis.html +++ b/docs/Gnosis.html @@ -5579,7 +5579,7 @@
Parameters:

diff --git a/docs/events.js.html b/docs/events.js.html index 3952cf6..c66e5ef 100644 --- a/docs/events.js.html +++ b/docs/events.js.html @@ -161,7 +161,7 @@

events.js


diff --git a/docs/index.html b/docs/index.html index 9a44861..e46d36b 100644 --- a/docs/index.html +++ b/docs/index.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@

Gas estimations

Many of the methods on the gnosis API also have an as

diff --git a/docs/index.js.html b/docs/index.js.html index c6c0851..d9336e6 100644 --- a/docs/index.js.html +++ b/docs/index.js.html @@ -342,7 +342,7 @@

index.js


diff --git a/docs/lmsr.js.html b/docs/lmsr.js.html index 21f0115..e5bb28c 100644 --- a/docs/lmsr.js.html +++ b/docs/lmsr.js.html @@ -229,7 +229,7 @@

lmsr.js


diff --git a/docs/markets.js.html b/docs/markets.js.html index 6c141e5..96cdf9c 100644 --- a/docs/markets.js.html +++ b/docs/markets.js.html @@ -321,7 +321,7 @@

markets.js


diff --git a/docs/oracles.js.html b/docs/oracles.js.html index 6f42668..bdc4bd3 100644 --- a/docs/oracles.js.html +++ b/docs/oracles.js.html @@ -106,7 +106,7 @@

oracles.js


diff --git a/docs/tutorial-api-overview.html b/docs/tutorial-api-overview.html index 0766ca6..c40e7cc 100644 --- a/docs/tutorial-api-overview.html +++ b/docs/tutorial-api-overview.html @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@

API Overview


diff --git a/docs/tutorial-developer-guide.html b/docs/tutorial-developer-guide.html index 566cf4e..87297e6 100644 --- a/docs/tutorial-developer-guide.html +++ b/docs/tutorial-developer-guide.html @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@

Developer Guide


diff --git a/docs/tutorial-events-oracles-and-markets.html b/docs/tutorial-events-oracles-and-markets.html index 8a6ac93..2529b84 100644 --- a/docs/tutorial-events-oracles-and-markets.html +++ b/docs/tutorial-events-oracles-and-markets.html @@ -49,123 +49,189 @@

Questions About the Future, Oracles, and Trust

A prediction predicts

  • Other

    • To ask this question with a prediction market on Gnosis, you must first upload the event description onto IPFS via Gnosis#publishEventDescription. This will asynchronously provide you with a hash value which can be used to locate the file on IPFS:

    -
    const gnosis = await Gnosis.create()
-const ipfsHash = await gnosis.publishEventDescription({
-    title: 'Who will win the U.S. presidential election of 2016?',
-    description: 'Every four years, the citizens of the United States vote for their next president...',
-    resolutionDate: '2016-11-08T23:00:00-05:00',
-    outcomes: ['Clinton', 'Trump', 'Other'],
-})
-// now the event description has been uploaded to ipfsHash and can be used
-assert.equal(
-    (await gnosis.loadEventDescription(ipfsHash)).title,
-    'Who will win the U.S. presidential election of 2016?'
-)

    Of course, future events will come to pass, and once they do, the outcome should be determinable. Oracles report on the outcome of events. The simplest oracle contract provided by Gnosis is a CentralizedOracle, and it is controlled by a single entity: the owner of the contract, which is a single Ethereum address, and which will from this point forward in this guide be referred to as the centralized oracle itself.

    +
    let gnosis, ipfsHash
+async function createDescription () {
+    gnosis = await Gnosis.create()
+    ipfsHash = await gnosis.publishEventDescription({
+        title: 'Who will win the U.S. presidential election of 2016?',
+        description: 'Every four years, the citizens of the United States vote for their next president...',
+        resolutionDate: '2016-11-08T23:00:00-05:00',
+        outcomes: ['Clinton', 'Trump', 'Other'],
+    })
+    // now the event description has been uploaded to ipfsHash and can be used
+    console.assert(
+        (await gnosis.loadEventDescription(ipfsHash)).title ===
+        'Who will win the U.S. presidential election of 2016?',
+    )
+    console.info(`Ipfs hash: https://ipfs.infura.io/api/v0/cat?stream-channels=true&arg=${ipfsHash}`)
+}
+createDescription()

    Of course, future events will come to pass, and once they do, the outcome should be determinable. Oracles report on the outcome of events. The simplest oracle contract provided by Gnosis is a CentralizedOracle, and it is controlled by a single entity: the owner of the contract, which is a single Ethereum address, and which will from this point forward in this guide be referred to as the centralized oracle itself.

