The paper containing the details of the Frontal attack can be found here.
We introduce a new timing side-channel attack on Intel CPU processors. Our Frontal attack exploits timing differences that arise from how the CPU frontend fetches and processes instructions while being interrupted. In particular, we observe that in modern Intel CPUs, some instructions' execution times will depend on which operations precede and succeed them, and on their virtual addresses. Unlike previous attacks that could only profile branches if they contained different code or had known branch targets, the Frontal attack allows the adversary to distinguish between instruction-wise identical branches. As the attack requires OS capabilities to set the interrupts, we use it to exploit SGX enclaves. Our attack further demonstrates that secret-dependent branches should not be used even alongside defenses to current controlled-channel attacks. We show that the adversary can use the Frontal attack to extract a secret from an SGX enclave if that secret was used as a branching condition for two instruction-wise identical branches. We successfully tested the attack on all the available Intel CPUs with SGX (until 10th gen) and used it to leak information from two commonly used cryptographic libraries.
@inproceedings{puddu2021frontal,
title={Frontal Attack: Leaking Control-Flow in {SGX} via the {CPU} Frontend},
author={Ivan Puddu and Moritz Schneider and Miro Haller and Srdjan Čapkun},
booktitle = {30th {USENIX} Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 21)},
year={2021},
url={https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity21/presentation/puddu},
publisher = {{USENIX} Association},
month = aug,
}
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Please execute
git submodule update --init --recursiveafter checking out the repository to fetch all the submodules -
Follow the installation instructions in sgx-step/README.md to install SGXStep.
In short, to do that run the two scripts
install_SGX_driver.shandinstall_SGX_SDK.sh. Make sure to source the SGXSDK environment file after that. -
The following boot kernel parameters must be specified:
nox2apic iomem=relaxed no_timer_check isolcpus=1 nmi_watchdog=0 nowatchdog clocksource=tsc nosmep nosmap nopti -
Make sure that the kernel module is loaded
make load -C sgx-step/kernel -
Install python-3.6
- Ubuntu 18.04 has the correct version in python3
- Ubuntu 16.04 needs an additional ppa to install python3.6
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Install the python requirements.txt in the frontal directory
pip3 install -r frontal/requirements.txt -
To reduce noise we reccomend running the attack scripts with the graphical user interface disabled (
sudo systemctl set-default multi-userand then reboot) and to disable hyperthreading. -
Note that the scripts usually assume to be running from the root user
The PoC might be unstable in your system, causing it to freeze to the point of needing to remove power in order to reboot it. This is most likely due to the user-space interrupt handler of SGX-Step causing a general protection fault in the kernel while single-stepping (if this applies to your system, you should see #GPF errors on dmesg when trying to run the PoC). We have included a Ubuntu kernel patch to mitigate this issue and make single-stepping more stable. You can find the patch in the kernel_patch directory. The patch should be applied on top of Ubuntu-hwe-4.15.0-46.49_16.04.1. To apply the patch to your system follow these steps (tested on Ubuntu 16 and 18):
- Clone the kernel source and apply the patch:
git clone git://kernel.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ubuntu-xenial.git
cd ubuntu-xenial
git checkout 595e176eed1fa6de3ac79ea9eacb7c82ac2853a3
git am ../kernel_patch/0001-Avoids-enabling-ints-if-it-might-jump-to-userspace.patch
- Now compile the kernel (note: this might take up to a couple of hours to execute on your machine):
sudo apt-get build-dep linux linux-image-$(uname -r)
LANG=C fakeroot debian/rules clean`
LANG=C fakeroot debian/rules binary-headers binary-generic binary-perarch
This should produce several .deb packages on the top-level directory from where the kernel was compiled.
Alternatively, we have provided the precompiled .deb packages on kernel_patch/pre-built.
Now to install the packages execute the following command:
dpkg -i linux*fixandnotpr2*.deb
Then restart your computer and select Linux 4.15.0-46-generic while booting. If the installation was successful uname -a should contain the following string:
4.15.0-46-generic #49~16.04.112+fixandnotpr2
There are several parameters that can be tweaked in frontal/Makefile.config. The most important one is the SGX_STEP_TIMER_INTERVAL value that sets up the APIC counter for sgx-step. A suitable value will make sure that the script runs without errors. This value is platform specific see also sgx-step/README.md. Note that for the Frontal attack we use an APIC division of 1. Hence, as a rule of thumb, the values for the stock SGX-Step need to be roughly doubled to work with our changes.
