[CT-1664] [Feature] Add a new UnsupportedException exception

[Fleid]

1. Add the new UnsupportedException exception
2. Refactor adaptors to use it when a feature defined in / expected by core is not supported by the database/platform
3. ...
4. Profit!

Tagging @VersusFacit and @emmyoop
Original ask from @dataders : "to build out a feature compatibility matrix across all of our adapters"

[dataders]

here's an example of how Ibis uses a support registry concept for each backend. Then registry objects can be invoked to generate Ibis's backend feature support matrix.

https://github.com/ibis-project/ibis/blob/9138f6b4d4b15d9d965a73c3afe0f2472e696fdc/ibis/backends/clickhouse/registry.py#L798-L849

[jtcohen6]

We do have a NotImplementedException, which we use for abstract methods in our base adapter classes, with the expectation that real adapters will implement those things (or otherwise raise):

dbt-core/core/dbt/exceptions.py

Lines 428 to 432 in c39ea80

	class NotImplementedException(Exception):
	def __init__(self, msg: str):
	self.msg = msg
	self.formatted_msg = f"ERROR: {self.msg}"
	super().__init__(self.formatted_msg)

(in the same spirit of https://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html#NotImplementedError)

Let's use that in favor of a new UnsupportedException. We'd still need to refactor our adapters to explicitly use it, when there's functionality we aren't / can't implement, and update our docs for adapter maintainers encouraging them to do the same.

Some doubts in conversation about the guarantees we'd be able to get from this approach, in terms of automating the creation / update of the original ask:

to build out a feature compatibility matrix across all of our adapters

[github-actions]

This issue has been marked as Stale because it has been open for 180 days with no activity. If you would like the issue to remain open, please comment on the issue or else it will be closed in 7 days.

[github-actions]

Although we are closing this issue as stale, it's not gone forever. Issues can be reopened if there is renewed community interest. Just add a comment to notify the maintainers.

[dataders]

re-opening because of #8648