    To create a centralized oracle, use Gnosis#createCentralizedOracle:

    // After obtaining an instance of Gnosis as "gnosis" and "ipfsHash" from Gnosis#publishEventDescription
-const oracle = await gnosis.createCentralizedOracle(ipfsHash)

    After createCentralizedOracle finishes, the owner of the CentralizedOracle contract instance created will be the message sender, or the default account for all transactions in the Gnosis instance (which is normally set to the first account exposed by the Web3 provider).

    +let oracle +async function createOracle() { + oracle = await gnosis.createCentralizedOracle(ipfsHash) + console.info(`Oracle created with address ${oracle.address}`) +} +createOracle()

    After createCentralizedOracle finishes, the owner of the CentralizedOracle contract instance created will be the message sender, or the default account for all transactions in the Gnosis instance (which is normally set to the first account exposed by the Web3 provider).

    By no means is the CentralizedOracle the only possible oracle design which can be used with Gnosis. Any oracle which implements the Oracle contract interface may be used.

    Events and Collateral

    Once an oracle is created, an event contract may defer to the oracle's judgment. The CategoricalEvent and ScalarEvent contracts represent an event. They also mint sets of outcome tokens corresponding to a collateral of an ERC20-compliant token. Once the relied-on oracle reports an outcome to the event, the outcome token corresponding to the reported outcome may be exchanged for the original collateral token.

    Note that ether is not an ERC20-compliant token at the moment of this writing. It may be converted into an ERC20-compliant variant with an adaptor contract like EtherToken though. There is a deployed instance of EtherToken available in the API as Gnosis#etherToken.

    In order to create a categorical event contract instance backed by an specific oracle, use Gnosis#createCategoricalEvent. For example, a categorical event with three outcomes like the earlier example can be made like this:

    -
    const event = await gnosis.createCategoricalEvent({
-    collateralToken: gnosis.etherToken,
-    oracle,
-    // Note the outcomeCount must match the length of the outcomes array published on IPFS
-    outcomeCount: 3,
-})

    Note that EtherToken is traded with this particular event instance.

    +
    let event
+async function createCategoricalEvent() {
+    event = await gnosis.createCategoricalEvent({
+        collateralToken: gnosis.etherToken,
+        oracle,
+        // Note the outcomeCount must match the length of the outcomes array published on IPFS
+        outcomeCount: 3,
+    })
+    console.info(`Categorical event created with address ${event.address}`)
+}
+createCategoricalEvent()

    Note that EtherToken is traded with this particular event instance.

    +

    If you are using the Rinkeby network, you can check that your event has been indexed by GnosisDB https://gnosisdb.rinkeby.gnosis.pm/api/events/event.address

    When an event has been created, users can convert their collateral into sets of outcome tokens. For example, suppose a user buys 4 ETH worth of outcome tokens from event:

    -
    const txResults = await Promise.all([
-    gnosis.etherToken.deposit({ value: 4e18 }),
-    gnosis.etherToken.approve(event.address, 4e18),
-    event.buyAllOutcomes(4e18),
-])
-
-// Make sure everything worked
-const expectedEvents = [
-    'Deposit',
-    'Approval',
-    'OutcomeTokenSetIssuance',
-]
-txResults.forEach((txResult, i) => {
-    Gnosis.requireEventFromTXResult(txResult, expectedEvents[i])
-})

    That user would then have 4e18 units of each OutcomeToken:

    -
    const { Token } = gnosis.contracts
-const outcomeCount = (await event.getOutcomeCount()).valueOf()
-
-for(let i = 0; i < outcomeCount; i++) {
-    const outcomeToken = await Token.at(await event.outcomeTokens(i))
-    console.log('Have', (await outcomeToken.balanceOf(gnosis.defaultAccount)).valueOf(), 'units of outcome', i)
-}

    Finally, if you are the centralized oracle for an event contract which refers to the 2016 U.S. presidential election as set up above, you can report the outcome of the event as "Trump" and allow stakeholders to settle their claims with Gnosis#resolveEvent:

    -
    await gnosis.resolveEvent({ event, outcome: 1 })

    Note that you must pass in the 0-based index of the outcome corresponding to the event description published on IPFS ("Trump" has index 1 in the example ['Clinton', 'Trump', 'Other']),