Troubleshooting:
- The best way to get started is to try to run the sgx-step/app/bench-improved benchmark. Please set the
SGX_STEP_TIMER_INTERVALandNUMin sgx-step/app/bench-improved/Makefile.config for this benchmark. We reccomend starting with a lowNUMvalue and then increasing it when a suitable value forSGX_STEP_TIMER_INTERVALhas been found. Too low values forSGX_STEP_TIMER_INTERVALwill cause zero-stepping, which should give an error in the output of the execution. Too high values will skip instructions. An appropriate value will produce an output containing the following line:Detected 10000 of 10000 instructions. - Once a correct value is found for bench-improved, the same can be used on frontal/Makefile.config to run the PoC. Depending on the machine, the value obtained with the benchmark might need to be slightly adjusted to run with the PoC (+/-5 at most). Too high values will produce an error similar to the following:
[main.c] ERROR: Detected 10000 abnormal runs.. Try to tweak the SGX_STEP_TIMER_INTERVAL value. (Currently it's probably too high) - Too low values will either produce a
segmentation faultor will cause the program to wait indefinitely. Try first to re-load the kernel module and relaunching the app in these cases, and if the errors keep happening, increase the value ofSGX_STEP_TIMER_INTERVAL.
There are several other parameters that can be tweaked in frontal/Makefile.config. For instance, we added the possibility to also capture performance counters values alongside the timing information of each instruction. This can be enabled by setting PCM_ENABLED=1. Details about the various parameters can be found at frontal/README.md. The pre-set parameters should clearly show a high attack success probability.
Important: If you get a log with several of the following messages:
[main.c] Caught fault 11! Restoring enclave page permissions. Please make sure that the CPU CR4.UMIP bit is unset. This is necessary for the code to run properly. This can be done by adding the clearcpuid=514 kernel boot parameter.
Follow these few steps to run the PoC for the Frontal attack. This PoC executes two identical branches containing only mov and test instructions after each other. A secret value decides which path is taken at each iteration. The attacker then sees a list of timings and, based on those, tries to detect which of the two identical branches is executed. The number of instructions in the branches can be configured as well as their initial alignments.
- Make sure that the SGX-Step kernel module has been loaded since the last reboot (
make load -C sgx-step/kernel) - Go to the frontal PoC directory:
cd frontal - Make sure that the variable
ATTACK_SCENARIOin Makefile.config is set toMICROBENCHto run this PoC. - The command
make plotruns the tests, plots the results, and calculates the attack success probability- Plots are saved in the plot folder. Note that if the peaks for the two branches are not overlapping the CPU is vulnerable
- Two attack success probabilities are then printed. For example:
Any hit rate above 55% percent indicates that the CPU is clearly vulnerable.
Hit rate half: 97.13% Hit best: 99.02%
The MICROBENCH scenario is set up with two balanced branches that contain many test and mov instructions. The alignment of the branches can be changed with the ALIGN1 and ALIGN2 variables in Makefile.config.
A plot from a test run with the default parameters is given below, showing the timing distributions of the same instruction but grouped with the branch to which it belongs.
As described in our paper, the Frontal attack can exploit secret dependent branches that contain any write to memory. Even if these branches are perfectly identical, as long as the memory writes in them are aligned differently, modulo 16 in the virtual address space.
This is the case in the IPP Library in several instances. We choose one particular example for this PoC: the l9_ippsCmp_BN function, which is used to compare two big numbers.
The function has three secret dependent paths that are taken depending on whether the first number given to it is bigger, smaller, or equal to the second one.
The PoC creates a plot that shows the distribution of the single mov in each of these three paths. The plots show that the distribution of the same instruction (mov %ecx, (%edx)) present in the three paths. As long as these distributions do not overlap completely, the attack succeeds. Observe that we measure the same instruction, yet the plot shows different distributions depending on the branch in which they are.
There are two ways to make the code not exploitable.
- Remove secret dependent branches (especially the ones that have a write to memory in them).
- If a secret dependent branch with a write to memory must be present, the memory writes in them must be aligned the same way modulo 16 (see paper).
Note1: We run the library in our framework by copying the assembly code of the l9_ippsCmp_BN function rather than calling the library directly. The assembly code we use contains the same instructions and is aligned the same way as the original IPP library. Since the binaries are virtually identical, if the attack is possible with our mock version, it is also possible with the full library. It just requires more effort to adapt our framework to synchronize the attack with a full library.