    +
    async function buyAllOutcomes() {
+    const txResults = await Promise.all([
+        gnosis.etherToken.deposit({ value: 4e18 }),
+        gnosis.etherToken.approve(event.address, 4e18),
+        event.buyAllOutcomes(4e18),
+    ])
+
+    // Make sure everything worked
+    const expectedEvents = [
+        'Deposit',
+        'Approval',
+        'OutcomeTokenSetIssuance',
+    ]
+    txResults.forEach((txResult, i) => {
+        Gnosis.requireEventFromTXResult(txResult, expectedEvents[i])
+    })
+}
+buyAllOutcomes()

    Note that dependending on the wallet your are using tx's can be sorted in the inverse order. The first transaction should have a value of 4 ETH, and the others 0 ETH, just data

    +

    That user would then have 4e18 units of each OutcomeToken:

    +
    async function checkBalances() {
+    const { Token } = gnosis.contracts
+    const outcomeCount = (await event.getOutcomeCount()).valueOf()
+
+    for(let i = 0; i < outcomeCount; i++) {
+        const outcomeToken = await Token.at(await event.outcomeTokens(i))
+        console.log('Have', (await outcomeToken.balanceOf(gnosis.defaultAccount)).valueOf(), 'units of outcome', i)
+    }
+}
+checkBalances()

    Finally, if you are the centralized oracle for an event contract which refers to the 2016 U.S. presidential election as set up above, you can report the outcome of the event as "Trump" and allow stakeholders to settle their claims with Gnosis#resolveEvent:

    +
    async function resolve() {
+    await gnosis.resolveEvent({ event, outcome: 1 })
+}
+resolve()

    Note that you must pass in the 0-based index of the outcome corresponding to the event description published on IPFS ("Trump" has index 1 in the example ['Clinton', 'Trump', 'Other']),

    If you are a stakeholder in this event contract instance, you can redeem your winnings with CategoricalEvent.redeemWinnings:

    -
    Gnosis.requireEventFromTXResult(await event.redeemWinnings(), 'WinningsRedemption')

    Markets and Automated Market Makers

    Suppose that Alice believed Clinton would win the 2016 U.S. election, but Bob believed Trump would win that election. With the machinery we've developed thus far, both Alice and Bob would have to buy outcome tokens and then trade each other based on their beliefs. Alice would give Trump tokens to Bob in exchange for Clinton tokens. When the oracle reports that the outcome of the election was Trump, the Trump tokens held by Bob can be exchanged for the collateral used to back those tokens.

    +
    async function redeem() {
+    Gnosis.requireEventFromTXResult(await event.redeemWinnings(), 'WinningsRedemption')
+}
+redeem()

    Markets and Automated Market Makers

    Suppose that Alice believed Clinton would win the 2016 U.S. election, but Bob believed Trump would win that election. With the machinery we've developed thus far, both Alice and Bob would have to buy outcome tokens and then trade each other based on their beliefs. Alice would give Trump tokens to Bob in exchange for Clinton tokens. When the oracle reports that the outcome of the election was Trump, the Trump tokens held by Bob can be exchanged for the collateral used to back those tokens.

    However, it may be difficult to coordinate the trade. In order to create liquidity, an automated market maker may be used to operate an on-chain market. These markets also aggregate information from participants about their beliefs about the likeliness of outcomes.

    Gnosis contracts contain market and market maker contract interfaces, a standard market implementation, and an implementation of the logarithmic market scoring rule (LMSR), an automated market maker. This can be leveraged with the Gnosis#createMarket method. For example, given an event, you can create a StandardMarket operated by the LMSR market maker with the following:

    -
    const market = await gnosis.createMarket({
-    event,
-    marketMaker: gnosis.lmsrMarketMaker,
-    50000, // signifies a 5% fee on transactions
-           // see docs at Gnosis#createMarket for more info
-})

    Once a market has been created, it needs to be funded with the collateral token in order for it to provide liquidity. The market creator funds the market according to the maximum loss acceptable to them, which is possible since LMSR guarantees a bounded loss:

    -
    // Fund the market with 4 ETH
-await Promise.all([
-    gnosis.etherToken.deposit({ value: 4e18 }),
-    gnosis.etherToken.approve(event.address, 4e18),
-    market.fund(4e18),
-])
-
-const expectedEvents = [
-    'Deposit',
-    'Approval',
-    'MarketFunding',
-]
-txResults.forEach((txResult, i) => {
-    Gnosis.requireEventFromTXResult(txResult, expectedEvents[i])
-})

    Furthermore, the outcome tokens sold by the market are guaranteed to be backed by collateral because the ultimate source of these outcome tokens are from the event contract, which only allow buying collateral-backed sets of outcome tokens.

    +
    let market
+async function createMarket() {
+    market = await gnosis.createMarket({
+        event,
+        marketMaker: gnosis.lmsrMarketMaker,
+        fee: 50000 // signifies a 5% fee on transactions
+            // see docs at Gnosis#createMarket for more info
+    })
+    console.info(`Market created with address ${market.address}`)
+}
+createMarket()

    Once a market has been created, it needs to be funded with the collateral token in order for it to provide liquidity. The market creator funds the market according to the maximum loss acceptable to them, which is possible since LMSR guarantees a bounded loss:

    +
    async function fund() {
+    // Fund the market with 4 ETH
+    const txResults = await Promise.all([
+        gnosis.etherToken.deposit({ value: 4e18 }),
+        gnosis.etherToken.approve(market.address, 4e18),
+        market.fund(4e18),
+    ])
+
+    const expectedEvents = [
+        'Deposit',
+        'Approval',
+        'MarketFunding',
+    ]
+    txResults.forEach((txResult, i) => {
+        Gnosis.requireEventFromTXResult(txResult, expectedEvents[i])
+    })
+}
+fund()

    Furthermore, the outcome tokens sold by the market are guaranteed to be backed by collateral because the ultimate source of these outcome tokens are from the event contract, which only allow buying collateral-backed sets of outcome tokens.

    Let's suppose there is a market on the 2016 presidential election as indicated above, and that you are wondering if "Other" outcome tokens (which have index 2) are worth it at its price point. You can estimate how much it would cost to buy 1e18 units of those outcome tokens with LMSRMarketMaker.calcCost:

    -
    const cost = await gnosis.lmsrMarketMaker.calcCost(market.address, 2, 1e18)
-console.log(cost.valueOf())

    Let's say now that you've decided that these outcome tokens are worth it. Gnosis.js contains convenience functions for buying and selling outcome tokens from a market backed by an LMSR market maker. They are Gnosis#buyOutcomeTokens and Gnosis#sellOutcomeTokens. To buy these outcome tokens, you can use the following code:

    -
    await gnosis.buyOutcomeTokens({
-    market,
-    outcomeTokenIndex: 2,
-    outcomeTokenCount: 1e18,
-})

    Similarly, you can see how much these outcome tokens are worth to the market with LMSRMarketMaker.calcProfit:

    -
    const profit = await gnosis.lmsrMarketMaker.calcProfit(market.address, 2, 1e18)
-console.log(calcProfit.valueOf())

    If you want to sell the outcome tokens you have bought, you can do the following:

    -
    await gnosis.sellOutcomeTokens({
-    market,
-    outcomeTokenIndex: 2,
-    outcomeTokenCount: 1e18,
-})

    Oftentimes prediction markets aggregate predictions into more accurate predictions. Because of this, without a fee, the investor can expect to take a loss on their investments. However, too high of a fee would discourage participation in the market. Discerning the best fee factor for markets is outside the scope of this document.

    +
    async function calcCost() {
+    const cost = await gnosis.lmsrMarketMaker.calcCost(market2.address, 2, 1e18)
+    console.info(`Buy 1 Outcome Token with index 2 costs ${cost.valueOf()/1e18} ETH tokens`)
+}
+calcCost()

    Let's say now that you've decided that these outcome tokens are worth it. Gnosis.js contains convenience functions for buying and selling outcome tokens from a market backed by an LMSR market maker. They are Gnosis#buyOutcomeTokens and Gnosis#sellOutcomeTokens. To buy these outcome tokens, you can use the following code:

    +
    async function buyOutcomeTokens() {
+    await gnosis.buyOutcomeTokens({
+        market,
+        outcomeTokenIndex: 2,
+        outcomeTokenCount: 1e18,
+    })
+    console.info('Bought 1 Outcome Token of Outcome with index 2')
+}
+buyOutcomeTokens()

    Similarly, you can see how much these outcome tokens are worth to the market with LMSRMarketMaker.calcProfit:

    +
    async function calcProfit() {
+    const profit = await gnosis.lmsrMarketMaker.calcProfit(market.address, 2, 1e18)
+    console.info(`Sell 1 Outcome Token with index 2 gives ${profit.valueOf()/1e18} ETH tokens of profit`)
+}
+calcProfit()

    If you want to sell the outcome tokens you have bought, you can do the following:

    +
    async function sellOutcomeTokens() {
+    await gnosis.sellOutcomeTokens({
+        market,
+        outcomeTokenIndex: 2,
+        outcomeTokenCount: 1e18,
+    })
+}
+sellOutcomeTokens()

    Oftentimes prediction markets aggregate predictions into more accurate predictions. Because of this, without a fee, the investor can expect to take a loss on their investments. However, too high of a fee would discourage participation in the market. Discerning the best fee factor for markets is outside the scope of this document.