Note2: As in SGX-Step, our framework also allows us to measure the number of instructions. We also report the detected number of instructions in our output. Each branch has a different number of instructions (196, 197, 198). This alone would also allow the attacker to exploit this function. But even if the number of instructions was the same, the Frontal attack would still succeed.
Follow these few steps to run the PoC for the Frontal attack against a mock of the IPP library.
- Make sure that the SGX-Step kernel module has been loaded since the last reboot (
make load -C sgx-step/kernel) - Go to the frontal folder:
cd frontal - Make sure that the variable
ATTACK_SCENARIOin frontal/Makefile.config is set toIPP_LIBto run this PoC. - The command
make plotruns the tests and plots the results- Plots are saved in the plot folder. Note that if the peaks for the two branches are not overlapping the CPU is vulnerable
- The script prints the average time it took to execute each path. Whenever these averages differ significantly, the attacker can distinguish between them.
Detected 5000 iterations Detected 196 instructions in the bigger path (1305 occurrences) Detected 198 instructions in the smaller path (1262 occurrences) Detected 197 instructions in the equal path (1173 occurrences) Avg execution time of bigger path (1305 occurrences): 8114.308045977012 Avg execution time of smaller path (1262 occurrences): 8183.963549920761 Avg execution time of equal path (1173 occurrences): 8187.452685421995 !!!! The attacker can use the frontal attack to exploit this run of the code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Start plotting -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Start parsing log file - Parsed log for instruction "mov %ecx, (%rdx) (bigger)" - Parsed log for instruction "mov %ecx, (%rdx) (smaller)" - Parsed log for instruction "mov %ecx, (%rdx) (equal)" - Finished parsing log file - Filtered -206 outliers (from 3519 data points) out - Use number of bins: 390 - DONE, saved plot to file "plots/mov_different_branches_1173_plot.png"
A plot is produced in the path given in the last line of the output of the command. As said above, the plot depicts the distributions of the mov %ecx, (%edx) in the three different secret dependent paths. If these distributions are not overlapping, the IPP library is exploitable. Note that the output of make plot also reports whether the version is exploitable.
We use a two different code snippets to mock the l9_ippsCmp_BN function. The first is frontal/Enclave/asm_ipp_mock_sync.S. It contains the original library code with instructions after it to simulate various attack capabilities. This test case is run when INLINED_CALL is set to 1 in frontal/Makefile.config.
By setting the INLINED_CALL = 0 the frontal/Enclave/asm_ipp_mock.S assembly file is used instead for the attack. This file contains a mock of the l9_ippsCmp_BN without any instructions after it. We describe the exact differences between these two test cases below.
A plot from a sample run with INLINED_CALL = 1 is given below. It plots the distributions of the same instruction (mov to memory), grouped by the path they belong to. The only difference between these instructions is their alignment. Note that each branch only contains 1 mov in it.
By running the exact copy of the new version of the IPP library (by setting INLINED_CALL = 0), you will notice that the current version does not seem vulnerable to the Frontal attack. With INLINED_CALL = 1, we want to highlight a small change that makes it vulnerable again by keeping the same alignment. In the test run with INLINED_CALL=1, we add several movs before the final return is performed. We do not change any of the branches themselves, only the instructions executed after them right before the return instruction.
With these additional movs, the branches are clearly distinguishable, even though the subsequent movs are not even interrupted (they are just present in the speculated instructions stream).
We think this scenario is important in that it highlights that if the function is included inlined by another program, the security of the execution depends on whether the caller contains other movs after the function call.
If you have an app that worked with the SGX-Step library and want to integrate it with our changes (for instance, if you want to analyze the performance counters values), note that we slightly changed the libsgxstep interface to improve stability. The APIC counter is now automatically set in aep_trampoline.S with the value returned from the aep_cb_fun in your main.c file. Furthermore, we use a divisor of 1 instead of 2 (See sgx-step/libsgxstep/apic.h, and we made other changes to improve stability that require a bigger APIC counter value.
In short, if you had a working SGX-Step setup, you might need to roughly double your current SGX_STEP_TIMER_INTERVAL (and possibly increase it a bit more after that) to make it work with our changes and have this value as return in your aep_cb_fun (instead of calling apic_timer_irq( SGX_STEP_TIMER_INTERVAL )).
Further details about the changes we made are given in the sgx-step/README.md and in Miro Haller's Bachelor thesis.