    Finally, if you are the creator of a StandardMarket, you can close the market and obtain all of its outcome token holdings with StandardMarket.close and/or withdraw the trading fees paid with StandardMarket.withdrawFees:

    -
    Gnosis.requireEventFromTXResult(await market.close(), 'MarketClose')
-Gnosis.requireEventFromTXResult(await market.withdrawFees(), 'MarketFeeWithdrawal')

    Events with Scalar Outcomes

    The discussion up to this point has been about an instance of an event with categorical outcomes. However, some events may be better expressed as an event with a scalar outcome. For example, you can ask the following question using Gnosis#createScalarEvent:

    +
    async function closeAndWithdraw() {
+    Gnosis.requireEventFromTXResult(await market.close(), 'MarketClose')
+    Gnosis.requireEventFromTXResult(await market.withdrawFees(), 'MarketFeeWithdrawal')
+}
+closeAndWithdraw()

    Events with Scalar Outcomes

    The discussion up to this point has been about an instance of an event with categorical outcomes. However, some events may be better expressed as an event with a scalar outcome. For example, you can ask the following question using Gnosis#createScalarEvent:

    const lowerBound = '80'
 const upperBound = '100'
 
-const ipfsHash = await gnosis.publishEventDescription({
-    title: 'What will be the annual global land and ocean temperature anomaly for 2017?',
-    description: 'The anomaly is with respect to the average temperature for the 20th century and is as reported by the National Centers for Environmental Services...',
-    resolutionDate: '2017-01-01T00:00:00+00:00',
-    lowerBound,
-    upperBound,
-    decimals: 2,
-    unit: '°C',
-})
-
-const oracle = await gnosis.createCentralizedOracle(ipfsHash)
-
-const event = await gnosis.createScalarEvent({
-    collateralToken: gnosis.etherToken,
-    oracle,
-    // Note that these bounds should match the values published on IPFS
-    lowerBound,
-    upperBound,
-})

    This sets up an event with a lower bound of 0.80°C and an upper bound of 1.00°C. Note that the values are passed in as whole integers and adjusted to the right order of magnitude according to the decimals property of the event description.

    +let ipfsHash, oracle, event + +async function createScalarEvent() { + ipfsHash = await gnosis.publishEventDescription({ + title: 'What will be the annual global land and ocean temperature anomaly for 2017?', + description: 'The anomaly is with respect to the average temperature for the 20th century and is as reported by the National Centers for Environmental Services...', + resolutionDate: '2017-01-01T00:00:00+00:00', + lowerBound, + upperBound, + decimals: 2, + unit: '°C', + }) + + console.info(`Ipfs hash: https://ipfs.infura.io/api/v0/cat?stream-channels=true&arg=${ipfsHash}`) + + oracle = await gnosis.createCentralizedOracle(ipfsHash) + + console.info(`Oracle created with address ${oracle.address}`) + + event = await gnosis.createScalarEvent({ + collateralToken: gnosis.etherToken, + oracle, + // Note that these bounds should match the values published on IPFS + lowerBound, + upperBound, + }) + + console.info(`Event created with address ${event.address}`) +} +createScalarEvent()

    This sets up an event with a lower bound of 0.80°C and an upper bound of 1.00°C. Note that the values are passed in as whole integers and adjusted to the right order of magnitude according to the decimals property of the event description.

    There are two outcome tokens associated with this event: a short token for the lower bound and a long token for the upper bound. The short tokens associated with the lower bound have index 0, as opposed to the long tokens associated with the upper bound which have index 1. In other words, other than their value at resolution, they have the same mechanics as a categorical event with two outcomes. For example, a market may be created for this event in the same way, and outcome tokens traded on that market may also be traded in the same way.

    Now let's say that the NCES reports that the average global temperature anomaly for 2017 is 0.89°C. If you are the centralized oracle for this event as above, you can report this result to the chain like so:

    -
    await gnosis.resolveEvent({ event, outcome: '89' })

    This will value each unit of the short outcome at \(1 - {0.89 - 0.80 \over 1.00 - 0.80} = 0.55\) units of the collateral, and the long outcome at \(0.45\) units of the collateral. Thus, if you held 50 units of the short outcome and 100 units of the long outcome, ScalarEvent.redeemWinnings would net you \(\lfloor 50 \times 0.55 + 100 \times 0.45 \rfloor = 72\) units of collateral. Hopefully you'll have paid less than that for those outcomes.

    +
    async function resolve() {
+    await gnosis.resolveEvent({ event, outcome: '89' })
+}

    This will value each unit of the short outcome at \(1 - {0.89 - 0.80 \over 1.00 - 0.80} = 0.55\) units of the collateral, and the long outcome at \(0.45\) units of the collateral. Thus, if you held 50 units of the short outcome and 100 units of the long outcome, ScalarEvent.redeemWinnings would net you \(\lfloor 50 \times 0.55 + 100 \times 0.45 \rfloor = 72\) units of collateral. Hopefully you'll have paid less than that for those outcomes.

    @@ -175,7 +241,7 @@

    Events and Collateral

    Once an oracle is created, an event contract ma

    diff --git a/docs/tutorial-installation.html b/docs/tutorial-installation.html index 2eeb4b8..1d7fef0 100644 --- a/docs/tutorial-installation.html +++ b/docs/tutorial-installation.html @@ -60,7 +60,8 @@

    Setting up a project using npm

      Node "server-side" setup

      Notice that the library refers to the dist/index module as the package.json main. This is because even though Node.js does support many new JavaScript features, it natively does not support the use of ES6 imports yet (see this issue), so the modules are transpiled with Babel for Node interoperability.

      In the project directory, you can experiment with the Gnosis API by opening up a node shell and importing the library like so:

      const Gnosis = require('@gnosis.pm/gnosisjs')

      This will import the transpiled library through the dist/index entry point, which exports the Gnosis class.

      -

      Browser use

      The gnosis.js file and its minified version gnosis.min.js are self-contained and can be used directly in a webpage. For example, you may copy gnosis.min.js into a folder or onto your server, and in an HTML page, use the following code to import the library:

      +

      If you are playing around with gnosis.js directly in the project folder, you can import it from dist

      +
      const Gnosis = require('.')

      Browser use

      The gnosis.js file and its minified version gnosis.min.js are self-contained and can be used directly in a webpage. For example, you may copy gnosis.min.js into a folder or onto your server, and in an HTML page, use the following code to import the library:

      <script src="gnosis.min.js"></script>
 <script>
 // Gnosis should be available as a global after the above script import, so this subsequent script tag can make use of the API.
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ 
      MetaMask
      MetaMask is a Chrome brow
 
      
 
 
      
-    Generated by JSDoc 3.5.5 on Sun Feb 18 2018 15:01:03 GMT+0100 (CET) using the Minami theme.
+    Generated by JSDoc 3.5.5 on Wed Feb 21 2018 21:58:08 GMT+0100 (CET) using the Minami theme.
 
      
 
 
diff --git a/docs/tutorial-lmsr-primer.html b/docs/tutorial-lmsr-primer.html
index fc8a2cd..c5ee6cc 100644
--- a/docs/tutorial-lmsr-primer.html
+++ b/docs/tutorial-lmsr-primer.html
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ 
      LMSR Calculation Functions
      The functions 
 
 
      
 
 
diff --git a/docs/utils.js.html b/docs/utils.js.html
index ea28a53..55678d5 100644
--- a/docs/utils.js.html
+++ b/docs/utils.js.html
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ 
      utils.js
      
 
      
 
 
      
-    Generated by JSDoc 3.5.5 on Sun Feb 18 2018 15:01:03 GMT+0100 (CET) using the Minami theme.
+    Generated by JSDoc 3.5.5 on Wed Feb 21 2018 21:58:08 GMT+0100 (CET) using the Minami theme.
 
      
 
 
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index c5f8f24..6a8abfb 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@gnosis.pm/gnosisjs",
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+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/string.prototype.trim/-/string.prototype.trim-1.1.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha1-0E3iyJ4Tf019IG8Ia17S+ua+jOo=",
+      "dev": true,
+      "requires": {
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+        "es-abstract": "1.10.0",
+        "function-bind": "1.1.1"
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       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/string_decoder/-/string_decoder-1.0.3.tgz",
@@ -8331,6 +9367,12 @@
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+    "stringstream": {
+      "version": "0.0.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/stringstream/-/stringstream-0.0.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha1-TkhM1N5aC7vuGORjB3EKioFiGHg=",
+      "dev": true
+    },
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       "version": "3.0.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/strip-ansi/-/strip-ansi-3.0.1.tgz",
@@ -8463,6 +9505,35 @@
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       "dev": true
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+    "tape": {
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+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tape/-/tape-4.9.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-j0jO9BiScfqtPBb9QmPLL0qvxXMz98xjkMb7x8lKipFlJZwNJkqkWPou+NU4V6T9RnVh1kuSthLE8gLrN8bBfw==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "requires": {
+        "deep-equal": "1.0.1",
+        "defined": "1.0.0",
+        "for-each": "0.3.2",
+        "function-bind": "1.1.1",
+        "glob": "7.1.2",
+        "has": "1.0.1",
+        "inherits": "2.0.3",
+        "minimist": "1.2.0",
+        "object-inspect": "1.5.0",
+        "resolve": "1.5.0",
+        "resumer": "0.0.0",
+        "string.prototype.trim": "1.1.2",
+        "through": "2.3.8"
+      },
+      "dependencies": {
+        "minimist": {
+          "version": "1.2.0",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/minimist/-/minimist-1.2.0.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha1-o1AIsg9BOD7sH7kU9M1d95omQoQ=",
+          "dev": true
+        }
+      }
+    },
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       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/text-table/-/text-table-0.2.0.tgz",
@@ -8626,6 +9697,21 @@
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+    "tough-cookie": {
+      "version": "2.3.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tough-cookie/-/tough-cookie-2.3.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha1-C2GKVWW23qkL80JdBNVe3EdadWE=",
+      "dev": true,
+      "requires": {
+        "punycode": "1.4.1"
+      }
+    },
+    "trim": {
+      "version": "0.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/trim/-/trim-0.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha1-WFhUf2spB1fulczMZm+1AITEYN0=",
+      "dev": true
+    },
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       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/trim-newlines/-/trim-newlines-1.0.0.tgz",
@@ -8763,12 +9849,55 @@
         }
       }
     },
+    "truffle-hdwallet-provider": {
+      "version": "0.0.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/truffle-hdwallet-provider/-/truffle-hdwallet-provider-0.0.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha1-Dh3gIQS3PTh14c9wkzBbTqii2EM=",
+      "dev": true,
+      "requires": {
+        "bip39": "2.5.0",
+        "ethereumjs-wallet": "0.6.0",
+        "web3": "0.18.4",
+        "web3-provider-engine": "8.6.1"
+      },
+      "dependencies": {
+        "web3": {
+          "version": "0.18.4",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/web3/-/web3-0.18.4.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha1-gewXhBRUkfLqqJVbMcBgSeB8Xn0=",
+          "dev": true,
+          "requires": {
+            "bignumber.js": "git+https://github.com/debris/bignumber.js.git#94d7146671b9719e00a09c29b01a691bc85048c2",
+            "crypto-js": "3.1.8",
+            "utf8": "2.1.2",
+            "xhr2": "0.1.4",
+            "xmlhttprequest": "1.8.0"
+          }
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+    },
     "tty-browserify": {
       "version": "0.0.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tty-browserify/-/tty-browserify-0.0.0.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha1-oVe6QC2iTpv5V/mqadUk7tQpAaY=",
       "dev": true
     },
+    "tunnel-agent": {
+      "version": "0.6.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tunnel-agent/-/tunnel-agent-0.6.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha1-J6XeoGs2sEoKmWZ3SykIaPD8QP0=",
+      "dev": true,
+      "requires": {
+        "safe-buffer": "5.1.1"
+      }
+    },
+    "tweetnacl": {
+      "version": "0.14.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tweetnacl/-/tweetnacl-0.14.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha1-WuaBd/GS1EViadEIr6k/+HQ/T2Q=",
+      "dev": true,
+      "optional": true
+    },
     "type-check": {
       "version": "0.3.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/type-check/-/type-check-0.3.2.tgz",
@@ -8913,6 +10042,12 @@
       "integrity": "sha1-/+3ks2slKQaW5uFl1KWe25mOawI=",
       "dev": true
     },
+    "unorm": {
+      "version": "1.4.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/unorm/-/unorm-1.4.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha1-NkIA1fE2RsqLzURJAnEzVhR5IwA=",
+      "dev": true
+    },
     "unpipe": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/unpipe/-/unpipe-1.0.0.tgz",
@@ -9196,6 +10331,17 @@
       "integrity": "sha1-N61zyO5Bf7PVgOeFMSMH0nSEfyI=",
       "dev": true
     },
+    "verror": {
+      "version": "1.10.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/verror/-/verror-1.10.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha1-OhBcoXBTr1XW4nDB+CiGguGNpAA=",
+      "dev": true,
+      "requires": {
+        "assert-plus": "1.0.0",
+        "core-util-is": "1.0.2",
+        "extsprintf": "1.3.0"
+      }
+    },
     "vm-browserify": {
       "version": "0.0.4",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/vm-browserify/-/vm-browserify-0.0.4.tgz",
@@ -9242,6 +10388,67 @@
         }
       }
     },
+    "web3-provider-engine": {
+      "version": "8.6.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/web3-provider-engine/-/web3-provider-engine-8.6.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha1-TYbhnjDKr5ffNRUR7A9gE25bMOs=",
+      "dev": true,
+      "requires": {
+        "async": "2.6.0",
+        "clone": "2.1.1",
+        "ethereumjs-block": "1.7.1",
+        "ethereumjs-tx": "1.3.3",
+        "ethereumjs-util": "5.1.4",
+        "ethereumjs-vm": "2.3.3",
+        "isomorphic-fetch": "2.2.1",
+        "request": "2.83.0",
+        "semaphore": "1.1.0",
+        "solc": "0.4.15",
+        "tape": "4.9.0",
+        "web3": "0.16.0",
+        "xhr": "2.4.1",
+        "xtend": "4.0.1"
+      },
+      "dependencies": {
+        "bignumber.js": {
+          "version": "git+https://github.com/debris/bignumber.js.git#c7a38de919ed75e6fb6ba38051986e294b328df9",
+          "dev": true
+        },
+        "clone": {
+          "version": "2.1.1",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/clone/-/clone-2.1.1.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha1-0hfR6WERjjrJpLi7oyhVU79kfNs=",
+          "dev": true
+        },
+        "ethereumjs-util": {
+          "version": "5.1.4",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ethereumjs-util/-/ethereumjs-util-5.1.4.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-wbeTc5prEzIWFSQUcEsCAZbqubtJKy6yS+oZMY1cGG6GLYzLjm4YhC2RNrWIg8hRYnclWpnZmx2zkiufQkmd3w==",
+          "dev": true,
+          "requires": {
+            "bn.js": "4.11.6",
+            "create-hash": "1.1.3",
+            "ethjs-util": "0.1.4",
+            "keccak": "1.4.0",
+            "rlp": "2.0.0",
+            "safe-buffer": "5.1.1",
+            "secp256k1": "3.5.0"
+          }
+        },
+        "web3": {
+          "version": "0.16.0",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/web3/-/web3-0.16.0.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha1-pFVBdc1GKUMDWx8dOUMvdBxrYBk=",
+          "dev": true,
+          "requires": {
+            "bignumber.js": "git+https://github.com/debris/bignumber.js.git#c7a38de919ed75e6fb6ba38051986e294b328df9",
+            "crypto-js": "3.1.8",
+            "utf8": "2.1.2",
+            "xmlhttprequest": "1.8.0"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
     "webpack": {
       "version": "3.11.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/webpack/-/webpack-3.11.0.tgz",
@@ -9894,6 +11101,12 @@
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       "dev": true
     },
+    "whatwg-fetch": {
+      "version": "2.0.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/whatwg-fetch/-/whatwg-fetch-2.0.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha1-nITsLc9oGH/wC8ZOEnS0QhduHIQ=",
+      "dev": true
+    },
     "whet.extend": {
       "version": "0.9.9",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/whet.extend/-/whet.extend-0.9.9.tgz",
@@ -10003,6 +11216,18 @@
         "mkdirp": "0.5.1"
       }
     },
+    "xhr": {
+      "version": "2.4.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/xhr/-/xhr-2.4.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-pAIU5vBr9Hiy5cpFIbPnwf0C18ZF86DBsZKrlsf87N5De/JbA6RJ83UP/cv+aljl4S40iRVMqP4pr4sF9Dnj0A==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "requires": {
+        "global": "4.3.2",
+        "is-function": "1.0.1",
+        "parse-headers": "2.0.1",
+        "xtend": "4.0.1"
+      }
+    },
     "xhr2": {
       "version": "0.1.4",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/xhr2/-/xhr2-0.1.4.tgz",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 8233ccc..7a6f210 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@gnosis.pm/gnosisjs",
-  "version": "1.1.2",
+  "version": "1.1.3",
   "description": "A javascript library for building applications on top of Gnosis, the Ethereum prediction market platform",
   "scripts": {
     "lint": "eslint ./",